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Research Article
A new species of Pectinaria (Annelida, Pectinariidae), with a key to pectinariids from the South China Sea
expand article infoJinghuai Zhang‡, Jian-Wen Qiu§
‡ State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou, China
§ Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Corresponding author: Jinghuai Zhang ( zhangjinghuai@sohu.com )

Academic editor: Christopher Glasby
© 2017 Jinghuai Zhang, Jian-Wen Qiu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Zhang J, Qiu J-W (2017) A new species of Pectinaria (Annelida, Pectinariidae), with a key to pectinariids from the South China Sea. ZooKeys 683: 139-150. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12272
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:ECF64927-44AD-43A4-81C2-F839F6E21FE4
Open Access

Abstract

Pectinariidae is a family of polychaetes building unique ice-cream cone shaped sandy tubes. Pectinaria torquata sp. n. (Pectinariidae) is described from the coastal waters of the northern South China Sea. This new species can be distinguished from all other 25 recognized species in the genus by a combination of characters: 16 chaetigers; 26–32 cirri in the cephalic veil; 11–12 pairs of cephalic spines; uncini with major teeth arranged in two rows, each with 7–8 major teeth; presence of a dorsal posterior lobe on segments 2 and 20; 4–5 pairs of curved scaphal hooks; and an anal flap with a crenulated margin. A key to all recognized pectinariids in the South China Sea is provided.

Keywords

invertebrate, Pectinaria , polychaete, South China Sea, taxonomy

Introduction

Pectinariidae is a family of polychaetes commonly found in the soft bottom of coastal shallow waters. They are easily recognized by their unique ice-cream cone shaped sandy tube, and two bundles of golden thick chaetae called paleae on the first segment which they use for sediment digging (Fauchald 1977, Wolf 1984). There are 50 recognized species of Pectinariidae in five genera: 15 species of Amphictene Savigny, 1818; six species of Cistenides Malmgren, 1866; ten species of Lagis Malmgren, 1866; 25 species of Pectinaria Savigny, 1818; and four species of Petta Malmgren, 1866 (Hartman 1941, Hutchings and Peart 2002, Sun and Qiu 2012, García-Garza and de León-González 2014, Nishi et al. 2014, Wong and Hutchings 2015, Zhang et al. 2015). Ten species of Pectinariidae have been recorded from the South China Sea, including four species of Amphictene, three species of Lagis, and three species of Pectinaria (Wu and Chen 1985, Yang and Sun 1988, Paxton and Chou 2000, Sun and Qiu 2012, Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2015, Glasby et al. 2016).

Pectinaria can be distinguished from other genera of Pectinariidae by a combination of characters: smooth opercular rim; cephalic veil free with numerous cirri; and neurochaetal uncini having major teeth arranged in two or more rows (Wong and Hutchings 2015). Here a new species of Pectinaria is described, based on three specimens collected from the coastal waters of the northern South China Sea.

Materials and methods

Specimens were collected while undertaking a benthic ecology monitoring program of the South China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center (SCSEMC), State Oceanic Administration. Benthic samples were collected from the northern South China Sea using a 0.05 m2 van Veen grab, and rinsed through a sieve with 0.5 mm mesh size. Samples retained on the sieve were collected, fixed in 5% formalin, and later transferred to 70% ethanol. Type specimens are deposited at the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science (IOCAS), Qingdao. Specimens were examined under a Carl Zeiss Stemi 2000-C dissecting microscope. Morphological features were recorded using a Carl Zeiss AxioCam ICc 1 digital camera attached to the microscopes. A paratype was freeze-dried using a Xiangyi CFD-10D, gold coated using an EDT SC-150, and examined under a TESCAN CEGA 3 scanning electron microscope (SEM). Line drawings were made using a Wacom Intuos Pro Pen and Touch Large Tablet.

The taxonomic terms defined by Hutchings and Peart (2002) were used in the species description.

Results

Pectinariidae de Quatrefages, 1866

Pectinaria Savigny in Lamarck 1818: 348

Type species

Nereis cylindraria belgica Pallas, 1766, designated by Hartman (1959)

Pectinaria torquata sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/DAFE1881-63F0-454B-922B-8E32B878B7CB
Figs 1, 2, 3

Material examined

All type specimens are deposited in the Marine Biological Museum (MBM), Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao

Holotype

MBM240082: complete specimen, 22°45.17'N, 114°42.98'E (Daya Bay, Guangdong Province), 9.0 m water depth, muddy sand, August 2015.

Paratypes

MBM240083: complete specimen, 22°35.50'N,114°33.22'E (Daya Bay, Guangdong Province), 11.0 m water depth, muddy sand, June 2015. MBM240084: incomplete specimen with 17 anterior segments, 21°39.42'N, 108°34.46'E (Beibu Gulf, Guangxi Province), 9.7 m water depth, muddy sand, August 2015.

Etymology

The specific epithet torquata is a Latin adjective for collar, which refers to the elevated collar-like dorsal posterior lobe on segment 2, a distinctive feature for this species.

Diagnosis

Opercular margin smooth. Cephalic veil free from operculum, with 26–38 cirri along the rim. Segments 2 and 20 with a dorsal posterior lobe respectively. Body with 16 chaetigers. Neurochaetal uncini with major teeth arranged in two rows. Scaphe formed by fusion of five posterior segments. Four or five pairs of scaphal hooks.

Description of holotype

Preserved specimen pale cream in color. Body stout with cephalic region enlarged (Figs 1A, 3A–B). Body length 38.5 mm including scaphe, width 9.0 mm at cephalic region. Tube straight, conical, composed of cemented sand grains and shell fragments (Fig. 3C).

Figure 1. 

Pectinaria torquata sp. n. Holotype MBM240082. A ventral view of the whole worm B lateral view of anterior body C lateral view of the posterior including the scaphe D dorsal view of the posterior including the scaphe E an uncinus F scaphal hooks G anterior view of a notochaeta H posterior view of a notochaeta. Abbreviations: al, anal lobe; an, anus; br, branchia; c3 chaetiger 3; (segment 7) c16, chaetiger 16 (segment 20); cv cephalic veil; op opercular palea; pp peristomial palp; s2 dpl, dorsal posterior lobe on segment 2; s21 segment 21 sc, scaphe; sh, scaphal hooks; tc, tentacular cirrus.

Opercular margin raised with smooth edge (Figs 1A–B, 2A, 3A–B). Cephalic veil free from operculum on dorsal side, with 26 cirri distributed along the rim (Figs 1A–B, 2A–B). Operculum with two bundles of paleae, each bundle with 12 stout, flattened, golden bristles curved dorsally and tapering to pointed tip (Figs 1A–B, 2A–B, 3A–B).

Segment 1 with pair of tentacular cirri arising from antero–ventral edge near outer most paleae. Segment 2 with pair of tentacular cirri arising from both sides; tentacular cirri connected by flattened ridge running across venter (Figs 1B, 2A–C), and dorsal posterior lobe running across both sides and dorsum (Figs 1B, 2A, 3A, 3G). Segments 3 with pair of comb-like lateral branchiae, and a median ventral lobe (Figs 1A–2, 2B, 3B). Segments 4 with pair of comb-like lateral branchiae which are smaller than the branchiae on segment 3, a small medial ventral lobe and two large ventral lateral lobes. Segment 5 with a small medial lobe and two large lateral lobes. Segment 6–9 also with pair of ventral lateral lobes but the size gradually decreased posteriorly. Segment 10 and posterior segments without ventral lateral lobes (Figs 1A, 2A, B). Segment 20 with dorsal posterior lobe.

Figure 2. 

Pectinaria torquata sp. n. paratype MBM240084. A lateral view of anterior body B ventral view of anterior body C tentacular cirri II D–F close-up of notochaetae from chaetiger 3 G, a notochaeta from chaetiger 5 H–J close-up of notochaeta from chaetiger 12 K uncini from chaetiger 12 Abbreviations: br, branchia; c4, chaetiger 4 (segment 8); cv, cephalic veil; op, opercular palea; pp, peristomial palp; s2 dpl, dorsal posterior lobe on segment 2; s2 vl, ventral lobe on segment 2; tc, tentacular cirrus.

Chaetigers 1–3 (segments 5–7) uniramous with pair of wedge-shaped notopodia only (Fig. 1A–B). Chaetigers 4–16 (segments 8–20) biramous with pair of wedge-shaped notopodia and pair of ear-shaped neuropodia (Fig. 1A–D). Segment 21 with a dorsal posterior lobe and pair of lateral lobes, but without chaetae (Figs 1C–D, 3H–I).

Notopodia with two kinds of capillaries forming bundle: both with finely hirsute surface on anteromedian margin and smooth surface on posterior margin; one kind with serrations along anterior portion of tip; the other kind smooth, tapering to very acute tip (Figs 1G–H, 2D–J). Neuropodia with uncini arranged in row along the ridge, each uncinus with major teeth arranged in two rows, 7–8 teeth per row (Figs 1E, 2K).

Scaphe distinctly separated from segment 21 (Figs 1A, 3A–B), formed by fusion of five posterior segments. Scaphe longer than broad, arched ventrally and flattened dorsally with crenulated lateral margin (Figs 1B–C, 3D, H–I). Anal flap tongue-shaped with tip extending beyond posterior scaphal edge; anal flap margin crenulated (Figs 1D, 3D–E). Scaphal hooks short, barely visible, with a curved blunt tip; five on right and four on left; present in the dorsolateral region of scaphe, approximately half way between the junction with segment 21 and the posterior edge (Figs 1F, C–D, 3F, I).

Figure 3. 

Pectinaria torquata sp. n., holotype MBM240082. A dorsal view of whole specimen B ventral view of whole specimen C tube D dorsal view of posterior end E anal flap F scaphal hooks G lateral view of anterior end H ventral view of posterior end. Paratype MBM240083 I lateral view of posterior end. Abbreviations: al, anal lobe; br, branchia; c4, chaetiger 4 (segment 8); c16, chaetiger 16 (segment 20); cv, cephalic veil; op, opercular palea; pp, peristomial palp; s2 dpl, dorsal posterior lobe on segment 2; s20 dpl, dorsal posterior lobe on segment 20; s21, segment 21; sc, scaphe; sh, scaphal hooks; tc, tentacular cirrus.

Variation

Comparison among the types shows that the body width in the cephalic region varies from 8 to 10 mm. The number of paleae varies from 11 to 12 pairs. The number of cirri on the cephalic veil margin varies from 26 to 32. The number of scaphal hooks varies from 4 to 5 pairs. Since there are only two complete and one incomplete specimens of similar sizes, intraspecific variation amongst these morphological characters may have been underestimated.

Type locality and distribution

Currently only known from Daya Bay (Guangdong Province) and Beibu Gulf (Guangxi Province) in the northern South China Sea.

Remarks

Pectinaria torquata sp. n. can be distinguished from the other 25 described species of Pectinaria by several features (Table 1). First, it has a dorsal posterior lobe on segment 2, which is unique among the described species of Pectinaria species. This structure is prominent in the type specimens, and does not change by preservation. Second, P. torquata sp. n. has a dorsal posterior lobe on both segment 20 and 21, a feature that has not been reported from any other recognized species in this genus (Hartman 1941, Long 1973, Hutchings and Peart 2002, Nishi et al. 2014, Wong and Hutchings 2015). Third, P. torquata sp. n. has only 4–5 pairs of small blunt scaphal hooks, which is fewer than those in most described species. Fourth, the anal flap lacks a middorsal anal cirrus with a crenulated margin. There are eight species in which the dorsal posterior lobe on segment 2 is not recorded (Table 1). Except for Pectinaria dimai Zachs, 1933 and Pectinaria panava Willey, 1905 for which the middosal anal cirrus is not described, the other five species have a middorsal anal cirrus; P. torquata sp. n. lacks a middorsal anal cirrus (Table 1). Furthermore, it differs from P. dimai which has 3–4 rows of major teeth on each uncinus, and 6–7 teeth per row; P. torquata sp. n. has 2 rows of major teeth, and 7–8 teeth per row. Pectinaria panava has more scaphal hooks than P. torquata sp. n.

A key to eleven species of Pectinariidae, including P. torquata sp. n., that have been recorded from the South China Sea in the literature is provided below (Wu and Chen 1985, Yang and Sun 1988, Paxton and Chou 2000, Sun and Qiu 2012, Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2015, Glasby et al. 2016). The genera Petta and Cistenides have not been recorded in the South China Sea.

Table 1.
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Major diagnostic characters of Pectinaria.

Species Number of cirri on cephalic veil Number of pairs of paleae Posterodorsal lobe in segment 2 Rows of major teeth per uncinus Middosal anal cirrus of anal flap Scaphal hooks Distribution Literatures cited
Type Number of pairs
Pectinaria aegyptia (Savigny, 1818) 60–65 15–17 n.r. 2 present pointed, strongly curved 4–5, Red Sea, Japan Hutchings and Peart 2002,
Nishi et al. 2014
P. antipoda Schmarda, 1861 17–29 5–13 absent 2–4 present blunt, curved or spiral 6–8 Australia Hutchings and Peart 2002,
Hutchings 2015
P. belgica (Pallas, 1766) 17–28 8–15 absent 2–4 present pointed 6–12 Sweden, Japan Hutchings and Peart 2002,
Nishi et al. 2014
P. brevispinis Grube, 1878 22–30 10–13 absent 2 absent blunt 8–14 Philippines, Indonesia Nilsson1928, Hartman 1941
P. californiensis Hartman, 1941 18–30 13–14 n.r. 2 present pointed, slight curved 13 Southern California Hartman 1941
P. c. newportensis Hartman, 1941 19 12–14 n.r. 2 present pointed, curved 12–13 California Hartman 1941
P. carnosus Wong & Hutchings, 2015 16 9 absent 2 absent blunt, slight curved 6 Lizard Island Wong and Hutchings 2015
P. clava Grube, 1878 10–12 11 absent 3 n.r. pointed 6 Lapinig Canal,
Philippines		 Hutchings and Peart 2002,
Nilsson 1928
P. chilensis (Nilsson, 1928) 30–60 8–10 n.r. 2 present slight curved 13–15 Coronel, Chile Hartman 1941, Moreno et al. 2004
P. torquata sp. n. 26–32 11–12 present 2 absent blunt, curved 4–5 South China Sea This study
P. conchilega Grube, 1878 12 11 absent 3–4 absent pointed, curved 4 Bohol, Philippines Nilsson1928
P. dimai Zachs, 1933 n.r. n.r. n.r. 3–4 n.r. n.r. n.r. North Japan Sea Zachs1933,
Hutchings and Peart 2002
P. dodeka Hutchings & Peart, 2002 16–28 11–13 absent 2–4 present pointed, stongly curved 6–10 Queensland, Australia Hutchings and Peart 2002
P. gouldii (Verrill, 1874) 12–38 9–15 n.r. 2–4 present Lanciform, pointed, strait or slight curved 8–22 Long Island Sound Hartman 1941, Long 1973
P. hartmanae Reish, 1968 30 8–10 n.r. 2 present blunt 8–10 California, USA Reish 1968
P. hiuchiensis Kitamori, 1965 32–35 9–10 absent 2 absent pointed, slight curved 8–9 Kyushu, Japan Nishi et al. 2014
P. kanabinos Hutchings & Peart, 2002 10–16 12–14 absent 2–4 present pointed, stongly curved 4–6 Queensland, Australia Hutchings and Peart 2002
P. longispinis Grube, 1878 17 13 absent n.r. n.r. n.r. 4 Philippines Grube 1878,
Hutchings and Peart 2002
P. meredithi Long, 1973 16–21 8–11 n.r. 2–3 present pointed, strait or
slight curved		 7–9 Bahamas and
Florida Keys		 Long 1973
P. nana Wesenberg-Lund, 1949 8 11 absent n.r. present n.r. 3 Gulf of Oman Iran Wesenberg-Lund 1949
P. okudai (Imajima & Hartman, 1964) 10–15 13–16 absent 3–4 present pointed, slight curved 12–13 Japan Nishi et al. 2014
P. panava Willey, 1905 32 10 n.r. n.r. n.r. n.r. 7 Sri Lanka Hutchings and Peart 2002
P. papillosa Caullery, 1944 24–46 11–13 absent 2 absent n.r. 3–11 Indonesia Day 1951
P. parvibranchis Grube, 1878 12–13 10–11 absent 3–4 n.r. pointed 4 Pangloo,
Philippines		 Nilsson 1928, Hartman 1941, Hutchings and Peart 2002
P. profunda Caullery, 1944 20 12 n.r. 2 present n.r. n.r. Indonesia Hutchings and Peart 2002
P. regalis (Verrill, 1901) 21–35 8–14 absent 2–3 present pointed, strait 0–4 Cony Island, Bermuda Hartman 1941, Long 1973

n.r. character not recorded.

Key to eleven species of Pectinariidae from the South China Sea

1 Opercular rim smooth 5
– Opercular rim cirrate Amphictene (2)
2 Less than 15 pairs of scaphal hooks 3
– More than 15 pairs of scaphal hooks 4
3 5–8 pairs of scaphal hooks; opercular rim with cirri Amphictene capensis (Pallas, 1776)
– 12 pairs of scaphal hooks; opercular rim with denticles Amphictene leioscapha (Caullery, 1944)
4 19–24 pairs of scaphal hooks; without pair of dorsolateral lobes on segment 3 Amphictene japonica Nilsson, 1928
– 26–37 pairs of scaphal hooks; with pair of dorsolateral lobes on segment 3 Amphictene alata Zhang, Zhang & Qiu, 2015
5 Cephalic veil laterally attached Lagis (6)
– Cephalic veil free Pectinaria (8)
6 Branchiae absent Lagis crenulatus Sun & Qiu, 2012
– Branchiae present 7
7 Margins of anal lobe with long fringes Lagis bocki (Hessle, 1917)
– Margins of anal lobe without fringes Lagis koreni Malmgren, 1866
8 Segment 2 with a posterodorsal lobe Pectinaria torquata sp. n.
– Segment 2 without a posterodorsal lobe 9
9 6–8 pairs of scaphal hooks; anal flap with a small cirrus Pectinaria antipoda Schmarda, 1861
– 3–4 pairs of scaphal hooks; anal flap without anal cirrus 10
10 Cephalic veil with 24–46 cirri; major teeth of uncini in 2 rows Pectinaria papillosa Caullery, 1944
– Cephalic veil with 12 cirri; major teeth of uncini in 3–4 rows Pectinaria conchilega Grube, 1867

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 41406179 to J.H. Zhang) and Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (Grant no. 2014A030310495 to P. Wu). The authors are grateful to Xiaojun Shi, Xiangli Lv, Yang Gao for their help in sample collection, Shaoqing Wang for his assistance in depositing specimens, and Pat Hutchings, Chris Glasby and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments and suggestions for the improvement of this paper.

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