Liogenys is distinguished from all other Diplotaxini genera by the following combination of features: frons and clypeus concave in dorsal and lateral view; basal protarsomere (I) shorter than tarsomere II; mesotibial transverse carina/ae provided with spines shorter or equal to those forming the apical crown; metacoxae with bristles or scales, never both at the same time, and pygidium with umbilicate punctures.

Length 6.5–16.3 mm; width: 3.5–8.3 mm. Body sub-parallel, sometimes wider in the posterior half; elytra and body may be unicolored or with different colors, which vary from yellowish, brownish, reddish-brown, purplish-red to black. Head: distance between eyes commonly twice the width of one eye, but occasionally three to five times; frons and clypeus forming together a concavity (Fig. 5); fronto-clypeal suture absent or barely distinguishable (as in L. tarsalis and L. forcipata Frey); fronto-clypeal impressions evident in frontal view (Fig. 4); clypeus anteriorly bent forward and emarginate (Fig. 1), clypeal emargination may be angled, sub-angled or rounded, wide or narrow, mostly forming two tooth-like projections (Figs 17–22); the lateral margin of the clypeus may form a projection, rounded or sharp, in this case it resembles a tooth (Figs 6, 18, 21); clypeus S-shaped in lateral view (Fig. 7); outer margin of the maxillae straight (see Cherman et al. 2016), with four or five teeth at the apex (Figs 25, 27); distal palpomere up to two-fold wider than its apex, sensorial surface generally forming a fovea (except in L. sinuaticeps Moser and L. unicolor Evans) deep or shallow and with variable length (Figs 26, 28); labium trapezoidal with maximum width at the apex (except in L. sinuaticeps); ligula emarginate anteriorly; mentum excavated on the disc (except in L sinuaticeps, Fig. 24); ligula length shorter than the excavation (Fig. 23); labrum in frontal view convex on upper margin and shorter than the ventral portion of clypeus (Fig. 8); antenna 9- or 10-articulated. Prothorax: pronotum wider medially, forming a lateral convexity more or less pronounced (Figs 1–3); anterior margin of pronotum may be straight or slightly produced medially (Figs 2, 3); sometimes flanged anteriorly (as in L. corumbana Moser and L. fusca; Fig. 61D, 64D); pronotal posterior corners right or obtuse-angled, rounded or obsolete (corners not distinguishable) (Figs 1–3); prothorax setose posteriorly, covered with short or long bristles (Figs 29–30); proepisternum setose, scaly or bristled, with short and/or long bristles. Pterothorax: Scutellum triangular, ogival, or rounded; normally with punctures grouped at the base and/or at the sides, or sometimes without any pattern (Figs 34–36); metasternum more or less setose laterally; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice the length of the metacoxa (except in L. concolor). Elytra: glabrous or setose; densely and coarsely punctured; elytral suture with non-uniform width; elevated or not, unicolored with the elytron or darker; three or four elytral ridges more or less noticeable, separated from each other by gaps that are twice as wide as one ridge, the first gap equal to or narrower than the second one; subapical callus of elytron closer to the elytral suture than to the external margin (feature of all Neotropical Diplotaxini; see Cherman et al. 2016). Legs: procoxae setose, bristled and/or scaly (Fig. 9), protibial inner margin concave and the outer one with three teeth perpendicular to the tibial axis (see Cherman et al. 2016), the basal tooth is always the smallest, in males the basal tooth is more reduced and may be absent depending on the species; the two other protibial teeth may be equal in size or not, when different, the apical one is commonly the longest, but in some cases the middle is the longest; protibial disc with two medial longitudinal carinae; protarsi longer than the head; protibial apical spur on inner margin commonly present; protarsal tarsomere I shorter than tarsomere II; basal apophysis of metacoxae produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter (Fig. 32) (except for L. tarsalis, L. sinuaticeps and L. unicolor, Fig. 33); mesotibiae with one or two transverse carinae bearing spines, mesotibial spines equally as long as the spines of the apical crown (Figs 42–45), the apical carina may be complete or incomplete (as described above, in “standards” of morphological study); pair of apical spurs on apex of meso- and metatibia equal to or different in size, in male metatibia the shorter spur varies in shape among the species (Figs 46–47), the gap between spurs is narrower or equal to the base of one spur; tarsi covered ventrally with setose pads; length of basal metatarsomere varies from equal up to one-half the length of the second; all claws bifid and generally symmetrical, they vary in the size of the upper tooth and in the distance between teeth (Figs 39–41). Abdomen: propygidium visible, slightly visible or hidden by the elytra; glabrous or setose, with scales and/or bristles; pygidium convex or flat (Figs 37–38), disc glabrous or setose, throughout the surface or only at apex; punctures, if present, umbilicate (Fig. 31); shape sub-quadrate or sub-trapezoidal (Figs 13–16), twice the length of ventrite V or more; depending on the species, the maximum width either exceeds or does not exceed the width between the propygidial spiracles (Figs 13–14).

Figures 4–16. 

4 Liogenys bidenticeps Moser fronto-clypeal impressions 5 L. santaecrucis Blanchard frons and clypeus concave 6 L. forcipata Frey clypeal lateral projection 7 L. flavida Moser clypeus S-shaped 8 L. testaceipennis Moser clypeus and labrum, ventral view 9 L. fusca Blanchard procoxae 10 L. tibialis Moser metafemur and tibia 11–12 L. santaecrucis Blanchard metatibia, posterior view 13–16 Pygidium: 13 L. spiniventris Moser 14 L. quadridens (Fabricius) 15 L. cartwrighti Frey 16 L. densicollis Moser.

Figures 17–22. 

Clypeus. 17 Liogenys acutidens Moser 18 L. fusca Blanchard 19 L. santaecrucis Blanchard 20 L. bilobata Frey 21 L. corumbana Moser 22 L. rectangula Frey.

Female. Length: 6.7–16.3 mm; width: 3.7–8.3 mm. Size and body-shape: wider than males, mainly at the posterior third. Head: clypeus wider; distance between eyes slightly wider; punctures in head and pronotum with different distribution and deepness; lamellae equal to or shorter than flagellum. Legs: protibiae shorter and wider, teeth of outer margin wider; mesotibiae wider at the apex, mesotibial apical transverse carina at the postero-external surface commonly complete and prominent; metatibiae wider, mainly on the apex; not carinated on inner margin; tarsi cylindrical and equally wide in all legs. Abdomen: the pygidium may differ from the male in the shape and roundness, and this difference varies among the species. Male. Length: 6.5–14.7 mm; width: 3.5–7.2 mm. Head: Lamellae generally longer or equal to flagellum, in a few cases shorter; clypeal lateral projection, when present, may be more pronounced than in the female of certain species. Legs: protibiae with two or three teeth; posterior margin of metafemur generally straight but may be produced medially in some species (Fig. 10), metatibiae widened towards apex; carinated along the inner margin entirely or excepting the apex; the inner margin commonly straight towards apex, in some cases is produced abruptly from the sub-basal or medial portion (Fig. 10); metatibial inner margin not carinated in a few cases; apex setose throughout the inner surface but in a few cases glabrous; on posterior surface, one or two transverse carinae and discontinuous longitudinal carina may be present or absent (Figs 11–12), pair of apical spurs equal to or different in size from each other, the shorter one may be fusiform or truncated (Figs 46–47); pro- and mesotarsi enlarged (in L. tarsalis also the metatarsi), protarsi commonly wider than mesotarsi and two-fold wider than metatarsi (except for L. unicolor and L. macropelma Bates); tarsi shiny or opaque. Abdomen: ventrites III, IV and/or V ornate in some species, with different-sized protuberances or sulcated (as in L. testaceipennis Moser, L. spiniventris Moser, L. pseudospiniventris Cherman, sp. n., L. grossii Cherman, sp. n. and L. sulcoventris Cherman, sp. n.); pygidium more or less angled than that of the female. Parameres: basal region (BR) grooved at its longitudinal midline; the groove width varies depending on the species; parameral split at three different levels: apical third, medially (2/3) or basally (1/3) (Figs 48, 49, 50); outer margin of parameres sometimes furnished with medial (Fig. 49) and/or apical projections (Fig. 48); may be apically narrowed (Fig. 51) or not; inner margins of parameres straight, divergent, or convergent; apex of parameres indistinct or with several distinctive shapes: harpoon-like; spatula-like, fusiform, etc.; in harpoon-like parameres, apical length varies in relation to the total length of the parameres; in lateral view parameres convex, concave, or straight from the parameral split (Figs 52–55); when straight, the parameres and the basal region may be coplanar or not coplanar.

Figures 23–33. 

23–24 Labium 23 Liogenys palpalis (Eschscholtz) 24L sinuaticeps Moser 25–28 Maxilla teeth and distal palpomere 25–26 L. bidenticeps Moser 27–28 L. sinuaticeps Moser 29–30 Pronotum basal margin, posterior view 29 L. palpalis 30 L. bidenticeps 31 L. bidenticeps pygidial punctures 32–33 basal lobe of metacoxae 32 L. bidenticeps 33 L. sinuaticeps.

The name Liogenys is composed of the Greek words λείος (leios: smooth) and γένυς (genys: mentum) referring to smooth or glabrous mentum (Guérin-Méneville 1838; Harold 1869a). The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), Article 31.2, says that “A species-group name, if it is or ends in a Latin or Latinized adjective […], must agree in gender with the generic name with which it is at any time combined”. Also, Article 30.1.2 says that: “A genus-group name that is or ends in a Greek word transliterated into Latin without other changes takes the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionaries”. Liogenys is feminine based on the Greek “génys, géneion” (Smith and Ruiz-Manzanos 2010). Historically, Liogenys was incorrectly treated as masculine by some authors (Guérin-Méneville 1831, Blanchard 1851, Harold 1869b, Moser 1918, Moser 1919, Moser 1921a, b, Moser 1924, Gutiérrez 1951, Frey 1965, Frey 1969, Frey 1970, Frey 1973). However, Burmeister (1855), Blackwelder (1944), Evans (2003) and Keith (2004) correctly considered the name to be feminine. According to this, all species names must be made feminine, and in this work we have changed them as required.

Liogenys is a South American genus with 69 species. Only one species has been collected in Sicily: Liogenys excisa (Reitter, 1918). However, according to Baraud (1977, 1992) this species must have been occasionally introduced from South America, as it has never been seen after that. Keith and Lacroix (2003) compared Peritryssus excisus Reitter with L. palpalis (Eschscholtz, 1822) and synonymized these genera. They mentioned that the description of L. obesula Gutiérrez matches that of L. excisa, but they did not synonymize these species as they had not examined the type of L. obesula.

Liogenys occurs from Panama, northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela (10°N) through southern South America, including Chile (39°S) and Argentina (46°S). The species occur in almost all biogeographical environments and at altitudes up to 4,100 m in Bolivia (16°S) and 4,000 m in Chiriqui, Panama (9°N). The species richness is concentrated mainly in Brazil, with 34 species already recorded plus 13 for which descriptions are being prepared, and in Argentina, with 33 species in addition to 23 awaiting description. Bolivia holds ten species (plus three still undescribed); Paraguay, eleven species; Chile, seven species (plus one undescribed); Colombia, Panama and Venezuela, three species: L. gebieni Moser; L. quadridens Fabricius and L. macropelma) (plus three new species for which descriptions are being prepared); Peru, L. leechi Frey; and Uruguay L. pallens Blanchard. There are no records of Liogenys from Ecuador (Fig. 88).

The Neotropical Diplotaxini included in the interactive key form a well-established clade and the features shared among them are discussed in Cherman et al. (2016). Some of those features have exceptions, as follows: elytral suture generally narrowed at post-scutellar level (except in Homalochilus punctatostriatus Blanchard) and protibiae with an apical spur (except in Liogenys tarsalis). Furthermore, a common feature in Neotropical Diplotaxini, the enlarged tarsi in males, covered ventrally by pads of abundant bristles, is also seen in non Neotropical Diplotaxini as in Apogonia Kirby, Ceratogonia Kolbe, Dichecephala Brenske and in a few Diplotaxis.

Figures 34–47. 

34–36 Scutellum 37–38 Pygidium; lateral view 39–41 Claws 42–45 Meso-and metatibia: 42–43 Cylindrical 44–45 Quadrate in cross section 46–47 Metatibial spurs.

The genera most closely related to Liogenys are Pacuvia, Pachrodema, and Homalochilus (Cherman et al. 2016). Like species of Pacuvia, Liogenys has the anterior margin of the clypeus emarginate; metasternum with sparse scales laterally (as in L. obscura Blanchard, L. densicollis Moser; L. pallens and L. forcipata) and the outer margin of metacoxae parallel to the elytral margin. Liogenys is distinguished from Pacuvia in that the latter shows a coplanar shape of the frons and clypeus in dorsal view; the maxillae with less than four teeth (except in P. philippiana Gutiérrez); the labium longer than wide (in common with L. sinuaticeps), distal labial palpomere more globose than the preceding, the ligula straight anteriorly, surface of mentum smooth (without any excavation); pronotal length equal to the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together (in common with L. unicolor and L. macropelma); pronotum narrower than the base of elytra; prothorax bristled and/or scaly abundantly posteriorly; innermost gap between elytral ridges wider than the adjacent; distance between meso- and metacoxae more than two-fold the metacoxa length (in common with L. kuntzeni Moser); protibial apical tooth parallel to longitudinal axis while basal and/or medial tooth oblique to longitudinal axis, only one longitudinal carina on protibia; basal apophysis of metacoxae not produced posteriorly (beyond the margin of trochanter); basal metatarsomere less than one-half the size of tarsomere II; propygidium completely hidden by the elytra; pygidium twice as wider as it is long. In males, metatibiae narrowed subapically and inner margin not produced (in common with L. sinuaticeps, L. tarsalis and L. forcipata). With Pachrodema, Liogenys shares the trapezoidal shape of the labium and its distal palpomere not globose; ligula emarginate anteriorly, mentum surface excavated, ligula shorter than the mentum excavation; pronotum longer than the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; pronotum anteriorly slightly narrowed forming a depressed ring (in common with L. kuntzeni, L. flavida Moser, L. calcarata Frey, L. kadleci Frey; L. palpalis, L. hirta Gutiérrez and L. wagenknechti Gutiérrez); the inner gap between elytral ridges narrower or equal in width as the adjacent; inner margin of protibiae concave, protibial basal and middle teeth perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, two longitudinal carinae. Liogenys is distinguished from Pachrodema in that the latter shows clypeus rounded or sub-emarginate, never forming anterior tooth-like projections; sensorial area of the maxillary distal palpomere grooved and in a dorso-lateral position (except P. lucida Blanchard); constriction between pro- and pterothorax prominent; distance between meso- and metacoxae equal to metacoxae length (in common with L. concolor (Blanchard)); apical tooth of protibiae oblique to the longitudinal axis; inner margin of mesotibiae concave; lateral margin of metacoxae oblique towards pygidium; metatibial inner margin bent and produced apically; apex surface convex at the insertion point of the tarsomere, gap between apical spurs wider than the base of a single spur. Homalochilus shares the same features with Liogenys as well as Pachrodema. Additionally, the lateral margin of metacoxae is parallel to the elytral margin. Males of H. niger Blanchard show metatibiae straight and produced apically. Liogenys is distinguished from Homalochilus in that the latter shows a shorter body, up to three times longer than the pronotum (in common with L. concolor); labrum longer than ventral face of clypeus; pronotum forming a visibly depressed ring anteriorly, pronotal anterior angles slightly (H. niger) or noticeably (H. punctatostriatus) produced; punctures of pronotum not umbilicate, pronotum wider than the base of elytra; distance between meso- and metacoxae equal to metacoxal length (in common with L. concolor); pygidium glabrous (in common with L. sinuaticeps and L. unicolor), but punctures not umbilicate. In males, basal region of parameres longer than the parameres length beyond the split point. The frons of H. punctatostriatus is longer than the clypeus, clypeus sublobed anteriorly (not emarginate) and ventrite V is longer than ventrite IV (an exception among the Diplotaxini, with all ventrites equally long).

Figures 48–51. 

Parameres, dorsal view. 48 Liogenys pallens Blanchard 49 L. acutidens Moser 50 L. freyi Cherman, sp. n. 51 L. forcipata Frey.

Liogenys species, as well as most of the Melolonthinae, are root-feeding as larvae, while adults feed on leaves and exhibit nocturnal activity (Gutiérrez 1951, Britton 1957, Morón et al. 1997, Evans 2002, Morón 2004). Biezanko et al. (1949) mentioned adults of L. densicollis damaging corn in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). However, we suggest that this record should be considered doubtful because among the huge number of L. densicollis specimens studied (60 specimens from 10 museums: AMNH, CEMT, CMNC, IADIZA, MLPA, MZSP, NHMB, SDEI, VMDZ and ZMHB), the geographical records found were only from Argentina and Bolivia. Silva et al. (1968) mentioned L. tibialis in Rio Grande do Sul feeding on leaves of peach-tree. Chilean Liogenys were recorded together with Pacuvia species feeding on the following shrubs: Peumo, Cryptocarya alba (Molina) Looser (Lauraceae), Litre, Lithraea caustica (Molina) Hook. et Arn. (Anacardiaceae) and Quillay, Quillaja saponaria Molina (Rosaceae) (Gutiérrez 1951).

Of the 34 species of Liogenys now known in Brazil, only five are associated with crops. In Rio Grande do Sul, Cherman et al. (2011) recorded four species: Liogenys concolor Blanchard (= L. obesa Burmeister, syn. n.) and L. fusca Blanchard in oat crops; L. bidenticeps Moser and L. sinuaticeps in ryegrass crops. According to Cherman et al. (2014), the abundance of L. sinuaticeps is higher in non-cultivated than in cultivated fields, unlike L. bidenticeps and L. concolor. In Mato Grosso do Sul state, adults of L. bidenticeps have been collected in light traps localized between cultivated and non-cultivated fields (Rodrigues et al. 2014), while larvae are associated with corn and soybean crops (Rodrigues et al. 2011). Only L. fusca and L. suturalis (Blanchard) have been recorded as agricultural pests, mainly in the “Cerrado”, a Brazilian savannah biome. Liogenys fusca was found damaging corn and soybean in Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, and Goiás States (Rodrigues et al. 2008, Santos et al. 2008, Costa et al. 2009, Ávila et al. 2014). Liogenys suturalis damages corn, wheat, and oats in Mato Grosso do Sul (Santos and Avila 2009). Rodrigues et al. (2016) recorded adults of L. fusca feeding and mating in Anacardiaceae, suggesting that these plants have an important role in the reproduction of this species. These authors cited that the native plants Urundeuva, Myracrodruon urundeuva (Allemão) Engl.; Aroeira-vermelha, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Gonçalo-alves, Astronium fraxinifolium Schott represent an important natural source of food and reproduction, whereas the Cajueiro plant, Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus, represents an alternative food source as it is introduced.

Figures 52–55. 

Parameres, lateral view. 52 L. acutidens Moser 53 L. pallens Blanchard 54 L. bidentata Burmeister 55 L. suturalis (Blanchard).

Although Liogenys richness is huge in Argentina, research concerning species occurrence is scarce, including that related to crop pests (Mojica 2014). This might be because the first record of Liogenys damaging soybean plants was recent, in 2006 in Cordoba Province (Fava et al. 2008). However, there is a record from 1940 of L. cribricollis Moser adults feeding on leaves of Aguaribay, Schinus molle Linnaeus (Anacardiaceae) in Villa Maria, Córdoba (Cordo et al. 2004). Some labels on the specimens studied during this work provided information about the collection method and/or collection environment (Table 2).

Liogenys acutidens male holotype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Brasília/ [handwritten] Cuyaba”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/acutidens/Mos./Typen”, [light red printed] “Typus”, “Liogenys/acutidens/Mos”, [red printed] “HOLOTYPUS/ Liogenys/acutidens Moser, 1919/ labelled by MNHUB 2011”. Genitalia mounted.

BRAZIL. MT: Cuiabá, without date and collector, 1 ex. (ZMHB); MG: Unaí (Faz. Bolívia), 22-24/X/1964, Exp. Dep. Zool. col., 1 ex. (MZSP).

Body yellowish brown; elongate; elytra testaceous, lighter in color than pronotum; clypeal emargination wide and rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; lateral margin convex and slightly produced; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth equal to basal width of anterior tooth, distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye shorter than one eye, obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; pygidium convex, bristled throughout, reticulated punctures; in males, inner margins of parameres convergent; subapical projections on outer margins; parameres strongly narrowed between subapical projections and apex; apex spatula-like, sharp edges, curved outwards, not reaching the level of the parameres outer margin (Fig. 56F).

Figure 56. 

Liogenys acutidens Moser. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 8.0–9.0 mm; width 3.7–4.2 mm. Yellowish to testaceous. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeus bristled anteriorly, emargination shallow, wide and rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; lateral margin convex and slightly produced; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth equal to the basal width of anterior tooth, distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye shorter than one eye, obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending up to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum, and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and fine; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice the metacoxa length; scutellum triangular, smooth or basally punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform yellowish to testaceous, barely lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and not elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa, sparse scales on infra-carinal surface, punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth slightly longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; a metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size, protarsomere II short and wide; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres, less than twice as wide as the metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth narrower than the inferior and equal in length; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled and on sides also scaly; propygidium visible, bristled and scaly; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled throughout, reticulated punctures; pygidial apex sub-quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width; parameral split at 2/3; inner margins of parameres convergent; outer margins with subapical projections; strongly narrowed between subapical projections and apex; apex spatula-like, edges sharp, curved outwards, not reaching the level of the parameral outer margin (Fig. 56F). In lateral view parameres concave; apex slightly curved downwards (Fig. 56G).

BRAZIL, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso.

BRAZIL (MT, MG).

Liogenys acutidens resembles L. bidenticeps (Fig. 58) in size and color, however, L. acutidens elytra are somewhat lighter in color; the clypeus is bristled anteriorly; the clypeal teeth are sharper and slightly longer-, the lateral margin of clypeus is slightly projected; the meso- and metatibia are quadrate in cross section with discs both finely sculptured; the mesotibial apical carina is incomplete; the pygidium is convex with reticulated punctures on disc alike L. santaecrucis (Fig. 71) and protarsomeres wider. Female of L. acutidens remains unknown.

Liogenys bidentata male syntype (MLUH): [green handwritten] “bidentata/Burm/Bras/Kll”, [white handwritten] “Type/Liogenys/bidentatus/Burm/[printed] det. G. Frey, 1967/68”, [white printed] “prof. Hüsing/Halle”. This type is here designated the lectotype: [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys bidentata/Burmeister, 1851/des. M. A. Cherman 2014.” Female syntype (MLUH): [white handwritten] “124”, [white handwritten] “Type/Liogenys/bidentatus/Burm/[printed] det. G. Frey, 1967/68”, [white printed] “prof. Hüsing/Halle”. This type is here designated as the paralectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys bidentata/Burmeister, 1851/des. M. A. Cherman 2014.”

BRAZIL. PA: Tapajós, without date and collector, 2 ex. (MNHN); MA: Mirador, Parque Estadual Base da Geraldina, 21/VIII/2006, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira col., 7 ex. (CEMT); CE: Beberibe, 10/XII/2002, A. Lindemberg col., 3 ex. (DZUP); PI: Teresina, 1/I/1953, A. K. Oliveira col., 5 ex. (DZUP); 3 ex. (MNRJ); 14/X/1952, A.G.A. Silva col., 1 ex.; 22/VIII/2006, without collector, 1 ex.; “CCA-UFPI”, 20/V/2008, without collector, 2 ex. (DZUP); RN: IV/1950, M. Alvarenga, 3 ex. (MNRJ); Natal, II/1958, without collector, 1 ex. (DZUP); XII/1956, Magalhães col., 1 ex. (MNRJ); 21/XII/1952, Melo col., 1 ex. (MZSP); Pedro Velho, XII/1953, F. Barros col., 1 ex. (DZUP); 3 ex. (MNRJ); Mossoró, I/1952, M. Alvarenga, 1 ex. (DZUP); Montanhas, XII/1963, without collector, 4 ex. (CEIOC); PE: without date, Weilenmann col., 1 ex. (ZMHB); Tigipió [Recife], 4/XI/1914, Zikan col., 2 ex. (CEIOC); AL: Maceió, without date and collector, 1 ex. (MNHN); SE: (1) Caninde do S Francisco “Faz. Miramar”, 8/III/2001, L. Iannuzzi col., 1 ex. (CEMT); BA: without date, G. Bondar col., 1 ex. (NHMB); Juazeiro, without date and collector, 1 ex. (MNRJ); Feira de Santana, 8/XIII/1953, C. R. Gonçalves col., 4 ex. (DZUP); 1 ex. (MNRJ); Maracás, 19/XI/1965, F. M. Oliveira col., 2 ex. (DZUP); Jacobina, XII/1941, Mangabeira col., 1 ex. (CEIOC); Paulo Affonso, “E. E. Raso da Catarina.”, 23/X/1982, without collector, 1 ex. (MNRJ); MG: Caraí, XI/1973, M. Alvarenga col., 1 ex. (CMNC); GO: Aragarças, I/1955, F. M. Oliveira col., 3 ex. (DZUP); MT: Jacaré. Parque Nacional Xingu, XI/1961, Alvarenga and Werner col., 4 ex. (DZUP); Utiariti, VII/1961, Lenko col., 2 ex. (MZSP).

Body, pronotum and elytra purplish brown to dark brown, elongate; distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye; clypeal emargination rounded or sub-angled, shallow and wide; lateral margin convex, slightly produced; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse or almost right-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly; pro-, meso- and metasternum, pro- and metacoxae with white scales; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; protarsal claws symmetrical; metatarsomere I nearly one-half the size of tarsomere II, equal in width or slightly wider; pygidium flat, sometimes slightly convex; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; male genitalia, total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 57F).

Figure 57. 

Liogenys bidentata Burmeister. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 12.0–13.0 mm; width: 5.7–6.2. Purplish brown. Head: distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination sub-angled, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; lateral margin convex with a barely noticeable rounded projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye (Fig. 57D); distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width more than twice width of apex; fovea deep and oval, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and in males lamellae and flagellum equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and sparse; sides distinctly convex, pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse or almost right-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum; also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice the metacoxal length; scutellum ogival, coarsely and sparsely punctured, mainly at the base (Fig. 57D). Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform dark brown to purplish; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; the two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs (Fig. 57A). Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, basal and middle teeth more spaced than middle and apical; inner apical spur present (Fig. 57C); mesocoxa with a tuft of long bristles; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on the anterior margin; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibia with apical spurs of different lengths, the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc coarsely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere nearly one-half the length of tarsomere II and equal in width, in males protarsomere II long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bearing short bristles on disc and scarce scales on sides; propygidium visible, with sparse short bristles; pygidium flat, sometimes slightly convex; sub-quadrate, wider than long; pygidial width exceeding distance between propygidium spiracles; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex in males quadrate (Fig. 57E). Parameres: basal region narrower than the parameres together at the maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like, with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 57F). In lateral view parameres straight, coplanar with basal region (Fig. 57G).

BRAZIL. São Paulo, Ipanema [Iperó].

BRAZIL (PA, MA, CE, PI, RN, PE, AL, SE, BA, MG, SP, GO, MT).

Liogenys bidentata resembles L. fusca (Fig. 64) and L. pallidicornis (Fig. 67) and differs from them by the pronotum being coarser and more sparsely punctured, scales on prothorax posteriorly less abundant; mesotibia always cylindrical in cross section and pygidium mostly flat. The shape of parameres is also distinctive.

Liogenys bidenticeps male syntype (ZMHB) [white printed] “Brasilia/ [handwritten] Sao Paulo”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/bidenticeps/Typen Mos”, [light red printed] “Typus”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/bidenticeps Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011”. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated as the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys bidenticeps/Moser, 1919/des. M. A. Cherman 2012.” Two male and a female syntypes (ZMHB): [white printed] “Brasilia/[handwritten] Sao Paulo”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/bidenticeps/ Typen Mos”, [light red printed] “Typus”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/ Liogenys/ bidenticeps Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011”. These three syntypes are here designated as paralectotypes, each one with the label: [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys bidenticeps/Moser, 1919/ des. M. A. Cherman 2012”. Male genitalia mounted.

Liogenys bicuspis male syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Brasilia/[handwritten] Cuyaba”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/bicuspis/Type M Mos”, [red printed] “Typus”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/bicuspis Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011”. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys bicuspis/Moser, 1919/des. M. A. Cherman 2012”. Female syntype of L. bicuspis: [white printed] “Brasilia/[handwritten] Cuyaba”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/bicuspis/Type F Mos”, [red printed] “Typus”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/bicuspis Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011”. These syntype is here designated as paralectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/ Liogenys bicuspis/Moser, 1919/des. M. A. Cherman 2012”.

BRAZIL. BA: Encruzilhada, 15°34'35"S, 40°56'51"W, 15/XII/2012, 850 m, Rafael and Grossi col., 1 ex. (INPA); SP: São Paulo, IX/1953, Vespasiano col., 1 ex. (DZUP); without date and collector, 8 ex. (ZMHB); Botucatu, 17/IX/1963, Maritovan col., 1 ex. (IBSP); Campinas, without date and collector, “Alwine Braatz V. collection”, 3 ex. (ZMHB); MT: Cuiabá, without date and collector, 4 ex. (ZMHB); 15/XI/2008, Monteiro col., 1 ex.; Fazenda Nirvana, 1/X/1988, Serrano col., 1 ex. (CEMT); “Córrego Brigadeiro [tributary of rio Jauru], próximo a Figueiropolis” [Figueiropolis D’oeste], 29/IX/1984, Binda col. 2 ex., (INPA), Jacaré, PN Xingú, XI/1947, Sick col., 1 ex. (MNRJ); MS: (1) Batayporã, 22°18'00"S, 53°15'98"W,13/X/2011, 328 m, M.G.C. Pereira (MuBio); Corumbá, without date and collector, 3 ex. (ZMHB); Guia Lopes da Laguna, 15/XI/2007, A. Abot col, 2 ex. (DZUP); Porto Murtinho, XI/1929, Melim col., 30 ex. (MNRJ); Rio Brilhante, 21-28,X/1970, V. O. Becker col., 3 ex. (DZUP); “Salobra, Miranda”, 24/X/1938, Lane col. 1 ex. (MZSP); Paraná, Jaguariaíva, 24-29/XII/1970, F. Giacomel col., 1 ex. (DZUP); RS: Catuipé, 25-30/XII/2010, F. L. dos Santos, 10 ex. (DZUP); (1) "S, Brazil”, without date and collector, 1 ex. (MNHN). PARAGUAY. IT: “Hohenau [Campo Angelo]”, 11/XI/1944, Jacob. Col., 1 ex. (SDEI); SP: “San Estanislao [Santani]”, without date and collector, 1 ex.; Thieme col., without locality, and collector, 6 ex. (ZMHB). ARGENTINA. FO: Ciudad de Formosa, XII/1949, A. Martinez col. (MZSP); Laguna Yema, Reserva Teuquito, 24°21'20,95"S, 61°18'55,23"W, 11/XII/2008, F. Ocampo, G. San Blas, Campon cols. 2 ex.; Ing. Juarez, 24°05'27"S, 61°56'49"W, 13/XII/2008, F. Ocampo, G. San Blas, Campon cols., 2 ex. (IADIZA); CA: Ancasti, 28°52'57"S, 65°25'04"W, 18/XII/2009, 573 m, F. Ocampo, Dominguez, Campon cols., 2 ex. (IADIZA); SE: Quimili, 9/XI/1939, Biraben, Bezzi Cols., 2 ex. (MLPA).

Body brownish; elongate; elytra light brown, lighter in color than pronotum; clypeal emargination rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; lateral margin convex, rounded; mesotibia cylindrical to sub-quadrate in cross section; pygidium flat, bristled throughout. In males, inner margins of parameres convergent; subapical projections on outer margins; strongly narrowed before the apex; apex spatula-like, edges sharp, curved outwards, reaching the level of the parameral outer margin (Fig. 58F).

Figure 58. 

Liogenys bidenticeps Moser. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 8.5–10.7 mm; width: 4.1–5.2 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel or sometimes follow the margin of clypeus; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex but sometimes straight; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow, extending to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum, in males lamellae and flagellum equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and fine; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum with long bristles and scales; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice the metacoxa length; scutellum rounded, coarsely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, testaceous to brownish, uniform; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated, two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size; distance between basal and middle teeth shorter than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section, disc coarsely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; disc coarsely sculptured, two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere shorter than tarsomere II, in males protarsomere II long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres wider than the mesotarsomeres, less than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth narrower than the inferior and equal in length; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides; propygidium visible, bristled; pygidium flat, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled throughout; in males pygidium wider and apex more rounded. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; inner margins strongly convergent; outer margins with subapical projections; strongly narrowed before the apex; apex spatula-like, edges sharp, curved outwards, reaching the level of the parameral outer margin (Fig. 58F). In lateral view parameres curved upwards sub-basally and curved downwards partially on apex (Fig. 58G).

L. bidenticeps: BRAZIL. São Paulo; Liogenys bicuspis: BRAZIL. Cuiabá, Mato Grosso.

BRAZIL (MT, MS, BA, SP, PR, RS); PARAGUAY (IT, SP); ARGENTINA (FO, CA, SE).

Liogenys bidenticeps resembles L. acutidens in the brownish color and elytra light brown to testaceous (Fig. 56). Those species are also closely related (Cherman et al. 2016). Liogenys bidenticeps differs from L. acutidens by the following characters: clypeal lateral margin convex but not produced; clypeus glabrous; scutellum rounded apically and more punctured; elytral suture distinctly elevated; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; in females the pygidium is oblique in lateral view. Frey (1969) inferred that L. bicuspis and L. bidenticeps are synonymous, by writing the word “synonym” followed by a question mark (?). After studying the primary types of L. bidenticeps (ZMHB) and L. bicuspis (ZMHB) we found slight differences in the diameter of the punctures of the pygidium and the parameral length in males. When studying all the non-type material, which extends from southernmost Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina, we concluded that L. bicuspis is a junior subjective synonym of L. bidenticeps and those differences might represent variation among populations. Other variations among L. bidenticeps individuals are the color of elytra from testaceous to brownish; the clypeal anterior teeth, which outer margins vary from sub-parallel to following the margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin from convex to straight and in males the parameres in lateral view, more or less curved subapically.

Liogenys bilobata male holotype (MZSP): [white, printed] “Buritis (Primeira./cachoeira Rio Uru-/cuia) MG - 2-4.XI./1964 Exp. Dep. Zool.”, [white handwritten] “Type/Liogenys/bilobatus M/[printed]det. G. Frey, 1967/8/n.sp.”, [red printed] “Typus”. Genitalia mounted. Paratypes (1): Male paratype (MZSP) [white printed] “Buritis (Primeira./cachoeira Rio Uru-/cuia) MG - 2-4.XI./1964 Exp. Dep. Zool.”, [white handwritten] “Type/Liogenys/bilobatus M/[printed]det. G. Frey, 1967/8/n.sp.”.

BRAZIL. PB: Juazeirinho, 16/III/1956, Silva col., 1 ex. (MNRJ); MT: Cuiabá, Dist. Guia. Faz. Santhidi, 15°28'47"S 56°07'33"W, 3/XI/2010, 180 m, L. Silva col., 1 ex.; Chapada dos Guimaraes, 3/XII/2008, A. F. Silva col., 1 ex.; 15°19'49"S, 55°51'08"W, 14/XII/2012, 300 m, G. Daniel col., 1 ex. (CEMT); DF: Planaltina (Embrapa Cerrados), 15°36'16"S, 47°44'16"W, 3/XI/2006, C. Oliveira col., 2 ex. (CEMT); MG: Buritis (Primeira cachoeira Rio Uricuia), 2-4/XI/1964, Exp. Dep. Zool. col., 2 ex.; Três Marias, 21/X/1964, Exp. Dep. Zool. col., 1 ex.; Unaí (Faz. Bolívia), 22-24/X/1964, Exp. Dep. Zool. col., 1 ex. (MZSP); SP: without date and collector, 1 ex. (ZMHB).

Body reddish brown; elongate, wider in the posterior third; elytra brownish, pronotum darker; clypeal emargination deep, narrow and rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth concave, following the lateral margin of clypeus; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; meso- and metatibia quadrate or sub-quadrate in cross section, metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc scaly throughout; female pygidium wider than in males. Male genitalia, parameres slightly asymmetrical; basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum width; apex rounded (Fig. 59F).

Figure 59. 

Liogenys bilobata Frey. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 10.5–12.0 mm; width: 5.7–6.5 mm. Reddish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, narrow and rounded; clypeal teeth longer in males; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel, slightly divergent; outer margin of anterior teeth longer than the eye; clypeal lateral margin concave; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum, in males lamellae and flagellum equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and dense, coarser in females; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; pro- and mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival to triangular, coarsely punctured, in males at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform reddish brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, not elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, mesotibial disc coarsely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete in males; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex; inner surface setose; disc coarsely sculptured; metatibia not transversally carinated; basal metatarsomere equal to or slightly shorter than tarsomere II and as wide as; in males protarsomere II short and wide; in males pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres; more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and slightly narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of abundant scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites with short and long bristles and scales on disc and sides, propygidium visible, scaly; pygidium flat in lateral view, sub-quadrate, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc setose throughout, with scales mainly; pygidial apex in males sub-quadrate. Parameres: basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; parameres slightly asymmetrical; inner margins slightly convex; apical edge rounded, apex shape indistinct from the rest of the paramere (Fig. 59F).

BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Buritis (Primeira Cachoeira Rio Urucuia).

BRAZIL (PB, MT, DF, MG, SP).

There is one specimen in MZSP with paratype label, but it was collected from “Minas Gerais, Unaí, Faz. Bolívia”. Since the unique type-locality mentioned in the original description is “Minas Gerais, Buritis (Primeira Cachoeira Rio Urucuia)”, this specimen is not part of the type series, so it has no nomenclatural value. Liogenys bilobata resembles L. diodon (Fig. 62) but differs in the size; lateral margin of clypeus being more concave (Fig. 20); canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; pronotal posterior corners sharp; abundant yellow scales on metasternum and sides of abdomen and throughout the pygidium, pygidial apex angled in males; metatibial disc more coarsely sculptured; metatibial outer longitudinal carina well defined in males and basal metatarsomere (I) as long as metatarsomere II.

Liogenys concolor female syntype (MNHN): [white handwritten] “Campos/Geraes”, [light green printed] “MUSÉUM PÁRIS/ [handwritten] Campos”, [red printed] “HOLOTYPE”, [green handwritten] “L. concolor/ Cat Mus/ Brésil/ M. A. Saint Hilaire”. As in the original description figures a range of length “9-10 mm”, this type is here designated the lectotype: [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Hilarianus concolor/Burmeister, 1855/des. M. A. Cherman 2017”.

Liogenys obesa male syntype MLUH: [green handwritten] “obesa Burm/Bras. Br.”, [white handwritten] “115 Koll”, [white printed] “det. G. Frey, 1967/68/ [handwritten] Liogenys/obesus Burm/type”, [white printed] “Prof. Hüsing Halle”. This type is here designated the lectotype: [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys obesa/Burmeister, 1855/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”. Male syntype of L. obesa (MLUH): [white printed] “det. G. Frey, 1967/68/ [handwritten] Liogenys/obesus Burm/type”, [white printed] “Prof. Hüsing Halle”. This type is here designated the paralectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys obesa/Burmeister, 1855/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”.

BRAZIL. SP: São Paulo, without date and collector, 1 ex. (ZMHB); PR: Guarapuava, I/1959, Schneider col., 1 ex. (MNRJ); Ponta Grossa, “Lageado Campo”, I/1947, without collector, 2 ex. (DZUP). ARGENTINA. MI: Loreto, II/1960, without collector, 3 ex. (NHMB).

Body and pronotum dark purplish red, head and pronotum darker anteriorly (Fig. 60A, D); elytra purplish red, semiopaque; body short and oval; distance between eyes more than five times wider than one eye; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and very wide; lateral margin convex; lamellae of antenna darker and shorter than the flagellum; pronotal disc punctures strongly coarse, pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled and slightly produced; distance between meso- and metacoxae as long as the metacoxa; scutellum wide; elytra more convex dorsoventrally (Fig. 60B), up to three times longer than the pronotum; all four elytral ridges noticeable; metafemur with abundant thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin and inner margin of metatibia abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex; pygidium convex, large, with reticulated punctures; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; parameres, inner margins convergent; narrowed subapically; apex lanceolate (Fig. 60F).

Figure 60. 

Liogenys concolor Blanchard. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 10.0–11.0 mm; width: 5.9–6.4 mm. Purplish red. Head: distance between eyes more than five times wider than one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and very wide; clypeal lateral margin convex; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior tooth shorter than one eye; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere oval, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow and short, not reaching the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae darker in color and shorter than the flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and strongly coarse; posterior corners sharp and slightly produced, obtuse-angled; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum; distance between meso- and metacoxae as long as the metacoxa; scutellum wide, rounded, coarsely punctured, sometimes darker than pronotum. Elytra: semi-opaque, glabrous, uniform purplish red; barely convex dorsoventrally; elytra less than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia cylindrical; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; abundant thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated and abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex; apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc coarsely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere slightly shorter than tarsomere II and equally wide, in males protarsomere II as wide as it is long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth longer than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of abundant scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides; propygidium slightly visible, scaly; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled on apex; reticulated punctures; pygidial apex in males sub-quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; inner margins of parameres convergent; narrowed subapically; apex lanceolate (Fig. 60F). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 60G).

Liogenys concolor: BRAZIL. Campos Gerais [Paraná state]; Liogenys obesa: BRAZIL. Irisanga [Orissanga, São Paulo state].

BRAZIL (SP, PR, RS); ARGENTINA (MI).

Liogenys concolor is the only species among the entire genus with short body, due to the elytra convex dorsoventrally and distance between meso- and metacoxae as long as the metacoxa; distal maxillary palpomere oval; lamellae and flagellum almost black, darker than the scape; pronotal posterior corners slightly produced and scutellum wide (Fig. 60A). This species shares those features with Homalochilus niger although they are not closely related species (Cherman et al. 2016). As L. concolor bears a combination of features that are present only in Liogenys, like teeth on clypeus and umbilicate punctures of pygidium disc, the position of this species remains in Liogenys (Cherman et al. 2016). Primary types of Liogenys concolor (MNHN) and Liogenys obesa (MLUH) were studied and we concluded that they are conspecific, being Liogenys obesa the junior subjective synonym of Liogenys concolor. The holotype of L. concolor is a female from “Campos Gerais” (Central Paraná State, Brazil) and the lectotype of L. obesa is a male from “Brazil”. The association between male and female, to confirm that they are conspecific, was possible through the study of males and females from the same sample collected in Ponta Grossa, Brazil. Furthermore, Ponta Grossa is a municipality localized at “Campos Gerais” region.

Liogenys corumbanus male syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Corumba/Matt. Grosso”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/corumbanus/Mos/Typen m#.”, [light red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/corumbanus/Mos.”, [red printed] “Syntypus/Liogenys/ corumbana Moser, 1921/labelled by MNHUB 2011”. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated the lectotype: [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys corumbanus/Moser, 1921/des. M. A. Cherman 2012”. Seven males and two female syntypes of L. corumbana (ZMHB): [white printed] “Corumba/Matt. Grosso”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/corumbanus/Mos/Typen”, [light red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/corumbanus/Mos.”, [red printed] “Syntypus/Liogenys/ corumbana Moser, 1921/labelled by MNHUB 2011”. These nine syntypes are here designated paralectotypes, each one with the label: “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys corumbanus/ Moser, 1921/ des. M. A. Cherman 2012”.

BRAZIL: MT: Campo Verde, “Fazenda Cavera”, 21/X/2011, Biava col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Comodoro, “Morro do sem Boné”, 13°43'54"S, 60°18'40"W, X/2012, M.F. Souza col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Cuiabá, Boa Esperanza, X/2011, F. Vaz-de-Mello col., 1 ex. (CEMT); without date and collector, 1 ex. (ZMHB); Poconé, “SESC Pantanal”, 8/XII/2003, without collector, 1 ex. (CEMT); Varzea Grande, 13/V/2009, Friozzo col., 1 ex. (CEMT); “VBS Trindade [Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade] - Rio Guaporé”, 30/IX-1/X/1984, Binda col., 72 ex. (INPA); “Vila Bela [Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade] - Margem Guaporé”, 1-30/IX/1984, Marcolino col., 9 ex. (CEMT); MS: Campo Grande, X/1947, A. Maller col., 1 ex. (AMNH).

Body and elytra yellowish; elongate; pronotum and scutellum reddish yellow; clypeal emargination deep, sharp and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a sharp tooth-like projection, obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; pronotal posterior corners obsolete (Fig. 61A); mesotibia quadrate in cross section; metafemur, thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; inner surface of metatibia glabrous; pygidium convex and wide, sub-quadrate; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; bristles only at the apex or sides; total length of parameres near three times the length of their apex; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 61F).

Figure 61. 

Liogenys corumbana Moser. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 7.0–8.0 mm; width: 3.7–4.2 mm. Yellowish. Head: distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye, wider in females; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination narrow, deep and sharp; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth as long as the eye; lateral margin convex, with a sharp tooth-like projection; distance between this projection and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and in males lamellae longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together, disc glabrous, punctures dense and coarse; pronotal posterior corners rounded; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum bristled, as are the sides of metasternum, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum triangular, finely punctured mainly at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform yellowish; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa, sparse scales on infra-carinal and outer surface, smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur, thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex, inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex; apical inner surface glabrous; disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere smaller and wider than tarsomere II, in males protarsomere II long; in males pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres, less than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites with sparse short bristles on disc and sides; propygidium slightly visible, bristled; pygidium convex, sub-quadrate, wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled on apex or sides; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: basal region as wide as the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres near three times the length of their apex; inner margins straight; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 61F). In lateral view parameres slightly concave (Fig. 61G).

BRAZIL.Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul.

BRAZIL (MT, MS).

Liogenys corumbana is one of the smallest Liogenys species together with L. minuta Moser, 1924, this one from central Argentina. Liogenys corumbana is somewhat similar to L. acutidens because they share the size and color, but L. corumbana differs easily from the other by the shape of clypeus being deeply emarginate anteriorly and lateral margin produced sharply, forming a tooth-like.

Liogenys diodon female holotype (MLUH): [green handwritten] “diodon Br./Bras. Mlly”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/diodon Brm/ Type F/[printed] det. G. Frey 1967/68”, [white printed] “Prof. Hüsing/Halle”. Genitalia mounted.

Liogenys caviceps male holotype (NHMB): [white printed] “Mossoro/R.G.N. Bras. /X.1951”, [red printed] “TYPE [handwritten] M”, [white handwritten] “Type M/ [printed] Liogenys [handwritten] diodon Burm [printed] det. G. Frey 1968”. Genitalia mounted. Paratypes (4): L. caviceps female paratype (NMHB): [white printed] “Mossoro/R.G.N. Bras./X.1951”, [white printed] “f#”, [white printed] “Liogenys [handwritten] diodon/F/Burm [printed] det. G. Frey 1968”. L. caviceps female paratype (AMNH): [white printed] “Mossoro/R.G.N. Bras./X.1951”, [white printed] “f#”, [white printed] “CUM TYPO/COMPARATUM”, [white printed] “Liogenys [handwritten] diodon/F/Burm [printed] det. G. Frey 1968”, [white handwritten] “Plectris [wrong genus] caviceps Frey/= “diodon Burm.” In NHMB another two female paratypes remain not studied.

BRAZIL: PI: Piracuruca. Parque Nacional Sete cidades, Poço da bananeira, 4°5'56"S, 41°40'34"W, 11/II/2013,158 m, D. M. Takiya and APM Santos cols., “Pennsylvania trap”, 1 ex. (CEMT); CE: without date and collector, 1 ex. (MNRJ); RN: Jardim de Angicos, I/1952, A. Alvarenga col. 2 ex. (DZUP); Mossoró, X/1951, without collector, 2 ex. (NHMB); 1 ex. (AMNH); PE: Buique. Parque Nacional Catimbau, 8°37'S, 37°9'W, 25/I/2005, M. Schessl col. 2 ex. (CEMT); SE: Caninde do São Francisco, Fazenda Poço verde, 4/III/2000, L. Iannuzzi col. 1 ex.; (CEMT); Fazenda Miramar, 8/III/2001, L. Iannuzzi, 1 ex. (CEMT); GO: Cabeceiras, 24-27/X/1964, Exp.Dep. Zool. col. (MZSP).

Body reddish brown; elongate, sides almost parallel in males; elytra brownish, pronotum slightly darker; clypeal emargination deep, rounded and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth concave, follow the lateral margin of clypeus; meso- and metatibia quadrate or sub-quadrate in cross section, metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; bristles only at apex. In males, apex of pygidium more rounded; parameres; more than five times the length of their apex; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 62F).

Figure 62. 

Liogenys diodon Burmeister. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 8.8–9.5 mm; width: 4.7–5.5 mm. Reddish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeal emargination narrow, deep and rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; lateral margin concave; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width almost equal to the apex; fovea shallow, extending to or past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum, in males lamellae and flagellum equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse; pronotal posterior corners rounded (Fig. 62D); proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, scarsly punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform reddish brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, the apical the longest, in males the three teeth equally spaced, slightly different in females; protibial inner apical spur present; anterior margin of mesofemur with a row of long bristles; mesotibia quadrate or sub-quadrate in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, in males the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one exceeding the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex; apical inner surface setose; disc finely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere smaller than the tarsomere II and as wide as; in males protarsomere II short and wide; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides; propygidium slightly visible, bristled and scaly; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc scarsly bristled on apex; pygidial apex sub-rounded in males. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins straight; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 62F). In lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 62G).

Liogenys diodon: BRAZIL (“Norte”) [Northern Brazil]; Liogenys caviceps (syn.): BRAZIL. Mossoro, R.G.N [Rio Grande do Norte state].

BRAZIL (PI, CE, RN, PE, SE, GO).

Liogenys diodon resembles L. bilobata (Fig. 59), they share the deeply emarginate clypeus with lateral margin concave; clypeal teeth longer in males; protarsi wider than mesotarsi; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium and thick and erect bristles on posterior margin of metafemur, this latter feature also seen in L. sinuaticeps (Fig. 33). Liogenys diodon differs from L. bilobata in the smaller size; clypeal lateral margin being less concave; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; pronotal posterior corners rounded; metatibia with outer longitudinal carina barely defined or absent, disc finely sculptured; metatarsomere I shorter than tarsomere II; disc of ventrites bristled instead of scaly; pygidium convex, almost glabrous with sub-rounded apex and male metafemur not medially produced on posterior margin. Liogenys caviceps types (NMHB) bear a label written by Frey (1964) with the name Liogenys diodon instead of L. caviceps. We suppose they are in fact the primary types as the type-locality written in the labels is exactly the same mentioned in the original description. We believe that when Frey (1969) synonymized those species, he must have swapped the original labels with the species name, leaving in the types of L. caviceps only the name of its senior synonym.

Liogenys elegans female syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Coll. Nonfried/Brasilia”, [white handwritten] “26.”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/elegans”, [red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/elegans/Nonfr.”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/elegans Nonfried, 1891/labelled by MNHUB 2014”. This type is here designated the lectotype: [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys elegans/Nonfried, 1891/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”.

Liogenys brasiliensis male syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “R. Grande/do Sul”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/brasiliensis/ Mos/Typen m#.”, [white handwritten] “= elegans/ Nonfr.”, [red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/brasiliensis/Mos.”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/brasiliensis Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2014”. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys brasiliensis/Moser, 1919/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”. Female syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Brasília/ [handwritten] R. Grande do Sul”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/brasiliensis/ Mos/Typen f# ”, [red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/brasiliensis/Mos.”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/brasiliensis Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2014. This type is here designated the paralectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys brasiliensis/Moser, 1919/ des. M. A. Cherman 2014”.

Liogenys forsteri two male paratypes (NHMB): [white printed] “Huerta Grande/ Cordoba, Argent. / 1.II.1955/ leg. H. Foerster”, [red printed] “Paratype/ [handwritten] Liogenys/ forsteri/ G.Frey 1974”.

PARAGUAY. IT: Hohenau, IX/1929, Jacob col., 1 ex.; 22/X/1945, Jacob col., 1 ex. (SDEI); without locality, date and collector, 1 ex. (MLPA). BRAZIL. “Santa Cruz”, without date and collector, 1 ex. (NHMB); PR: Araucaria, without date, Dr. Czaki, 2 ex.; 10/XI, without collector, 1 ex. (AMNH); Banhado [Quatro Barras], XII/1972, P.J. Riehs col., 1 ex. (DZUP); Campo do Tenente, 10/X/1973, O. Mielke col., 3 ex. (DZUP); Caviúna [Rolandia], IX/1947, A. Maller col., 2 ex. (AMNH); Cerro Azul, 9/XII/1972, without collector, 1 ex. (DZUP); Curitiba, 6/XI/1969, 900 m, without collector, 1 ex.; 12/XI/1965, F. Giacomel col., 1 ex.; 17/XI/1970, without collector, 1 ex. (DZUP); XII/1911, without collector, 2 ex.(ZMHB); Guarauna, XII/1940, without collector, 1 ex. (DZUP); Marumbi, XI/1965, Laroca and Otero cols., 2 ex. (DZUP); Rio Negro, XI/1923, Wiltz col., 1 ex. (MNRJ); SC: Avencal, XII/1958, 800 m, without collector, 1 ex. (DZUP), Corupa, X/1948, A. Maller col., 1 ex. (AMNH), XII/1959, 60 m, without collector, 1 ex. (DZUP); without date, Reitter col., 1 ex. (NHMB); XII/1952, A. Maller col., 1 ex.; I/1932, Metz col., 2 ex. (MNRJ); Joinville, III/1958, Dirings col., 4 ex. (MZSP); Lages, without date, without collector, 1 ex. (ZMHB); Mafra, without date, Reitter col., 1 ex. (NHMB); XII/1937, A. Maller col., 1 ex. (MNRJ); Pinhal, XII/1951, A. Maller col., 1 ex. (MNRJ); Rancho Queimado, 8-11/X/1994, Bonaldo col., 4 ex.; 11/X/1996, Garcia col., 2 ex. (MCNZ); Rio Vermelho, IX/1945, A. Maller col., 1 ex. (AMNH); São Joaquim, 25/I/1983, P. Moure and Giacomel cols., 1 ex. (DZUP); RS: without date and collector, 5 ex. (ZMHB); Barão do Triunfo, 28/I/1996, Francschini col., 1 ex. (MCNZ); Cambará do Sul, 19/XII/1994, Moura col. 1 ex. (MCNZ); Canela,18/XI/1990, Hoffman col., 1 ex. (MCNZ); without locality, date and collector, 5 ex. (ZMHB). ARGENTINA. MI: Puerto Iguazu, 24/X/1997, without collector, 2 ex. (CEMT); IX/1947, Duret col., 2 ex. (CMNC); Panambi, XII/1958, A. Martinez col., 1 ex. (CMNC); CO: Huerta Grande, 7/I/1955, Foerster col., 1 ex. (NHMB).

Body, pronotum and elytra brownish to dark brown, very shiny; elongate; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and very wide; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin straight; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; pronotal, lateral margins barely convex; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; pygidium wide, convex in males, pygidial midline sulcated in females; pygidial disc wrinkled, coarsely punctured; almost glabrous, bristled only on apex; parameres widened ventrally at the transverse midline and narrowed towards the fusiform apex; inner margins convergent (Fig. 63F).

Figure 63. 

Liogenys elegans Nonfried. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 12.7–13.5 mm; width: 6.8–7.1 mm. Brownish to dark brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length than clypeus; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and very wide, apparently truncated; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin straight; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea deep and elongate, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and sparse; pronotal lateral margins barely convex; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled, proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum rounded or sub-rounded, coarsely punctured. Elytra: very shiny, glabrous, dark reddish brown, darker at the base; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; disc coarsely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere shorter and wider than tarsomere II; in males protarsomere II long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider the mesotarsomeres, less than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites with sparse short bristles on disc and sides; propygidium slightly visible, glabrous; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc glabrous, shiny, bristled only on apex, wrinkled, coarsely punctured; pygidial apex in males sub-quadrate. Parameres: basal region as wide as the parameres together at its maximum width; parameral split at 2/3; inner margins convergent; parameres widened ventrally at the transverse midline and narrowed towards the fusiform apex (Fig. 63F). In lateral view concave; apex curved downwards partially (Fig. 63G).

Liogenys elegans: BRAZIL; Liogenys brasiliensis: BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul (syn); Liogenys forsteri: ARGENTINA. Huerta Grande, Córdoba (syn.).

PARAGUAY (IT); BRAZIL (PR, SC, RS); ARGENTINA (MI, CO) .

Liogenys elegans is the sister lineage of a clade conformed by the species: L. tibialis, L. punctaticollis, L. testaceipennis and L. spiniventris (Cherman et al. 2016). Liogenys elegans shares with the species of the clade the body size elongate; the pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; pygidial disc coarsely punctured and bristled only on apex; in females ventrites II to IV furnished with protuberances medially which are barely noticeable and visible only in lateral view. Liogenys elegans differs in the clypeal emargination being apparently truncated, shallow and wide; clypeus always straight laterally, pronotal convexity of lateral margins barely noticeable (like in L. unicolor); pygidium wide and male genitalia distinctive. The primary types of L. elegans (ZMHB) and L. forsteri (NHMB) were compared and we concluded than they are conspecific, so herein is designated L. forsteri a junior subjective synonym of L. elegans.

Liogenys fuscus female syntype (MNHN): [white handwritten] “De l’emb./de l’Uruguay/jusqu’aux/missions”, [green handwritten] “Liogenys fuscus/Cat. Mus./Rives de l’Uruguay/ M. A. St Hilaire”, [red printed] “SYNTYPE”, [light green printed] “MUSÉUM PARIS”. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed], “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys fuscus/Blanchard, 1851/ des. M. A. Cherman 2012”. Female syntype (MNHN): [white handwritten] “6449/34”, [white handwritten] “1444”, [light green printed] “MUSÉUM PARIS/ [handwritten] Santa Cruz/D’Orbigny”. This type is here designated the paralectotype: [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/ Liogenys fuscus/Blanchard, 1851/ des. M. A. Cherman 2012”. Liogenys argentinus male syntype ZMHB: [grey printed] “Argentinien/Santiago del Estero”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/argentinus/Mos./Typen m# ”, [red printed] “Typus”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/argentinus Moser, 1918/labelled by MNHUB 2011”. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys argentinus/Moser, 1918/ des. M. A. Cherman 2012”. Seven male and seven female syntypes (ZMHB): [grey printed] “Argentinien/ Santiago del Estero”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/argentinus/Mos./ Typen”, [red printed] “Typus”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/argentinus Moser, 1918/ labelled by MNHUB 2011”. These fourteen syntypes are here designated as paralectotypes, each one with the label: [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys argentinus/Moser, 1918/ des. M. A. Cherman 2012”.

Liogenys cuyabanus male syntype (ZMHB): [white handwritten] “Cuyaba/Mato Grosso”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/cuyabanus/Mos./Type m#”, [light red printed] “Typus”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/cuyabana Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011”. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys cuyabanus/Moser, 1919/ des. M. A. Cherman 2012”. Four female syntypes (ZMHB): [white handwritten] “Cuyaba/Mato Grosso”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/cuyabanus/Mos./Typen f#”, [light red printed] “Typus”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/cuyabana Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011”. These four syntypes are here designated as paralectotypes, each one with the label: “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys cuyabanus/Moser, 1919/ des. M. A. Cherman 2012”.

PARAGUAY. “Estancia Postillón, Puerto max. A. Rio Paraguay”, without date, Louis des Arts Jr. Col., 1 ex. (ZMHB); PH: Puerto Pinasco, IX/1916, without collector, 2 ex. (AMNH); Campo León, X/1979, A. Martinez col., 1 ex. (CMNC); BQ: Filadelfia, X/1979, A. Martinez col., 2 ex. (CMNC). BOLIVIA. SC: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, without date, M. D’Orbigny col., 2 ex. (MNHN); Camiri, 9/XI/1946, Maldonado col., 2 ex. (CMNC); Comarapa, “9 km SW”, 17°58.926'S, 64°34.365'W, XII/2008, Edmonds and Vidaurre cols., 1 ex. (CEMT); San Ramon, “Laguna Brava”, 15/IX/1987, A. Castillo col., 1 ex. (AMNH); TA: Tatarenda, without date, 618 m, Erland Nordenskj col., 1 ex. (AMHB). BRAZIL. TO: Porto Nacional, XI/1953, R. Aires col., 1 ex. (DZUP); BA: Encruzilhada, 15°34'35"S, 40°56'51"W, 15/XII/2012, 850 m, Rafael and Grossi col., 2 ex. (INPA); MG: Arinos, 6/XI/1964, Exp. Dep. Zool. Col., 1 ex. (MZSP); Águas Vermelhas, “Faz. Faccino”,12/XII/2012, P. Grossi col., 1 ex. (EPGC); DF: Brasília, 15°44'10.30"S, 47°56'6.6"W, XII/2009, 1070 m, Carvalho col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Planaltina, “Embrapa Cerrados”, 15°36'16"S, 47°44'16"W, 18/XI/2009, C. Oliveira col., 1 ex. (CEMT); GO: Aragarças, X/1959, M. Alvarenga, 2 ex. (DZUP); MT: Barão de Melgaço, 21/V/2011, Sol col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Barra do Garças, 1990, Serrano col., 1 ex.; 15/X/1988, Capucho col., 1 ex.; 4/X/1988, Pereira col., 1ex. (CEMT); Boa Esperança 3/XI/1991, Oliveira col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Cáceres, 9/XI/1984, C. Elias col., 1 ex. (DZUP); Chapada dos Guimarães, 27-30/IX/2005, Marques col., 5 ex.; 5/X/2005, Marques col., 1 ex.; 30/V/2011, Sol col., 1 ex.; 27/V/2011, Klemp col., 1 ex.; “EE Buriti”, 6/X/1984, Dal Ponte col., 1 ex.; “Água Fria”, 8/X/1989, without collector, 1 ex.; (CEMT); Cuiabá, without date and collector, 8 ex.; 7/IX/1988, Loverde col. 1 ex.; 6/X/1988, Oliveira, Alves and Macieski cols., 4 ex.; 7/X/1988, Resende col., 1 ex.; 10/XI/1990, Aicio col., 3 ex.; 13/X/1991, Souza col., 1 ex.; 8/XI/1991, Aquino col., 1 ex.; 14/II/1992, Abido col., 1 ex.; 10/VIII/1992, Edenir col., 1 ex.; 8/IV/1993, Almindo Filho col., 1 ex.; 6/V/1993, Serrano col., 1 ex.; 20-25/VII/1993, Serrano col., 2 ex.; 17/VIII/1993, Serrano col., 1 ex.; 19/VIII/1993, Romio col., 1 ex.; 24/VIII/1993, Pinto col., 4 ex.; 8/XI/1993, Godoy col., 1 ex.; 21/XI/1993, Silva col., 4 ex.; 10/IV/1994, silveira col., 1 ex.; 12/III/1994, Ormond col., 1 ex.; 9/IX/1994, Montori col., 1 ex.; 1, 29/X/1994, Montori col. 2 ex.; 16-18/X/1994, Solange col., 2 ex.; 20/VI/2009, Silva col., 1 ex.; 11/IV/2010, Marcondes col., 1 ex.; “campus UFMT” 24/X/1988, Oliveira col., 1 ex.; 4/X/1990, Marques col., 1 ex.; 8/XI/1990, Alves Costa col., 1 ex.; 14/IX/1991, Souza col., 1 ex.; X/2008, Vaz-de-Mello col., 12 ex.; 13/IX/1988, Marques col., 1 ex.; 10/XI/1988, Leni col., 1 ex.; 13/IX/1988, Marques col. 1 ex; “Fazenda Birvana”, X-XI/1988, Serrano col., 2 ex.; “Duque de Caxias, 15/III/2011, Cardodo col., 2 ex.; “ Rodoviária”, 15/IV/2011, Vaz-de-Mello col., 14 ex.; “Santa Cruz”, 30/XI/2010, Kramer col., 1 ex.; “Res. Coxipó”, 12/IV/1989, Gianni col., 1 ex.; 22/XI/2010, F. Vaz-de-Mello col., 1 ex.; “Boa Esperança” X/2010, Vaz-de-Mello col., 1 ex.; 5/V/2010, Rabello col., 1ex.; “Jardim Vitória” 22/VIII/2009, Galvão col., 2 ex.; “Recanto do Sol” 23/X/2009, Dal Mas col., 1 ex.; “Cophamil” 27/VIII/1990, Regina col., 1 ex.; “Santa Amalia”, 22/V/2011, Klemp col., 1 ex.; “Verdão”,25/X/1989, Roseni col., 1 ex.; “Jardim das Américas” 11/VI/2010, Amado col., 1 ex.; Lucas do Rio Verde, 3/I/2012, Camera col., 2 ex. (CEMT); Nova Mutum, “Alto da Colina”, 20/VII/2010, Amhold col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Nossa Senhora do Livramento, 15/XI/1992, 2 ex.; 12/XII/1992, 1 ex. (CEMT); Pari, 6/X/1988, Auxiliadora col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Pocone, “SESC pantanal”, 10/IV/2009, Abreu col., 1 ex.; 14/V/2002, without collector, 2 ex.; 6/IX/2002, Myazaki col., 4 ex.; 7/IX/2002, without collector, 5 ex.; 12/X/2002; without collector, 1 ex.; “Fazenda Santa Maria”, 23/XII/2011, Semedo col., 1 ex.; “Fazenda Bom Jesus”, 24/XII/2010, Santos col., 1 ex.; “Transpantaneira, Porto Jofre”, 5/V/1984, Silva col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Porto Esperidião, XI/1984, Magno, Alvarenga cols., 3 ex. (MNRJ); Rondonópolis, 6/IX/1991, Viegas col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Rosario Oeste, XI/1976, A. Maller col., 2 ex. (MNRJ); Santo Antonio do Leverger, 16/XI/2008, Becker col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Tangará da serra, “Chacara Asa Branca”, 14°32'42"S, 58°40'28"W, XI/2011, Meurer col., 8 ex. (CEMT). Várzea Grande, 8/VI/2011, Uchaki col. 1 ex.; 27/X/1991, Bento col., 1 ex.; 5/XI/2008, Silva col., 1 ex. (CEMT); MS: Corumbá, “Nhecolandia”, 17/X/1953, C. R. Gonçalves col., 11 ex. (DZUP); 11 ex. (MNRJ); “Fazenda São Bento próxima a Porto Jofre”, 6/XII/2010, Tortato col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Salobra, 29/VIII/1940, Com IOC col., 1 ex.; XI/1941, Com IOC col., 2 ex. (CEIOC); Porto Murtinho, “Faz. Campo Florido”, 11/XII/2012, M Savaris and S Lampert col., 2 ex. (DZUP). Rio Verde [Rio Verde do Mato Grosso], XI/1963, 400 m, A. Maller, 2 ex (DZUP); “Zona da NOB Oswaldo Cruz Correntes” [Dois Irmãos do Burito], 17/X/1938, without collector, 4 ex. (CEIOC); SP: Jundiaí, 10/II/2012, Castro col., 1 ex.; 30/XII/2011, Castro col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Campinas, without date and collector, 1 ex. (ZMHB); RS: São Francisco de Paula, 29°25'22.4"S, 50°23'11.2"W, 10/XII/2009, P. Grossi col., 1 ex. (CEMT). ARGENTINA. SA: Aguaray, XII/1959, A. Martinez col., 1 ex. (MZSP); FO: Laguna Yema, 24°21'20,95"S, 61°18'55,23"W, 11/XII/2008, Ocampo, San Blas, Campon cols., 5 ex. (IADIZA); Rio Pilcomayo, 9/X/1906, Hermann J. col., 1 ex. (ZMHB); SE: without date, Wagner col., 4 ex. (MLPA); TU, IX/1900, C. Bruch col., 1 ex. (MACN); CH: Asustado, without date, Richter col., 1 ex. (MLPA), Resistencia, XII/1961, A. Martinez col., 2 ex. (CMNC); CR: Bella Vista, IV/1931, without collector, 1 ex. (MLPA); CO: “Córdoba, Casa Hernandez”, XI/1965, A. Martinez col., 2 ex. (CMNC); Rio Cuarto, without date, Bremer col., 1 ex. (ZMHB).

Body, pronotum and elytra purplish brown or dark brown; elongate; distance between eyes slightly more than twice the width of one eye; frons slightly longer than clypeus; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a projection that varies from rounded to sharp; pronotal convexity at sides distinct (Fig. 64D); pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly (Fig. 64A); pro-, meso- and metasternum, pro- and metacoxae scaly (Figs 64B, E); male mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; inner margin of male metatibia abruptly sub-basally or medially produced towards apex; protarsi, male claws unequal, symmetrical in females; basal metatarsomere one-half the length of tarsomere II and wider; pygidium noticeable convex and wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins slightly convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 64G). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 64G).

Figure 64. 

Liogenys fusca Blanchard. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Male protarsal claw G Parameres, dorsal view H. Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 12.4–14.0 mm; width: 6.5–7.6 mm. Purplish brown. Head: distance between eyes slightly more than twice the width of one eye; frons slightly longer than clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel or parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a projection that varies from rounded to sharp; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye slightly longer than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth longer than basal width of anterior tooth; obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width more than twice width of apex; fovea deep and oval, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and in males lamellae longer than the flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and dense, smooth at posterior longitudinal midline; pronotal convexity at sides distinct; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled, in some cases almost right-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly; proepisternum with long bristles and scales; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform dark brown to purplish, elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; pair of inner ridges more noticeable than the other three outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth slightly longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section in males, cylindrical in females; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated and abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured in males, coarsely sculptured in females; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere one-half the length of tarsomere II and wider, in males protarsomere II long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; protarsal claws asymmetrical in males, symmetrically bifid in females; superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of abundant scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium noticeable convex, sub-quadrate, wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex, coarsely punctured, pygidial apex quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins slightly convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 64G). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 64H).

Liogenys fuscus: Rives de l’Uruguay [today Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]; Liogenys argentinus: ARGENTINA. Santiago del Estero (syn.); Liogenys cuyabanus: BRAZIL. Cuiabá, Mato Grosso (syn.).

BRAZIL (TO, BA, MG, DF, GO, MT, MS, SP, RS); PARAGUAY (BQ, PH); BOLIVIA (Santa Cruz, Tarija); ARGENTINA (SA, TU, FO, CH, SE, CR, CO).

Liogenys fusca resembles L. bidentata (Fig. 57) and L. pallidicornis (Fig. 67). Cherman et al. (2016) support that those species are closely related. Liogenys fusca differs from the other two in the quadridentate clypeus, being more evident in males; clypeal emargination rounded; elytral suture distinctly elevated; elytral pair of inner ridges more noticeable than the outers; pygidial disc swollen; basal metatarsomere one-half the length of tarsomere II and wider; inner margin of male metatibia abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex, claws of protarsi asymmetrical, one bifid and one simple (Fig. 64F) and parameres concave.

Liogenys laminiceps male holotype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Brasilia/ [handwritten] Sao Paulo”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/laminiceps/Mos/Typen”, [light red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/laminiceps/Mos.”, [red printed] “HOLOTYPUS/Liogenys/laminiceps Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2013”. Genitalia mounted.

Body and elytra reddish brown; elongate, widest at posterior third; pronotum darker; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a rounded projection, obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; antenna 9-articulated; pronotal disc punctures very sparse; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; pygidium convex; in males, parameres widened from the midline towards the apex, maximum width subapically; apex rounded; inner margins convergent (Fig. 65F).

Figure 65. 

Liogenys laminiceps Moser. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 9.8 mm; width: 5.5 mm. Reddish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeus bristled anteriorly; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a rounded projection; distance between this projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth, distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye shorter than one eye; obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width slightly wider than the apex; fovea deep and elongate, extending to or past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 9-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures very sparse and coarse; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum rounded, coarsely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform reddish brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface, punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc finely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex; inner surface setose; disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex; basal metatarsomere wider than tarsomere II and equal in length; protarsomere II short and wide; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides; propygidium visible, bristled and scaly; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide, pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc bristled throughout; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: basal region with parameral split at 2/3; parameres widened from the midline towards the apex, maximum width subapically (Fig. 65F); apex rounded; inner margins convergent. In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 65G).

BRAZIL. São Paulo.

BRAZIL (SP).

Liogenys laminiceps is one of the few species with antenna 9-articulated, together with L. sinuaticeps (Fig. 72) and L. flavida, a southern Argentinian species. The last two species are easily differentiated from L. laminiceps because they are yellowish and with sides of body being almost parallel. The female of L. laminiceps remains unknown.

Liogenys moseri male syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Rio Jan”, [white printed] “Liogenys/laminiceps/Mos.”, [light red printed] “Typus”, [white handwritten] “Type/ [printed] Liogenys/ [handwritten] moseri n. sp./[printed] det G. Frey, 1968”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/moseri Frey, 1969/labelled by MNHUB 2014”. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys moseri/Frey, 1969/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”. Genitalia mounted. Male syntype (NHMB): [white printed] “Rio Jan”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/sjoestedti/Mos/Typen.”, [red printed] “PARATYPE”, [white printed] Liogenys/ [handwritten] moseri/n. sp./[printed] det G. Frey, 1968”, [white handwritten] “Wagner”, [white printed] “Hieke/Berlin”. This type is here designated the paralectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys moseri/Frey, 1969/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”.

BRAZIL. Without locality and date, 1 ex. (NHRS); MT: Pocone: Margen baia do Burro, 17°50.73'S, 57°24.17'W, 15/XI/2011, J. L. da Silva col., 1 ex.; without date, 1 ex.; Sede do parque [Parque Nacional do Pantanal Matogrossense], 17°50.73'S, 57°24.17'W, 15/XI/2011, J. L. da Silva col., 1 ex. (CEMT).

Body and elytra testaceous, elongate, sides almost parallel; pronotum reddish brown; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin with a sharp tooth-like projection, forming a deep right angle between this projection and the anterior teeth; pronotal posterior corners apparently rounded, weakly obtuse; mesepisternum, sides of metasternum, metacoxae and ventrites scaly; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; pygidium flat; sub-quadrate; pygidial disc with abundant erect bristles throughout; punctures reticulated; parameres widened on apex, apex rounded; inner margins convergent.

Length: 9.8–10.8 mm; width: 4.6–5.0 mm. Testaceous. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth as long as the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a sharp tooth-like projection, distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye, distance between tooth-like projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; right angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width more than twice width of apex, fovea deep; not reaching the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae and flagellum unicolored and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and dense; pronotal posterior corners apparently rounded, weakly obtuse; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform testaceous, lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size, in males protarsomere II short and wide; in males pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites scaly on disc; propygidium visible, bristled; pygidium flat, sub-quadrate, wide, pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc with abundant erect bristles throughout, punctures reticulated; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; inner margins convergent; apex widened, rounded (Fig. 66F). In lateral view parameres slightly concave (Fig. 66G).

Figure 66. 

Liogenys moseri Frey. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro.

BRAZIL (RJ, MT).

Liogenys moseri resembles L. obesina Frey, 1969 —a northern Argentinian species— mainly in the shape of the parameres, but they differ in the body shape, being the sides more parallel in L. moseri; clypeal lateral margins produced; thorax and abdomen scaly ventrally; pygidial apex slightly narrower and bristles on disc thicker. The type-locality of L. moseri (Rio de Janeiro) is dubious, as the amount of localities recorded among the non-type material are from Mato Grosso state, which is very far from Rio de Janeiro. The type material was collected by Wagner during the end of 19^th century and beginning of the 20^th, mainly in Rio Salado region (Santiago del Estero, Argentina). Probably, the original type-locality written on the label was “Rio Sal” instead of “Rio Jan”, misspelled by the person who wrote the definitive label. Female of L. moseri remains unknown.

Liogenys pallidicornis male syntype (MNHN): [white handwritten] “Capit^e/des Mines”, [green handwritten] “Liogenys pallidicornis./Cat. Mus./Brésil/M. A. St. Hilaire”, [light green printed] “MUSEUM PARIS. [handwritten] Cap. des/Mines”, [red printed] “SYNTYPE”. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys pallidicornis/Blanchard 1851/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”. Male syntype (MNHN): [white handwritten] “Capit^e/des Mines”, [green handwritten] “Liogenys pallidicornis./Cat. Mus./Brésil/M. A. St. Hilaire”, [light green printed] “MUSEUM PARIS. [handwritten] Cap. des/Mines”, [red printed] “SYNTYPE”. This type is here designated the paralectotype: [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys pallidicornis/Blanchard 1851/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”.

BRAZIL. Without locality, date and collector, 4 ex. (ZMHB); CE: without date and collector, 2 ex. (ZMHB); Ubajara, “P.N. Portão Neblina”, 3°50'35.5"S, 40°54'1"W, 16/II/2013, 850 m, Vaz-de-Mello and Grossi col., 1 ex. (CEMT); “Nordeste”, without date and collector, 2 ex. (CEMT); RN: Jardim de Angicos, I/1952, M. Alvarenga, 1 ex. (DZUP); Natal, XII/1956, A.F. Magalhães col., 1 ex. (DZUP); 2 ex. (MNRJ); Mossoró, I/1952, M. Alvarenga col., 4 ex. (DZUP); SE: Caninde do São Francisco, “Faz. Miramar”, 11/III/2000, L. Iannuzzi col., 1 ex. (CEMT); BA: Jacobina, XII/1941, Mangabeira col., 2 ex. (CMNC). ARGENTINA. Chaco austral, without date, C. Bruch col., 1 ex. (MLPA).

Body, pronotum and elytra purplish brown or dark brown; elongate; distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye; frons longer than clypeus; clypeal emargination sub-angled, shallow and narrow; clypeal lateral margin convex; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly; pro-, meso- and metasternum, pro- and metacoxae scaly abundantly; male mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; protarsal claws symmetrical; basal metatarsomere shorter than tarsomere II and slightly wider; pygidium flat or convex and wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex, narrowed subapically; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 67F).

Figure 67. 

Liogenys pallidicornis Blanchard. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 11.0–13.0 mm; width: 6.1–7.2 mm. Purplish brown. Head: distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye; frons longer than clypeus; clypeal emargination sub-angled, shallow and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice the width of apex; fovea shallow and oval, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; pronotal disc glabrous, punctures dense and fine, smooth at the posterior longitudinal midline; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly, abundant scales; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum triangular, smooth. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform dark brown to purplish; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored and elevated; four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, in males the three teeth equally spaced, in females distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc glabrous, with a row of long bristles on the anterior margin; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section in males, cylindrical in females, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex, inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured in males, coarsely in females; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere smaller and slightly wider than tarsomere II, in males protarsomere II long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior and inferior tooth equal in length and wider; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of abundant scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides, on sides also scaly; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium flat or convex, sub-quadrate, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex, with long bristles; finely punctured; pygidial apex quadrate or sub-quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; narrowed sub-apically; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 67F). In lateral view parameres convex (Fig. 67G).

BRAZIL. “Capit.e des Mines” [today Minas Gerais state].

BRAZIL (CE, RN, SE, MG, BA); ARGENTINA (“Chaco Austral”).

Liogenys pallidicornis resembles L. fusca (Fig. 64) and L. bidentata (Fig. 57) and differs from them in the shape of the clypeus being not produced laterally; scutellum smooth; and parameres being narrowed sub-apically, the shape of the apex is distinctive and parameres convex in lateral view. Liogenys pallidicornis is the sister lineage of L. bidentata (Cherman et al. 2016) and differs in the fovea of the distal maxillary palpomere being shallower and narrower, metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatarsomere I slightly wider than tarsomere II and pygidium convex.

Liogenys parvus male syntype (MNHN): [white handwritten] “Capit.^e/des mines [today Minas Gerais]”, [light green printed] “MUSEUM PARIS/ [handwritten] Caple des/Mines”, [green handwritten] “L. parvus/ Cat Mus/ Montevideo/ M. A. St. Hilaire”. Male genitalia mounted. This type is here designated as lectotype, bearing: [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys parva/Blanchard, 1851/des. M. A. Cherman 2016”.

Body yellowish brown; elongate; elytra testaceous, pronotum darker; clypeus quadridentate due to the tooth-like projection laterally; clypeal emargination sub-angled and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; distance between clypeal lateral and anterior tooth equal to basal width of anterior tooth, distance between clypeal lateral tooth and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye, right angle between clypeal lateral and anterior tooth; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; metacoxa punctured and bristled; pygidium convex, apex rounded; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled on apex; male genitalia, total length of parameres less than three times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 68F).

Figure 68. 

Liogenys parva Blanchard. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 8.0–9.0 mm; width: 4.4 mm. Yellowish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons length equal to clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, rounded and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeus convex laterally and strongly produced forming a tooth-like projection; distance between lateral and anterior tooth equal to basal width of anterior tooth, distance between lateral tooth and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye, right angle between anterior and lateral teeth; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and equal in length. Thorax: pronotal anterior margin of pronotum straight and depressed throughout (Fig. 68D); maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and coarse; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum with few scales; sides of metasternum with few long bristles; distance between meso- and metacoxae twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum sub-rounded, scarce punctures at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform yellowish to testaceous, lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and slightly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly and bristled, long bristles on infra-carinal surface and short bristles on outer surface; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; with a row of long bristles on the anterior and posterior margins of mesofemur, mesotibia cylindrical in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; metacoxa coarsely punctured and scarcely bristled, basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose, disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; protarsomere II long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior teeth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales beneath the outer margin of elytra; disc of ventrites and propygidium bristled; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc glabrous, few long bristles on apex, coarsely punctured; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: basal region slightly wider than the parameres together at its transverse midline; parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres less than three times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 68F). In lateral view parameres straight not coplanar with basal region, concave apically (Fig. 68G).

BRAZIL. “Capit.^e des Mines” [Minas Gerais state].

BRAZIL (MG).

The type-locality mentioned by Blanchard (1851) in the original description is “Montevideo”, as well as the green label added by the MNHN. This seems to be a mistake, because the original label of Saint Hilaire says “Capitanie des Mines”, corresponding to Minas Gerais, Brazil. As the lectotype studied matches with the original description, we concluded that it is in fact describing L. parva, and “Capitanie des Mines” [Minas Gerais] should be the right type-locality. As we did not find non-type material from Uruguay corresponding to L. parva, this distribution record is considered as incorrect. The female remains unknown.

Frey (1969) redescribed L. parva Blanchard but some differences were found comparing that redescription with the Blanchard's, type, as the pygidium smooth at 16x magnification and the shape of parameres drawn by Frey. Also, Frey mentioned “Argentinien, Pilcomayo, Formosa” as the type-locality and according to him, the types were deposited in Smithsonian Institute Washington (USNM) and in NHMB, different from L. parva Blanchard's, type. We did not find any L. parva type in both USNM and NHMB museums, though in NHMB there was found only one non-type specimen labeled by Frey as L. parva, with labels from USNM and Frey's, collection, labeled from Salta, Argentina (see Liogenys freyi Cherman, sp. n. remarks). After studying the L. parva Blanchard lectotype (MNHN), plus Frey's, (1969) redescription and the non-type specimen found in NHMB, we concluded that the L. parva redescribed by Frey (1969) does not correspond to L. parva Blanchard.

Hilarianus punctaticollis male holotype (MNHN): [handwritten] “Brésil”, [light green printed] “MUSÉUM PÁRIS”, [red printed] “SYNTYPE”, [green handwritten] “H. punctaticollis/ Cat Mus/ Brésil/ M. de Castelnau”. Genitalia mounted.

Liogenys palmata male lectotype (MHLU): [handwritten] “palmata/ Germ./ Bras Int.”, [white handwritten] “Type/Liogenys/palmatus/burm/[printed] det. G. Frey 1967/68”. Genitalia mounted. Male paralectotype (MHLU): “P. Type/Liogenys/ palmatus/ burm/ [printed] det. G. Frey 1967/68”, [green printed] “Nov./Frib.”, [white printed] “Prof. Hüsind/Halle” Genitalia mounted. Female paralectotype (MHLU): “P. Type/Liogenys/palmatus/burm/[printed] det. G. Frey 1967/68”, [white printed] “Prof. Hüsind/Halle”. Those three types were labeled by Frey in 1967/68, as Type and P. Types and that is why they are here considered as lectotype and paralectotypes.

Hilarianus anguliceps female holotype (MNHN): [white handwritten] “71/44”, [light green printed] “MUSÉUM PÁRIS/Rio-Janeiro/de Castelnau”, [white handwritten] “f#”, [white handwritten] “Hilarianus/anguliceps Bl”, [red printed] “SYNTYPE”, [green handwritten] “H. anguliceps/Cat Mus/ Brésil/M. de Castelnau”.

BRAZIL. ES: Rio Bonito, X/1963, 600 m, without collector, 1 ex. (DZUP); MG: Mesquita, XII/1973, Ravenna col., 1 ex. (CMNC); SP: São Paulo, IX/1936, J. Zikan col., 1 ex. (IBSP); without locality and date, Raben col., 1 ex. (ZMUC).

Body brownish; elongate; elytra testaceous to brownish, pronotum darker, reddish brown in males and dark brown in females; clypeal emargination sub-angled and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; clypeal lateral margin straight; mesotibia quadrate in cross section in males, sub-quadrate to cylindrical in females; posterior margin of male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; metatibial inner margin abruptly sub-basally or medially produced; pygidium varies from flat to convex, as wide as it is long, pygidial disc bristled only on apex; in males, total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 69F).

Figure 69. 

Liogenys punctaticollis Blanchard. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 14.0–16.0 mm; width: 6.9–7.9 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeal emargination sub-angled, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior tooth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin straight; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and coarse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform brownish, barely lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; pair of inner ridges more noticeable than outer three pairs. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured, apical transverse carina in male mesotibia with intraspecific variation being partial or complete, in females always complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated and abruptly medially produced towards apex, apical inner surface setose, metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size, in males protarsomere II long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled on disc; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium in lateral view flat or convex, in posterior view sub-trapezoidal, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex in males quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at the third portion; total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; inner margins slightly convergent and opened; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 69F). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 69G).

Liogenys punctaticollis: BRAZIL; Liogenys anguliceps: BRAZIL. Nova Friburgo, RJ (syn). Liogenys palmata: BRAZIL, “int” (syn).

BRAZIL (ES, MG, RJ, SP).

Liogenys punctaticollis differs from L. tibialis (Fig. 77) in a few features, such as the lateral margin of clypeus being always straight; in females the elytra are very shiny and the male genitalia with total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres and inner margins slightly convergent and opened.

In Cherman et al. (2016)Hilarianus anguliceps was synonymized with L. punctaticollis. As it is the Hilarianus type species, this genus was designated the junior synonym of Liogenys (Cherman et al. 2016).

Liogenys rufocastaneus male syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Paraguay”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/rufocastaneus/Mos/Type m#.”, [light red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/rufocastaneus/Mos.”. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated the lectotype: [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys rufocastaneus/Moser, 1921/des. M. A. Cherman 2016”. A female syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Brasilien”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/rufocastaneus/Mos/Type f#.” [light red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/rufocastaneus/Mos.” These syntype are here designated as paralectotype, with the label: “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys rufocastaneus/ Moser, 1921/ des. M. A. Cherman 2016”.

without locality and date, Kraatz, 1 ex. (SDEI); PARAGUAY. Without date, Fry, 1 ex. (NHMB); Without date, Kraatz, 9 ex. (SDEI). BRAZIL. Without date, Kraatz, 7 ex. (SDEI).

Body, elytra and pronotum brown; elongate; clypeus weakly emarginate; clypeus and frons almost coplanar; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin straight; pronotal posterior corners rounded; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; pygidium flat and wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex, punctures very sparse; pygidial apex quadrate; males genitalia, basal region of parameres wider than the parameres together at its maximum width; apex ornamented and emarginate laterally forming two projections at each side (Fig. 70F), subapical angles sharp, truncated and slightly divergent apically.

Figure 70. 

Liogenys rufocastanea Moser. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 8.0-9.0 mm; width: 4.1-4.2 mm. Brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye in males, wider in females; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeus and frons almost coplanar; anterior margin of clypeus slightly emarginate, emargination shallow, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin straight; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together, disc glabrous, punctures very sparse and coarse; pronotal posterior corners rounded; proepisternum with short bristles; mesosternum scaly; sides of metasternum with sparse scales anteriorly, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, sparse and coarse punctures at the sides of the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa, sparse scales on infra-carinal, outer surface up to inner margins of femur, smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on the anterior margin; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete in males; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter, disc scaly; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; protarsomere II long; in males pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres wider than the mesotarsomeres, twice as wide as metatarsi; basal metatarsomere twice shorter and slightly wider than tarsomere II; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled sparsely on disc and sides; propygidium visible, glabrous or scarcely bristled; pygidium flat, sub-trapezoidal, wide, as longer as wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex quadrate. Parameres: basal region wide and somewhat swollen, very short, parameral split at 1/3; ventral sides of base projected laterally; parameral inner margins straight; apex ornated, emarginate laterally forming two projections at each side, the basal one sharp, apical one truncated and slightly divergent (Fig. 70F). In lateral view parameres straight almost coplanar with basal region (Fig. 70G).

PARAGUAY.

BRAZIL; PARAGUAY.

Liogenys rufocastanea resembles Pacuvia castanea Curtis —the species type of the Chilean genus— in the shape of the clypeus plus frons, which are almost coplanar and in the clypeus slightly emarginate, being this one a non-common feature among Liogenys species.

Liogenys santaecrucis male syntype (MNHN): [white handwritten] “D319/34” [light green printed] “MUSEUM PARIS/Chiquitos/d’Orbigny”, [red printed] “SYNTYPE”. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Liogenys santaecrucis/Blanchard, 1851/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”. Female syntype (MNHN) [white handwritten] “D319/34”, [light green printed] “MUSEUM PARIS/[handwritten] Chiquitos/d’Orbigny”, [red printed] “SYNTYPE”, [green handwritten] “L. sanctae-crucis/Cat. Mus./Santa-Cruz (Bolivie)/M. D Orbigny). This syntype is here designated the paralectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE/Liogenys santaecrucis/Blanchard, 1851/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”.

Liogenys excisus male holotype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Cuyaba/Mtt. Grosso”, [white handwritten] “kein/furr? Mos”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/excisus/Mos/Typen”, [red printed] “Typus”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/bidenti/ceps Mos/[printed] det. G. Frey, 1968”.

BRAZIL. MT: Dist. Guia. Faz Santhidi, 15°28'47S 56°07'33"W, 3/XI/2010, 180m, L. Silva col., 2 ex. (CEMT); Cáceres, 14/XI/1984, Buzzi, Mielke, Elias and Casagrande cols. 1 ex. (DZUP). BOLIVIA. LP: Rio Tamampayo, without date and collector, 1 ex. (ZMHB).

Body brownish; elongate, sides almost parallel; elytra testaceous to brownish, pronotum slightly darker; clypeal emargination very deep, sub-angled and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; meso- and metatibia quadrate in cross section, metatibia not transversally carinated and metatibial spurs equal in length; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc entirely bristled throughout. In males, pygidium covered with erect bristles, apex with angled corners. Male genitalia with a groove across the parameral basal region, elevated flange along the inner margin, apex widened and rounded (Fig. 71G).

Figure 71. 

Liogenys santaecrucis Blanchard. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Reticulate punctures G Parameres, dorsal view H Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 9.5–10.3 mm; width: 4.4–5.2 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, sub-angled and wide; teeth closer in females; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth as long as the eye; lateral margin slightly convex; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width equal to the apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and equal in length in males. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and sparse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, right-angled; proepisternum with long bristles, pro- and mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured at the base or sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniformly testaceous, barely lighter in color than pronotum, elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and not elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size; the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; disc finely sculptured; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibial disc finely sculptured and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibia not carinated transversally; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the apex diameter of tibia; in males, pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres; protarsi more than twice wider than metatarsi; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than inferior tooth; distance between teeth less than the inner tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; disc and sides of ventrites bristled as is the propygidium; pygidium flat, trapezoidal, apex somewhat angled, wider than long, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled throughout, with yellow bristles, deep umbilical reticulate punctures (Fig. 71F). Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width; parameral split at 2/3; basal region strongly grooved at the split level and follows the inner margin forming a flange (Fig. 71G); apex rounded and widened. In lateral view parameres concave, curved downwards apically (Fig. 71H).

Liogenys santaecrucis: BOLIVIA. Santa-Cruz, Chiquitos; Liogenys excisus: BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Cuiabá (junior synonym).

BRAZIL (MT); BOLIVIA (LP, SC).

Liogenys santaecrucis shares with L. bidenticeps the body size and color of elytra, but it differs in many features such as the deep and angled clypeal emargination, outer margin of teeth and eye equally long, metatibial spurs equally long, pygidium exceeding the distance between the spiracles of the propygidium and the shape of male genitalia is also distinctive. It shares with L. bilobata and L. diodon the metatibia not carinated transversally and with discontinuous longitudinal carina posteriorly (Figs 11–12, 59, 62). This species is extremely similar to L. pseudosanctaecrucis Cherman, sp. n. Liogenys santaecrucis differs in the basal metatarsomere being equal in length to tarsomere II, pygidial disc bristled throughout and parameres with a narrower groove crossing the basal region at the split level. Liogenys perytrissoidea is the replacement name for L. excisus Moser, 1919 designated by Keith (2004). The type of Liogenys excisus bears the label [white handwritten] “Liogenys/bidenti/ceps Mos/[printed] det. G. Frey, 1968” because Frey (1969) suggested that L. excisus could be a synonym of L. bidenticeps. That synonymy inferred by Frey (1969) is discarded in the present work. Male primary types of L. santaecrucis (MNHN) and L. peritryssoidea (ZMHB) were compared, and we concluded that it is a junior subjective synonym of L. santaecrucis. Blanchard's, species name was originally Liogenys santae-crucis. Subsequent authors corrected its spelling to L. sanctaecrucis. In this work, the spelling is being corrected again to L. santaecrucis, maintaining the root of the original species epithet.

Liogenys sinuaticeps male syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Brasilia”, [white handwritten] “Liogenys/sinuaticeps/Mos/Typen m#.”, [red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/sinuaticeps/Mos.”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/sinuaticeps Moser, 1918/labelled by MNHUB 2014”. Genitalia mounted. As according to Moser's, description there is only one type specimen, it is considered the holotype.

BRAZIL. SP: Campinas, without date and collector, 1 ex. (ZMHB); RS: Itacurubi, 10/X/2012, I. Valmorbida col, 1 ex. (DZUP).

Body yellowish; elongate; elytra and pronotum uniform yellow; clypeal emargination rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; clypeal lateral projection barely noticeable, rounded; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; labium not transversely carinated, longer than wide, labial sides swollen; sensorial area not reaching the midline of the palpomere and not forming a fovea; antenna 9-articulated; basal apophysis of metacoxa not produced; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; inner margin of male metatibia not carinated and not produced on apex, metatibial inner face glabrous; tarsi opaque, male protarsomeres enlarged as wide as the mesotarsomeres, more than twice as wide as metatarsi; pygidial disc glabrous; flat in lateral view; male genitalia, parameral width almost equal throughout their entire length; inner margins straight or slightly divergent, apex of parameres truncated and curved downwards (Fig. 72F).

Figure 72. 

Liogenys sinuaticeps Moser. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 9.8-10.1 mm; width: 5.1-5.2 mm. Yellowish. Head: distance between eyes more than three times wider than one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth longer than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a rounded projection barely noticeable; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; maxilla, teeth of galea reduced; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width barely wider than apex; sensorial area not reaching the midline of the palpomere and not forming a fovea; labium not transversely carinated, longer than wide, labial sides swollen; antenna 9-articulated, lamellae unicolored with flagellum and in males they are equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and very sparse; pronotal posterior corners rounded; proepisternum bristled; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum glabrous; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured at the base or sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform yellowish brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; the two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal surface and bristled on the outer one; smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, the apical the longest, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa not produced; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one exceeding the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of metatibia not carinated and not produced on apex; metatibial disc finely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; tarsi opaque; basal metatarsomere shorter and wider than tarsomere II; in males protarsomere II short and wide; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres as wide as the mesotarsomeres, more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth longer than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium flat, sub-trapezoidal, wider than long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc glabrous; pygidial apex quadrate or sub-quadrate. Parameres: width almost equal throughout the entire length of the parameres; parameral split at the third portion; inner margins straight, slightly divergent; parameres apex truncated (Fig. 72F). In lateral view parameres slightly convex, apex curved downwards (Fig. 72G).

BRAZIL.

BRAZIL (SP, RS).

Liogenys sinuaticeps is a singular species, distinguished from the other Liogenys by its labium longer than wider, without concavity on disc (as in Pacuvia) (Fig. 24), and the five teeth of the maxilla reduced (Fig. 27). Liogenys sinuaticeps shares with L. laminiceps and L. flavida in having antenna 9-articulated, disagreeing with Moser (1918) who states that the antenna is 10-articulated. This species is closely related to L. unicolor (Fig. 78) (Cherman et al. 2016) and they share the following features: sensorial area of the maxillar distal palpomere not forming a fovea (Fig. 28), this feature also in common with L. macropelma; pygidial disc glabrous and the basal apophysis of metacoxa not produced, also in common with L. tarsalis (Fig. 75).

Liogenys spiniventris male syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] “Brasilia/[handwritten]Bahia”, [white handwritten] Liogenys/spiniventris/Mos./Typen”, [red printed] “Typus”, [white printed] “Liogenys/spiniventris/Mos.”, [red printed] “SYNTYPUS/Liogenys/spiniventris Moser, 1918/labelled by MNHUB 2014”. As it is the unique primary type, it is considered the holotype.

Body brownish; elongate; elytra testaceous, pronotum purplish brown, clypeal emargination sharp and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a tooth-like projection; right angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; inner margin of metatibia abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex; ventrites IV and V produced medially (Fig. 73F); pygidium convex, as wide as it is long; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; parameres, width of basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum length, apex fusiform (Fig. 73G).

Figure 73. 

Liogenys spiniventris Moser. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Abdomen, lateral view G Parameres, dorsal view H Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 12.5 mm; width: 6.1 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons swollen, equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination sharp, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex forming a tooth-like projection; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye shorter than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; right angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and sparse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniformly testaceous, distinctly lighter in color than pronotum, elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc coarsely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated and abruptly sub-basally or medially produced up to the apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size, slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled on disc and sides; ventrites IV and V produced medially; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium convex; sub-trapezoidal, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum width; parameral split at the third portion; inner margins of parameres convergent; apex fusiform (Fig. 73G). In lateral view parameres straight not coplanar with basal region (Fig. 73H).

BRAZIL. Bahia.

BRAZIL (BA).

Liogenys spiniventris resembles L. testaceipennis (Fig. 76). The former differs in the shape of the clypeus, sharply emarginate, with a tooth-like projection laterally and in ventrites with different number of the medial projections (Figs 73, 76F). Female of L. spiniventris remains unknown.

Hilarianus suturalis female syntype (MNHN): [light green printed] “MUSÉUM PÁRIS/ Bresil/deCastelnau”, [red printed] “SYNTYPE”, [green handwritten] “H. suturalis/ Cat Mus/ Minas-Geraes (Brésil)/ M. de Castelnau”. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “LECTOTYPE/Hilarianus suturalis/Blanchard, 1851/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”. Female syntype (MNHN): [white handwritten] “1859/34”, [white handwritten] “2860”, [light green printed] “MUSÉUM PÁRIS/ [handwritten] Santa-Cruz/d’Orbigny”, [red printed] “SYNTYPE”, [green handwritten] “H. suturalis/ Cat Mus/ Santa-Cruz (Bolivie)/ M. D’Orbigny”. This type is here designated the paralectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] “PARALECTOTYPE / Hilarianus suturalis/Blanchard, 1851/des. M. A. Cherman 2014”.

BRAZIL. GO: Edéia, 14/X/2003, R. B. da Costa col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Goiania, X/2012, Tissiane Col., 2 ex. (CEMT); DF: Brasília, “Lago Norte”, 15°45'42.63"S, 47°50'5.8"W, XII/2009, 1023 m, Nunes col., 6 ex. (CEMT); Planaltina, 15°36'16"S, 47°44'16"W, 3/XI/2006, C. Oliveira col., 5 ex. (CEMT); MT: Rosário Oeste, XI/1976, A. Maller col., 2 ex. (MNRJ); Córrego Brigadeiro [Figueirópolis D’Oeste], 15°30’S, 58°43’W, 29/IX/1984, Binda col., 7 ex. (INPA); 29/IX/1984, Marcolino col., 1 ex. (CEMT); BR 270 km 140 [near Rondonópolis], 27/IX/1984, Binda col., 1 ex. (INPA); Chapada dos Guimarães, 23/X/2011, Tassinari col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Cuiabá, without date and collector, 1 ex.; 24/VIII/1993, Pinto Col., 1 ex.; 20/VI/2010, Rabello col., 1 ex.; 13/XI/2012, Jacobina col., 1 ex.; 3/X/1988, Silva col., 1 ex.; 9/IX/1990, Netto col., 1 ex.; 21/V/1986, Costa col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Poconé, 15/IV/2009, Abreu col., 1 ex.; 9/XI/2002, without collector, 1 ex.; 21/XI/2003, without collector, 1 ex. (CEMT); Varzea Grande, 13/XI/1993, Paula col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Campo Verde, “Rio Engano”, 14/X/2012, Pena and Pena cols., 1 ex. (CEMT); Barra do Bugre, 7/XI/1993, Serrano col., 1 ex. (CEMT); MS: Campo Grande, X/1947, A. Maller col., 2 ex. (AMNH); Porto Murtinho, XI/1929, W. Mehr col., 14 ex. (MNRJ); Dourados, 22°13'44.26"S, 54°49'48,18"W, 15/VIII/2010, 429 m, Simioni col. 1 ex.; “Faz. Coqueiro Azulão”, 22°14'28"S, 54°55'08"W, 12/IV/2012, D. G. Ribeiro col., 1 ex.; “UFGD”, 22°11'38,7"S, 54°55'16"W, 9/V/2012, D. G. Ribeiro col., 1 ex. (MuBio); 26/XI/2012, F. Vaz-de-Mello col., 3 ex. (CEMT); Nova Andradina, “Usina Santa Helena”, 21°59'32"S, 53°26'28"W, 18/X/2012, 360 m, G. Coutinho col., 4 ex. (CEMT); Rio Brilhante, 21-28/X/1970, V. O. Becker col., 3 ex. (DZUP); Bonito, 21°07'44"S, 56°28'46"W, 19/XII/2010, F. Vaz-de-Mello col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Rio Verde [Rio Verde do Mato Grosso], XI/1959, 400 m, without collector, 2 ex.; X/1966, A. Maller col., 1 ex. (DZUP); BA: Encruzilhada, 15°31'42,3"S, 40°57'52,1"W, 16/XII/2012, 780 m, Rafael and Grossi col., 1 ex.; 15°34'35"S, 40°56'51"W, 16/XII/2012, 850 m, Rafael and Grossi col., 1 ex. (INPA); XI/1975, without collector, 4 ex. (MNRJ); “Estr. SE”, 16/XII/2012, P. Grossi col., 4 ex. (EPGC); MG: Aguas vermelhas, XII/1997, Vaz-de-Mello and Bello cols., 2 ex. (CEMT); 12/XII/2012, P Grossi col., 14 ex. (EPGC); (1) São Roque de Minas, “Serra da Canastra, Sede Jaguaré”, 20°15'17"S, 46°25'11"W, 2/XI/2007, Souza col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Lavras, 9/X/2001, Vieira col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Uberaba, X/1961, D. Elias col., 15 ex. (DZUP); Uberlândia, 21/X/1974, H.N. Espínola col., 2 ex. (DZUP); Ibiá, 20/X/1965, C.T. and C. Elias col., 1 ex. (DZUP); SP: Pontal, 23/X/1984, Osman Dermeka col., 4 ex. (DZUP); Descalvado, “Faz. Itaunas”, 27/IX/2007, N. W. Perioto col., 2 ex.; 6/X/2006, N. W. Perioto col., 2 ex.; 17/XII/2007, N. W. Perioto col., 1 ex.; 5/XI/2007, N. W. Perioto col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Neves Paulista, 9/VII/2009, Fanti col., 1 ex. (CEMT); Palmital, “Faz. São Sebastião”, 12/X2010, Callil col., 18 ex. (CEMT); Batatais, 31/X/1969, L. C. Silva col., 1 ex.(DZUP); Ribeirão Preto, 31/X/1973, Pe. Moure col., 1 ex. (DZUP); PR: Porecatu, 20/X/1970, Becker-Hastchback col., 1 ex. (DZUP). BOLIVIA. SC: Comarapa, “Aserradero La forestal”, 9/XI/1987, D. Salvatierra col., 1 ex. (AMNH); Parapeti, I/1960, A. Martinez col., 1 ex. (CMNC); Camiri, 12/XI/1946, Maldonado col., 1 ex. (1) (ZMNC); CB: Cochabamba, without date, Zischka col., 1 ex. (CMNC). PARAGUAY. Without date, Zikan col., 1 ex. (CEIOC); without locality, date and collector, 10 ex.; “camino vogt”, without date, Heys col., 1 ex. (SDEI); CN: San Carlos del Apa, 22°14'04"S, 57°17'48"W, 30/X/2002, B. Garcete col., 2 ex. (CEMT); AS: Asunción, XI/1944, Mis. Cient. Brasil col., 3 ex. (CEIOC); IT: Coronel Bogado, 27°10'12"S 56°15'0"W, I/1944, A. Martinez col., 1 ex. (CEIOC); GU: Villarica, XII/1928, Schade col., 3 ex. (CEIOC). ARGENTINA. SA: El Naranjo, II/1944, A. Martinez col., 2 ex.; Parque Nacional El Rey, 15/XII/1987, 890 mm Peck col., 2 ex.; Tartagal, XI/1944, Duret and Martinez cols., 4 ex. (CMNC); Cafayate, 26°03'52"S, 65°56'19"W, 24/XI/2006, Ocampo, Ruiz, San Blas, Salazar cols., 3 ex. (IADIZA); JU: XI/1947, without collector, 2 ex. (DZUP); without date, Bruch col., 2 ex. (ZMHB); Marta [?], XI/1946, Duret col., 1 ex. (CMNC); FO: Laguna Yema, 24°19'54"S, 61°17'37,73"W, 11/XII/2008, 161 m, Ocampo, San Blas, Campon cols., 2 ex. (IADIZA); CH: XI/1945, A. Martinez col., 1 ex. (CMNC); CO: El Diquecito, I/1976, A. Martinez col., 2 ex.; San Javier, II/1946, Monros col., 1 ex.; Calamuchita, “La Granadilla”, I/1974, A. Martinez col., 1 ex. (CMNC); Lozada, XI/2006, P. Fichetti col., 3 ex. (IADIZA); “Cordova, Pampas”, without date and collector, 1 ex. (MNHN); SL: Luján, I/2010, M. A. Cherman col., 3 ex. (DZUP).

Body brownish, elongate; elytra dull yellow, pruinose, opaque; pronotum reddish brown, shiny; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus, sub-parallel in females; lateral margin straight, slightly convex in females; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; meso- and metepisternum, sides of metasternum and metacoxae scaly; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; pygidium flat, pygidial disc bristled throughout, coarsely punctured; in males total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; inner margins straight, slightly divergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 74F).

Figure 74. 

Liogenys suturalis (Blanchard). A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.

Length: 13.5–15.0 mm; width: 6.7–7.6 mm. Reddish brown and elytra dull yellow. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye, more than twice in females; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus in males, sub-parallel in females; clypeal lateral margin straight, slightly convex in females; outer margin of anterior tooth shorter than one eye; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and dense, coarser in females; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; proepisternum with long bristles; meso- and metepisternum, and sides of metasternum scaly, metasternum with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured. Elytra: glabrous, dull yellow, darker at the base, pruinose; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; pair of inner ridges more noticeable than the three outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured; mesotibial apical transverse carina may vary from partial to complete, in females always complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc coarsely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size; in males protarsomere II long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres, twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; disc of ventrites bearing sparse short bristles; propygidium visible, with scarce scales; pygidium generally flat, sub-quadrate, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled throughout, coarsely punctured; pygidial apex sub-quadrate, more rounded in females. Parameres: basal region slightly narrower than the width of the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; inner margins straight, slightly divergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 74F). In lateral view parameres straight not coplanar with basal region (Fig. 74G).

BRAZIL. Minas Gerais.

BRAZIL (GO, DF, MT, MS, BA, MG, SP, PR); BOLIVIA (CB, SC); PARAGUAY (CN, AS, IT, GU); ARGENTINA (SA, JU, FO, CH, CO, SL).

Liogenys suturalis together with L. opacipennis Frey, 1969 and L. rectangula Frey, 1969, are the only Liogenys species with body brownish and elytra opaque dull yellow. Liogenys suturalis is a closely related lineage to the clade L. elegans + (L. tibialis + L. punctaticollis + L. spiniventris + L. testaceipennis) (Cherman et al. 2016), and differs from them mainly in the elytra pruinose and the abundant scales covering the pro-, meso- and metasternum laterally.