Belisana tauricornis Thorell, 1898.

A total of eight new species from Yunnan were recognized. Of these, B. honghe sp. nov., B. jiuxiang sp. nov., B. tongi sp. nov., and B. yongsheng sp. nov. are from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; B. lincang sp. nov., B. luxi sp. nov., B. tengchong sp. nov., and B. yunnan sp. nov. are from the Hengduan Mountains (Fig. 1). A list of all Belisana species from Yunnan is provided in Table 1.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44949) and paratypes 2♂ (IZCAS-Ar44950–51) 3♀ (IZCAS-Ar44952–54), Yanzi Cave (23°38.220'N, 103°3.200'E, 1080 m), Mawangzhuang, Miandian Town, Jianshui County, Honghe, Yunnan, China, 29/03/2007, J Liu & Y Lin leg.

The specific name refers to the type locality, which is a noun in apposition.

The new species resembles B. cheni Yao, Pham & Li, 2015 (Yao et al. 2015: 5, figs 4A–D, 5A–G, 6A–E) by having similar male chelicerae, bulbal apophyses, and epigyne (Figs 3A, C, D, 20A), but can be distinguished by differences in males: procursus with nearly trapezoidal dorso-distal membranous process (arrow 3 in Figs 2C, 18A vs half-round) and long (as long as dorso-distal membranous process), distally widened ventro-subdistal membranous process (arrow 4 in Figs 2C, 18A vs short and distally pointed); differences in females: pore plates anteriorly pointed and posteriorly wide and blunt (Figs 3B, 20B vs narrow).

Figure 2. 

Belisana honghe sp. nov., holotype male A, B palp (A prolateral view B retrolateral view, arrow 1 points at retrolateral apophysis, arrow 2 points at ventral apophysis) C, D distal part of procursus (C prolateral view, arrow 1 points at sclerotized prolatero-distal apophysis, arrow 2 points at sclerotized distal apophysis, arrow 3 points at dorso-distal membranous process, arrow 4 points at ventro-subdistal membranous process D retrolateral view). Abbreviations: b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, e = embolus, f = flap, pr = procursus. Scale bars: 0.10 (A, B); 0.02 (C, D).

Figure 3. 

Belisana honghe sp. nov., holotype male (C–F) and paratype female (A, B, G, H) A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C bulb, prolateral view D chelicerae, frontal view E–H habitus (E, G dorsal view F lateral view H ventral view). Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, da = distal apophysis, e = embolus, ep = epigynal pocket, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.05 (A–D); 0.20 (E–H).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.66 (1.74 with clypeus), carapace 0.63 long, 0.67 wide, opisthosoma 1.03 long, 0.84 wide. Leg I: 19.02 (5.05, 0.26, 5.00, 7.05, 1.66), leg II: 14.38 (3.96, 0.25, 3.80, 5.15, 1.22), leg III missing, leg IV: 10.65 (3.16, 0.23, 2.53, 3.96, 0.77); tibia I L/d: 89. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.13, PME 0.07, PME–ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.50/0.46. Habitus as in Fig. 3E, F. Carapace and sternum yellowish, without marks. Legs whitish, without darker rings. Opisthosoma yellowish, without spots. Thoracic furrow absent. Clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae (Fig. 3D) with a pair of proximo-lateral apophyses and a pair of distal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.19). Palp as in Fig. 2A, B; trochanter with ventral apophysis (arrow 2 in Fig. 2B) and prolateral apophysis (arrow 1 in Fig. 2B); procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with sclerotized prolatero-distal apophysis (arrow 1 in Figs 2C, 18A), sclerotized distal apophysis (arrow 2 in Figs 2C, 18A), dorso-distal membranous process (arrow 3 in Figs 2C, 18A), ventro-subdistal membranous process (arrow 4 in Figs 2C, 18A), and retrolateral flap (Figs 2D, 18B); bulb (Fig. 3C) with hooked apophysis and simple embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria on tibia I at 9% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi; tarsus I with 20 distinct pseudosegments.

Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar44952): Similar to male, habitus as in Fig. 3G, H. Total length 1.50 (1.62 with clypeus), carapace 0.49 long, 0.55 wide, opisthosoma 1.01 long, 0.80 wide; tibia I: 3.60; tibia I L/d: 61. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.14, PME 0.06, PME–ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.47/0.44. Epigyne (Figs 3A, 20A) simple and flat, with a pair of postero-lateral pockets 0.32 apart (arrow ep in Figs 3B, 20B, invisible in Figs 3A, 20A). Vulva (Figs 3B, 20B) with ridge-shaped anterior arch and a pair of anteriorly pointed and posteriorly wide and blunt pore plates.

Tibia I in one male paratype (IZCAS-Ar44950) (leg I missing in IZCAS-Ar44951): 5.64. Tibia I in the other two female paratypes (IZCAS-Ar44953–54): 4.10, 4.25.

The species was found in the dark zone inside the cave.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 1).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44955) and paratypes 2♂ (IZCAS-Ar44956–57) 4♀ (IZCAS-Ar44958–61), Sanjiao Cave (25°8.059'N, 103°23.969'E, 1795 m), Jiuxiang Town, Yiliang County, Kunming, Yunnan, China, 08/04/2007, J Liu & Y Lin leg.

The specific name refers to the type locality, which is a noun in apposition.

The new species resembles B. tianlinensis Zhang & Peng, 2011 (Zhang and Peng 2011: 65, fig. 10A–G) by having similar male chelicerae and bulbal apophyses (Fig. 5C, D), but can be distinguished by differences in males: clypeus unmodified (Fig. 5E vs with front apophysis), procursus with pointed, sclerotized distal apophysis (arrow 1 in Figs 4C, 18C vs with dorso-distal spine) and dorso-subdistal membranous process (arrow 2 in Figs 4C, 18C vs absent); differences in females: epigyne with median pockets (Figs 5A, B, 20C, D vs lateral), pore plates quadrilateral (Figs 5B, 20D vs nearly triangular).

Figure 4. 

Belisana jiuxiang sp. nov., holotype male A, B palp (A prolateral view B retrolateral view, arrow 1 points at ventral apophysis, arrow 2 points at retrolatero-proximal protrusion) C, D distal part of procursus (C prolateral view, arrow 1 points at sclerotized distal apophysis, arrow 2 points at dorso-subdistal membranous process D retrolateral view). Abbreviations: f = flap, pr = procursus. Scale bars: 0.10 (A, B); 0.02 (C, D).

Figure 5. 

Belisana jiuxiang sp. nov., holotype male (C–F) and paratype female (A, B, G, H) A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view, arrow points at lateral sclerite C bulb, prolateral view D chelicerae, frontal view E–H habitus (E, G dorsal view F lateral view H ventral view). Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, da = distal apophysis, e = embolus, ep = epigynal pocket, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.05 (A–D); 0.20 (E–H).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.64 (1.74 with clypeus), carapace 0.63 long, 0.67 wide, opisthosoma 1.01 long, 0.80 wide. Leg I: 14.84 (3.86, 0.33, 3.80, 5.15, 1.70), leg II: 9.62 (2.64, 0.26, 2.45, 3.17, 1.10), leg III: 6.82 (2.03, 0.19, 1.66, 2.28, 0.66), leg IV: 8.79 (2.56, 0.26, 2.25, 2.94, 0.78); tibia I L/d: 56. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.13, PME 0.07, PME–ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.53/0.48. Habitus as in Fig. 5E, F. Carapace and sternum yellowish, without marks. Legs whitish, without darker rings. Opisthosoma yellowish, without spots. Thoracic furrow absent. Clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae (Fig. 5D) with a pair of proximo-lateral apophyses and a pair of curved distal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.16). Palp as in Fig. 4A, B; trochanter with ventral apophysis (as long as wide, arrow 1 in Fig. 4B); femur with tiny retrolatero-proximal protrusion (arrow 2 in Fig. 4B); procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with pointed, sclerotized distal apophysis (arrow 1 in Figs 4C, 18C), dorso-subdistal membranous process (arrow 2 in Figs 4C, 18C), and nearly elliptic retrolateral flap (Figs 4D, 18D); bulb (Fig. 5C) with hooked apophysis and simple embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria on tibia I at 8% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi; tarsus I with 19 distinct pseudosegments.

Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar44958): Similar to male, habitus as in Fig. 5G, H. Total length 1.82 (1.92 with clypeus), carapace 0.73 long, 0.80 wide, opisthosoma 1.09 long, 0.83 wide; tibia I: 2.37; tibia I L/d: 36. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.14, PME 0.06, PME–ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.61/0.60. Epigyne (Figs 5A, 20C) simple and flat, anteriorly slightly sclerotized, with a pair of median pockets 0.15 apart. Vulva (Figs 5B, 20D) with ridge-shaped anterior arch bearing a pair of angular lateral sclerites (arrow in Figs 5B, 20D) and a pair of quadrilateral pore plates.

Tibia I in two male paratypes (IZCAS-Ar44956–57): 3.91, 4.36. Tibia I in the other three female paratypes (IZCAS-Ar44959–61): 2.84, 3.72, 3.78.

The species was found in the dark zone inside the cave.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 1).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44962) and paratype 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar44963), Bianfu Cave (24°19.862'N, 100°14.001'E, 1619 m), Yankou Village, Laoxu Town, Yun County, Lincang, Yunnan, China, 05/08/2010, C Wang, Q Zhao & L Lin leg.

The specific name refers to the type locality, which is a noun in apposition.

The new species resembles B. phungae Yao, Pham & Li, 2015 (Yao et al. 2015: 9, figs 19A–D, 20A–G, 21A–E) by having similar male chelicerae, bulbal apophyses, and epigyne (Figs 7A, C, D, 20E), but can be distinguished by differences in males: procursus with dorso-distal membranous lamella (arrow 3 in Figs 6C, 18E vs absent), distally pointed ventro-subdistal membranous lamella (arrow 4 in Figs 6C, 18E vs nearly half-round) and without dorso-subdistal sclerite (Figs 6C, 18E vs present); differences in females: epigynal pockets closer to each other (Figs 7A, B, 20E, F vs widely separated), pore plates curved and narrow (Figs 7B, 20F vs nearly round).

Figure 6. 

Belisana lincang sp. nov., holotype male A, B palp (A prolateral view B retrolateral view, arrow 1 points at ventral apophysis, arrow 2 points at retrolatero-proximal protrusion) C, D distal part of procursus (C prolateral view, arrow 1 points at prolatero-distal membranous process, arrow 2 points at sclerotized prolatero-distal apophysis, arrow 3 points at dorso-distal membranous lamella, arrow 4 points at ventro-subdistal membranous lamella D retrolateral view). Abbreviations: b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, e = embolus, pr = procursus. Scale bars: 0.10 (A, B); 0.02 (C, D).

Figure 7. 

Belisana lincang sp. nov., holotype male (C–F) and paratype female (A, B, G, H) A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view, arrow points at sac-like structure C right bulb, prolateral view D chelicerae, frontal view E–H habitus (E, G dorsal view F lateral view H ventral view). Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, da = distal apophysis, e = embolus, ep = epigynal pocket, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.05 (A–D); 0.50 (E–H).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.78 (1.90 with clypeus), carapace 0.85 long, 0.88 wide, opisthosoma 0.93 long, 0.85 wide. Leg I missing, leg II: 6.69 (1.78, 0.31, 1.62, 2.18, 0.80), leg III: 5.18 (1.42, 0.26, 1.19, 1.68, 0.63), leg IV: 6.70 (1.90, 0.28, 1.70, 2.13, 0.69). Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.08, PME 0.09, PME–ALE 0.03, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.61/0.56. Habitus as in Fig. 7E, F. Carapace yellowish, with brown median band; sternum yellowish. Legs whitish, without darker rings. Opisthosoma yellowish, without spots. Thoracic furrow absent. Clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae (Fig. 7D) with a pair of proximo-lateral apophyses and a pair of curved distal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.15). Palp as in Fig. 6A, B; trochanter with ventral apophysis (2× longer than wide, arrow 1 in Fig. 6B); femur with tiny retrolatero-proximal protrusion (arrow 2 in Fig. 6B); procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with prolatero-distal membranous process (arrow 1 in Figs 6C, 18E) bearing narrow lateral sclerite, sclerotized prolatero-distal apophysis (arrow 2 in Figs 6C, 18E), dorso-distal membranous lamella (arrow 3 in Figs 6C, 18E), and ventro-subdistal membranous lamella (arrow 4 in Figs 6C, 18E); bulb (Fig. 7C) with distally angular apophysis and simple embolus.

Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar44963): Similar to male, habitus as in Fig. 7G, H. Total length 2.48 (2.62 with clypeus), carapace 0.86 long, 0.86 wide, opisthosoma 1.62 long, 1.31 wide. Leg I: 9.08 (2.33, 0.33, 2.30, 2.97, 1.15); tibia I L/d: 26. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.09, PME 0.08, PME–ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum approximately as wide as long (0.60). Epigyne (Figs 7A, 20E) simple and flat, with dark internal shade and a pair of postero-median pockets 0.05 apart. Vulva (Figs 7B, 20F) with sac-like structure (arrow in Figs 7B, 20F), sclerotized anterior arch, and a pair of curved, long elliptic pore plates (5× longer than wide). Retrolateral trichobothria on tibia I at 9% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi; tarsus I with 20 distinct pseudosegments.

The species was found in the dark zone inside the cave.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 1).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44964) and paratypes 1♂ (IZCAS-Ar44965) 3♀ (IZCAS-Ar44966–68), Xianfo Cave (24°19.971'N, 98°30.943'E, 1081 m), Mangliu Village, Luxi, Dehong, Yunnan, China, 03/08/2010, C Wang, Q Zhao & L Lin leg.

The specific name refers to the type locality, which is a noun in apposition.

The new species resembles B. lincang sp. nov. (Figs 6, 7, 18E, F, 20E, F) by having similar epigyne and pore plates (Figs 9A, B, 20G, H), but can be distinguished by differences in males: cheliceral distal apophyses pointing downwards (Fig. 9D vs inwards), procursus without dorso-distal membranous lamella (Figs 8C, 18G vs present) and with angular ventro-subdistal membranous process (arrow 3 in Figs 8C, 18G vs distally pointed), bulbal apophysis distally blunt (Fig. 9C vs distally angular); differences in females: epigynal pockets widely separated (Figs 9A, B, 20G, H vs closer to each other), vulva without sac-like structure (Figs 9B, 20H vs present), sclerotized part of anterior arch strongly curved (Figs 9B, 20H vs straight).

Figure 8. 

Belisana luxi sp. nov., holotype male A, B palp (A prolateral view B retrolateral view, arrow points at ventral apophysis) C, D distal part of procursus (C prolateral view, arrow 1 points at prolatero-distal membranous process, arrow 2 points at sclerotized dorso-subdistal apophysis, arrow 3 points at ventro-subdistal membranous process D retrolateral view). Abbreviations: b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, e = embolus, pr = procursus. Scale bars: 0.10 (A, B); 0.02 (C, D).

Figure 9. 

Belisana luxi sp. nov., holotype male (C–F) and paratype female (A, B, G, H) A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C bulb, prolateral view D chelicerae, frontal view E–H habitus (E, G dorsal view F lateral view H ventral view). Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, da = distal apophysis, e = embolus, ep = epigynal pocket, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.05 (A–D); 0.50 (E–H).

Male (holotype): Total length 2.25 (2.40 with clypeus), carapace 0.83 long, 0.84 wide, opisthosoma 1.42 long, 1.08 wide. Leg I: 15.92 (4.30, 0.33, 4.20, 5.75, 1.34), leg II: 9.31 (2.48, 0.31, 2.35, 3.40, 0.77), leg III: 6.39 (1.64, 0.29, 1.56, 2.25, 0.65), leg IV: 9.07 (2.56, 0.31, 2.35, 3.09, 0.76); tibia I L/d: 53. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.11, PME 0.10, PME–ALE 0.04, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.65/0.63. Habitus as in Fig. 9E, F. Carapace yellowish, with brown median band; sternum yellowish. Legs whitish, without darker rings. Opisthosoma yellowish, without spots. Thoracic furrow absent. Clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae (Fig. 9D) with a pair of proximo-lateral apophyses and a pair of curved distal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.41). Palp as in Fig. 8A, B; trochanter with ventral apophysis (as long as wide, arrow in Fig. 8B); procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with prolatero-distal membranous process (arrow 1 in Figs 8C, 18G) bearing narrow lateral sclerite, sclerotized dorso-subdistal apophysis (arrow 2 in Figs 8C, 18G), and angular ventro-subdistal membranous process (arrow 3 in Figs 8C, 18G); bulb (Fig. 9C) with distally blunt apophysis and simple embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria on tibia I at 14% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi; tarsus I with 20 distinct pseudosegments.

Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar44966): Similar to male, habitus as in Fig. 9G, H. Total length 2.51 (2.65 with clypeus), carapace 0.89 long, 0.89 wide, opisthosoma 1.62 long, 1.36 wide; tibia I: 2.37; tibia I L/d: 30. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.09, PME 0.08, PME–ALE 0.03, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.61/0.56. Epigyne (Figs 9A, 20G) simple and flat, with a pair of postero-lateral pockets 0.38 apart. Vulva (Figs 9B, 20H) with ridge-shaped, posteriorly sclerotized anterior arch and a pair of curved, long elliptic pore plates (6× longer than wide).

Tibia I in one male paratype (IZCAS-Ar44965): 3.46. Tibia I in the other two female paratypes (IZCAS-Ar44967–68): 1.78, 2.82.

The species was found in the twilight zone (entrance ecotone) of the cave.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 1).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44969) and paratypes 2♂ (IZCAS-Ar44970–71) 3♀ (IZCAS-Ar44972–74), Kongming Cave (25°20.447'N, 98°32.297'E, 1802 m), Jiangdong Village, Gudong Town, Tengchong County, Baoshan, Yunnan, China, 18/08/2010, C Wang, Q Zhao & L Lin leg.

The specific name refers to the type locality, which is a noun in apposition.

The new species resembles B. pianma Huber, 2005 (Huber 2005: 14, figs 5, 6, 56, 88–92, 112–130) by having similar bulbal apophyses and epigyne (Figs 11A, C, 21A), but can be distinguished by differences in males: clypeus unmodified (Fig. 11E vs with a pair of front apophyses), cheliceral distal apophyses on median part of chelicerae (Fig. 11D vs distal part), procursus without distal spine and dorso-distal sclerite (Figs 10C, 18I vs present), and with angular distal membranous process (arrow 2 in Figs 10C, 18I vs absent); differences in females: pore plates wide and curved (2× longer than wide, Figs 11B, 21B vs narrow, 6× longer than wide).

Figure 10. 

Belisana tengchong sp. nov., holotype male A, B palp (A prolateral view B retrolateral view, arrow 1 points at ventral apophysis, arrow 2 points at retrolatero-proximal protrusion) C, D distal part of procursus (C prolateral view, arrow 1 points at sclerotized prolatero-distal apophysis, arrow 2 points at distal membranous process D retrolateral view, arrow points at retrolatero-subdistal membranous process). Abbreviation: pr = procursus. Scale bars: 0.10 (A, B); 0.02 (C, D).

Figure 11. 

Belisana tengchong sp. nov., holotype male (C–F) and paratype female (A, B, G, H) A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C bulb, prolateral view D chelicerae, frontal view E–H habitus (E, G dorsal view F lateral view H ventral view). Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, da = distal apophysis, e = embolus, ep = epigynal pocket, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.05 (A, B); 0.10 (C, D); 0.30 (E–H).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.95 (2.08 with clypeus), carapace 0.71 long, 0.85 wide, opisthosoma 1.24 long, 0.93 wide. Leg I: 18.34 (4.75, 0.32, 4.90, 6.67, 1.70), leg II: 12.82 (3.56, 0.26, 3.40, 4.55, 1.05), legs III and IV missing; tibia I L/d: 65. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.14, PME 0.10, PME–ALE 0.03, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.56/0.50. Habitus as in Fig. 11E, F. Carapace and sternum yellowish, without marks. Legs whitish, without darker rings. Opisthosoma yellowish, without spots. Thoracic furrow absent. Clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae (Fig. 11D) with a pair of proximo-lateral apophyses and a pair of curved distal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.28). Palp as in Fig. 10A, B; trochanter with ventral apophysis (as long as wide, arrow 1 in Fig. 10B); femur with tiny retrolatero-proximal protrusion (arrow 2 in Fig. 10B); procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with curved, sclerotized prolatero-distal apophysis (arrow 1 in Figs 10C, 18I), angular distal membranous process (arrow 2 in Figs 10C, 18I), and narrow, curved retrolatero-subdistal membranous process (arrow in Figs 10D, 18J); bulb (Fig. 11C) with hooked apophysis and simple embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria on tibia I on 17% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi; tarsus I with 17 distinct pseudosegments.

Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar44972): Similar to male, habitus as in Fig. 11G, H. Total length 2.14 (2.26 with clypeus), carapace 0.66 long, 0.76 wide, opisthosoma 1.48 long, 1.34 wide; tibia I: 3.36; tibia I L/d: 47. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.10, PME 0.10, PME–ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.54/0.50. Epigyne (Figs 11A, 21A) simple and flat, marginally slightly sclerotized, with a pair of lateral pockets 0.30 apart. Vulva (Figs 11B, 21B) with curved anterior arch and a pair of wide, curved pore plates (2× longer than wide) bearing indistinct teeth.

Tibia I in two male paratypes (IZCAS-Ar44970–71): 5.45, 5.83. Tibia I in the other two female paratypes (IZCAS-Ar44973–74): 3.45, 4.05.

The species was found in the dark zone inside the cave.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 1).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44975) and paratypes 4♀ (IZCAS-Ar44976–79), Heilongtan Park (26°53.259'N, 100°14.034'E, 2155 m), Lijiang, Yunnan, China, 15/07/2021, Y Tong & D Bian leg.

The specific name is a patronym in honour of the collector Yanfeng Tong, which is a noun (name) in the genitive case.

The new species resembles B. yangi Zhang & Peng, 2011 (Zhang and Peng 2011: 65, fig. 11A–H) by having similar male chelicerae, bulbal apophyses, and epigyne (Figs 13A, C, D, 21C), but can be distinguished by differences in males: procursus with distal membranous process (arrow 2 in Figs 12C, 18K vs absent) and dorso-distal spine (arrow 3 in Figs 12C, 18K vs absent); differences in females: epigyne with posterior pockets (Figs 13A, B, 21C, D vs anterior), vulva with four distinct median teeth (arrows in Figs 13B, 21D vs absent), pore plates nearly triangular (Figs 13B, 21D vs elliptic).

Figure 12. 

Belisana tongi sp. nov., holotype male A, B palp (A prolateral view, arrow points at ventral apophysis B retrolateral view, arrow 1 points at retrolateral apophysis, arrow 2 points at ventral protrusion) C, D distal part of procursus (C prolateral view, arrow 1 points at prolatero-subdistal part, arrow 2 points at distal membranous process, arrow 3 points at dorso-distal spine D retrolateral view). Abbreviation: pr = procursus. Scale bars: 0.10 (A, B); 0.02 (C, D).

Figure 13. 

Belisana tongi sp. nov., holotype male (C–F) and paratype female (A, B, G, H) A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view, arrows point at four distinct median teeth C bulb, prolateral view D chelicerae, frontal view E–H habitus (E, G dorsal view F lateral view H ventral view). Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, da = distal apophysis, e = embolus, ep = epigynal pocket, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.05 (A–D); 0.50 (E–H).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.96 (2.08 with clypeus), carapace 0.71 long, 0.75 wide, opisthosoma 1.25 long, 0.80 wide. Leg I: 12.57 (3.30, 0.32, 3.22, 4.50, 1.23), leg II: 8.49 (2.35, 0.28, 2.03, 2.88, 0.95), leg III missing, leg IV: 7.38 (2.15, 0.26, 1.84, 2.43, 0.70); tibia I L/d: 45. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.12, PME 0.08, PME–ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.51/0.48. Habitus as in Fig. 13E, F. Carapace yellowish, with a pair of curved median bands; sternum yellowish. Legs yellowish, without darker rings. Opisthosoma yellowish, with dorsal and lateral black spots. Thoracic furrow absent. Clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae (Fig. 13D) with a pair of proximo-lateral apophyses and a pair of long, curved distal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.49). Palp as in Fig. 12A, B; trochanter with ventral apophysis (as long as wide; arrow in Fig. 12A) and small retrolateral apophysis (arrow 1 in Fig. 12B); femur with distinct ventral protrusion (arrow 2 in Fig. 12B); procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with narrow sclerite and teeth on prolatero-subdistal part (arrow 1 in Figs 12C, 18K), distal membranous process (arrow 2 in Figs 12C, 18K), and dorso-distal spine (arrow 3 in Figs 12C, 18K); bulb (Fig. 13C) with hooked apophysis and simple embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria on tibia I at 7% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi; tarsus I with 16 distinct pseudosegments.

Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar44976): Similar to male, habitus as in Fig. 13G, H. Total length 2.13 (2.21 with clypeus), carapace 0.68 long, 0.70 wide, opisthosoma 1.45 long, 1.00 wide; tibia I: 2.91; tibia I L/d: 36. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.11, PME 0.07, PME–ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.55/0.53. Epigyne (Figs 13A, 21C) simple and flat, anteriorly slightly sclerotized, with dark internal shade and a pair of postero-lateral pockets 0.46 apart. Vulva (Figs 13B, 21D) with ridge-shaped anterior arch, a pair of nearly triangular pore plates bearing distinct teeth, and four distinct median teeth (arrows in Figs 13B, 21D).

Tibia I in the other three female paratypes (IZCAS-Ar44977–79): 2.25, 2.47, 2.55.

The species was found in the leaf litter.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 1).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44980), Yinhe Cave (26°27.127'N, 101°6.482'E, 2012 m), Renhe Town, Yongsheng County, Lijiang, Yunnan, China, 03/08/2010, C Wang, Q Zhao & L Lin leg.

The specific name refers to the type locality, which is a noun in apposition.

The new species resembles B. halongensis Yao, Pham & Li, 2015 (Yao et al. 2015: 8, figs 16A–D, 17A–D, 18A–D) by having similar male chelicerae and bulbal apophyses (Fig. 15A, B), but can be distinguished by differences in males: procursus with two sclerotized distal apophyses (arrows in Figs 14C, 19A vs one prolatero-ventral sclerite), retrolateral flap (Figs 14D, 19B vs absent) and without prolatero-distal membranous lamella (Figs 14C, 19A vs present).

Figure 14. 

Belisana yongsheng sp. nov., holotype male A, B palp (A prolateral view B retrolateral view, arrow 1 points at ventral apophysis, arrow 2 points at retrolatero-ventral apophysis) C, D distal part of procursus (C prolateral view, arrows point at two sclerotized distal apophyses D retrolateral view). Abbreviations: f = flap, pr = procursus. Scale bars: 0.10 (A, B); 0.02 (C, D).

Figure 15. 

Belisana yongsheng sp. nov., holotype male A bulb, prolateral view B chelicerae, frontal view C–E habitus (C dorsal view D ventral view E lateral view). Abbreviations: b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, da = distal apophysis, e = embolus, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis. Scale bars: 0.05 (A, B), 0.30 (C–E).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.74 (1.79 with clypeus), carapace 0.58 long, 0.65 wide, opisthosoma 1.16 long, 0.80 wide. Leg I: 11.43 (3.10, 0.26, 3.03, 3.76, 1.28), leg II: 7.94 (2.25, 0.24, 1.98, 2.55, 0.92), leg III: 5.65 (1.60, 0.21, 1.38, 1.82, 0.64), leg IV: 7.29 (2.09, 0.23, 1.80, 2.48, 0.69); tibia I L/d: 47. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.12, PME 0.07, PME–ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.51/0.46. Habitus as in Fig. 15C–E. Carapace yellowish, with brownish radiating marks; sternum yellowish. Legs whitish, without darker rings. Opisthosoma yellowish, without spots. Thoracic furrow absent. Clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae (Fig. 15B) with a pair of proximo-lateral apophyses and a pair of distal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.19). Palp as in Fig. 14A, B; trochanter with ventral apophysis (as long as wide, arrow 1 in Fig. 14B) and retrolatero-ventral apophysis (arrow 2 in Fig. 14B); procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with two sclerotized distal apophyses (arrows in Figs 14C, 19A) and nearly D-shaped retrolateral flap (Figs 14D, 19B); bulb (Fig. 15A) with hooked apophysis and simple embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria on tibia I at 11% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi; tarsus I with 20 distinct pseudosegments.

Female: Unknown.

The species was found in the dark zone inside the cave.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 1).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44981) and paratypes 2♂ (IZCAS-Ar44982–83) 3♀ (IZCAS-Ar44984–86), Xianren Cave (24°13.929'N, 98°25.563'E, 1636 m), Luxi, Dehong, Yunnan, China, 24/08/2010, C Wang, Q Zhao & L Lin leg.

The specific name refers to the type locality, which is a noun in apposition.

The new species resembles B. yuhaoi Yang & Yao, 2023 (Yang et al. 2023: 178, figs 2A, B, 3A–D, 4A–H) by having similar bulbal apophyses and epigyne (Figs 17A, C, 21E), but can be distinguished by differences in males: tips of cheliceral distal apophyses closer to each other (Fig. 17D vs widely separated), procursus without sclerotized dorso-subdistal apophysis (Figs 16C, 19C vs present) and with nearly half-round retrolateral flap (Figs 16D, 19D vs angular); differences in females: epigynal pockets closer to each other (Figs 17A, B, 21E, F vs widely separated), pore plates nearly isosceles triangle-shaped (Figs 17B, 21F vs scalene triangle-shaped).

Figure 16. 

Belisana yunnan sp. nov., holotype male A, B palp (A prolateral view B retrolateral view, arrow 1 points at ventral apophysis, arrow 2 points at retrolatero-proximal protrusion) C, D distal part of procursus (C prolateral view, arrow 1 points at prolatero-ventral membranous lamella, arrow 2 points at distal membranous lamella, arrow 3 points at distal spine D retrolateral view). Abbreviations: b = bulb, e = embolus, f = flap, pr = procursus. Scale bars: 0.10 (A, B); 0.02 (C, D).

Figure 17. 

Belisana yunnan sp. nov., holotype male (C–F) and paratype female (A, B, G, H) A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C bulb, prolateral view D chelicerae, frontal view E–H habitus (E, G dorsal view F lateral view H ventral view). Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, b = bulb, ba = bulbal apophysis, da = distal apophysis, e = embolus, ep = epigynal pocket, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.05 (A–D); 0.30 (E–H).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.90 (1.98 with clypeus), carapace 0.79 long, 0.71 wide, opisthosoma 1.11 long, 0.87 wide. Leg I: 18.71 (4.85, 0.56, 4.75, 7.05, 1.50), leg III: 9.35 (2.66, 0.30, 2.25, 3.25, 0.89), legs II and IV missing; tibia I L/d: 59. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.11, PME 0.08, PME–ALE 0.03, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.63/0.60. Habitus as in Fig. 17E, F. Carapace yellowish, with brown radiating marks; sternum yellowish. Legs whitish, without darker rings. Opisthosoma yellowish, without spots. Thoracic furrow absent. Clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae (Fig. 17D) with a pair of proximo-lateral apophyses and a pair of curved distal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.19). Palp as in Fig. 16A, B; trochanter with ventral apophysis (as long as wide, arrow 1 in Fig. 16B); femur with tiny retrolatero-proximal protrusion (arrow 2 in Fig. 16B); procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with prolatero-ventral membranous lamella (arrow 1 in Figs 16C, 19C) bearing median sclerotized part, distal membranous lamella (arrow 2 in Figs 16C, 19C) bearing median sclerotized part, distal spine (arrow 3 in Figs 16C, 19C), and nearly half-round retrolateral flap (Figs 16D, 19D); bulb (Fig. 17C) with hooked apophysis and simple embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria on tibia I at 14% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi; tarsus I with 21 distinct pseudosegments.

Figure 18. 

Procursus in prolateral and retrolateral views (arrows point at same structures as photos of each species) A, B Belisana honghe sp. nov. C, D B. jiuxiang sp. nov. E, F B. lincang sp. nov. G, H B. luxi sp. nov. I, J B. tengchong sp. nov. K, L B. tongi sp. nov. Abbreviation: f = flap. Scale bars: 0.10.

Figure 19. 

Procursus in prolateral and retrolateral views (arrows point at same structures as photos of each species) A, B Belisana yongsheng sp. nov. C, D B. yunnan sp. nov. Abbreviation: f = flap. Scale bars: 0.10.

Figure 20. 

Female genitalia in ventral and dorsal views A, B Belisana honghe sp. nov. C, D B. jiuxiang sp. nov., arrow points at lateral sclerite E, F B. lincang sp. nov., arrow points at sac-like structure G, H B. luxi sp. nov. Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, ep = epigynal pocket, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.10.

Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar44984): Similar to male, habitus as in Fig. 17G, H. Total length 2.14 (2.20 with clypeus), carapace 0.78 long, 0.77 wide, opisthosoma 1.36 long, 1.00 wide; tibia I: 3.88; tibia I L/d: 52. Eye inter-distances and diameters: PME–PME 0.13, PME 0.07, PME–ALE 0.02. Sternum width/length: 0.62/0.56. Epigyne (Figs 17A, 21E) simple and flat, anteriorly slightly sclerotized, with a pair of postero-median pockets 0.12 apart. Vulva (Figs 17B, 21F) with ridge-shaped anterior arch and a pair of nearly triangular pore plates.

Figure 21. 

Female genitalia in ventral and dorsal views A, B Belisana tengchong sp. nov. C, D B. tongi sp. nov., arrows point at four distinct median teeth E, F B. yunnan sp. nov. Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, ep = epigynal pocket, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.10.

Tibia I in two male paratypes (IZCAS-Ar44982–83): 5.38, 6.73. Tibia I in the other two female paratypes (IZCAS-Ar44985–86): 3.72, 3.85.

The species was found in the dark zone inside the cave.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 1).