Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xin Xu ( xuxin_09@163.com ) Corresponding author: Daiqin Li ( dbslidq@nus.edu.sg ) Academic editor: Yuri Marusik
© 2024 Xin Xu, Yi Zhan, Khin Pyae Pyae Aung, Fengxiang Liu, Long Yu, Daiqin Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Xu X, Zhan Y, Aung KPP, Liu F, Yu L, Li D (2024) Four new species of the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae, Liphistiinae) from Myanmar. ZooKeys 1210: 99-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1210.123986
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Four new species of Liphistius belonging to the birmanicus species group are described from Myanmar based on both sexes: L. kalaw Zhan & Xu, sp. nov. (♂♀), L. kanpetlet Zhan & Xu, sp. nov. (♂♀), L. nawngau Zhan & Xu, sp. nov. (♂♀) and L. rostratus Zhan & Xu, sp. nov. (♂♀). Currently, Myanmar stands as the westernmost country where Liphistius is distributed, with the new species L. kanpetlet sp. nov. being found in the westernmost region of Myanmar.
description, Liphistiomorphae, morphology, southeast Asia, taxonomy
Currently, the spider family Liphistiidae includes eight genera divided into two subfamilies, the monotypic Liphistiinae Thorell, 1869 and Heptathelinae Kishida, 1923. Liphistius Schiödte, 1849, the sole genus of Liphistiinae, encompasses 77 valid species. Among these, six are known solely from females, while the remaining 71 species are described based on both sexes (
Following an examination of specimens collected from Myanmar, we identify and describe four new Liphistius species, each restricted to a limited range, all belong to the birmanicus-group.
All specimens were collected alive in Myanmar (Figs
For morphological examination, we used an Olympus SZ51 stereomicroscope to dissect the specimens. Soft tissues of vulvae were removed using 10 mg/ml pancreatin, allowing for a minimum 3-hour digestion period at room temperature. Male palps and female genitalia were photographed using an Olympus BX53 compound microscope equipped with a digital camera CCD. Compound-focused images were generated using Helicon Focus v. 6.7.1. Specimen coloration was described in alcohol. All measurements were carried out under a Leica M205C stereomicroscope using Leica Application Suite v. 4 software and are given in millimeters. Measurements of legs and palp are presented in the following order: leg total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus [absent on palp], tarsus).
Genital anatomical terminology used in this paper follows
Family Liphistiidae Thorell, 1869
Liphistius desultor Schiödte, 1849 from Malaysia.
Liphistius can be distinguished from the other seven genera by having the male palps bearing tibial apophysis (TiA) (Figs
China (Yunnan Province), Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, and Thailand.
Eleven named Liphistius species in Myanmar were grouped into three species-groups: the birmanicus-group, comprising nine valid species; the bristowei-group, consisting of one known species; and the trang-group, also containing one known species (
L. birmanicus, L. cupreus Schwendinger & Huber, 2022, L. ferox Schwendinger & Huber, 2022, L. hpruso, L. lahu Schwendinger, 1998, L. lordae Platnick & Sedgwick, 1984, L. metopiae Schwendinger, 2022, L. nabang Yu, Zhang & Zhang, 2021, L. pinlaung Aung, Xu, Lwin, Sang, Yu, Liu, Liu & Li, 2019, L. platnicki Schwendinger & Huber, 2022, L. pyinoolwin Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang & Li, 2021, L. tung Schwendinger, 2022.
Holotype : Myanmar ♂, Shan State, 16 km W of Kalaw Township; 20.70°N, 96.52°E, alt. 944 m; 27.07.2019; D. Li et al. leg.; XUX-2019-061A. Paratypes: 8♀♀, same data as for holotype; 27.07.2019 and 15.07.2018; XUX-2019-062/063/064/065/066/067A/068; XUX-2018-124.
The male of L. kalaw sp. nov. resembles those of L. birmanicus and L. pinlaung in having a distinct contrategular process (cp) (Fig.
Male palp of Liphistius kalaw sp. nov. A, E prolateral view B ventral view C, F retrolateral view D dorsal view, red arrows show arched projection and triangular process of CT G distal view. Abbreviations: CT = contrategulum; cp = contrategular process; Cu = cumulus; E = embolus; PC = paracymbium; PeP = paraembolic plate; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TiA = tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Male holotype. Carapace yellowish brown, with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma yellowish brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, promargin with 13 denticles of variable size; labium and sternum yellowish brown, with few short setae on anterior margin and many long setae on elongated posterior margin; legs yellowish brown, with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 13.65, CL 5.94, CW 6.07, OL 8.00, OW 5.36; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.54, PME 0.27, PLE 0.43, AME–AME 0.11, AME–ALE 0.15, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.10, ALE–PLE 0.17, ALE–ALE 0.12, PLE–PLE 0.34, AME–PME 0.10; labium 1.06 long and 0.98 wide; sternum 3.08 long and 0.96 wide; legs: I 18.36 (4.81, 2.57, 3.87, 4.60, 2.51), II 20.24 (5.64, 2.56, 4.23, 5.07, 2.74), III 20.46 (5.64, 2.37, 4.42, 6.00, 3.03), IV 27.56 (6.97, 2.84, 5.57, 8.17, 4.01).
Palp: tibial apophysis (TiA) with 4 tapering setae of similar length (Fig.
Female paratype (XUX-2019-062). Carapace yellowish brown, with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, with gray patches, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, reddish brown; promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 denticles of variable size; labium yellowish brown, sternum with several setae; legs with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 11.56, CL 5.82, CW 5.22, OL 6.23, OW 4.62; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.56, PME 0.29, PLE 0.42, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.15, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.09, ALE–PLE 0.11, ALE–ALE 0.07, PLE–PLE 0.35, AME–PME 0.08; labium 3.00 long and 0.61 wide; sternum 1.19 long and 1.13 wide; palp 10.25 (3.62, 1.74, 2.36, 2.53), legs: I 12.78 (4.29, 2.03, 2.63, 2.37, 1.46), II 12.89 (4.17, 2.03, 2.56, 2.59, 1.54), III 13.42 (4.13, 1.84, 2.75, 2.78, 1.92), IV 19.33 (5.57, 2.32, 3.81, 4.91, 2.72).
Vulva: poreplate (PPl) slightly wider than long, with pair of large anterior lobes and pair of small anterolateral lobes; central dorsal opening (CDO) circular, racemose receptacular cluster (RC) slightly long; posterior stalk (PS) axe-shaped; lateral margins of genital atrium (GA) membranous (Fig.
Females vary in body size. The range measurements of females (N = 8): BL 8.55–16.11, CL 4.48–7.20, CW 3.90–6.43, OL 4.18–8.56, OW 3.00–7.36. The number of denticles on the promargin of cheliceral groove varies from 11 to 14 (N = 8).
The species epithet “kalaw” refers to the type locality, Kalaw Township; it is treated as a noun in apposition.
Mandalay Region (Kalaw Township), Myanmar.
Holotype : Myanmar ♂, Chin State, Kanpetlet Township, Kanpetlet Matupi Rd; 21.19°N, 94.05°E, alt. 1469 m; 17.07.2019; D. Li et al. leg.; XUX-2019-026. Paratypes: 5♀♀, same locality as for holotype; 17–18.07.2019; XUX-2019-020/021/024/031/033.
The male of L. kanpetlet sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of L. birmanicus by having the paracymbium (PC) bearing a distal process (Fig.
Male palp of Liphistius kanpetlet sp. nov. A, E prolateral view B ventral view; C, F retrolateral view, red arrow shows distal process of PC D dorsal view, red arrows show arched projection and triangular process of CT G distal view. Abbreviations: CT = contrategulum; cp = contrategular process; Cu = cumulus; E = embolus; PC = paracymbium; PeP = paraembolic plate; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TiA = tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Male holotype. Carapace yellowish brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 4th largest; chelicerae robust, promargin of cheliceral groove with 13 denticles of variable size; labium yellow, sternum yellow, with few short setae on anterior tip and many long setae on elongated posterior tip; legs reddish brown, with strong setae and spines; 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 12.41, CL 6.01, CW 6.06, OL 6.30, OW 4.19; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.56, PME 0.32, PLE 0.42, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.16, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.11, ALE–PLE 0.14, ALE–ALE 0.14, PLE–PLE 0.34, AME–PME 0.08; labium 0.96 long and 0.50 wide; sternum 2.63 long and 1.00 wide; legs: I 17.51 (4.82, 2.52, 3.79, 4.14, 2.24), II 18.36 (5.20, 2.19, 3.95, 4.72, 2.3), III 20.63 (5.46, 2.20, 4.41, 5.86, 2.70), IV 26.62 (7.18, 2.64, 5.40, 7.71, 3.69).
Palp: tibial apophysis (TiA) with 5 setae of different lengths (Fig.
Female paratype (XUX-2019-024). Carapace brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma gray, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, with gray patches, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, reddish brown; promargin of cheliceral groove with 10 denticles of variable size; labium yellow, sternum yellow with several setae; legs with strong setae and spines, without distinct annulations. Measurements: BL 11.71, CL 5.26, CW 5.15, OL 6.36, OW 4.70; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.50, PME 0.34, PLE 0.40, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.19, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.10, ALE–PLE 0.09, ALE–ALE 0.14, PLE–PLE 0.35, AME–PME 0.06; Labium 1.38 long and 0.59 wide; sternum 2.31 long and 1.19 wide; palp 8.05 (2.76, 1.36, 2.15, 1.78), leg I 10.24 (3.21, 1.60, 2.30, 2.01, 1.12), II 10.82 (3.43, 1.68, 2.27, 2.14, 1.30), III 11.14 (3.49, 1.51, 2.16, 2.51, 1.47), IV 15.54 (4.45, 1.94, 3.13, 3.71, 2.31).
Vulva: approximately rectangular poreplate (PPl) wider than long with smoothly curved posterior margin; with pair of large anterior lobes and pair of small anterolateral lobes, 2 anterior lobes separated from each other, but close to anterolateral lobes; central dorsal opening (CDO) small, situated in center of poreplate (PPl); racemose receptacular cluster (RC) long and narrow; posterior stalk (PS) axe-shaped; genital atrium (GA) with slightly sclerotized lateral margins (Fig.
Females vary in body size. The range of measurements of females (N = 5): BL 9.70–14.85, CL 4.86–6.55, CW 4.20–8.63, OL 3.82–8.63, OW 3.82–7.09. The number of denticles on the promargin of cheliceral groove varies from 10–13 (N = 5).
The species epithet “kanpetlet” refers to the type locality, Kanpetlet Township; it is treated as a noun in apposition.
Chin State (Kanpetlet Township), Myanmar.
Holotype : Myanmar ♂, Shan State, Kyaukme Dist., Nawnghkio Township, Nawng Au Vill.; 22.26°N, 96.83°E, alt. 1096 m; 26.07.2019; D. Li et al. leg.; XUX-2019-054A. Paratypes: 9♂♂ 3♀♀, same data as for holotype; XUX-2019-054/054A/055/055A/055B/055D/056/056A/057/058/059/060; 5♂♂ 2♀♀, same township as for holotype; 22.30°N, 96.73°E, alt. 845 m; 26.07.2019 and 14.07.2018; XUX-2019-049/051/052/053, XUX-2018-116/119/123.
The male of L. nawngau sp. nov. resembles those of L. lordae and L. pyinoolwin in having an adpressed proximal tegular margin (Fig.
Male palp of Liphistius nawngau sp. nov. A, E prolateral view B ventral view C, F retrolateral view D dorsal view, red arrows show arched projection and triangular process of CT G distal view. Abbreviations: CT = contrategulum; cp = contrategular process; Cu = cumulus; E = embolus; PC = paracymbium; PeP = paraembolic plate; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TiA = tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Male holotype. Carapace brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, promargin of cheliceral groove with 11 denticles of variable size; labium and sternum yellowish brown, sternum with few short setae on anterior tip and many long setae on elongated posterior tip; legs yellowish brown, with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 15.47, CL 6.63, CW 6.57, OL 7.73, OW 5.56; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.72, PME 0.35, PLE 0.49, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.20, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.07, ALE–PLE 0.81, ALE–ALE 0.11, PLE–PLE 0.16, AME–PME 0.12; labium 0.81 long and 0.58 wide; sternum 2.59 long and 1.01 wide; legs: I 19.58 (5.67, 2.78, 4.03, 4.68, 2.42), II 20.42 (5.66, 2.78, 4.13, 4.96, 2.89), III 22.62 (5.96, 2.63, 4.54, 6.29, 3.20), IV 28.26 (7.16, 2.75, 5.82, 8.55, 3.98).
Palp: tibial apophysis (TiA) with four setae of similar length (Fig.
Female paratype (XUX-2019-053). Carapace yellowish brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, with gray patches, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, reddish brown; promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 denticles of variable size; labium and sternum yellowish brown; legs with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 14.24, CL 6.10, CW 5.30, OL 7.12, OW 4.96; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.57, PME 0.31, PLE 0.45, AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.17, PME–PME 0.09, PME–PLE 0.08, ALE–PLE 0.09, ALE–ALE 0.10, PLE–PLE 0.46, AME–PME 0.06; labium 1.23 long and 0.77 wide; sternum 2.68 long and 1.13 wide; palp 10.42 (3.63, 1.84, 2.77, 2.18), leg I 13.33 (4.16, 2.15, 2.90, 2.58, 1.54), II 16.85 (4.35, 2.26, 2.84, 2.84, 1.72), III 15.04 (4.37, 2.35, 2.90, 3.31, 2.11), IV 20.39 (5.92, 1.92, 4.48, 5.33, 2.74).
Vulva: poreplate (PPl) with pair of large anterior lobes and pair of relatively small anterolateral lobes; central dorsal opening (CDO) located at center of poreplate (PPl); receptacular cluster (RC) racemose, protrudes upper edge of poreplate (PPl); posterior margin of triangular posterior stalk (PS) almost straight; lateral margins of genital atrium (GA) slightly sclerotized (Fig.
Males (N = 14): BL 12.64–16.98, CL 6.27–7.56, CW 6.02–7.56, OL 6.95–8.50, OW 4.60–6.40; females (N = 5): BL 10.55–14.24, CL 5.26–6.37, CW 4.47–5.63, OL 5.24–7.12, OW 4.33–4.96. The number of denticles on the promargin of male cheliceral groove varies from 10 to 13 (N = 12); in females, the number of denticles on the promargin of cheliceral groove varies from 11 to 12 (N = 5). The number of setae on tibial apophysis varies from 4 to 6.
The species epithet “nawngau” refers to the type locality, Nawng Au Village; it is treated as a noun in apposition.
Shan State, (Kyaukme District), Myanmar.
Holotype : Myanmar ♂, Mandalay Region, War Phyu Taung Vill.; 22.88°N, 96.12°E, alt. 553 m; 25.07.2019; D. Li et al. leg.; XUX-2019-038. Paratypes: 2♂♂ 3♀♀, same data as for holotype; XUX-2019-034–037/041.
The male of L. rostratus sp. nov. resembles those of L. cupreus, L. nabang, and L. platnicki in having distinctly elevated cumulus (Cu) (Fig.
Male palp of Liphistius rostratus sp. nov. A, E prolateral view B ventral view C, F retrolateral view D dorsal view G distal view, red arrow shows beak-like contrategular projection. Abbreviations: CT = contrategulum; cp = contrategular process; Cu = cumulus; E = embolus; PC = paracymbium; PeP = paraembolic plate; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TiA = tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Male holotype. Carapace yellowish brown, with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 4th largest; chelicerae robust, promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 denticles of variable size; labium and sternum yellowish brown, sternum with few short setae on anterior tip and many long setae on elongated posterior tip; legs yellowish brown, with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 9.34, CL 4.57, CW 4.26, OL 5.02, OW 3.59; eye sizes and interdistances: AME reduced, ALE 0.40, PME reduced, PLE 0.24, ALE–PLE 0.07, ALE–ALE 0.05, PLE–PLE 0.30; labium 0.98 long and 0.48 wide; sternum 2.09 long and 0.83 wide; legs: I 12.63 (3.80, 1.32, 2.60, 3.07, 1.84), II 13.19 (3.80, 1.32, 2.60, 3.07, 1.84), III 14.35 (3.79, 1.58, 3.33, 3.44, 2.21), IV 19.76 (4.76, 1.66, 4.13, 6.01, 3.20).
Palp: tibial apophysis (TiA) with 4 setae of similar length (Fig.
Female paratype (XUX-2019-034). Carapace brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, reddish brown; promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 denticles of variable size; labium yellowish brown, sternum yellowish brown with several setae; legs with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 10.54, CL 4.5, CW 3.93, OL 6.47, OW 4.74; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.37, PME 0.19, PLE 0.29, AME–AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.12, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.09, ALE–ALE 0.10, PLE–PLE 0.32, AME–PME 0.08; labium 0.95 long and 0.38 wide; sternum 2.41 long and 0.99 wide; palp 7.10 (2.44, 0.98, 1.86, 1.82), leg I 8.89 (2.94, 1.34, 2.00, 1.62, 0.99), II 9.69 (3.40, 1.09, 2.02, 1.98, 1.20), III 9.48 (2.29, 1.05, 2.59, 2.38, 1.17), IV 13.71 (3.21, 1.44, 3.11, 3.80, 2.21).
Vulva: about rectangular poreplate (PPl) with pair of anterior lobes; central dorsal opening (CDO) located below center of poreplate (PPl); racemose receptacular cluster (RC) small; posterior stalk (PS) as wide as poreplate (PPl), lateral margins of genital atrium (GA) slightly sclerotized (Fig.
Males (N = 3): BL 9.34–10.31, CL 4.57–5.24, CW 4.26–5.83, OL 4.73–5.10, OW 3.40–3.40; females (N = 4): BL 10.54–12.35, CL 4.50–6.31, CW 3.93–5.47, OL 6.47–6.87, OW 4.64–4.79. The number of denticles on the cheliceral promargin varies from 12 to13 (N = 6). In addition, the male lacking an AME and PME, which may be degenerate during molting, is chosen as the holotype, because all paratype male palps are deformed.
The species name is derived from the Latin word “rostratus”, referring to the beak-like contrategulum of the male palp in distal view.
Mandalay Region (War Hpyu Taung), Myanmar.
We thank Wai Wai Lwin, Men Zing Sang, Thwin Maung Maung, Ko Poo, U Moe Moe Dwe, and the drivers for their help in the field in Myanmar. We greatly appreciate Prof. Thida Lay Thwe and Dr Ko Myint for their help with the applications for research and spider export permits. We are also grateful to Yuri M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia), Hirotsugu Ono (Tokyo, Japan), Dmitri V. Logunov (St.-Petersburg, Russia), and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on the manuscript. We would also like to thank Myanmar Department of Forestry for research permits (NGA/CITES/9/Research/4112/2019; NGA/CITES/9/6825/2018) and spider-export permits (NWCD/CITES/9/YU/7856/2023; NWCD/CITES/9/8038/2018) as well as Singapore NParks for spider import permits.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-32070430; 31272324), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China for Excellent Young Scholars (2021JJ20035), and the Singapore Ministry of Education AcRF Tier 1 grant (R-154-000-A52-114).
All authors have contributed equally.
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.