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Research Article
Three new species of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Hunan, China
expand article infoSong-Lin Li‡, Ping Liu‡, Xian-Jin Peng‡
‡ Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China

Corresponding author: Ping Liu ( pingzi129@126.com )

Corresponding author: Xian-Jin Peng ( xjpeng@126.com )

Academic editor: Zhiyuan Yao
© 2024 Song-Lin Li, Ping Liu, Xian-Jin Peng.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Li S-L, Liu P, Peng X-J (2024) Three new species of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Hunan, China. ZooKeys 1204: 301-312. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1204.122887
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E05D5A85-37DF-468C-B92D-EF5B5C8936C0
Open Access

Abstract

Three new species of the genera Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846 and Yaginumaella Prószyński, 1979 are described and named as T. bamian sp. nov. (♂♀), T. flacata sp. nov. (♀) and Y. curvata sp. nov. (♂♀), from Hunan Province, China. Detailed descriptions, photos of somatic features and copulatory organs, as well as a distribution map are provided. Nucleotide data for the barcoding gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of T. bamian sp. nov. (♂♀) and Y. curvata sp. nov. (♀) are provided.

Key words

Bamian Mountain, barcoding gene, COI, taxonomy

Introduction

Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846 is a well-known genus of the tribe Euophryini. It currently comprises 25 species mainly distributed in Asia, of which eight species are known from China (WSC 2024). Species belonging to Thiania can be recognized by the rectangular flattened carapace and robust leg I (Prószyński 2009).

Yaginumaella Prószyński, 1979 is currently placed in the tribe Plexippini according to molecular analysis (Maddison 2015). There are 21 species recorded from China (Zhu et al. 2005; Peng et al. 2008; Shao et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2016; Li et al. 2018; Peng 2020; Wang et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2024).

While examining specimens collected from Bamian Mountain, two new species of Thiania and one new species of Yaginumaella were recognized and are described here.

Materials and methods

Specimens are stored in 100% ethanol. Vulvae were cleaned with trypsin solution before examination and photography. Left male palps were dissected and used for description and color photos. Specimens were examined and measured with a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Photos were taken with a digital camera Kuy Nice E3IS PM mounted on an Olympus BX53. Compound focus-stacked images were generated using Helicon Focus v. 7.6.1 and then adjusted in Adobe Photoshop 2020. The map was created by ArcMap v. 10.8. All measurements are given in millimeters (mm). Leg measurements are given in the following order: total length (femur, patella + tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Genomic DNA was extracted from four legs of each specimen using an Animal Genomic DNA Isolation Kit (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China), and the universal primer pair LCO1490/HCO2198 was used for amplification of the COI gene (Folmer et al. 1994). The PCR products were sent to Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Changsha, China) for purification and sequencing. The obtained sequences were aligned using Geneious Prime v. 9.0.2. The COI GenBank accession numbers of T. bamian sp. nov. (♂♀) and Y. curvata sp. nov. (♀) are also provided.

Specimens are deposited in the College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University (HUNNU) in Changsha, China. Abbreviations used are as follows: AER anterior eye row, ALE anterior lateral eye, AME anterior median eye, CD copulatory duct, CO copulatory opening, E embolus, ED embolic disc, EFL length of eye field, EW epigynal window, FD fertilization duct, TL tegular lobe, MOA median ocular area, P pocket, PER posterior eye row, PLE posterior lateral eye, PME posterior median eye, RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis, S spermatheca, SD sperm duct.

Taxonomy

Family Salticidae Blackwall,1841

Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846

Type species

Thiania pulcherrima C. L. Koch, 1846.

Thiania bamian sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/77A1258A-56A1-4564-81D8-3BE0D8DEB134
Figs 1, 2, 6

Type material

Holotype ♂ (HNU-BMS-1905), China, Hunan Prov., Chenzhou City, Guidong Co., Bamian Mountain National Nature Reserve, 25.975210°N, 113.702865°E, 1081 m, 18 Sept. 2019, Cheng Wang, Bo Lü and Xuan-Wei Zhou leg.; paratypes: 1♀ (HNU-BMS-1903), China, Hunan Prov., Chenzhou City, Guidong Co., Bamian Mountain National Nature Reserve, 26.001944°N, 113.710675°E, 1678 m, 16 Sept. 2019, Cheng Wang, Bo Lü and Xuan-Wei Zhou leg.; 1♀ (HNU-BMS-2201), China, Hunan Prov., Chenzhou City, Guidong Co., Bamian Mountain National Nature Reserve, 25.978498°N, 113.713744°E, 1025 m, 18 Aug. 2022, Song-Lin Li, Peng Yong, Li-Fen Li, Yu-Chen Zhou, Zi-Yue Liu leg.

Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from the type locality Bamian Mountain National Nature Reserve, noun.

Diagnosis

The male of this new species is similar to that of Thiania longapophysis Yu & Zhang, 2022 (Yu and Zhang 2022: figs 7A–D, 8A, B) in the shape of palpal bulb, sperm duct and embolus, but can be distinguished by: 1) the angle between RTA and cymbium (Fig. 1A) smaller than that angle in T. longapophysis (fig. 8A); and 2) the distal end of RTA bar-shaped (Fig. 1A), while barb-shaped in T. longapophysis (fig. 8A). The female of this new species is similar to that of Thiania luteobrachialis Schenkel, 1963 (Peng 2020: fig. 352a–c) in the shape of the epigynal window and the location of copulatory openings, but can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) proximal portion of copulatory ducts straight and V-shaped (Fig. 1D), while curved and U-shaped in T. luteobrachialis (fig. 352c); and 2) spermathecae overlapping with copulatory ducts (Fig. 1D), while not overlapping with copulatory ducts in T. luteobrachialis (fig. 352c).

Figure 1. 

Thiania bamian sp. nov. A left palp, ventral view B ditto, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Description

Male (holotype) (Fig. 2A, B). Total length 6.02; carapace 2.39 long, 2.03 wide; abdomen 3.45 long, 1.73 wide. Clypeus 0.24 high. Carapace dark brown, eye field covered with white setae. Fovea longitudinal, radial grooves distinct, cervical grooves indistinct. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.50, ALE 0.29, PME 0.04, PLE 0.15, AER 1.64, PER 1.48, EFL 1.14. Chelicerae dark brown, promargin with one bicuspid tooth, retromargin with one tooth. Endites and labium brown, distal end pale yellow, with dark setae. Sternum yellow brown. Leg pale yellow to brown. Measurements of legs: I 7.27 (2.01, 3.03, 1.51, 0.72), II 5.04 (1.65, 1.76, 1.03, 0.60, 5.04), III 4.91 (1.52, 1.68, 1.22, 0.49), IV 4.82 (1.42, 1.80, 1.07, 0.53). Leg formula: 1234. Abdomen dorsum brown, with lighter edges; venter light yellow, with a wide light brown longitudinal band in the center.

Figure 2. 

Thiania bamian sp. nov. A male holotype, habitus, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C female paratype, habitus, dorsal view D ditto, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Palp (Fig. 1A, B). Embolus long and thin, embolic disc distinct; retrolateral tibial apophysis long and thin, distal portion covered with many small granules, terminal end reached the antero-median portion of palpal bulb in retrolateral view; sperm duct obvious.

Female (paratype) (Fig. 2C, D). Total length 5.49; carapace 2.58 long, 2.11 wide; abdomen 2.86 long, 1.51 wide. Clypeus 0.32 high. Carapace yellow brown, with dark eye file and margins. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.44, ALE 0.25, PME 0.05, PLE 0.20, AER 1.56, PER 1.52, EFL 1.14. Leg pale yellow to brown. Measurements of legs: I 5.47 (1.59, 2.29, 0.95, 0.64), II 4.44 (1.40, 1.72, 0.78, 0.54), III 4.51 (1.43, 1.60, 1.02, 0.46), IV 4.71 (1.42, 1.77, 1.09, 0.43). Leg formula: 1432. Abdomen dorsum brown, edges darker and with white hair, median portion with one pair of dark patches, posterior portion with four dark triangular patterns; venter pale yellow, median portion with one pair of gray longitudinal lines. Color paler than that in male.

Epigyne (Fig. 1C, D). Epigynal window circular. Copulatory openings oval, located on both sides of the epigynal window. Copulatory ducts with straight original portion and coiled terminal portion. Spermathecae shoe-shaped, slightly narrower than the copulatory ducts and overlapping with terminal portion of copulatory ducts.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 6).

GenBank accession number

Holotype (HNU-BMS-1905): PP786559; paratype ((HNU-BMS-2201): PP786560.

Thiania flacata sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/A4578588-C911-4797-A06E-2CD405B48E63
Figs 3, 6

Type material

Holotype ♀ (HNU-BMS-1905), China, Hunan Prov., Chenzhou City, Guidong Co., Bamian Mountain National Nature Reserve, 25.975210°N, 113.702865°E, 1081 m, 18 Sept. 2019, Cheng Wang, Bo Lü and Xuan-Wei Zhou leg.

Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from the Latin “falcata” (falx-shaped), referring to the falx-shaped copulatory ducts, adjective.

Diagnosis

This new species can be distinguished from any other congeneric species by the vaulted copulatory openings.

Description

Female (holotype) (Fig. 3A, B). Total length 6.04; carapace 2.58 long, 2.24 wide; abdomen 3.37 long, 1.52 wide. Clypeus 0.12 high. Carapace yellow brown, with brown eye file and margins. Fovea longitudinal, radial and cervical grooves distinct. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.51, ALE 0.27, PME 0.06, PLE 0.14, AER 1.62, PER 1.50, EFL 1.07. Chelicerae yellow brown, promargin with two teeth, retromargin with one tooth. Endites and labium yellow brown, distal end pale yellow with dark setae. Sternum yellow brown. Leg pale yellow to brown. Measurements of legs: I 6.33 (1.65, 2.65, 1.35, 0.68), II 4.58 (1.33, 1.83, 0.77, 0.65), III 4.61 (1.38, 1.67, 1.08, 0.48), IV 4.61 (1.40, 1.79, 0.99, 0.43). Leg formula: 1342. Abdomen dorsum brown, median portion with one pair of dark patches, posterior portion with three transverse light herringbone patterns, edges with white setae; venter light yellow, with a wide light brown longitudinal band in the center.

Figure 3. 

Thiania flacata sp. nov. A female paratype, habitus, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D).

Epigyne (Fig. 3C, D). Epigynal window located medially on epigyne. Copulatory openings vaulted, located at the upper margin of the epigynal window. Copulatory ducts falx-shaped, original portion thicker. Spermathecae oval, slightly wider than the copulatory ducts.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 6).

Yaginumaella Prószyński, 1979

Type species

Yaginumaella striatipes Grube, 1861.

Remarks

The genus Yaginumaella is currently placed in the Plexippini tribe according to molecular analysis, together with the genus Ptocasius (Maddison 2015). Yaginumaella closely resembles Ptocasius (Logunov and Jäger 2015), especially in females (Li et al. 2018). However, there are clear differences in the type species of Yaginumaella and Ptocasius (Prószyński 2017). Patoleta et al. (2020), transferred 37 species of Yaginumaella to the genus Ptocasius only based on the similarity of genitalic structures. But, based on the characteristics shown in literature illustrations of species, these two genera can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) carapace with light longitudinal stripes in Yaginumaella, while usually with transverse stripes in Ptocasius; and 2) palpal bulb enlarged, with tegular lobe in Yaginumaella, while oblate, without tegular lobe in Ptocasius (Li et al. 2018). Therefore, according to the above characteristics, Y. curvata sp. nov. is described as a member of the genus Yaginumaella. In addition, based on the close collecting locations and genital characteristics of males and females, we tentatively identify them as the same species.

Yaginumaella curvata sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/C54A80DD-0FBE-42A5-9382-6BD123C9F2B5
Figs 4, 5, 6

Type material

Holotype ♂ (HNU-BMS-1901), China, Hunan Prov., Chenzhou City, Guidong Co., Bamian Mountain National Nature Reserve, 25.975914°N, 113.708825°E, 1001 m, 15 Sept. 2019, Cheng Wang, Bo Lü and Xuan-Wei Zhou leg.; paratypes: ♀ (HNU-BMS-2202), China, Hunan Prov., Chenzhou City, Guidong Co., Bamian Mountain National Nature Reserve, 25.975568°N, 113.705383°E, 1143 m, 19 Aug. 2022, Song-Lin Li, Peng Yong, Li-Fen Li, Yu-Chen Zhou, Zi-Yue Liu leg.; 2♀ (HNU-BMS-2205), China, Hunan Prov., Chenzhou City, Guidong Co., Bamian Mountain National Nature Reserve, 25.986542°N, 113.705841°E, 1250 m, 22 Aug. 2022, Song-Lin Li, Peng Yong, Li-Fen Li, Yu-Chen Zhou, Zi-Yue Liu leg.

Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from the Latin “curvata” (curved), referring to the curved retrolateral tibial apophysis, adjective.

Diagnosis

The male of this new species is similar to that of Yaginumaella bulbosa Peng, Tang & Li, 2008 (Peng et al. 2008: figs 26–28) in habitus and the curved RTA, but can be distinguished by: 1) cymbium longer than wide (Fig. 4A), while wider than long in Y. bulbosa (fig. 27); 2) length of RTA is about 1/3 of the palpal bulb (Fig. 4B), while about 1/2 of the palpal bulb in Y. bulbosa (fig. 28); 3) RTA only extended to the basal 1/6 position of cymbium in retrolateral view (Fig. 4B), while to the basal 1/2 position of cymbium in retrolateral view in Y. bulbosa (fig. 28); and 4) embolus originates at about 7:00 o’clock position (Fig. 4A), while originates at about 9:00 o’clock position in Y. bulbosa (fig. 27). The female of this new species is similar to that of Yaginumaella lushiensis Zhang & Zhu, 2007 (Zhu and Zhang 2011: fig. 384A, D, E) in the short and stout copulatory ducts and the shape of spermathecae, but can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) distance of copulatory openings as wide as the vulva (Fig. 4C), while about 1/3 width of the vulva in Y. lushiensis (fig. 384D); 2) epigynal pockets located at the median portion of epigyne (Fig. 4C), while located on the anterior portion in Y. lushiensis (fig. 384D); and 3) fertilisation duct about transverse (Fig. 4D), while oblique in Y. lushiensis (fig. 384E).

Figure 4. 

Yaginumaella curvata sp. nov. A left palp, ventral view B ditto, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Description

Male (holotype) (Fig. 5A, B). Total length 5.14; carapace 2.60 long, 2.06 wide; abdomen 2.52 long, 1.59 wide. Carapace brown, with three longitudinal yellow stripes on the median and lateral margins, eye field and lateral margins covered with white setae. Fovea longitudinal, cervical and radial grooves distinct. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.49, ALE 0.28, PME 0.08, PLE 0.21, AER 1.75, PER 1.65, EFL 0.78. Chelicerae light brown, promargin with two teeth, and retromargin with one tooth. Endites and labium light brown, distal end pale yellow. Sternum pale yellow. Legs yellow except for femora, patellae and tibiae of leg I brown. Measurements of legs: I 5.99 (1.76, 2.38, 1.17, 0.68), II 4.89 (1.59, 1.91, 0.67, 0.72), III 5.39 (1.70, 1.94, 1.14, 0.61), IV 5.50 (1.76, 1.79, 1.32, 0.63). Leg formula: 1432. Abdomen oval, dorsum with sparse long black hair, anterior margin black, the posterior median with two gray herringbone patterns and four chevrons; venter light yellow, with black maculation.

Figure 5. 

Yaginumaella curvata sp. nov. A male holotype, habitus, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C female paratype, habitus, dorsal view D ditto, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Palp (Fig. 4A, B). Embolus long and thin, originates at about 7:00 o’clock position; tegular lobe folds to retrolateral side; retrolateral tibial apophysis curved towards dorsal side at right angle from the middle.

Female. (paratype) (Fig. 5C, D). Total length 4.94; carapace 2.74 long, 2.04 wide; abdomen 2.54 long, 1.63 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.41, ALE 0.27, PME 0.11, PLE 0.23, AER 1.81, PER 1.79, EFL 0.72. Chelicerae promargin with two teeth, retromargin with one tooth. Legs pale yellow. Measurements of legs: I 4.79 (1.63, 1.80, 0.76, 0.60), II 4.44 (1.71, 1.49, 0.69, 0.55), III 5.49 (1.82, 1.94, 1.08, 0.65), IV 5.23 (1.63, 1.87, 1.03, 0.70). Leg formula: 3412. Abdomen oval, dorsum black, with symmetric lighter yellowish central area, posterior portion covered with dense black and white long hairs; venter light yellow, with three longitudinal black stripes. Color darker than that in male.

Epigyne (Fig. 4C, D). Epigynal window oval, located at anterior portion of epigyne. Copulatory openings slit-shaped, located at the lower lateral margin of the epigynal window. Copulatory ducts short and stout. Spermathecae tubular and intertwined.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 6).

Figure 6. 

Collection localities of Thiania bamian sp. nov., Thiania flacata sp. nov. and Yaginumaella curvata sp. nov.

GenBank accession number

Paratype ((HNU-BMS-2205): PP786561.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Zhi-Yuan Yao and two reviewers for their high quality and constructive reviews. We also thank Dr Christopher Glasby for reviewing the English of the manuscript, and Cheng Wang, Bo Lü, Xuan-Wei Zhou, Peng Yong, Li-Fen Li, Yu-Chen Zhou and Zi-Yue Liu for collecting the specimens.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This research was sponsored by the Scientific Research Projects of Hunan Education Department (no. 21B0055).

Author contributions

All authors have contributed equally.

Author ORCIDs

Song-Lin Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1127-0781

Ping Liu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4959-2735

Xian-Jin Peng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2614-3910

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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