Research Article
Print
Research Article
Four new species of the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae, Liphistiinae) from Myanmar
expand article infoXin Xu§, Yi Zhan, Khin Pyae Pyae Aung|, Fengxiang Liu§, Long Yu§, Daiqin Li§#
‡ Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
§ Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
¶ Taungoo Education Degree College, Taungoo, Myanmar
# National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Open Access

Abstract

Four new species of Liphistius belonging to the birmanicus species group are described from Myanmar based on both sexes: L. kalaw Zhan & Xu, sp. nov. (♂♀), L. kanpetlet Zhan & Xu, sp. nov. (♂♀), L. nawngau Zhan & Xu, sp. nov. (♂♀) and L. rostratus Zhan & Xu, sp. nov. (♂♀). Currently, Myanmar stands as the westernmost country where Liphistius is distributed, with the new species L. kanpetlet sp. nov. being found in the westernmost region of Myanmar.

Key words

description, Liphistiomorphae, morphology, southeast Asia, taxonomy

Introduction

Currently, the spider family Liphistiidae includes eight genera divided into two subfamilies, the monotypic Liphistiinae Thorell, 1869 and Heptathelinae Kishida, 1923. Liphistius Schiödte, 1849, the sole genus of Liphistiinae, encompasses 77 valid species. Among these, six are known solely from females, while the remaining 71 species are described based on both sexes (WSC 2024). The geographical distribution of Liphistius spans from its northernmost point in China (Yunnan Province) to its southernmost in Indonesia (Sumatra), while its range extends from the easternmost areas of Laos, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to the westernmost regions of Myanmar (WSC 2024). Until now, several regional revisions of Liphistius have been conducted, including those focused on Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand (for more details, refer to Schwendinger 2017; Sivayyapram et al. 2017; Schwendinger et al. 2019, 2022).

Schwendinger (1990, 2017), Sivayyapram et al. 2017, and Schwendinger et al. 2022 split Liphistius into seven species groups based on the morphology of copulatory organs of both sexes: batuensis-group (e.g., L. batuensis Abraham, 1923), birmanicus-group (e.g., L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897), bristowei-group (e.g., L. bristowei Platnick & Sedgwick, 1984), linang-group (e.g., L. linang Schwendinger, 2017), malayanus-group (e.g., L. malayanus Abraham, 1923), tioman-group (e.g., L. tioman Platnick & Sedgwick, 1984), and trang-group (e.g., L. trang Platnick & Sedgwick, 1984). Currently, Myanmar hosts 11 known Liphistius species, including one species known only from females (Fig. 1; WSC 2024). These species belong to three groups: the birmanicus-group, the bristowei-group, and the trang-group (Schwendinger 1990; Schwendinger et al. 2022; Sivayyapram et al. 2024).

Figure 1. 

Map showing the collecting localities of the Liphistius species in Myanmar, China (L. nabang), and Thailand (L. lahu, L. metopiae). Blue circles refer to four new species described in this study, black circles indicate known and one putative species.

Figure 2. 

Microhabitat and general somatic morphology of four new Liphistius species. A microhabitat B burrow with trapdoor open C, E–G male dorsal view C L. kanpetlet sp. nov. D, E L. rostratus sp. nov. F L. kalaw sp. nov. G L. nawngau sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (D); 5 mm (C, E–G).

Following an examination of specimens collected from Myanmar, we identify and describe four new Liphistius species, each restricted to a limited range, all belong to the birmanicus-group.

Material and methods

All specimens were collected alive in Myanmar (Figs 1, 2) and transported the subadult individuals to the laboratory, where they were reared until reaching maturity. Right legs were removed from adults, preserved in absolute ethanol, and stored at −80 °C for genome DNA extraction. The remaining parts of each specimen were preserved in 80% ethanol as vouchers for morphological examination. These vouchers are currently deposited at the School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (HUBU). In the future, the specimens will be deposited at two locations: School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar (CAS-SEABRI).

For morphological examination, we used an Olympus SZ51 stereomicroscope to dissect the specimens. Soft tissues of vulvae were removed using 10 mg/ml pancreatin, allowing for a minimum 3-hour digestion period at room temperature. Male palps and female genitalia were photographed using an Olympus BX53 compound microscope equipped with a digital camera CCD. Compound-focused images were generated using Helicon Focus v. 6.7.1. Specimen coloration was described in alcohol. All measurements were carried out under a Leica M205C stereomicroscope using Leica Application Suite v. 4 software and are given in millimeters. Measurements of legs and palp are presented in the following order: leg total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus [absent on palp], tarsus).

Genital anatomical terminology used in this paper follows Aung et al. 2019 and Schwendinger et al. 2019, 2022. Abbreviations used in the text are: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; AME = anterior median eyes; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes; BL = body length (excluding chelicerae); CL = carapace length; OL = opisthosoma length; CW = carapace width; OW = opisthosoma width.

Taxonomy

Family Liphistiidae Thorell, 1869

Liphistius Schiödte, 1849

Type species

Liphistius desultor Schiödte, 1849 from Malaysia.

Diagnosis

Liphistius can be distinguished from the other seven genera by having the male palps bearing tibial apophysis (TiA) (Figs 3A, 5C, 7C, 9A), clavate trichobothria on the dorsal side of cymbia and leg tarsi, and vulvae possessing median receptacular cluster (RC) and sclerotized poreplate (PPl) (Figs 4, 6, 8, 10).

Distribution

China (Yunnan Province), Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, and Thailand.

Comments on Liphistius in Myanmar

Eleven named Liphistius species in Myanmar were grouped into three species-groups: the birmanicus-group, comprising nine valid species; the bristowei-group, consisting of one known species; and the trang-group, also containing one known species (Schwendinger 1990; Schwendinger et al. 2022; Sivayyapram et al. 2024). All named Liphistius species of the birmanicus-group were described based on both sexes, except for L. hpruso Aung, Xu, Lwin, Sang, Yu, Liu, Liu & Li, 2019, which is only known from females. In this study, four new Liphistius species belonging to the birmanicus-group are described, identified according to the morphology of their copulatory organs in both sexes.

Composition of the birmanicus-group

L. birmanicus, L. cupreus Schwendinger & Huber, 2022, L. ferox Schwendinger & Huber, 2022, L. hpruso, L. lahu Schwendinger, 1998, L. lordae Platnick & Sedgwick, 1984, L. metopiae Schwendinger, 2022, L. nabang Yu, Zhang & Zhang, 2021, L. pinlaung Aung, Xu, Lwin, Sang, Yu, Liu, Liu & Li, 2019, L. platnicki Schwendinger & Huber, 2022, L. pyinoolwin Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang & Li, 2021, L. tung Schwendinger, 2022.

Liphistius kalaw Zhan & Xu, sp. nov.

Figs 3, 4

Type material

Holotype : Myanmar ♂, Shan State, 16 km W of Kalaw Township; 20.70°N, 96.52°E, alt. 944 m; 27.07.2019; D. Li et al. leg.; XUX-2019-061A. Paratypes: 8♀♀, same data as for holotype; 27.07.2019 and 15.07.2018; XUX-2019-062/063/064/065/066/067A/068; XUX-2018-124.

Diagnosis

The male of L. kalaw sp. nov. resembles those of L. birmanicus and L. pinlaung in having a distinct contrategular process (cp) (Fig. 3B, E), but it can be distinguished from L. birmanicus by the relatively wider base of the contrategular process (cp) (Fig. 3E vs fig. 13E in Schwendinger et al. 2022), and from L. pinlaung by the cumulus (Cu) which has shorter spines (Fig. 3A–C vs fig. 4C in Aung et al. 2019). The female of L. kalaw sp. nov. can be distinguished from that of L. hpruso by the relatively wider posterior stalk (PS) (Fig. 4C vs fig. 3B–E in Aung et al. 2019).

Figure 3. 

Male palp of Liphistius kalaw sp. nov. A, E prolateral view B ventral view C, F retrolateral view D dorsal view, red arrows show arched projection and triangular process of CT G distal view. Abbreviations: CT = contrategulum; cp = contrategular process; Cu = cumulus; E = embolus; PC = paracymbium; PeP = paraembolic plate; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TiA = tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 4. 

Vulva of Liphistius kalaw sp. nov. A, C dorsal view B, D ventral view. Abbreviations: CDO = central dorsal opening; GA = genital atrium; PS = posterior stalk; PPl = poreplate; RC = receptacular cluster; a = length of poreplate transverse; b = width of poreplate. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Description

Male holotype. Carapace yellowish brown, with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma yellowish brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, promargin with 13 denticles of variable size; labium and sternum yellowish brown, with few short setae on anterior margin and many long setae on elongated posterior margin; legs yellowish brown, with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 13.65, CL 5.94, CW 6.07, OL 8.00, OW 5.36; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.54, PME 0.27, PLE 0.43, AMEAME 0.11, AMEALE 0.15, PMEPME 0.08, PMEPLE 0.10, ALEPLE 0.17, ALEALE 0.12, PLEPLE 0.34, AMEPME 0.10; labium 1.06 long and 0.98 wide; sternum 3.08 long and 0.96 wide; legs: I 18.36 (4.81, 2.57, 3.87, 4.60, 2.51), II 20.24 (5.64, 2.56, 4.23, 5.07, 2.74), III 20.46 (5.64, 2.37, 4.42, 6.00, 3.03), IV 27.56 (6.97, 2.84, 5.57, 8.17, 4.01).

Palp: tibial apophysis (TiA) with 4 tapering setae of similar length (Fig. 3C); paracymbium (PC) with many setae situated on tip (Fig. 3A–C); cumulus (Cu) slightly elevated, with 8 tapering spines (Fig. 3A–C); subtegulum with weakly developed apophysis (Fig. 3B); contrategulum (CT) with arched projection distally, and large triangular process in prolateral view (Fig. 3A, B, D); tegulum (T) fan-shaped with serrated edge and longitudinal ridges (Fig. 3C, F); paraembolic plate (PeP) narrow, sclerotized (Fig. 3A, F); embolus (E) with 4 distinct longitudinal ridges reaching tip in retrolateral view, and with several denticles along longitudinal ridges (Fig. 3B–F).

Female paratype (XUX-2019-062). Carapace yellowish brown, with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, with gray patches, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, reddish brown; promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 denticles of variable size; labium yellowish brown, sternum with several setae; legs with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 11.56, CL 5.82, CW 5.22, OL 6.23, OW 4.62; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.56, PME 0.29, PLE 0.42, AMEAME 0.09, AMEALE 0.15, PMEPME 0.06, PMEPLE 0.09, ALEPLE 0.11, ALEALE 0.07, PLEPLE 0.35, AMEPME 0.08; labium 3.00 long and 0.61 wide; sternum 1.19 long and 1.13 wide; palp 10.25 (3.62, 1.74, 2.36, 2.53), legs: I 12.78 (4.29, 2.03, 2.63, 2.37, 1.46), II 12.89 (4.17, 2.03, 2.56, 2.59, 1.54), III 13.42 (4.13, 1.84, 2.75, 2.78, 1.92), IV 19.33 (5.57, 2.32, 3.81, 4.91, 2.72).

Vulva: poreplate (PPl) slightly wider than long, with pair of large anterior lobes and pair of small anterolateral lobes; central dorsal opening (CDO) circular, racemose receptacular cluster (RC) slightly long; posterior stalk (PS) axe-shaped; lateral margins of genital atrium (GA) membranous (Fig. 4).

Variation

Females vary in body size. The range measurements of females (N = 8): BL 8.55–16.11, CL 4.48–7.20, CW 3.90–6.43, OL 4.18–8.56, OW 3.00–7.36. The number of denticles on the promargin of cheliceral groove varies from 11 to 14 (N = 8).

Etymology

The species epithet “kalaw” refers to the type locality, Kalaw Township; it is treated as a noun in apposition.

Distribution

Mandalay Region (Kalaw Township), Myanmar.

Liphistius kanpetlet Zhan & Xu, sp. nov.

Figs 5, 6

Type material

Holotype : Myanmar ♂, Chin State, Kanpetlet Township, Kanpetlet Matupi Rd; 21.19°N, 94.05°E, alt. 1469 m; 17.07.2019; D. Li et al. leg.; XUX-2019-026. Paratypes: 5♀♀, same locality as for holotype; 17–18.07.2019; XUX-2019-020/021/024/031/033.

Diagnosis

The male of L. kanpetlet sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of L. birmanicus by having the paracymbium (PC) bearing a distal process (Fig. 5C vs lacking a distal process, fig. 13H in Schwendinger et al. 2022), and from L. kalaw sp. nov. by the contrategulum (CT) which has a blunt process (Fig. 5D vs slightly sharp process, Fig. 3E). The female of L. kanpetlet sp. nov. differs from that of L. hpruso by having two relatively larger anterior lobes (Fig. 6 vs fig. 3B–E in Aung et al. 2019).

Figure 5. 

Male palp of Liphistius kanpetlet sp. nov. A, E prolateral view B ventral view; C, F retrolateral view, red arrow shows distal process of PC D dorsal view, red arrows show arched projection and triangular process of CT G distal view. Abbreviations: CT = contrategulum; cp = contrategular process; Cu = cumulus; E = embolus; PC = paracymbium; PeP = paraembolic plate; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TiA = tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 6. 

Vulva of Liphistius kanpetlet sp. nov. A–C dorsal view D–F ventral view. Abbreviations: CDO = central dorsal opening; GA = genital atrium; PS = posterior stalk; PPl = poreplate; RC = receptacular cluster. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Description

Male holotype. Carapace yellowish brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 4th largest; chelicerae robust, promargin of cheliceral groove with 13 denticles of variable size; labium yellow, sternum yellow, with few short setae on anterior tip and many long setae on elongated posterior tip; legs reddish brown, with strong setae and spines; 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 12.41, CL 6.01, CW 6.06, OL 6.30, OW 4.19; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.56, PME 0.32, PLE 0.42, AMEAME 0.06, AMEALE 0.16, PMEPME 0.10, PMEPLE 0.11, ALEPLE 0.14, ALEALE 0.14, PLEPLE 0.34, AMEPME 0.08; labium 0.96 long and 0.50 wide; sternum 2.63 long and 1.00 wide; legs: I 17.51 (4.82, 2.52, 3.79, 4.14, 2.24), II 18.36 (5.20, 2.19, 3.95, 4.72, 2.3), III 20.63 (5.46, 2.20, 4.41, 5.86, 2.70), IV 26.62 (7.18, 2.64, 5.40, 7.71, 3.69).

Palp: tibial apophysis (TiA) with 5 setae of different lengths (Fig. 5A–C); paracymbium (PC) with some setae situated on tip, and with pointed lateral process (Fig. 5C); and several tapering spines on slightly elevated cumulus (Cu) (Fig. 5B); subtegular apophysis weakly developed (Fig. 5B, F); contrategulum (CT) with arched projection distally, and wide triangular process in prolateral view (Fig. 5D); fan-shaped tegulum (T) with 6 longitudinal ridges (Fig. 5C); paraembolic plate (PeP) widely rounded, short, with curved margin in ventral view (Fig. 5A, F); embolus (E) sclerotized basally, with several denticles along longitudinal ridges reaching tip (Fig. 5C–G).

Female paratype (XUX-2019-024). Carapace brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma gray, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, with gray patches, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, reddish brown; promargin of cheliceral groove with 10 denticles of variable size; labium yellow, sternum yellow with several setae; legs with strong setae and spines, without distinct annulations. Measurements: BL 11.71, CL 5.26, CW 5.15, OL 6.36, OW 4.70; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.50, PME 0.34, PLE 0.40, AMEAME 0.06, AMEALE 0.19, PMEPME 0.07, PMEPLE 0.10, ALEPLE 0.09, ALEALE 0.14, PLEPLE 0.35, AMEPME 0.06; Labium 1.38 long and 0.59 wide; sternum 2.31 long and 1.19 wide; palp 8.05 (2.76, 1.36, 2.15, 1.78), leg I 10.24 (3.21, 1.60, 2.30, 2.01, 1.12), II 10.82 (3.43, 1.68, 2.27, 2.14, 1.30), III 11.14 (3.49, 1.51, 2.16, 2.51, 1.47), IV 15.54 (4.45, 1.94, 3.13, 3.71, 2.31).

Vulva: approximately rectangular poreplate (PPl) wider than long with smoothly curved posterior margin; with pair of large anterior lobes and pair of small anterolateral lobes, 2 anterior lobes separated from each other, but close to anterolateral lobes; central dorsal opening (CDO) small, situated in center of poreplate (PPl); racemose receptacular cluster (RC) long and narrow; posterior stalk (PS) axe-shaped; genital atrium (GA) with slightly sclerotized lateral margins (Fig. 6).

Variation

Females vary in body size. The range of measurements of females (N = 5): BL 9.70–14.85, CL 4.86–6.55, CW 4.20–8.63, OL 3.82–8.63, OW 3.82–7.09. The number of denticles on the promargin of cheliceral groove varies from 10–13 (N = 5).

Etymology

The species epithet “kanpetlet” refers to the type locality, Kanpetlet Township; it is treated as a noun in apposition.

Distribution

Chin State (Kanpetlet Township), Myanmar.

Liphistius nawngau Zhan & Xu, sp. nov.

Figs 7, 8

Type material

Holotype : Myanmar ♂, Shan State, Kyaukme Dist., Nawnghkio Township, Nawng Au Vill.; 22.26°N, 96.83°E, alt. 1096 m; 26.07.2019; D. Li et al. leg.; XUX-2019-054A. Paratypes: 9♂♂ 3♀♀, same data as for holotype; XUX-2019-054/054A/055/055A/055B/055D/056/056A/057/058/059/060; 5♂♂ 2♀♀, same township as for holotype; 22.30°N, 96.73°E, alt. 845 m; 26.07.2019 and 14.07.2018; XUX-2019-049/051/052/053, XUX-2018-116/119/123.

Diagnosis

The male of L. nawngau sp. nov. resembles those of L. lordae and L. pyinoolwin in having an adpressed proximal tegular margin (Fig. 7C, F), but it can be distinguished from them by the tegulum (T), which bears a distinct transversal ridge in retrolateral view (Fig. 7C, F vs lacking transversal ridge, figs 5, 6 in Schwendinger 1990; fig. 4F in Xu et al. 2021), and by the embolus (E), which has smooth longitudinal ridges reaching tip (Fig. 7E vs having several denticles along longitudinal ridges, fig. 4F in Xu et al. 2021). The female of L. nawngau sp. nov. can be distinguished from that of L. hpruso by having the posterior stalk triangular (PS) (Fig. 8 vs nearly oval, fig. 3B–E in Aung et al. 2019).

Figure 7. 

Male palp of Liphistius nawngau sp. nov. A, E prolateral view B ventral view C, F retrolateral view D dorsal view, red arrows show arched projection and triangular process of CT G distal view. Abbreviations: CT = contrategulum; cp = contrategular process; Cu = cumulus; E = embolus; PC = paracymbium; PeP = paraembolic plate; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TiA = tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 8. 

Vulva of Liphistius nawngau sp. nov. A, C dorsal view B, D ventral view. Abbreviations: CDO = central dorsal opening; GA = genital atrium; PS = posterior stalk; PPl = poreplate; RC = receptacular cluster. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Description

Male holotype. Carapace brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, promargin of cheliceral groove with 11 denticles of variable size; labium and sternum yellowish brown, sternum with few short setae on anterior tip and many long setae on elongated posterior tip; legs yellowish brown, with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 15.47, CL 6.63, CW 6.57, OL 7.73, OW 5.56; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.72, PME 0.35, PLE 0.49, AMEAME 0.08, AMEALE 0.20, PMEPME 0.08, PMEPLE 0.07, ALEPLE 0.81, ALEALE 0.11, PLEPLE 0.16, AMEPME 0.12; labium 0.81 long and 0.58 wide; sternum 2.59 long and 1.01 wide; legs: I 19.58 (5.67, 2.78, 4.03, 4.68, 2.42), II 20.42 (5.66, 2.78, 4.13, 4.96, 2.89), III 22.62 (5.96, 2.63, 4.54, 6.29, 3.20), IV 28.26 (7.16, 2.75, 5.82, 8.55, 3.98).

Palp: tibial apophysis (TiA) with four setae of similar length (Fig. 7A–C); paracymbium (PC) with several setae situated on tip (Fig. 7A–C); cumulus (Cu) slightly elevated, with 8 tapering spines (Fig. 7A–C); subtegulum (ST) with weakly developed apophysis (Fig. 7B, F); contrategulum (CT) with an arched projection distally, and triangular process with wide base (Fig. 7D); tegulum (T) with distinct transversal ridge in retrolateral view (Fig. 7C, F); paraembolic plate (PeP) narrow, sclerotized (Fig. 7A, F); embolus (E) with several longitudinal ridges reaching tip (Fig. 7E, F).

Female paratype (XUX-2019-053). Carapace yellowish brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, with gray patches, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, reddish brown; promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 denticles of variable size; labium and sternum yellowish brown; legs with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 14.24, CL 6.10, CW 5.30, OL 7.12, OW 4.96; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.57, PME 0.31, PLE 0.45, AMEAME 0.10, AMEALE 0.17, PMEPME 0.09, PMEPLE 0.08, ALEPLE 0.09, ALEALE 0.10, PLEPLE 0.46, AMEPME 0.06; labium 1.23 long and 0.77 wide; sternum 2.68 long and 1.13 wide; palp 10.42 (3.63, 1.84, 2.77, 2.18), leg I 13.33 (4.16, 2.15, 2.90, 2.58, 1.54), II 16.85 (4.35, 2.26, 2.84, 2.84, 1.72), III 15.04 (4.37, 2.35, 2.90, 3.31, 2.11), IV 20.39 (5.92, 1.92, 4.48, 5.33, 2.74).

Vulva: poreplate (PPl) with pair of large anterior lobes and pair of relatively small anterolateral lobes; central dorsal opening (CDO) located at center of poreplate (PPl); receptacular cluster (RC) racemose, protrudes upper edge of poreplate (PPl); posterior margin of triangular posterior stalk (PS) almost straight; lateral margins of genital atrium (GA) slightly sclerotized (Fig. 8).

Variation

Males (N = 14): BL 12.64–16.98, CL 6.27–7.56, CW 6.02–7.56, OL 6.95–8.50, OW 4.60–6.40; females (N = 5): BL 10.55–14.24, CL 5.26–6.37, CW 4.47–5.63, OL 5.24–7.12, OW 4.33–4.96. The number of denticles on the promargin of male cheliceral groove varies from 10 to 13 (N = 12); in females, the number of denticles on the promargin of cheliceral groove varies from 11 to 12 (N = 5). The number of setae on tibial apophysis varies from 4 to 6.

Etymology

The species epithet “nawngau” refers to the type locality, Nawng Au Village; it is treated as a noun in apposition.

Distribution

Shan State, (Kyaukme District), Myanmar.

Liphistius rostratus Zhan & Xu, sp. nov.

Figs 9, 10

Type material

Holotype : Myanmar ♂, Mandalay Region, War Phyu Taung Vill.; 22.88°N, 96.12°E, alt. 553 m; 25.07.2019; D. Li et al. leg.; XUX-2019-038. Paratypes: 2♂♂ 3♀♀, same data as for holotype; XUX-2019-034–037/041.

Diagnosis

The male of L. rostratus sp. nov. resembles those of L. cupreus, L. nabang, and L. platnicki in having distinctly elevated cumulus (Cu) (Fig. 9C), but it can be distinguished from them by the relatively larger paraembolic plate (PeP) (Fig. 9A, E vs figs 21A, 23K in Schwendinger et al. 2022; fig. 3A in Yu et al. 2021), and an indistinct contrategular process (cp) (Fig. 9B vs relatively large contrategular process, figs 21E, 23E in Schwendinger et al. 2022; fig. 3B in Yu et al. 2021). The female of L. rostratus sp. nov. resembles to that of L. cupreus in having vesicle clusters along the anterior margin of the poreplate (PPl), but it can be distinguished by the relatively longer posterior stalk (PS), with a length/width ratio 0.4–0.6 (Fig. 10 vs length/width ratio about 0.2–0.4, fig. 22 in Schwendinger et al. 2022).

Figure 9. 

Male palp of Liphistius rostratus sp. nov. A, E prolateral view B ventral view C, F retrolateral view D dorsal view G distal view, red arrow shows beak-like contrategular projection. Abbreviations: CT = contrategulum; cp = contrategular process; Cu = cumulus; E = embolus; PC = paracymbium; PeP = paraembolic plate; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TiA = tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 10. 

Vulva of Liphistius rostratus sp. nov. A, C dorsal view B, D ventral view. Abbreviations: CDO = central dorsal opening; GA = genital atrium; PS = posterior stalk; PPl = poreplate; RC = receptacular cluster. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Description

Male holotype. Carapace yellowish brown, with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 4th largest; chelicerae robust, promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 denticles of variable size; labium and sternum yellowish brown, sternum with few short setae on anterior tip and many long setae on elongated posterior tip; legs yellowish brown, with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 9.34, CL 4.57, CW 4.26, OL 5.02, OW 3.59; eye sizes and interdistances: AME reduced, ALE 0.40, PME reduced, PLE 0.24, ALEPLE 0.07, ALEALE 0.05, PLEPLE 0.30; labium 0.98 long and 0.48 wide; sternum 2.09 long and 0.83 wide; legs: I 12.63 (3.80, 1.32, 2.60, 3.07, 1.84), II 13.19 (3.80, 1.32, 2.60, 3.07, 1.84), III 14.35 (3.79, 1.58, 3.33, 3.44, 2.21), IV 19.76 (4.76, 1.66, 4.13, 6.01, 3.20).

Palp: tibial apophysis (TiA) with 4 setae of similar length (Fig. 9A–C); paracymbium (PC) with several setae situated on tip (Fig. 9B, C); cumulus (Cu) distinct elevated with 5 tapering spines (Fig. 9C); subtegulum (ST) without apophysis (Fig. 9F); contrategulum (CT) with beak-like projection distally in distal view and small process in ventral view (Fig. 9B, G); tegulum (T) semicircular with flat surface and serrated edges, and proximal tegular margin with an elevated transverse ridge (Fig. 9B, C, F); paraembolic plate (PeP) sclerotized, narrow (Fig. 9A, E); embolus (E) with 3 distinct longitudinal ridges reaching tip retrolaterally, and several denticles along these longitudinal ridges (Fig. 9B, F).

Female paratype (XUX-2019-034). Carapace brown with few short, scattered bristles; opisthosoma brown, with 12 brown tergites, close to each other, 2–6th larger than others, 5th largest; chelicerae robust, reddish brown; promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 denticles of variable size; labium yellowish brown, sternum yellowish brown with several setae; legs with strong setae and spines. Measurements: BL 10.54, CL 4.5, CW 3.93, OL 6.47, OW 4.74; eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.37, PME 0.19, PLE 0.29, AMEAME 0.07, AMEALE 0.12, PMEPME 0.06, PMEPLE 0.06, ALEPLE 0.09, ALEALE 0.10, PLEPLE 0.32, AMEPME 0.08; labium 0.95 long and 0.38 wide; sternum 2.41 long and 0.99 wide; palp 7.10 (2.44, 0.98, 1.86, 1.82), leg I 8.89 (2.94, 1.34, 2.00, 1.62, 0.99), II 9.69 (3.40, 1.09, 2.02, 1.98, 1.20), III 9.48 (2.29, 1.05, 2.59, 2.38, 1.17), IV 13.71 (3.21, 1.44, 3.11, 3.80, 2.21).

Vulva: about rectangular poreplate (PPl) with pair of anterior lobes; central dorsal opening (CDO) located below center of poreplate (PPl); racemose receptacular cluster (RC) small; posterior stalk (PS) as wide as poreplate (PPl), lateral margins of genital atrium (GA) slightly sclerotized (Fig. 10).

Variation

Males (N = 3): BL 9.34–10.31, CL 4.57–5.24, CW 4.26–5.83, OL 4.73–5.10, OW 3.40–3.40; females (N = 4): BL 10.54–12.35, CL 4.50–6.31, CW 3.93–5.47, OL 6.47–6.87, OW 4.64–4.79. The number of denticles on the cheliceral promargin varies from 12 to13 (N = 6). In addition, the male lacking an AME and PME, which may be degenerate during molting, is chosen as the holotype, because all paratype male palps are deformed.

Etymology

The species name is derived from the Latin word “rostratus”, referring to the beak-like contrategulum of the male palp in distal view.

Distribution

Mandalay Region (War Hpyu Taung), Myanmar.

Acknowledgements

We thank Wai Wai Lwin, Men Zing Sang, Thwin Maung Maung, Ko Poo, U Moe Moe Dwe, and the drivers for their help in the field in Myanmar. We greatly appreciate Prof. Thida Lay Thwe and Dr Ko Myint for their help with the applications for research and spider export permits. We are also grateful to Yuri M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia), Hirotsugu Ono (Tokyo, Japan), Dmitri V. Logunov (St.-Petersburg, Russia), and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on the manuscript. We would also like to thank Myanmar Department of Forestry for research permits (NGA/CITES/9/Research/4112/2019; NGA/CITES/9/6825/2018) and spider-export permits (NWCD/CITES/9/YU/7856/2023; NWCD/CITES/9/8038/2018) as well as Singapore NParks for spider import permits.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-32070430; 31272324), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China for Excellent Young Scholars (2021JJ20035), and the Singapore Ministry of Education AcRF Tier 1 grant (R-154-000-A52-114).

Author contributions

All authors have contributed equally.

Author ORCIDs

Xin Xu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-6622

Long Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5675-1864

Daiqin Li https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8269-7734

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

References

  • Aung KPP, Xu X, Lwin WW, Sang MZ, Yu L, Liu H, Liu FX, Li DQ (2019) Two new species of the primitively segmented spider genus Liphistius Schiödte, 1849 (Mesothelae, Liphistiidae) from Myanmar. ZooKeys 882: 29–39. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.882.38811
  • Schwendinger PJ (2017) A revision of the trapdoor spider genus Liphistius (Mesothelae: Liphistiidae) in Peninsular Malaysia; part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 124: 391–445. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.893555
  • Schwendinger PJ, Syuhadah N, Lehmann-Graber C, Price L, Huber S, Hashim R, Bhassu S, Monod L (2019) A revision of the trapdoor spider genus Liphistius (Mesothelae: Liphistiidae) in Peninsular Malaysia; part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 126(2): 321–353. https://doi.org/10.35929/RSZ.0017
  • Schwendinger PJ, Huber S, Lehmann-Graber C, Ono H, Aung MM, Hongpadharakiree K (2022) A taxonomic revision of the Liphistius birmanicus-group (Araneae: Liphistiidae) with the description of five new species. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 129(2): 375–424. https://doi.org/10.35929/RSZ.0083
  • Sivayyapram V, Smith DR, Weingdow S, Warrit N (2017) A new Liphistius species (Mesothelae: Liphistiidae: Liphistiinae) from Thailand, with notes on its natural history. The Journal of Arachnology 45(3): 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-17-028.1
  • Sivayyapram V, Kunsete C, Xu X, Smith DR, Traiyasut P, Deowanish S, Aung MM, Ono H, Li DQ, Warrit N (2024) Seven new species of the segmented spider genus Liphistius (Mesothelae, Liphistiidae) in Thailand and Myanmar. ZooKeys 1189: 201–229. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1189.115850
  • WSC (2024) World Spider Catalog, Version 25.0. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch [access on 12 June 2024]
  • Xu X, Yu L, Aung KPP, Yu L, Liu FX, Lwin WW, Sang MZ, Li DQ (2021) A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41–58. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1031.59102
login to comment