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Research Article
A new species of the genus Rana from Henan, central China (Anura, Ranidae)
expand article infoHaipeng Zhao‡§|, Junxiao Yang§, Chunping Wang#, Pipeng Li¤, Robert W. Murphy«, Jing Che§, Zhiyong Yuan»
‡ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Chile
§ Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| Henan University, Henan, China
¶ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
# Henan Forestry Survey and Planning Institute, Henan, China
¤ Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
« Royal Ontario Museum, Ontario, Canada
» Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China

Corresponding author: Jing Che ( chej@mail.kiz.ac.cn )

Academic editor: Johannes Penner
© 2017 Haipeng Zhao, Junxiao Yang, Chunping Wang, Pipeng Li, Robert W. Murphy, Jing Che, Zhiyong Yuan.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Zhao H, Yang J, Wang C, Li P, Murphy RW, Che J, Yuan Z (2017) A new species of the genus Rana from Henan, central China (Anura, Ranidae). ZooKeys 694: 95-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.12513
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C5F1430E-FD70-49E3-8A95-57BCDCEE491D
Open Access

Abstract

A new species of brown frog Rana luanchuanensis Zhao & Yuan, sp. n. is described from Luanchuan County, western Henan, central China. The mitochondrial genealogy suggests that the new species is the sister taxon to the clade including R. amurensis and R. coreana, and is separated by uncorrected pairwise distances more than 12.5%. Morphologically, this new species differs from its congeners by a suite of characters. Analyses of partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) resolve the new species as a single matriline.

Keywords

Brown frog, DNA barcode, genealogy, Rana luanchuanensis sp. n.

Introduction

Frogs in the genus Rana Linnaeus, 1758 (type species: Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758), are commonly known as brown or wood frogs. Currently, the genus sensuYuan et al. (2016) contains 101 species (AmphibiaWeb 2017). It is a widespread, complex, and diverse group that crosses Eurasia and the Americas. They share prominent dorsolateral folds, a dark temporal mask, and a body that is counter-shaded in various shades of brown, which lead to the common English name “brown frogs” (Boulenger 1920; Liu and Hu 1961). The conservative morphology of Eurasian Rana makes many species notoriously difficult to identify (Che et al. 2007a, b; Liu and Hu 1961). In this case, molecular assessments have resulted in the description of new species (e.g. Lu et al. 2007; Yan et al. 2011; Matsui 2011; Ryuzaki et al. 2014). Additional cryptic new species were suggested to occur in the New World (Hillis and Wilcox 2005).

Five of seven clades of Rana (Yuan et al. 2016) exist in China (AmphibiaChina 2017), including 23 species. Among others, R. chensinensis David, 1875, R. culaiensis Li, Lu & Li, 2008, and R. zhenhaiensis Ye, Fei, & Matsui, 1995 occur in Henan (AmphibiaChina 2017). Recent herpetofaunal surveys in Henan (August 2007, November 2013, and May 2014) led to the discovery of three new populations of Rana in western areas (Figure 1). These populations show distinct and curved dorsolateral folds and their males do not possess subgular vocal sacs. These characters are similar to those of the R. amurensis species group, which contains R. amurensis Boulenger, 1886 and R. coreana Okada, 1928 (Fei et al. 2009; Yang et al. 2010; Zhou et al. 2015). Further, these frogs possess several distinct morphological characters that differ from R. amurensis and R. coreana. Taken together, these data suggest that the new populations might be a new species.

Herein, the identity of a new brown frog is investigated by comparing morphological and molecular characteristics with Eurasian congeners. Analyses determine that the frogs constitute a new species, which is described here.

Figure 1. 

Map showing the collecting locations of Rana luanchuanensis sp. n. indicated by red cycles.

Materials and methods

Sampling

From 2013 to 2014, field surveys conducted in Luanchuan, western Henan resulted in the collection of 38 adult frogs. Following euthanizing, muscle or liver tissue was dissected from specimens and then preserved in 95% ethanol. Voucher specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and then later transferred to 70% ethanol. All specimens were deposited in the Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences. Tissues samples used in our comparative analyses were summarized in Table 1, along with locality data, voucher numbers, and GenBank accession numbers.

Table 1.
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Voucher specimens, localities, and GenBank accession numbers for brown frogs, Rana. “*” = type locality. GBN = GenBank Accession No.

Species Voucher No. Locality GBN (COI) Source
Rana amurensis KIZ070423558 Shangzhi, Heilongjiang, China JF939079 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana asiatica XJ416 Forty seven Tuan, Xinjiang, China MF149925 This study
Rana arvalis KIZ04239 Haba River, Xinjiang, China MF149926 This study
Rana arvalis GBOL03518 Upper Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany KP697924 Hawlitschek et al. (2015)
Rana chaochiaoensis KIZ06425 Zhaojue, Sichuan, China* JF939103 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana chensinensis KIZRD05SHX01 Huxian, Shanxi, China* JF939080 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana coreana MMS223 South Korea MF149928 This study
Rana coreana KIZYPX2630 Mt. Kunyu, Shandong, China* MF149927 This study
Rana culaiensis KIZSD080501 Mt. Culai, Shandong, China* JF939082 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana dybowskii KlZ070423448 Huangnihe, Jilin, China JF939078 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana hanluica KIZYPXll72 Mt. Yangming, Hunan, China* JF939099 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana huanrensis SYNU040006 Huanren, Liaoning, China* JF939072 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana japonica KIZYPX11775 Japan JF939101 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana jiemuxiensis KIZ05263 Jiemuxi NR, Hunan, China* JF939090 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana kukunoris CJ06102001 Qinghai Lake, Qinghai, China* JF939073 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana longicrus KIZ15026 Nanzhuang, Miaoli, Taiwan, China JF969067 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana luanchuanensis sp. n. KIZ047393 Luanchuan, Henan, China* MF149924 This study
Rana luanchuanensis sp. n. KIZ047452 Luanchuan, Henan, China* MF149923 This study
Rana luanchuanensis sp. n. KIZ047476 Luanchuan, Henan, China* MF149921 This study
Rana luanchuanensis sp. n. KIZ047482 Luanchuan, Henan, China* MF149920 This study
Rana luanchuanensis sp. n. KIZ047487 Luanchuan, Henan, China* MF149922 This study
Rana luteiventri MVZ Herp 137417 Missoula, Montana, USA KU985757 Chambers and Hebert (2016)
Rana omeimontis KIZ02424 Mt. Emei, Sichuan, China* JF939069 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana zhenhaiensis KIZ0803271 Zhenhai, Zhejiang, China* JF939065 Yan et al. (2011)
Rana zhengi SCUM0405190CJ Zhangcun, Hongya, Sichuan, China* MF149929 This study

DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing

Total genomic DNA was extracted from tissues of five individuals using the standard phenol-chloroform protocols (Sambrook et al. 1989). Partial sequences of the gene encoding cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was amplified and sequenced.

Amplification was performed in a 25 μL volume as follows: initial denaturation step for 5 min at 95 °C followed by 35 cycles of denaturation for 1 min at 94 °C, primer-specific annealing temperature of 46 °C for 1 min, extension for 1 min at 72 °C; final extension at 72 °C was conducted for 10 min. The primers Chmf4 (5’-TYTCWACWAAYCAYAAAGAYATCGG-3’) and Chmr4 (5’-ACYTCRGGRTGRCCRAARAATCA-3’) (Che et al. 2012) were used for amplification and sequencing. PCR products were purified with Gel Extraction Mini Kit (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing). The cycle sequencing reactions were performed using BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (v.2.0, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA), using purified products as the template DNA. Sequences were determined using an ABI PRISM 3730 automated DNA sequencer with sequencing in both directions. The sequence data were submitted to a BLAST search in GenBank to confirm the identity. Considering geography and morphological similarity, 13 COI sequences of Eurasian Rana were retrieved from GenBank and included in the subsequent molecular analyses (Table 1). Rana luteiventris was chosen as outgroup based on the phylogeny of Yuan et al. (2016). Nucleotide sequences were aligned using MUSCLE v.3.6 (Edgar 2004) with default parameters.

Genetic analyses

Interspecific and intraspecific mean uncorrected pairwise distances were computed in MEGA v.6.0 (Tamura et al. 2013). Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences were conducted using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML). The BI analysis was executed in MrBayes v.3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003) using GTR + I + G model determined using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) computed with jModelTest 2 (Darriba et al. 2012). Consensus frequencies, termed Bayesian posterior probabilities, were used to estimate nodal support. Four separate runs were performed with four Markov chains. Each run was conducted for 10000000 generations while sampling every 1000 generations. Log likelihood scores were tracked for stabilization and the first 50% of the trees were discarded as burn-in. The sampled trees were analyzed using Tracer v.1.6 (Rambaut et al. 2014) to confirm satisfactory convergence of topological split frequencies. The ML analysis was conducted using RAxML v.8.0 (Stamatakis 2014). This analysis implemented the GTR + I + G model. Nodal support values were estimated from 1000 nonparametric bootstrap pseudoreplicates.

Morphometrics

A total of 38 specimens was examined (Appendix 1). Haipeng Zhao took all measurements of the specimens to minimize bias. Nineteen linear measurements following Fei et al. (2009) were made using digital dial calipers with a precision of 0.1 mm. These measurements were as follows:

SVL (snout-vent length),

HDL head length,

HDW head width,

SL snout length,

EYE diameter of exposed portion of eyeball,

IOD interorbital distance,

IND internarial distance,

UEW upper eyelid width,

TYE tympanum outer diameter,

LAL lower-arm length,

HL hand length,

LAHL lower-arm and hand length,

LAW lower-arm width,

FEL femur length,

TL tibia length,

TW tibia width,

FTL length of foot and tarsus,

FOL foot length, and

IMTL inner metatarsal tubercles length.

Dissections on five male specimens determined the presence or absence of vocal sacs which can be seen by the presence of openings on the mouth floor. Vocal sacs that are externally visible are defined as “external” vocal sacs, those that cannot be distinguished by external observation are defined as “subgular”. All these morphological characters are defined following Fei et al. (2009).

Results

Ten new sequences with 558 base pairs (bp) were obtained and deposited in GenBank (Accession numbers MF149920–MF149929; Table 1). After trimming ends, the combined sequences contained 211 variable sites of which 187 were potentially parsimony-informative. The uncorrected p-distances between the new populations from Henan and congeners ranged from 12.54% (R. amurensis) to 17.92% (R. longicrus) (Table 2). The uncorrected pairwise distances between the two new populations from Henan were less than 0.1%.

Table 2.
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The pairwise uncorrected p-distance (%) of the COI partial sequence used in this study (a, b). 1: Rana amurensis; 2: R. asiatica; 3. R. arvalis; 4: R. chaochiaoensis; 5: R. chensinensis; 6: R. coreana; 7: R. culaiensis; 8: R. dybowskii; 9: R. hanluica; 10: R. huanrensis; 11: R. japonica; 12: R. jiemuxiensis; 13: R. kukunoris; 14: R. longicrus; 15: R. luanchuanensis sp. n.; 16: R. omeimontis; 17: R. zhenhaiensis; and 18: R. zhengi. Bolded number highlights the distance between R. luanchuanensis sp. n. and the species of Rana analyzed in this study. “—” indicates genetic distance less than 1%.

(a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 —
2 0.1562 —
3 0.1595 0.1113 —
4 0.1631 0.14 0.1326 —
5 0.1523 0.1436 0.1452 0.1613 —
6 0.1093 0.1609 0.1455 0.1553 0.1699 0.0164
7 0.1828 0.1364 0.1685 0.1308 0.1685 0.1843 —
8 0.1685 0.1311 0.138 0.1595 0.1326 0.1626 0.1774 —
9 0.1756 0.14 0.1577 0.1272 0.1595 0.1824 0.0717 0.1685 —
10 0.1487 0.1329 0.1344 0.1541 0.0502 0.1726 0.1703 0.129 0.1649
11 0.1685 0.1382 0.147 0.1308 0.1416 0.1518 0.147 0.1541 0.1308
12 0.172 0.14 0.1613 0.1398 0.1559 0.1798 0.0771 0.1756 0.0771
13 0.1613 0.1346 0.1487 0.1541 0.0609 0.1698 0.1703 0.1308 0.1649
14 0.1792 0.1472 0.1738 0.1434 0.1756 0.1852 0.0287 0.1792 0.0878
15 0.1254 0.1346 0.1523 0.1523 0.1452 0.1464 0.1649 0.1505 0.1703
16 0.1631 0.1436 0.1487 0.1487 0.1613 0.1725 0.0806 0.1505 0.0771
17 0.1846 0.1508 0.1685 0.138 0.1667 0.1969 0.0323 0.181 0.0806
18 0.1667 0.1382 0.1416 0.1452 0.1434 0.1716 0.1703 0.1523 0.1559
(b)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
11 0.1416 —
12 0.1613 0.1487 —
13 0.0484 0.1452 0.1577 —
14 0.181 0.1541 0.086 0.181 —
15 0.1434 0.1362 0.1792 0.1487 0.1738 —
16 0.1649 0.1559 0.0932 0.1559 0.0932 0.1559 —
17 0.181 0.1416 0.086 0.181 0.043 0.1667 0.0806 —
18 0.1577 0.1667 0.1667 0.1541 0.1774 0.1685 0.1649 0.1703 —

Genealogical reconstructions by BI and ML were nearly identical (Figure 2). The monophyly of ingroup and major clades were similar to previous studies (Yan et al. 2011; Yuan et al. 2016). However, phylogenetic relationships among the five major clades were not recovered by our analyses likely due to limited data; future study using additional loci were deemed to be desirable. The new samples from Luanchuan, Henan shared a common matriline, which clustered as the sister-group of R. amurensis plus R. coreana with strong support (BI BPP= 100, ML BS = 93). This resolution and the extent of sequence divergence suggested that the new samples constituted a new species.

Morphological and morphometric analyses of the frogs (Table 3) identified several diagnostic morphological characters (see below).

Figure 2. 

A Bayesian inference tree based on the COI partial sequence data. Numbers near the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities / ML bootstrap value but only when values are ≥ 0.95 and ≥ 70, respectively.

Table 3.
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Linear measurements (in mm) of Rana luanchuanensis. The abbreviations are provided in text.

Character Measurements
♂ ♀
SVL Range 27.2–33.0 ± 1.87 23.7–41.2 ± 4.25
HDL Range 7.9–10.5 ± 0.69 8.5–13.5 ± 1.25
HDW Range 9.7–11.8 ± 0.63 9.7–15.2 ± 1.47
SL Range 4.3–5.7 ± 0.34 4.1–6.9 ± 0.7
EYE Range 2.9–4.3 ± 0.35 3.3–5.3 ± 0.55
IOD Range 2.4–3.4 ± 0.3 2.5–4.3 ± 0.39
IND Range 2.3–3.6 ± 0.29 2.5–3.4 ± 0.27
UEW Range 1.9–2.6 ± 0.26 1.9–3.1 ± 0.36
TYE Range 1.4–2.4 ± 0.25 1.4–3.2 ± 0.44
LAL Range 5.9–7.4 ± 0.44 5.3–8.5 ± 0.78
HL Range 7.2–9.1 ± 0.54 6.8–11.2 ± 1.11
LAHL Range 13.3–15.3 ± 0.6 11.7–18.2 ± 1.7
LAW Range 2.3–3.6 ± 0.4 1.7–3.8 ± 0.5
FEL Range 13.9–18.2 ± 1.35 13.5–21.7 ± 2.1
TL Range 15.5–20.3 ± 1.35 14.7–22.8 ± 2.18
TW Range 2.5–4.1 ± 0.52 2.1–4.9 ± 0.7
FTL Range 21.0–26.4 ± 1.36 19.7–33.3 ± 3.26
FOL Range 15.8–18.6 ± 0.93 13.2–23.4 ± 2.52
IMTL Range 1.7–2.4 ± 0.23 1.4–2.8 ± 0.28

Rana luanchuanensis Zhao & Yuan, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/3FF49AB8-95A4-4C30-8735-2B0C5778A683
Figures 3, 4

Holotype

KIZ016090, an adult male, collected by Haipeng Zhao and Ruiliang Wang on 4 May 2014 in Tongyi River near the village of Hanqiu (33.80°N, 111.80°E, elevation 810 m a.s.l.), Miaozi town, Luanchuan County, western Henan, central China.

Paratypes

KIZ047446–KIZ047453, KIZ016089, with the same collection data as the holotype; KIZ047383, with the same locality as the holotype, collected on 16 November 2013; KIZ047470–KIZ047487, KIZ016086–KIZ016088, and KIZ016091 from Wangping village, Tantou town, Luanchuan County (33.95°N, 111.73°E, elevation 530 m a.s.l.) in the same river, collected on 5 May 2014; KIZ0093, KIZ0099, KIZ0101, KIZ0104, and KIZ0105, collected by Li Ding and Xiaobei Zhang from nearby Miaozi town (33.75°N, 111.72°E, elevation 1070 m a.s.l.) on 15 August 2007. A total number of 37 adult individuals included 12 males and 25 females.

Diagnosis

A small-sized species (SVL 27.2–33.0 mm in males; 23.7–41.2 mm in females) of Rana; temporal fold distinct; dark mask covering tympanum; curved dorsolateral fold thin, extending from posterior canthus to groin; tips of fingers not expanded; skin smooth with few small granules on dorsum and legs, distinct large tubercles absent; head length slightly less than head width; vocal sac absent in males; white rictal gland absent on the upper lip; ventral surface of throat, chest, and belly white with irregular black spots; poster part of abdomen and ventral surface of thighs and limbs reddish; distinct transverse grayish brown bars on dorsal surface of fingers and toes, lower arms, tarsus, thighs, and tibia; toes two-thirds webbed; gray-blackish nuptial pad prominent and forming two groups in males, with minute nuptial spines; three metacarpal tubercles, inner one close to the nuptial pad at the base of finger I, the two outer ones closed together at the base of fingers III and IV.

Description of holotype

SVL 32.8 mm. Head slightly shorter than broad (HL\HW = 0.87), snout pointed and projecting; snout length much longer than eye diameter (SL\EYL = 1.35); interorbital space equal to internasal space and both wider than upper eyelid width; tympanum diameter about half of eye diameter, loreal region concave, sloping outwards; vomerine teeth in short oblique series, anterior edges in line with centers of choanae; tongue deeply notched posteriorly; vocal sacs absent.

Forearm robust, fingers slender, unwebbed; tips of fingers not expanded, with no circum-marginal grooves; relative length of fingers: II < I < IV < III; one prominent subarticular tubercle on fingers I and II, two small subarticular tubercles on fingers III and IV; distinct supernumerary tubercles below the base of fingers; inner metacarpal tubercle strong and large, ovoid, close to the nuptial pad at base of finger I; two outer tubercles close together at base of fingers III and IV, flat, long elliptic and obvious. Nuptial pad covered densely by small grey-blackish spines and divided into two groups, one near tip larger than the other one.

Hindlimb long (8.7 mm), heels well overlapping when limb held at right angles to body; tibiotarsal articulation of adpressed limb reaching far anterior to eyes; inner metatarsal tubercle weak and small, smooth, about 0.37 of the first toe; tips of toes similar to fingers; relative length of toes: I < II < III < V < IV; toes two-thirds webbed, webbing formula: I 1–2 II 1–2 ½ III 2–3 IV 3–1 V; web of toe III reaching the first joint from tip and on other toes nearly extending to tip; subarticular tubercles small, but visible; distinct supernumerary tubercles below the base of toes; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, small but distinct; outer metatarsal tubercle absent.

Skin rather smooth, except for some small granules near vent and ventral femoral region; temporal fold distinct, extending from posterior margin of eye above and behind tympanum to above arm insertion, a large triangular black and brown patch behind the eye and anterior to temporal fold; thin dorsolateral fold from posterior canthus to groin, obviously curved at upper tympanum and crossing temporal fold; ventral surface smooth, reddish; few granules on the posterior ventral surface of thighs.

Figure 3. 

Photographs of a live specimen and its habitat near the type locality of Rana luanchuanensis sp. n. A Lateral view B Ventral view C, D Habitat of the type locality of R. luanchuanensis showing a live individual.

Color of holotype

In life, dorsum gray-brown, with few scattered black spots and grayish brown blotches; dorsolateral fold reddish brown and darker than ground dorsal color; distinct grayish brown crossbars on dorsal surface of fingers and toes, lower arms, tarsus, thighs and tibia; narrow black stripe on edge of canthus rostralis from tip of snout along margin of upper eyelid and across eye continuing along supratympanic ridge; large triangular black and brown patch behind the eye and anterior to temporal fold; lower lip whitish with black spots and bars; throat, chest, and belly white with irregular black spots; poster part of abdomen reddish; ventrally limbs reddish with faint yellow nebulous mottling; faint yellow granules on ventral thigh; foot webbing brownish red with few indistinct black spots; nuptial pad blackish gray. In preservative, dorsal surface dark gray-brown with slightly paler limbs (Fig. 4); all grayish brown crossbars and grayish brown blotches fade to black; throat, chest, and abdomens fade to creamy white, with gray spots.

Figure 4. 

Holotype (KIZ016090) of Rana luanchuanensis sp. n. A Dorsal view B Ventral view C Details of left hand showing the nuptial pad D Details of left foot showing the extent of webbing. Scale bar 10 mm.

Habitat and life history

All specimens of the new species were collected in shallow slow-flowing streams with large gravel beds (Figure 3). Streams were near the mountains with well-preserved forests. Females with mature eggs were collected from Hanqiu village on 16 November 2013, which indicated its breeding season may occur in the winter. However, we did not observe any breeding pairs, egg clutches, or tadpoles. More field work is needed to observe its breeding behavior and other phenomena of life history.

Variation in the type series

Morphometric data were summarized in Table 3. Individuals varied in their dorsal ground color by ranging from being pinkish orange to dark brown. Number and shape of the spots and grayish brown blotches on dorsum varied. Number of grayish brown crossbars on dorsal surface of fingers, toes, lower arms, tarsus, thighs, and tibia varied. Forearm are much more robust in males than in females; nuptial pads are absent in females.

Etymology

The specific epithet “luanchuanensis” is in reference to the type locality.

Comparisons

Rana luanchuanensis sp. n. closely resembles the R. amurensis Boulenger, 1886 and R. coreana Okada, 1928, within the R. amurensis species group, but differs from them by the following morphological characters: 1) skin smooth (vs. many tubercles on the dorsum and dorsolateral surfaces of R. amurensis and many tubercles on the dorsolateral surface of R. coreana); 2) upper white rictal gland absent (vs. present in R. amurensis and R. coreana); 3) small size, SVL 27.2–33.0 mm in males and 23.7–41.2 mm in females (vs. SVL 48.8–66.4 mm in males and 51.2–70.4 mm in females of R. amurensis); 4) nuptial pad forming two groups in males (vs. nuptial pad forming four groups in males of R. amurensis); 5) toes two-thirds webbed (vs. toes half webbed in R. coreana); 6) transverse grayish brown bars on dorsal surface of fingers and toes, lower arms, tarsus, thighs, and tibia (vs. absent in R. coreana); and 7) ventral surface of throat, chest, and belly white with irregular black spots (vs. absence of black spots in R. coreana).

Distribution

The species is currently only known from Luanchuan, Henan, China.

Acknowledgements

We thank Li Ding and Yang Lu for specimens collection or providing tissues; Yunyu Wang and Jieqiong Jin for laboratory work; and Yongzhao Huang for providing morphometric data of R. amurensis. Weiwei Zhou and Xiaohong Chen provided valuable comments during the manuscript preparation. This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31401966), the Animal Branch of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences (the Large Research Infrastructure Funding), and Innovation Scientists and Technicians Troop Construction Projects of Zhengzhou City (131PLJRC654), the first-class discipline construction project for Forestry in Yunnan (No.51600625).

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Appendix 1

Specimens examined

Rana luanchuanensis (n = 38): KIZ016090, KIZ04744-53, KIZ016089, KIZ047383, KIZ047470-87, KIZ016086-88, KIZ016091, KIZ023276, KIZ023282, KIZ023284, KIZ023287-88.

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