Prementum thicker in ventral than in dorsal portion from lateral view (Figs 2B, 3C, 4A), ventrally more or less expanded in posterior view (Figs 2C, 4B). Paramere ventrobasally articulated with hypandrium (Figs 1D, 2H, 3E, 4E, F, 7D). Hypandrium lacking paramedian setae.

Male foreleg tarsomeres I to III often with sex combs (Figs 1B, 2D). Surstylus with numerous recurved setae on ventral portion of inner surface in addition to primary prensisetae on caudobasal margin (Figs 1C, 2F). Ventral margin of cercus tapering or truncated, fringed with a row of stout spines (Figs 1C, 2F). Aedeagus membranous, hirsute apically, fused with posterior, roof-like gonopod (Figs 1E, 2H). Oviscapt with numerous lateral ovisensilla (Figs 1F, 2I).

Okada (1967) proposed the denticeps group as a new species group of Hirtodrosophila (a subgenus of Drosophila at that time), including two species so far described, denticeps Okada & Sasakawa, 1956 and tripartita Okada, 1966. However, it had been noticed that these two species have aberrant morphological characters inconsistent with the definition of Hirtodrosophila. Three more species were subsequently added to this species group (Okada 1971, Singh and Gupta 1981). Then Okada (1990) transferred the members of this species group to Lordiphosa (a subgenus of Drosophila at that time), but considered that the denticeps group was synonymous with the nigricolor group proposed by Laštovka and Máca (1978). Then, Grimaldi (1990) elevated Lordiphosa to the generic rank, and Zhang (1993b) resurrected and redefined the denticeps group as a species group independent from the nigricolor group in the genus Lordiphosa.

CHINA: 1♂, Sichuan, Mt. Emei, 2,000 m a.s.l., 19 July 1992; 1♂, 1♀, Yunnan, Kunming, 22 March 2005 (all in SEHU).

Sex combs composed of thick setae of all, approximately 15 TBRs on anteroventral surface of tarsomere I, of four distal TBRs on tarsomere II and of two distal TBRs on tarsomere III (Fig. 1B). Cercus ventrally broadest, nearly horizontally truncated, with approximately seven large, stout spines on ventral margin (Fig. 1C). Gonopod not concaved proximally on posterior margin in lateral view (Fig. 1E). Paramere basally with strong knob, subapically without spinule (Fig. 1D, E). Female abdominal tergite VIII without setae (Fig. 1F). Oviscapt with approximately 100 small, trichoid lateral ovisensilla (Fig. 1F). Spermathecal capsule apically not indented (Fig. 1G).

(supplementary and revised). Adult male.Head. Eye with interfacetal setulae. Approximately 15 supracervical setae thin, apically more or less curved and pointed; postocular setae approximately 18; occipital setae 30–31, including medial tiny ones. Dorsolateral arms of tentorial apodeme divergent, nearly straight, reaching to fronto-orbital plate; dorsomedial arm 1/3 as long as dorsolateral arm. Interspace between antennal sockets narrower than half of socket width; first flagellomere with only one small invaginated pouch (“sacculus” called by earlier taxonomists: Ferris 1965); arista with 4–5 dorsal and one ventral branches in addition to terminal fork. Facial carina slightly elevated, narrower and shorter than first flagellomere, without setulae below. Subvibrissal seta distinctly shorter than vibrissa; additional row of oral setulae present above marginal row on anterior portion. Palpus with one prominent terminal and several short, subapical to lateroventral setae, without setulae on basal lobe. Cibarium (Fig. 1A) thickened on anterior margin, not dilated laterad in anterior portion; anterolateral projections shorter than half width of anterior margin; dorsal sclerite pear-shaped in dorsal view, anteriorly convex in lateral view; anterior sensilla two pairs, widely arranged in square behind anterior margin of hypopharynx; 23–26 medial sensilla arranged in anteriorly slightly convergent rows; two sensilla campaniformia; posterior sensilla very long, trichoid, gently curved forward, approximately 17 arranged in anteriorly divergent rows; somewhat sclerotized, thickened (in lateral view), anterior portion of hypopharynx shorter than 1/5 length of cibarium. Prementum ventrally slightly expanded. Labellum with five pseudotracheae per side.

Thorax. Postpronotal lobe with two prominent setae. Posterior dorsocentral seta situated nearer to anterior margin of scutellum than to anterior dorsocentral seta. Prescutellar setae absent. One or a few acrostichal setulae in lines with and anterior to dorsocentral setae thicker and longer than others. Mid katepisternal seta shorter than anterior katepisternal seta; anterior katepisternal seta thicker than aristal branches; no setula present anteriorly to anterior katepisternal seta.

Wing hyaline. Veins light brown; crossveins not clouded; bm-cu crossvein absent; R₂₊₃ nearly straight; R₄₊₅ and M₁ nearly parallel. Two C₁ setae unequal in size.

Legs. Foreleg tarsus with neither tuft of dense, soft hairs nor long setae. Foreleg tarsomere I as long as three succeeding tarsomeres together; midleg one slightly longer than three succeedings together; hindleg one slightly longer than rest together.

Abdomen. Setigerous sternite VI present.

Terminalia (Fig. 1C–E). Epandrium shallowly and widely notched on posterior mid-dorsal margin (Fig. 1C), nearly entirely pubescent except antero-lateral to -ventral margin, gently curved on caudosubmedial margin near articulation to surstylus, ventrally narrowing but apically somewhat roundish and not sclerotized, with approximately16 setae on medial to dorsal portion, approximately six setae on ventral lobe and unpubescent, inward fold on caudoventral margin. Surstylus articulated to epandrium, simple plate longer than wide and apically round, with 8–9 prensisetae on caudodorsal margin and 42–43 recurved setae on ventral portion of inner surface but neither pubescence nor peg-like setae on outer surface (Fig. 1C). Cercus separated from epandrium, nearly entirely pubescent except for lateral margin, with 32–33 setae (Fig. 1C). Membrane between cercus and epandrium pubescent dorsally. Lateral lobe of tenth sternite larger than median lobe. Hypandrium anteriorly fringed with arched apodeme, slightly pubescent on caudolateral plates fused to gonopod, with a pair of narrow sclerotized processes connecting between bases of parameres and lateral margins of hypandrium (Fig. 1D). Paramere long, sclerotized process curved ventrad medially and outward apically (Fig. 1D, E). Aedeagal basal processes degenerated. Gonopods fused with each other, forming roof-like plate posteriorly surrounding aedeagus (Fig. 1E).

Adult female. Head, thorax, wings and legs as in male, except for absence of sex combs on foreleg tarsus.

Terminalia (Fig. 1F, G). Tergite VIII entirely narrow, pubescent only on posterior portion (Fig. 1F). Epiproct and hypoproct entirely pubescent and setigerous (Fig. 1F). Oviscapt subapically broadest, apically triangular, with approximately 13 and 9 apically blunt, peg-like ovisensilla on apico-ventral and -dorsal margins, respectively; subapical, trichoid ovisensillum as long as largest, marginal one (Fig. 1F). Spermathecal capsule ellipsoidal; introvert half as deep as capsule height; outer duct not wrinkled in distal 1/3 (Fig. 1G).

Figure 1. 

Lordiphosa neokurokawai (Singh & Gupta, 1981) (♂♀ from Kunming, Yunnan, China): A cibarium: anterior sensilla (a s), medial sensilla (m s), posterior sensilla (p s) and sensilla campaniformia (s c) (dorsal view) B foreleg tarsus C periphallic organs: epandrium (epand), cercus (cerc) and surstylus (sur) (caudal view) D, E phallic organs: aedeagus (aed), aedeagal apodeme (aed a), gonopods (gon), hypandrium (hypd) and paramere (pm) (D ventral view E lateral view) F ♀ terminalia: tergite VIII (8T), epiproct (epiprct), hypoproct (hyprct) and oviscapt (ov) G spermatheca. Arrowheads indicate the diagnostic characters. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Southwestern China (Sichuan*, Yunnan), India (West Bengal) [* new record].

This species was first described by Singh and Gupta (1981) based on three male specimens collected from Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. Later, Zhang (1993b) reported this species from southwestern China, based on some male and female specimens collected from Kunming, Yunnan, but did not describe the female characters. Here, the description of the female is provided, with a supplementary and revised description for male based on the specimens collected from southwestern China.

Holotype. ♂: INDIA: Uttarakhand, Rudraprayag District, Chopta Forest. 30°27.560'N, 79°15.234'E, 2,700 m a.s.l., 31 August 2010, R. S. Fartyal leg. (DZHNBGU).

Paratypes. INDIA: 1♂, 1♀, same data as the holotype except 1 September 2010 (MZSIK, SEHU).

Sex combs composed of thick setae of only distal most TBR on tarsomeres I–III (Fig. 2D). Cercus ventrally somewhat obliquely truncated, with approximately eight large, stout spines on ventral margin (Fig. 2F). Gonopod concaved proximally on posterior margin in lateral view (Fig. 2H). Paramere basally curved ventrad, apically much narrow, subapically with spinule (Fig. 2G, H). Female abdominal tergite VIII dorsally with approximately two setae (Fig. 2I). Oviscapt with approximately 35 small, lateral ovisensilla (Fig. 2I). Spermathecal capsule apically indented (Fig. 2J).

(not referring to characters commonly seen in the foregoing species, L. neokurokawai). Adult male.Head. Eye with dense, interfacetal setulae. Supracervical setae 16–18 (Fig. 2A); postocular setae approximately 19; occipital setae 21–25. Dorsolateral arms of tentorial apodeme divergent, apically curved outward; dorsomedial arm half as long as dorsolateral arm (Fig. 2A). Occiput orange yellow, medially dark brown; ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital plates glossy, orange yellow; frontal vittae mat, greyish orange. Pedicel greyish orange yellow; first flagellomere grey; arista with 3–4 dorsal and one ventral branches in addition to terminal fork. Face orange yellow. Gena orange yellow but dark brown on anteroventral margin. Clypeus orange brown. Palpus yellow. Cibarium: anterolateral projections longer than half width of anterior margin; medial sensilla 20–21; posterior sensilla approximately 20. Prementum ventrally slightly expanded, thicker in ventral than in dorsal portion from lateral view (Fig. 2B, C). Labellum with five pseudotracheae per side (Fig. 2B).

Thorax. Postpronotal lobe grey yellow, with two prominent setae: upper one 0.8 as long as lower one. Scutum and scutellum grey yellow but grey brown medially. Thoracic pleura grey yellow, with dark grey patches. Acrostichal setulae in six rows. Basal scutellar setae divergent; apicals cruciate.

Wing. C₁ setae two, subequal in size. Halter opaque white.

Legs grey yellow; tarsomere Vs of all legs darker. Foreleg femur with 4–6 long setae in two rows on outer side. Fore- and mid-leg tarsomere Is longer than three succeeding tarsomeres together; hindleg one longer than rest together. Preapical, dorsal setae present on tibiae of all legs; apical setae on tibiae of fore- and mid-legs.

Abdomen. Tergites grey yellow, each posteriorly darker. Sternites yellow.

Terminalia (Fig. 2E–H). Epandrium with 11–14 setae on medial to dorsal portion and approximately four setae on ventral lobe (Fig. 2E). Surstylus with 6–7 apically pointed prensisetae arranged along caudobasal margin and 40–42 recurved setae on ventral portion of inner surface (Fig. 2E, F). Cercus nearly entirely pubescent except for lateral to ventral margin, with 21–24 setae (Fig. 2E, F). Hypandrium caudolaterally pubescent and fused to gonopod, with a pair of inward extended plates apically articulated to bases of parameres (Fig. 2G).

Measurements (holotype / 1♂ paratype, in mm). BL (straight distance from anterior edge of pedicel to tip of abdomen) = 2.65 / 2.77, ThL (distance from anterior notal margin to apex of scutellum) = 1.30 / 1.42, WL (distance from humeral cross vein to wing apex) = 3.47 / 3.67, WW (maximum wing width) = 1.40 / 1.54.

Indices (holotype / 1♂ paratype, in ratio). FW/HW (frontal width / head width) = 0.51 / 0.55, ch/o (maximum width of gena / maximum diameter of eye) = 0.28 / 0.27, prob (proclinate orbital seta / posterior reclinate orbital seta in length) = 0.70 / 0.81, rcorb (anterior reclinate orbital seta / posterior reclinate orbital seta in length) = 0.32 / 0.35, vb (subvibrissal seta / vibrissa in length) = 0.52 / 0.50, dcl (anterior dorsocentral seta / posterior dorsocentral seta in length) = 0.65 / 0.64, sctl (basal scutellar seta / apical scutellar seta in length) = 1.18 / 1.17, sterno (anterior katepisternal seta / posterior katepisternal seta in length) = 0.57 / 0.50, orbito (distance between proclinate and posterior reclinate orbital setae / distance between inner vertical and posterior reclinate orbital setae) = 0.54 / 0.53, dcp (distance between ipsilateral dorsocentral setae / distance between anterior dorsocentral setae) = 0.55 / 0.57, sctlp (distance between ipsilateral scutellar setae / distance between apical scutellar setae) = 1.09 /1.03, C (2nd costal section between subcostal break and R₂₊₃ / 3rd costal section between R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅) =3.70 / 3.21, 4c (3rd costal section between R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅ / M₁ between r-m and dm-cu) = 0.62 / 0.69, 4v (M₁ between dm-cu and wing margin / M₁ between r-m and dm-cu) = 1.62 / 1.62, 5x (CuA₁ between dm-cu and wing margin / dm-cu between M₁ and CuA₁) = 1.64 / 1.70, ac (3rd costal section between R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅ / distance between distal ends of R₄₊₅ and M₁) = 2.08 / 2.51, M (CuA₁ between dm-cu and wing margin / M₁ between r-m and dm-cu) = 0.49 / 0.50, C3F (length of heavy setation in 3rd costal section + length of light setation in 3rd costal section) = 0.50 / 0.58.

Adult female. Head, thorax, wings, and legs as in male, except for absence of sex combs on foreleg tarsus.

Terminalia (Fig. 2I, J). Tergite VIII pubescent laterally to dorsally (Fig. 2I). Epiproct and hypoproct entirely pubescent and setigerous (Fig. 2I). Oviscapt broad from basal to subapical portion, apically triangular, with 9–11 apically blunt, stout, peg-like ovisensilla on apicodorsal margin and 13–15 ones proximally reducing in size and increasing in interspace on ventral margin (Fig. 2I). Spermathecal capsule ellipsoidal, basally horizontally wrinkled; introvert 2/5 as deep as capsule height (Fig. 2J).

Measurements (1♀ paratype, in mm). BL = 2.84, ThL = 1.39, WL = 3.54, WW = 1.44.

Indices (1♀ paratype, in ratio). FW/HW = 0.50, ch/o = 0.28, prorb = 0.76, rcorb = 0.34, vb = 0.38, dcl = 0.66, sctl = 1.26, sterno = 0.48, orbito = 0.57, dcp = 0.54, sctlp = 1.20, C = 3.30, 4c = 0.69, 4v = 1.64, 5x = 1.66, ac = 2.64, M = 0.50, C3F = 0.46.

Figure 2. 

Lordiphosa curva Fartyal & Toda, sp. n. (♂♀ paratypes from Chopta Forest, Uttarakhand, India): A occiput: dorsolateral arms (dl a) and dorsomedial arm (dm a) of tentorial apodeme and supracervical setae (spc s) B, C proboscis: prementum (premnt) (B lateral view C posterior view) D foreleg tarsus E, F periphallic organs (E caudolateral view F caudal view) G, H phallic organs (G ventral view H lateral view) I ♀ terminalia J spermathecae. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

The specific name curva = “curved” refers to the paramere basally curved ventrally.

India (Uttarakhand).

This species closely resembles L. neokurokawai in having only one ventral branch of arista, the long, apically pointed paramere curved ventrad medially and outward apically, and the epandrium and the surstylus nearly identical in morphology, but can be clearly distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.

Nepal, India (Uttarakhand).

Acrostichal setulae in line with and anterior to dorsocentrals as long as others. Male foreleg tarsomeres without sex combs. Epandrium more or less projected or expanded on caudosubmedial margin near surstylus (Figs 3D, 4C, D, 6A, B, 7B).

INDIA: 5♂, 3♀, West Bengal, Assam, Bagdogra, 29 November 1981 (NSMT: National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan; SEHU); 7♂, 1♀, Uttarakhand, Srinagar-Pauri Garhwal, Develgarh, 26 January 2011 (DZHNBGU, MZSIK, SEHU). MYNMAR: 1♂, Pyin Oo Lwin, 30 December 1981 (SEHU). TAIWAN: 1♂, Chitou, 20 January 1982 (SEHU); 11♂, 10♀, Chitou, 8 January 2008 (SEHU); 1♂, Fushan, 17 April 1997 (SEHU).

Paramere apically unevenly bifurcated (Fig. 3F). Aedeagus membranous, with numerous spinules (Fig. 3E).

(supplementary and revised). Adult male.Head. Eye with sparse, interfacetal setulae. Occiput dark brown in upper half, pale yellow in lower half. Approximately 13–18 supracervical setae thin, apically more or less curved and pointed; postocular setae 12–18; occipital setae 7–11, including medial tiny ones. Dorsolateral arms of tentorial apodeme divergent, apically curved outward, reaching to fronto-orbital plate; dorsomedial arm half as long as dorsolateral arm. Interspace between antennal sockets narrower than half of socket width; first flagellomere grey, fringed with sparse, somewhat curved and long hairs on distal, outer margin, with only one small invaginated pouch; arista with 5–7 dorsal and 3–4 ventral branches in addition to terminal fork (Fig. 3B). Facial carina only slightly elevated, without setulae below. Subvibrissal seta distinctly shorter than vibrissa; additional row of oral setulae present above marginal row on anterior portion. Palpus with one prominent terminal and 3–4 short, subapical to lateroventral setae, without setulae on basal lobe (Fig. 3C). Cibarium thickened on anterior margin, not dilated laterad in anterior portion; anterolateral corners almost not projected; dorsal sclerite pear-shaped in dorsal view, anteriorly convex in lateral view; anterior sensilla two pairs, widely arranged in square behind anterior margin of hypopharynx; 28–37 medial sensilla arranged in anteriorly convergent rows; sensilla campaniformia two; posterior sensilla long, trichoid, anteriad curved, 20–22 arranged in anteriorly slightly convergent rows; somewhat sclerotized, thickened (in lateral view), anterior portion of hypopharynx 1/4 as long as cibarium (Fig. 3C). Labellum with five pseudotracheae (Fig. 3C).

Thorax. Posterior dorsocentral seta nearly equidistant from anterior margin of scutellum and anterior dorsocentral seta. Prescutellar setae absent. Anterior katepisternal seta as thin as aristal branches; no setula present anteriorly to anterior katepisternal seta.

Wing. Veins grey yellow; crossveins clear; bm-cu crossvein absent (Fig. 3A). C₁ setae two, unequal in size.

Legs. Foreleg femur with approximately nine long setae in two rows on outer side; tarsus with neither tuft of dense, soft hairs on ventral side nor long setae.

Abdomen. Sternites pale grey; V and VI darker; VI setigerous.

Terminalia (Fig. 3D–F). Epandrium smoothly curved on posterior mid-dorsal margin, folded inward on ventral margin, pubescent except anterolateral margin and ventral lobe, triangularly pointed at insertion of surstylus (Fig. 3D). Surstylus articulated to epandrium, somewhat semicircular plate with neither pubescence nor trichoid setae on outer surface; prensisetae apically blunt (Fig. 3D). Cercus separated from epandrium, more or less sclerotized along anterior margin, nearly entirely pubescent except for posterior margin (Fig. 3D). Membrane between cercus and epandrium not pubescent (Fig. 3D). Lateral lobe of tenth sternite smaller than median lobe. Hypandrium dark brown, pubescent on small patches near caudolateral corners, approximately 1.5 times as long as wide, with a pair of inward extended plates apically articulated to ventral apices of parameres (Fig. 3E). Paramere distally curved posteriad, with 3–5 tiny sensilla in a row on proximal portion (Fig. 3F). Aedeagal basal process sclerotized, small, half as short as aedeagus, posteriorly connected through arch-shaped membrane bearing numerous tiny spinules to gonopod (Fig. 3F). Gonopods fused, forming somewhat semicircular plate (Fig. 3E).

Measurements (range in 6♂, in mm). BL = 1.40−1.72, ThL = 0.65−0.75, WL = 1.74−1.98, WW = 0.65−0.81.

Indices (range in 6♂, in ratio). FW/HW = 0.53−0.61, ch/o = 0.11−0.25, prorb = 0.40−0.73, rcorb = 0.07−0.27, vb = 0.30−0.63, dcl = 0.67−0.80, sctl = 1.36−1.54, sterno = 0.38−0.50, sterno2 (mid katepisternal seta / posterior katepisternal seta in length) = 0.10−0.33, orbito = 0.60−0.75, dcp = 0.25−0.43, sctlp = 1.27−1.33, C = 2.64−3.08, 4c = 0.80−1.00, 4v = 1.57−2.00, 5x = 1.40−1.88, ac = 2.40−3.25, M = 0.47−0.54, C3F = 0.27−0.45.

Adult female. Head, thorax, wings, and legs as in male.

Terminalia (Fig. 3G, H). Tergite VIII dark brown, ventrally broadened, pubescent only on caudodorsal margin, with 2−3 small setae near ventral margin (Fig. 3G). Epiproct and hypoproct pale greyish yellow; nearly entirely pubescent and setigerous (Fig. 3G). Oviscapt with approximately 12 marginal ovisensilla (proximal most and dorsal two trichoid but the others peg-like), approximately four lateral trichoid ones, ventro-subterminal trichoid one as long as dorsal marginal ones and approximately three apical small setae (Fig. 3G). Spermathecal capsule dark brown, spherical, smooth; introvert very shallow, 1/10 as deep as capsule height (Fig. 3H).

Measurements (1♀, in mm). BL = 1.79, ThL = 0.81, WL = 2.11, WW = 0.81.

Indices (1♀, in ratio). FW/HW = 0.56, ch/o = 0.11, prorb = 0.50, rcorb = 0.17, vb = 0.60, dcl = 0.56, sctl = 1.00, sterno = 0.63, sterno2 = 0.25, orbito = 0.75, dcp = 0.50, sctlp = 1.33, C = 3.00, 4c = 0.81, 4v = 1.75, 5x = 1.33, ac = 4.33, M = 0.50, C3F = 0.31.

Figure 3. 

Lordiphosa antillaria (Okada, 1984) (♂♀ from Bagdogra, Assam, West Bengal, India): A ♂ left lateral habitus B antenna C mouthparts (lateral view) D periphallic organs (caudolateral view) E, F phallic organs (aedeagal apodeme broken) (E ventral view F ventrolateral view) G ♀ terminalia H spermatheca. Scale bars 0.5 mm A; 0.1 mm B–H.

Taiwan, China (Guangdong), Myanmar*, India (Sikkim, West Bengal*, Uttarakhand*) [* new record].

Kumar and Gupta (1990) described L. parantillaria (under the subgenus Lordiphosa of the genus Drosophila), based on 3♂ and 1♀ specimens collected from Ranipool, Gangtok district, Sikkim, India, distinguishing it from L. antillaria by the following characters: “arista branches 6/2 (6/5 in antillaria), 5X-index 1.6 (2.5 in antillaria) and anterior gonapophysis with 3 sensilla on basal half (with 9−10 sensilla on entire margin in antillaria)”. However, examining the specimens collected from Bagdogra, West Bengal, approximately 60 km south of Ranipool, in comparison with the specimens from Chitou, Taiwan (the type locality of L. antillaria), we found no significant differences in these and other characters between them (Fig. 3, Suppl. material 1). Thus, we here synonymize Lordiphosa parantillaria (Kumar & Gupta, 1990) with Lordiphosa antillaria (Okada, 1984). This species closely resembles Lordiphosa subantillaria (Okada, 1984) from Java and Lordiphosa ramipara (Zhang & Liang, 1992) in having the distally posteriad curved and bifurcated paramere, but can be distinguished from them by the diagnostic characters: in subantillaria, the paramere has short branch submedially and the aedeagus lacks spinules (Okada 1984: “Fig. 4”); in ramipara, the paramere has the longer branches equal in size (Zhang and Liang 1992: “Figs 2, 3”).

CHINA: 8♂, 11♀, Sichuan, Mt. Emei, 550 m a.s.l., 16 July 1992; 14♂, 12♀, same data, except for 18 July 1992, 700–800 m a.s.l.; 3♂, 1♀, Hubei, Shennongjia, 26 July 1992 (SEHU).

China (Hubei*, Sichuan*, Guangdong), Nepal, India (West Bengal) [* new record].

India (Sikkim).

Taiwan, India (West Bengal).

Holotype. ♂: INDIA: Uttarakhand, Kumaon, Nainital district, Ayarpatha, 29°23'N, 79°27'E, 2,278 m a.s.l., 20−23 August 2009, M. C. Kandpal leg. (DZHNBGU).

Paratypes. INDIA: 5♂, 5♀, same data as the holotype; 10♂, 6♀, same data as the holotype except 3−5 September 2010 (DZHNBGU, SEHU).

Epandrium caudosubapically with large flap pointed apically, serrate on dorsal margin and covering largely surstylus (Fig. 4C, D). Paramere broader than aedeagal basal process, apically truncate, serrated; narrow, inward recurved, apically slightly pubescent elongation present at dorsal corner; sensilla 3–5, spaced in a longitudinal row (Fig. 4F).

Adult male.Head. Eye dark red, with sparse, interfacetal setulae. Supracervical setae 15–18, thin, apically more or less curved and pointed; postocular setae 16–19; occipital setae approximately 18, including medial tiny ones. Dorsolateral arms of tentorial apodeme divergent, nearly straight, reaching to fronto-orbital plate; dorsomedial arm half as long as dorsolateral arm. Occiput, ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital plates black; frontal vittae mat, light orange. Interspace between antennal sockets narrower than half of socket width; pedicel yellowish brown; first flagellomere grey, with only one small invaginated pouch; arista with 3–4 dorsal and two ventral branches in addition to terminal fork. Facial carina slightly elevated, narrower and shorter than first flagellomere, without setulae below. Gena and clypeus light brown. Subvibrissal seta distinctly shorter than vibrissa; additional row of oral setulae present above marginal row on anterior portion. Palpus with one prominent terminal and several short, subapical to lateroventral setae, without setulae on basal lobe. Cibarium thickened on anterior margin, not dilated laterad in anterior portion; anterolateral corners almost not projected; dorsal sclerite pear-shaped in dorsal view, anteriorly convex in lateral view; anterior sensilla two pairs, widely arranged in square behind anterior margin of hypopharynx; 32–33 medial sensilla arranged in mostly parallel but anteriorly convergent rows; sensilla campaniformia two; posterior sensilla very long, trichoid, gently curved forward, approximately 22, arranged in anteriorly divergent rows; somewhat sclerotized, thickened (in lateral view), anterior portion of hypopharynx shorter than 1/5 length of cibarium. Prementum slightly thicker in ventral than in dorsal portion from lateral view (Fig. 4A), nearly parallel-sided in posterior view (Fig. 4B). Labellum with five pseudotracheae per side (Fig. 4A).

Thorax. Postpronotal lobe grey yellow, with two prominent setae: lower one longer. Scutum and scutellum glossy, light brown. Thoracic pleura greyish brown. Posterior dorsocentral seta situated nearer to anterior dorsocentral seta than to anterior margin of scutellum. Prescutellar setae absent. Acrostichal setulae in six rows. Basal scutellar setae parallel or convergent; apicals cruciate. Anterior katepisternal seta thicker than aristal branches; no setula present anteriorly to anterior katepisternal seta.

Wing hyaline. Veins light brown; crossveins not clouded; bm-cu crossvein absent; R₂₊₃ nearly straight; R₄₊₅ and M₁ nearly parallel. C₁ setae two, unequal in size. Halter opaque white.

Legs light brown; last two tarsomeres of all legs darker. Foreleg femur with approximately eight long setae in two rows on ventral and outer surfaces; tarsus without any sexual ornamentation. Foreleg tarsomere I as long as three succeeding tarsomeres together; mid-leg one slightly longer than three succeeding tarsomeres together; hindleg one slightly shorter than rest together. Preapical, dorsal setae present on tibiae of all legs; apical setae on tibiae of fore- and mid-legs.

Abdomen. Tergites I to IV medially, widely yellow, laterally brown; V and VI nearly entirely dark brown; each tergite with small setae in approximately three rows and large setae on posterior margin. Sternites light brown; setigerous VI present.

Terminalia (Fig. 4C–F). Epandrium smoothly curved on posterior mid-dorsal margin, folded inward on caudoventral margin, nearly entirely pubescent except anterolateral margin, lower portion of ventral lobe and apical portion of caudo-subapical flap, with approximately seven setae on medial to dorsal portion, 10–11 setae on ventral lobe and sclerotized process at caudoventral apex (Fig. 4C, D). Surstylus articulated to epandrium, distally narrowing and apically truncate, pubescent medially on outer surface; distal margin with a row of 17–18 stout, trichoid prensisetae on dorsal portion and two or three irregular rows of such setae on ventral portion; outer surface lacking peg-like seta.(Fig. 4C, D). Cercus separated from epandrium, nearly entirely pubescent, with 24–25 setae medially to dorsally, ventro-apically truncate and with 3–4 prominent, curved setae on margin and small, apically round projection at anterior corner (Fig. 4C, D). Membrane between cercus and epandrium not pubescent (Fig. 4C). Lateral lobe of tenth sternite smaller than median lobe. Hypandrium anteriorly narrowing, with a pair of narrow plates connecting between bases of parameres and lateral margins of hypandrium (Fig. 4E). Paramere very long, sclerotized process, articulated to basal part of aedeagus, basally much elongated and curved like hook; basal elongation apically pointed, subapically articulated to tip of hypandrial, lateral plate (Fig. 4F). Aedeagus membranous, apically shaped like “funnel” with hirsute margin, apicodorsally connected with gonopod by membrane, basally fused to apodeme; basal process strongly sclerotized, slightly shorter than aedeagus, apically hamate and pointed; apodeme rod-like, as long as aedeagus (Fig. 4E, F). Gonopods fused, forming plate situated dorsally to aedeagus (Fig. 4E, F).

Measurements (holotype / range in 6♂ paratypes, in mm). BL = 2.59 / 2.04−2.41, ThL = 1.22 / 0.96−1.11, WL = 2.96 /2.48−2.96, WW = 1.15 / 0.85−1.26.

Indices (holotype / range in 6♂ paratypes, in ratio). FW/HW = 0.50 / 0.44−0.67, ch/o = 0.11 / 0.10−0.22, prorb = 0.60 / 0.50−0.89, rcorb = 0.20 / 0.17−0.40, vb = 0.40 / 0.50−0.67, dcl = 0.55 / 0.36−0.60, sctl = 1.33 / 1.18−1.56, sterno = 0.33 / 0.25−0.40, sterno2 = 0.22 / 0.13−0.33, orbito = 1.00 / 0.50−1.00, dcp = 0.44 / 0.30−0.57, sctlp = 1.20 / 1.20−1.33, C =3.64 /2.87−3.33, 4c = 0.67 / 0.67−0.75, 4v = 1.67 / 1.14−1.55, 5x = 1.43 / 1.17−1.67, ac = 2.00 / 2.14−2.50, M = 0.48 / 0.37−0.48, C3F = 0.23 / 0.11−0.21.

Adult female. Head, thorax, wings, and legs as in male.

Terminalia (Fig. 4G−I). Tergite VIII short, ventrally tapering, without setae, pubescent only on dorsocaudal portion (Fig. 4G). Oviscapt medially broad and humped in lateral view, distally narrowing and curved ventrad, with three stout, peg-like ovisensilla and ventro-subterminal, trichoid one on apical margin, and approximately six trichoid, lateral ones on distal surface (Fig. 4G). Large, sclerotized perineal plate present between oviscapts (Fig. 4G, H). Spermathecal capsule elongated dome-shaped, with horizontal wrinkles basally and somewhat irregular ones on apical surface; introvert half as deep as capsule height (Fig. 4I).

Measurements (range in 5♀ paratypes, in mm). BL = 2.22−2.52, ThL = 1.04−1.41, WL = 2.85−3.15, WW = 1.04−1.37.

Indices (range in 5♀ paratypes, in ratio). FW/HW = 0.50−0.65, ch/o = 0.10−0.30, prorb = 0.50−0.70, rcorb = 0.17−0.33, vb = 0.33−0.67, dcl = 0.46−0.67, sctl = 1.20−1.36, sterno = 0.25−0.60, sterno2 = 0.13−0.33, orbito = 0.67−1.33, dcp = 0.40−0.50, sctlp = 0.80−1.25, C = 3.13−3.85, 4c = 0.60−0.67, 4v = 1.38−1.67, 5x = 1.17−1.80, ac = 2.17−2.67, M = 0.33−0.45, C3F = 0.20−0.27.

Figure 4. 

Lordiphosa ayarpathaensis Kandpal & Singh, sp. n. (♂♀ paratypes from Ayarpatha, Nainital district, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India): A, B proboscis (A lateral view B posterior view) C, D periphallic organs (C caudolateral view D caudoventral view) E, F phallic organs: aedeagal basal processes (aed b p) (E ventral view F lateral view) G, H ♀ terminalia: perineal plate (per pl) (G lateral view H ventral view) I spermatheca. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Pertaining to type locality.

India (Uttarakhand).

Adult flies were collected from flowers of Hedychium spicatum (local name: Haldu, Kapur Kachri or Sand harlika; English common name: Spiked Ginger Lily; Fig. 5A), a smallish, hardy, perennial herb, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, with fleshy rhizomes, green, broadly lanceolate leaves, straight stem (up to approximately 1 m high) and large orange and white flowers. It grows throughout subtropical Himalaya in the Indian states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, with an altitudinal range of 1,000 m to 3,000 m.

Figure 5. 

Flowers visited by Lordiphosa flies: A Hedychium spicatum (Zingiberaceae) visited by L. ayarpathaensis sp. n. B, C Datura suaveolens (Solanaceae) visited by L. makaibarensis sp. n.

This species somewhat resembles L. nigrovesca in having the sclerotized, apically pointed process at caudoventral apex of epandrium and the paramere apically truncated, but differs from it in the color of thorax and abdomen (glossy black in nigrovesca), the caudosubapical, large flap of epandrium (absent; Okada 1984: “Fig. 8”, De and Gupta 1996: “Fig. 6”), the position of apically pubescent process on the paramere (subapical; Okada 1984: “Fig. 9”, De and Gupta 1996: “Fig. 7”), the shape of oviscapt (distally broad; De and Gupta 1996: “Fig. 8”) and the number of ovisensilla (11 marginals and six laterals; De and Gupta 1996: “Fig. 8”). Molecular data of this species are available from Sarswat et al. (2016).

Holotype. ♂: INDIA: West Bengal, Darjeeling, Kurseong, 26°53'N, 88°17'E, 1,458 m a.s.l., 1 September 2010, S. Pradhan leg. (DZHNBGU).

Paratypes. INDIA: 5♂, 5♀, same data as the holotype (DZHNBGU, SEHU).

Epandrial, caudosubapical, large flap not serrate on dorsal margin (Fig. 6A, B). Paramere as broad as aedeagal basal process, apically pointed, sclerotized and without pubescence, subapically not serrate; sensilla approximately four, arranged relatively compactly in an irregular row on submedial portion (Fig. 6C, D).

(not referring to characters commonly seen in the foregoing species, L. ayarpathaensis). Adult male.Head. Supracervical setae 10–15; postocular setae 12–13; occipital setae 11–13. Occiput, ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital plates brownish yellow. Antennal pedicel light brownish yellow; first flagellomere light grey; arista with 3–4 dorsal and 1–2 ventral branches in addition to terminal fork. Gena and clypeus brownish yellow. Cibarial medial sensilla 22–23; posterior sensilla approximately 16.

Thorax light brownish yellow. Posterior dorsocentral seta situated nearer to anterior dorsocentral seta than to anterior margin of scutellum.

Wing. Veins greyish yellow.

Legs light brownish yellow. Foreleg femur with approximately five long setae in two rows on ventral and outer surfaces.

Abdomen. Tergites nearly entirely yellow; each tergite with small setae in approximately two rows and large setae on posterior margin. Sternites off-white.

Terminalia (Fig. 6A–D). Epandrium with 6–9 setae on medial to dorsal portion and approximately nine setae on ventral lobe (Fig. 6A). Surstylus with approximately 15 stout, trichoid prensisetae in a single row dorsally but in two or three irregular rows ventrally on distal margin (Fig. 6B). Cercus with 16–17 setae medially to dorsally, ventro-apically truncate and with approximately four prominent, curved setae on margin and small, apically somewhat pointed projection at anterior corner (Fig. 6A, B).

Measurements (holotype / range in 5♂ paratypes, in mm). BL = 1.78 / 1. 48–1.81, ThL = 0.81 / 0.74–0.85, WL = 2.22 / 2.22–2.44, WW = 0.74 / 0.81–0.85.

Indices (holotype / range in 3♂ paratypes, in ratio). FW/HW = 0.50 / 0.44–0.53, ch/o = 0.13 / 0.10–0.31, prorb = 0.83 / 0.63–0.78, rcorb = 0.17 / 0.22–0.44, vb = 0.40 / 0.31–0.50, dcl = 0.61 / 0.56–0.71, sctl = 1.38 / 1.17–1.35, sterno = 0.25 / 0.30–0.50, sterno2 = 0.13 / 0.10−0.38, orbito = 0.25 / 0.48–0.80, dcp = 0.57 / 0.47–0.62, sctlp = 1.00 / 0.75–0.97, C = 3.40 / 2.91–3.18, 4c = 0.77 / 0.67–0.79, 4v = 1.69 / 1.39–1.69, 5x = 1.00 / 1.10–1.75, ac = 2.00 / 2.00–2.75, M = 0.31 / 0.34–0.47, C3F = 0.30 / 0.17–0.27.

Adult female.Terminalia. Oviscapt with approximately five trichoid, lateral ovisensilla (Fig. 6E, F).

Figure 6. 

Lordiphosa makaibarensis Pradhan & Chatterjee, sp. n. (♂ paratype from Kurseong, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India): A, B periphallic organs (A caudolateral view B caudoventral view) C, D phallic organs (C ventral view D lateral view) E, F oviscapt (E lateral view F ventral view). Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Partaining to “Makaibari tea estates”. Makaibari was the first tea factory in the world, established in 1859, in Kurseong, Darjeeling, West Bengal.

India (West Bengal).

Adult flies of this species were collected from flowers of Datura suaveolens (local name: Dhokrey; English common name: Angel trumpet or Devils trumpet; Fig. 5B, C), an exotic plant belonging to the Solanaceae. It was introduced from South America and is now found growing along riverbeds or forest edges at moist places almost all over India.

This species closely resembles the foregoing species, L. ayarpathaensis, in having the large flap on caudosubapical margin of epandrium, the oviscapt medially broad and humped in lateral view and distally narrowing and curved ventrad, and the large, sclerotized perineal plate present between oviscapts, but can be distinguished from it by the smaller size and paler color of the body and the diagnostic characters.

India (West Bengal).

Holotype. ♂: INDIA: Uttarakhand, Srinagar Garhwal, Tehri district, HNBGU Forestry Nursery Chauras Campus, 30°13'N, 78°47'E, 560 m a.s.l., 16 December 2010, R. S. Fartyal leg. (DZHNBGU).

Paratypes. INDIA: 3♂, same data as the holotype (DZHNBGU, MZSIK, SEHU).

Surstylus with neither pubescence nor stout setae on outer surface (Fig. 7B). Paramere distally bifurcated into ventral, sclerotized, apically pointed branch and dorsal, less sclerotized, apically hirsute branch; ventral branches asymmetric in length: left one longer (Fig. 7C, D). Gonopods with medial broad and two apical narrow ridges in lateral view (Fig. 7D).

Adult male.Head. Eye red, with sparse interfacetal setulae (Fig. 7A). Occiput glossy, dark brown in dorsal half, grey yellow in ventral half. Supracervical setae 14–19, thin, apically more or less curved and pointed; postocular setae 14–16; occipital setae 12–13, including tiny medial ones. Dorsolateral arms of tentorial apodeme divergent, apically curved outwards, reaching to fronto-orbital plate; dorsomedial arm half as long as dorsolateral arm. Frons grey yellow except for dark brown upper portion of fronto-orbital plate and medial portion of ocellar triangle. Interspace between antennal sockets narrower than half of socket width; pedicel grey brown; first flagellomere grey, fringed with sparse, somewhat curved and long hairs on distal, outer margin, with only one small invaginated pouch; arista with 6–7 dorsal and 3–4 ventral branches in addition to terminal fork (Fig. 7A). Face grey-yellow; carina only slightly elevated, without setulae below (Fig. 7A). Gena grey-yellow, with dark brown, medial patch and ventral margin; subvibrissal seta distinctly shorter than vibrissa; additional row of oral setulae present above marginal row on anterior portion. Clypeus grey-brown. Palpus dark grey, with one prominent terminal and several short subapical to lateromedian setae, without setulae on basal lobe. Cibarium thickened on anterior margin, not dilated laterad in anterior portion; anterolateral corners almost not projected; dorsal sclerite pear-shaped in dorsal view, anteriorly convex in lateral view; anterior sensilla two pairs, widely arranged in square behind anterior margin of hypopharynx; 24–29 medial sensilla arranged in anteriorly convergent rows; sensilla campaniformia two; posterior sensilla long, trichoid, nearly straight, approximately 27, arranged in nearly parallel rows; somewhat sclerotized, thickened (in lateral view) anterior portion of hypopharynx 1/4 as long as cibarium. Labellum with five pseudotracheae.

Thorax. Nearly entirely brownish black. Posterior dorsocentral seta nearly equidistant from anterior margin of scutellum and anterior dorsocentral seta. Prescutellar setae absent. Acrostichal setulae in six rows. Basal scutellar setae parallel; apicals cruciate. Anterior katepisternal seta as thin as aristal branches; no setula present anteriorly to anterior katepisternal seta.

Wing slightly fuscous; veins grey brown; cross veins clear; bm-cu crossvein absent; R₂₊₃ nearly straight; R₄₊₅ and M₁ nearly parallel. C₁ setae two, unequal in size. Halter opaque white.

Legs grey yellow. Foreleg femur with approximately six long setae in two rows on outer side; tarsus without any sexual ornamentation. Foreleg tarsomere I as long as three succeeding tarsomeres together; mid- and hind-leg ones as long as rest together. Preapical, dorsal setae present on tibiae of all legs; apical setae on tibiae of fore- and mid-legs.

Abdomen. Tergites entirely glossy, brownish black, each with setae arranged in roughly four transverse rows: those in last row longest. Sternites pale to dark grey; setigerous VI present.

Terminalia (Fig. 7B–D). Epandrium brown, smoothly curved on posterior mid-dorsal margin, nearly entirely pubescent except anterolateral margin and caudosubmedial portion, expanded on caudosubmedial margin at insertion of surstylus, caudoventrally developed into ventral lobe extended posteriad and apically slightly pointed, with about 5–7 setae on medial to dorsal portion, 9–12 setae on ventral lobe and unpubescent, inward fold on ventral margin (Fig. 7B). Surstylus articulated to epandrium, wide, somewhat triangular plate, with 9–10 apically pointed prensisetae reducing in size below in a row on distal margin and 13–16 recurved setae on caudoventral, inner portion (Fig. 7B). Cercus separated from epandrium, pubescent only medially, with 20–24 long setae medially to dorsally and 13–14 short ones on ventral portion (Fig. 7B). Membrane between cercus and epandrium unpubescent (Fig. 7B). Lateral lobe of tenth sternite larger than median lobe. Hypandrium dark brown, completely unpubescent, approximately thrice as long as wide, with a pair of inward extended plates apically articulated to ventral apices of parameres (Fig. 7C). Paramere longer than aedeagus, basally curved ventrad and U-shaped in lateral view, with approximately three minute sensilla in a row proximally (Fig. 7D). Aedeagal basal processes distally fused to membranous aedeagus and membrane posteriorly connected to gonopod; this composite distally hirsute (Fig. 7C, D). Gonopods fused with each other, forming roof-like plate (Fig. 7C, D).

Measurements (holotype / range in 2♂ paratypes, in mm). BL = 1.69 / 1.66−1.69, ThL = 0.65 / 0.65−0.75, WL = 2.05 / 1.95−2.05, WW = 1.04 / 0.81−1.04.

Indices (holotype / range in 2♂ paratypes, in ratio). FW/HW = 0.50 / 0.50−0.53, ch/o = 0.17 / 0.17−0.22, prorb = 0.71 / 0.57−0.71, rcorb = 0.33 / 0.33−0.57, vb = 0.50 / 0.50−0.63, dcl = 0.55 / 0.55−0.70, sctl = 1.50 / 1.44−1.50, sterno = 0.88 / 0.56−0.88, sterno2 = 0.50 / 0.44−0.50, orbito = 0.80 / 0.50−0.80, dcp = 0.43 / 0.43−0.50, sctlp = 0.63 / 0.63−0.80, C = 2.64 / 2.64−2.92, 4c = 0.88 / 0.88−0.92, 4v = 1.63 / 1.63−1.77, 5x = 1.60 / 1.33−1.60, ac =2.33 / 2.33−2.40, M = 0.50 / 0.50−0.62, C3F = 0.29 / 0.25−0.29.

Figure 7. 

Lordiphosa srinagarensis Sati & Fartyal, sp. n. (♂ paratype from HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India): A head (frontal view) B periphallic organs (caudolateral view) C, D phallic organs (C ventral view D lateral view). Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Referring to the type locality.

India (Uttarakhand).

This species closely resembles Lordiphosa penicilla (Zhang, 1993) from southwestern China in the morphology of male terminalia, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters: in L. penicilla, surstylus medially pubescent and with several stout setae on outer surface; sclerotized ventral branches of parameres symmetric in length; gonopod with single medial ridge in lateral view (Zhang 1993a: “Figs 4–6”).