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Nomenclatural checklist for Acromegalomma species (Annelida, Sabellidae), a nomen novum replacement for the junior homonym Megalomma Johansson, 1926
expand article infoJoão Gil‡, Eijiroh Nishi§
‡ Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
§ Yokohama National University, Iwa, Japan

Corresponding author: João Gil ( joaocfgil@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Christopher Glasby
© 2017 João Gil, Eijiroh Nishi.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Gil J, Nishi E (2017) Nomenclatural checklist for Acromegalomma species (Annelida, Sabellidae), a nomen novum replacement for the junior homonym Megalomma Johansson, 1926. ZooKeys 677: 131-150. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.677.12030
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8DE4D2B5-BCBE-4DA5-B831-A926DE7FD655
Open Access

Abstract

Acromegalomma, nomen novum, is introduced as a replacement name for the polychaete genus Megalomma Johansson, 1926 (Annelida, Sabellidae), preoccupied by Megalomma Westwood, 1842 (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae). The historical background of the homonymy and a full list with 36 new combinations in the new genus are included, while two species are considered as species inquirenda.

Keywords

Fan worms, polychaete, homonymy, new substitute name, nomenclature, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Megalomma (Annelida, Sabellidae) was established by Johansson (1926) for the usage of BranchiommasensuClaparède (1869), based on the species Branchiomma koellikeri Claparède, 1869. However, the name Megalomma is preoccupied by Megalomma Westwood, 1842 (Insecta, Coleoptera), a well-established genus of tiger beetles from the Mascarene Islands. Megalomma Johansson, 1926 has no known available or potentially valid synonyms, for which reason, and in accordance with Article 60.3 of the ICZN (1999), it must be replaced by a new substitute name.

Historical background

The name Megalomma was first used as a subgenus of Cicindela Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae) by Westwood (1842: 203), for the Mauritian species Cicindela (Megalomma) vigilans Westwood, 1842, and raised to the generic level the following year by Lacordaire (1843: 113). The genus is well established and in current use (see Moravec 2007), comprising five species from the Mascarene Islands (West Indian Ocean): M. fulgens W. Horn, 1892; M. janaki Moravec, 2007; M. oculatum (Fabricius, 1799); M. pierreorum Deuve, 2000; and M. viridulum (Quensel in Schönherr, 1806), which includes as a synonym the type species of the genus, M. vigilans (Westwood, 1842).

A second genus Megalomma was created by Smith (1873: 405) in Hymenoptera (Insecta), to include three new species from Brazil: Megalomma politum Smith, 1873, M. elegans Smith, 1873, and M. nigriceps Smith, 1873. Later Schulz (1906: 200) pointed that it was a junior homonym of Megalomma Westwood, 1842 and replaced it by the new name Megistommum Schulz, 1906.

In polychaetes, the name Megalomma was first used by Johansson (1926: 10), as a replacement name for BranchiommasensuClaparède (1869), based on a misinterpretation of Claparède’s work. While discussing the validity of the name Dasychone introduced by Sars (1862) for sabellids with eyes on their radioles, Claparède (1869) stated that Kölliker (1858) had already used the name Branchiomma for the same group, to include Amphitrite bombyx Dalyell, 1853 (renamed as Branchiomma dalyellii Kölliker, 1858). However, instead of synonymizing the junior Dasychone into Branchiomma, Claparède (1869: 162) tried to retain both by redefining the genus Branchiomma, with the following justification:

Quoi qu’il en soit, le nom deDasychonea pris place dans la science, et celui deBranchiommaest à peu près oublié. Je pense pourtant pouvoir ressusciter celui-ci, en tenant compte des scrupules de M. Sars, et sans proscrire le nom deDasychone. Dans son mémoire sur le genreBranchiomma, M. Kölliker décrit en outre de laDasychone Bombyx une autre espèce qu’il n’a étudiée que d’une manière très-cursive, il est vrai, dans le golfe de Naples, et qui est caractérisée par des yeux à l’extrémité des branchies. Cette espèce que j’ai retrouvée n’est point uneDasychone. Elle pourra rester dorénavant l’espèce-type du genreBranchiomma.

Hence, Claparède (1869) attempted to transfer Amphitrite bombyx Dalyell, 1853 to Dasychone (see Claparède 1869: 168), while making reference to a short comment by Kölliker (1858: 536) where he recorded that he had observed, but not named nor described in detail, an additional sabellid from Naples with eight compound eyes near the tips of the radioles:

Schon im Jahre 1842 kam mir in Neapel ein kleiner Kopfkiemer unter die Augen, der an seinen Kiemen 8 zusammengesetzte Sehorgane trug. Leider war es mir damals, da ich gerade mit der Verfolgung der Entwicklung der Cephalopoden beschäftigt war, nicht möglich, diese interessante Annelide, von der ich ohnehin nur Ein Individuum erhalten hatte, näher zu verfolgen, und unterliess ich es daher, etwas über dieselbe zu veröffentlichen.

Consequently, Claparède described this species as Branchiomma koellikeri [original spelling köllikeri corrected here to koellikeri according to Article 32.5.2.1 of the ICZN (1999)], based on the specimens collected by him at the Gulf of Naples, citing (Claparède 1869: 164):

Je doute à peine que cette espèce soit la même que M. Kölliker a eue sous les yeux. Elle n’est en effet point rare dans le golfe de Naples. M. Kölliker n’indique, il est vrai, que huit filaments branchiaux, tandis que j’en ai compté jusqu’à trente-deux. Mais cela peut ne tenir qu’à une différence d’âge.

This leaves little doubt that Claparède considered his new species Branchiomma koellikeri to be the same species observed previously by Kölliker from Naples and, moreover, that he proposed B. koellikeri as the type of his emendation of Kölliker’s genus with the sentence (Claparède 1869: 162): “Elle pourra rester dorénavant l’espèce-type du genreBranchiomma.”

Apparently Claparède’s intention was simply to redefine the genus Branchiomma to restrict it to the unnamed Kölliker species (= B. koellikeri Claparède, 1869, the intended new type species of the redefined genus), as can be inferred by the fact that he wrote “GenreBranchiommaKoellkr. char. em.” (Claparède 1869: 162).

However, Johansson (1926: 10) considered erroneously that Claparède was formally establishing a new genus, an interpretation that was followed by other authors (e.g. Hartman 1959, Day 1967, Fauchald 1977).

In this way, Johansson (1926: 10) argued that the generic name BranchiommasensuClaparède (1869), used for Branchiomma koellikeri, could not be accepted, as it was already preoccupied by Kölliker (1858) for the species Amphitrite bombyx Dalyell, 1853. A new replacement name was thus necessary, and Johansson introduced for the third time in Zoology the name Megalomma, emphasizing the large compound eyes of the genus (Johansson 1926: 10):

Als Claparède 1869 für seine Art Köllikeri die GattungBranchiommabildete, war der Name schon präokkupiert. Die GattungBranchiommaClaparède muss also einen neuen Namen erhalten. Ich schlageMegalommavor, welcher Name wieBranchiommaauf die grossen zusammengesetzen Augen dieser Gattung hindedeutet, doch ohne ihren Charakter als Branchialaugen hervorzuheben [...].

However, and as stated above, the name Megalomma Johansson, 1926 is itself preoccupied by Megalomma Westwood, 1842, and a replacement name is necessary. The name Acromegalomma, nomen novum is here proposed to accomplish this need.

Chronology of the genus-level name Megalomma

1842. Westwood (p. 203): Cincidella (Megalomma) new subgenus (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae), for Cicindella (Megalomma) vigilans Westwood, 1842.

1843. Lacordaire (p. 113): Megalomma raised to generic level.

1858. Kölliker (p. 537): Branchiomma new genus (Annelida, Sabellidae), for Amphitrite bombyx Dalyell, 1853 (renamed as Branchiomma dalyellii Kölliker, 1858).

1869. Claparède (p. 162–163): Branchiomma redefined (Annelida, Sabellidae), for Branchiomma koellikeri Claparède, 1869. Amphitrite bombyx Dalyell, 1853 assigned to Dasychone Sars, 1862.

1873. Smith (p. 405): Megalomma new genus (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Crabronidae), for Megalomma politum Smith, 1873, M. elegans Smith, 1873, and M. nigriceps Smith, 1873.

1906. Schulz (p. 200): Megistommum new name (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Crabronidae), replacement name for Megalomma Smith, 1873.

1926. Johansson (p. 10): Megalomma new genus (Annelida, Sabellidae), to include Branchiommasensu Claparède, 1869 (not Branchiomma Kölliker, 1858).

Present study. Acromegalomma new name (Annelida, Sabellidae), replacement name for Megalomma Johansson, 1926.

Material and methods

To establish the list of new combinations in Acromegalomma new name a list of valid Megalomma species was compiled based on WoRMS (Bellan 2008), and updated with Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra (2011), Mikac et al. (2013), Capa and Murray (2015) and Giangrande et al. (2015). Synonymies were obtained from Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra (2011). The type of synonymy and its author are provided inside square brackets, following the synonym.

Each new combination is accompanied by the reference of the original description, synonymies, type locality of the species and remarks, when necessary. Type locality is based on the original description, except where indicated. Geolocations of type localities are derived from the original descriptions, being considered an “original geolocation” when the authors provided the coordinates, or “estimated geolocation”, when estimated using Google Earth (www.google.com/earth) from the general geographic limits described by the authors. All geolocations were converted to decimal degrees.

The whereabouts of type material of the new combinations were summarised by Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra (2011) and following publications describing new species (Mikac et al. 2013, Capa and Murray 2015, Giangrande et al. 2015).

While the gender of Megalomma and Acromegalomma new name is neuter, some names in Megalomma had incorrect endings and needed to be emended. Following Article 31.2 of the ICZN (1999), the names of the new combinations and the species inquirenda were herein revised to assure they agreed in gender with the generic name with which they are combined. Original names with incorrect endings are indicated with the remark “[sic]” following the specific epithet. Endings corrected herein are: carunculatum for carunculata, inflatum for inflata, interruptum for interrupta, jubatum for jubata, and longoventrale for longoventralis.

Systematics

Order Sabellida Latreille, 1825

Family Sabellidae Latreille, 1825

Acromegalomma , nomen novum

Branchiomma [not Kölliker, 1858] — Claparède 1869: 162–163.

Megalomma [junior homonym, not Westwood, 1842] — Johansson 1926: 9–10; Johansson 1927: 130; Perkins 1984: 351–352; Fitzhugh 1989: 76; Knight-Jones 1997: 314; Fitzhugh 2003: 107; Tovar-Hernández and Salazar-Vallejo 2008: 1953–1954; Giangrande and Licciano 2008: 208; Capa and Murray 2009: 204–205; Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra 2011: 14–15; Mikac et al. 2013: 1514; Capa et al. 2014: 27–28; Giangrande et al. 2015: 522–523.

Type species

The type species of the new genus is Branchiomma koellikeri Claparède, 1869 (junior synonym of Sabella lanigera Grube, 1846), according to recommendation 60A of the ICZN (1999). Type by monotypy, established by Johansson (1926).

Type material

Following his principle of basing observations and descriptions only on live organisms Édouard Claparède did not designate type material or deposit specimens in museums or collections (Fauchald 1989). However, Knight-Jones (1997) refers the existence of a type of Branchiomma koellikeri Claparède, 1869 deposited at the Zoological Museum of Berlin (currently the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin), with the reference number ZMB 6387. Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra (2011) refer this specimen as being a syntype. Although the designation of a lectotype for B. koellikeri is desirable, it is out of the scope of the present work.

Etymology

The name of the new genus is composed by combining the Greek terms for acro, meaning “tip end” or “extremity of a body”, mega, meaning “big” or “large”, and the suffix –omma, a noun meaning “eye”, and referring to the big compound eyes located on the radiolar subdistal region, typical of the genus.

Gender

Neuter.

Remarks

The publication date of the genus Megalomma Johansson should be considered as “1926”. It was generally accepted as being “1927” until Tovar-Hernández and Salazar-Vallejo (2008) pointed out that the name had been introduced in a previous publication by the same author, referring the date as “1925”. In fact, the last page of this publication states “Tryckt den 5 november 1925” (“Printed the 5 November 1925”) and in the following line “Uppsala 1925. Almquist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A.-B.” This date is also present in existing reprints of the paper. However, the bounded volume comprising the article provides the publication date as “Häfte 2 inneh. A N:o 6-12, [...] utkom den 5 juni 1926” (“Booklet 2 cont. A No. 6-12, [...] published 5 June 1926”). This booklet includes article 7A by Johansson, where the name Megalomma is introduced for polychaetes. Hence, the work was printed in 5 November 1925, but published only in the following year, on 5 June 1926.

The genus Acromegalomma, nomen novum is represented by 36 valid species, all of them new combinations.

List of new combinations in the genus Acromegalomma new name

Acromegalomma acrophthalmos (Grube, 1878), comb. n.

Sabella acrophthalmos Grube 1878: vii, 258–259.

Type locality

Singapore (1.25°, 103.85°; estimated geolocation) or Philippines (12.22°, 121.77°; estimated geolocation).

Remarks

The type locality of the species was first stated as being “probably Singapore” (“wahrscheinlich von Singapore”; Grube 1878: vii), and later in the same publication, as “Philippines” (“Von den Philippinen”; Grube 1878: 258).

Acromegalomma adriaticum (Giangrande, Caruso, Mikac & Licciano, 2015), comb. nov.

Megalomma adriaticum Giangrande et al. 2015: 526–528, figs 6–8.

Type locality

Brindisi, Italy, South Adriatic Sea (40.65°, 17.95°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma bioculatum (Ehlers, 1887), comb. n.

Branchiomma bioculatum Ehlers 1887: 260–263, plate 53 figs 1–9.

Type locality

West of Dry Tortugas, Straits of Florida (24.6181°, -83.0517°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma carunculatum (Tovar-Hernández & Salazar-Vallejo, 2008), comb. n.

Megalomma carunculata [sic] Tovar-Hernández and Salazar-Vallejo 2008: 1957–1961, figs 1–2.

Type locality

Punta Manzanillo, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexican Pacific (16.842°, -99.910°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma cinctum (Fitzhugh, 2003), comb. n.

Megalomma cinctum Fitzhugh 2003: 108–116, figs 1–10, 14C.

Type locality

Hungtou Yu (Orchid Island), northern coastline, about 1 km east of Langtao Village, Taiwan, Pacific Ocean (22.0794°, 121.5369°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma circumspectum (Moore, 1923), comb. n.

Branchiomma circumspectum Moore 1923: 239–241, plate XVIII figs 41–42.

Type locality

Between S. 35° W, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) and S. 43° W, 5.2 miles (8.4 km) off Brockway Point, Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands, California, Pacific coast of the USA (34.02°, -120.22°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma claparedei (Gravier, 1906), comb. n.

Branchiomma claparedei Gravier 1906: 39–40.

Type locality

Syntypes collected at the reef of Marabout (11.611°, 43.132°; estimated geolocation), at Djibouti Bay, and the “Grand Récif” (11.736°, 43.235°; estimated geolocation), Moucha Islands, both at the Gulf of Tadjoura, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean.

Remarks

Gravier introduced the name Branchiomma claparedei as new twice, first in 1906 (Gravier 1906: 39) and again in 1908 (Gravier 1908b: 91). This caused some confusion, inducing some authors in error, by considering the correct publication date as being 1908, while overlooking the smaller 1906 publication (e.g. Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra 2011). The correct publication date is therefore “1906” (see also Wehe and Fiege 2002).

Acromegalomma coloratum (Chamberlin, 1919), comb. n.

Potamilla colorata Chamberlin 1919b: 21.

Type locality

Laguna Beach, California, Pacific coast of the USA (33.542°, -117.786°; estimated geolocation).

Synonym

Potamilla clara Chamberlin 1919b: 20 [subjective synonymy by Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra (2011)].

Acromegalomma fauchaldi (Giangrande, Licciano & Gambi, 2007), comb. n.

Megalomma fauchaldiGiangrande et al. 2007: 46–47, fig. 2.

Type locality

Lagoon side of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, Caribbean Sea (16.803°, -88.085°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma georgiense (Tovar-Hernández & Carrera-Parra, 2011), comb. n.

Megalomma georgiense Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra 2011: 56–58, fig. 26A–L.

Type locality

Off Georgia, Atlantic coast of the USA (30.95°, -79.9667°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma gesae (Knight-Jones, 1997), comb. n.

Megalomma gesae Knight-Jones 1997: 318–319, fig. 3.

Type locality

La Herradura, Estero Jaltepeque, El Salvador, Pacific Ocean (13.303°, -88.902°; estimated geolocation).

Synonym

Potamilla bioculata Hartmann-Schröder 1959: 175–176, figs 183–188 [objective synonymy by Knight-Jones (1997); Megalomma gesae is a new name for P. bioculata].

Acromegalomma heterops (Perkins, 1984), comb. n.

Megalomma heterops Perkins 1984: 359–363, figs 42–43.

Type locality

Hutchinson Island, Florida, Atlantic Ocean (27.345°, -80.2133°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma inflatum (Capa & Murray, 2009), comb. n.

Megalomma inflata [sic] Capa and Murray 2009: 217–218, figs 4G–H, 5D, 11.

Type locality

Southeast of Bate Bay, New South Wales, Australia (-34.0667°, 151.2167°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma interruptum (Capa & Murray, 2009), comb. n.

Megalomma interrupta [sic] Capa and Murray 2009: 210–212, figs 2J–M, 4E–F, 5B, 7, 8.

Type locality

One Tree Island, Queensland, Australia (-23.5°, 152.0833°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma jubatum (Capa & Murray, 2015), comb. n.

Megalomma jubata [sic] Capa and Murray 2015: 128–130, fig. 12.

Type locality

MacGillivray Reef, Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia (-14.6569°, 145.4947°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma kaikourense (Knight-Jones, 1997), comb. n.

Megalomma kaikourense Knight-Jones 1997: 320–321, fig. 5.

Type locality

Point Kean near Kaikoura, east coast of South Island, New Zealand (-42.425°, 173.715°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma lanigerum (Grube, 1846), comb. n.

Sabella lanigera Grube 1846: 51–53, plate II fig. 1.

Type locality

Unknown.

Synonyms

Branchiomma köllikeriClaparède 1869: 163–164, plate XXII fig. 4 [subjective synonymy by Knight-Jones (1997)]. Branchiomma vesiculosum neapolitana Claparède 1869: 164–166, plate XXII fig. 5 [subjective synonymy by Giangrande and Licciano (2008)].

Remarks

The species was described based on a single specimen (T-ZMB 136) deposited at the Zoological Museum of Berlin (currently the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin), from an unknown location (Grube 1846: 51).

Acromegalomma lobiferum (Ehlers, 1887), comb. n.

Branchiomma lobiferum Ehlers 1887: 254–259, plate 53, figs 10–15 (figure 15 numbered as 16 in plate 53).

Type locality

Key West, Florida, Gulf of Mexico (24.54°, -81.80°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma longoventrale (Giangrande, Caruso, Mikac & Licciano, 2015), comb. n.

Megalomma longoventralis [sic] Giangrande et al. 2015: 524–526, figs 3–5.

Type locality

Rovinj, coastal station near the Island Banjole, Croatia, North Adriatic Sea (45.095250°, 13.619283°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma messapicum (Giangrande & Licciano, 2008), comb. n.

Megalomma messapicum Giangrande and Licciano 2008: 213–214, figs 5G–H, 6.

Type locality

Brindisi, Italy, Adriatic Sea (40.65°, 17.96°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma miyukiae (Nishi, 1998), comb. n.

Megalomma miyukiae Nishi 1998: 53–54, figs 1–4.

Type locality

Ao Tang Khen, Phuket, Thailand, Andaman Sea (7.8185°, 98.4144°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma modestum (Quatrefages, 1866), comb. n.

Sabella modesta Quatrefages 1866: 451–452.

Type locality

Lima, Peru, Pacific Ocean (-12.07°, -77.15°; estimated geolocation).

Synonym

Potamilla anophthalma Hartmann-Schröder 1960: 41–43, figs 89–91 [subjective synonymy by Knight-Jones (1997)].

Acromegalomma multioculatum (Fitzhugh, 2002), comb. n.

Megalomma multioculatum Fitzhugh 2002: 401–405, figs 34A–C, 35A–B, 36A–D, 37.

Type locality

Thailand, Andaman Sea (08.5°, 98.1°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma mushaense (Gravier, 1906), comb. n.

Branchiomma mushaensis [sic] Gravier 1906: 40–41.

Type locality

“Grand Récif” (11.736°, 43.235°; estimated geolocation), Moucha Islands, Gulf of Tadjoura, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean.

Remarks

As in the case of Branchiomma claparedei explained above, Gravier introduced the name Branchiomma mushaensis [sic] as new twice, first in 1906 (Gravier 1906: 40) and again in 1908 (Gravier 1908b: 94). This incurred some authors into error (e.g. Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra 2011). The correct publication date is “1906” (see also Wehe and Fiege 2002).

Acromegalomma nechamae (Knight-Jones, 1997), comb. n.

Megalomma nechamae Knight-Jones 1997: 319–320, fig. 4.

Type locality

El Bilaiyim (= Ghor Blayim) lagoons, Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (28.55°, 33.24°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma pacifici (Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1859), comb. n.

Sabella pacifici Grube and Örsted in Grube 1859: 113.

Type locality

Punta Arenas, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica (9.976°, -84.852°; estimated geolocation).

Synonym

Pseudopotamilla panamica Chamberlin 1919a: 268–269, plate 3 fig. 8 [subjective synonymy by Knight-Jones (1997)].

Remarks

The authorship of the species is here considered as “Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1859”, according to Salazar-Vallejo and Eibye-Jacobsen (2012: 1398). The authorship appears clearly referred twice in the original publication as “Gr. Örsd.” (Grube 1859: 113, 120).

Acromegalomma perkinsi (Tovar-Hernández & Salazar-Vallejo, 2006), comb. n.

Megalomma perkinsi Tovar-Hernández and Salazar-Vallejo 2006: 43–45, fig. 11.

Type locality

Cape Lookout, North Carolina, Atlantic coast of the USA (34.62°, -76.54°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma phyllisae (Capa & Murray, 2009), comb. n.

Megalomma phyllisae Capa and Murray 2009: 205–208, figs 2A–E, 3, 4A–B, 5A.

Type locality

Off Townsend Point, Corner Inlet, Victoria, Australia (-38.8°, 146.55°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma pigmentum (Reish, 1963), comb. n.

Megalomma pigmentum Reish 1963: 430–431, figs 15, 16A–I.

Type locality

Bahía de San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico, Pacific Ocean (30.456°, -115.958°; estimated geolocation).

Synonym

Megalomma monoculata [sic] Hartmann-Schröder 1965: 273–276, figs 276–278 [subjective synonymy by Knight-Jones (1997)].

Acromegalomma pseudogesae (Mikac, Giangrande & Licciano, 2013), comb. n.

Megalomma pseudogesae Mikac et al. 2013: 1514–1515, fig. 3.

Type locality

13 nautical miles off the coast of the Istrian Peninsula, Croatia, Gulf of Venice, Northern Adriatic Sea (45.2833°, 13.2667°; original geolocation).

Acromegalomma quadrioculatum (Willey, 1905), comb. n.

Branchiomma quadrioculatum Willey 1905: 307, plate VII figs 168–169.

Type locality

Aripu (= Arippu) Coral Reef, Sri Lanka, Gulf of Manaar, Indian Ocean (08.78°, 79.87°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma roulei (Gravier, 1908), comb. nov.

Branchiomma roulei Gravier 1907: 526 (nomen nudum); Gravier 1908a: 44.

Type locality

Payta (= Paita), Peru, Pacific Ocean (-5.083°, -81.111°, estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma splendidum (Moore, 1905), comb. n.

Pseudopotamilla splendida Moore 1905: 564–566, plate XXXVII figs 23–27.

Type locality

Kasaan Bay, center of Round Island, S. 10d W., 0.4 miles, Clarence Strait, Prince of Wales Island, Alexander Archipelago, SE Alaska, North Pacific Ocean (55.51°, -132.39°; estimated geolocation).

Synonyms

Pseudopotamilla anoculata Moore 1905: 566–568, plate XXXVII figs 28–33 [subjective synonymy by Hartman (1959)]. Branchiomma disparoculatumTreadwell 1914: 223–224, plate 12 figs 44–46 [subjective synonymy by Hartman (1956)]. Branchiomma burrardum Berkeley 1930: 71, fig. 1 [subjective synonymy by Knight-Jones (1997)].

Acromegalomma suspiciens (Ehlers, 1904), comb. n.

Branchiomma suspiciens Ehlers 1904: 62–63, plate IX figs 1–6.

Type locality

French Pass, between D’Urville Island and north end of South Island, New Zealand (-40.922°, 173.837°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma trioculatum (Reish, 1968), comb. n.

Megalomma trioculatum Reish 1968: 226–228, fig. 5 (1–10).

Type locality

Lagoon side of Engebi (= Enjebi) Island, Enewetak (= Eniwetok) Atoll, Ralik Chain, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean (11.658°, 162.235°; estimated geolocation).

Acromegalomma vesiculosum (Montagu, 1813), comb. n.

Amphitrite vesiculosa Montagu 1813: 19–20, plate V fig. 1.

Type locality

Original type locality at Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon, England (50.263°, -03.765°; estimated geolocation). Neotype designated by Knight-Jones (1997: 314) from St. Anthony, Cornwall, England (50.15°, -5.2667°; original geolocation misplaced, corrected here to 50.152°, -5.006°).

Species inquirenda

Megalomma vigilans (Claparède, 1870) [unreplaced junior secondary homonym]

Branchiomma vigilans Claparède 1870: 501–503, plate XIV fig. 3.

Type locality

Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean Sea (40.7°, 14.3°; estimated geolocation).

Remarks

Branchiomma vigilans was described on the basis of three specimens from the Gulf of Naples, all of them found with their muddy tubes inserted among the dorsal chaetae of individuals of Aphrodita aculeata Linnaeus, 1758 (Claparède 1870). Afterwards the species was recorded on only a couple of occasions in the Western Mediterranean, first by Marion (1876), in the Gulf of Marseille and from 60–65 m (no habitat details), and later by Soulier (1903), who observed about ten specimens collected off Séte (Gulf of Aigues-Mortes) among the chaetae of A. aculeata specimens. Rioja (1923) attributed an empty sandy tube found among the dorsal chaetae of an A. aculeata collected in the region of Valencia to this species, but this record is very dubious, as not only was the worm not present but also the nature of the tube differed from that described by Claparède (1870). Moreover, no type material of B. vigilans is known to exist (Knight-Jones 1997, Giangrande and Licciano 2008, Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra 2011) as Claparède normally did not deposit specimens in museums or collections (Fauchald 1989).

The species was transferred to Megalomma by Hartman (1959: 550), creating a junior secondary homonym of the tiger beetle Megalomma vigilans (Westwood, 1842) (see above), and has since remained a poorly known but valid taxon (Knight-Jones 1997, Tovar-Hernández and Salazar-Vallejo 2008). Giangrande and Licciano (2008) considered the species as being quite rare, probably due to its peculiar habitat, and in spite of stating that its real status needed confirmation, they also observed that it was likely a valid species. However, the species was subsequently omitted from the discussions on new Mediterranean species of Megalomma by Mikac et al. (2013) and Giangrande et al. (2015). The most recent reference to the species seems to be by Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra (2011: 5), who wrote:

Megalomma vigilans(Claparède, 1870) was originally found as an epibiont of the sea mouseAphrodita aculeataLinnaeus, 1758, in the Mediterranean Sea, however, no new records of this association exist. [...] In the case ofM. vigilans, the description is poor, the type is lost and there are no additional records.

The described habitat of Megalomma vigilans is unusual, and there are no references of similar cases in the family Sabellidae. It is possible that the habitat is an artefact resulting from the collection process, and that the presence of the species on individuals of Aphrodita aculeata was the consequence of the rough treatment and mixing suffered by the biological material collected by grabs and trawls, or even during the processing of the samples. So, the presence of M. vigilans on A. aculeata could be a post-collection phenomenon, and not the natural habitat of the worm. It is difficult or even impossible to know if the records by Marion (1876) and Soulier (1903) refer to the same species as that collected and described by Claparède (1870) without studying the material, if still existing. There is a possibility that M. vigilans is not as uncommon as it seems, but that for some reason it has not been collected or recognised. For the time being, M. vigilans is here considered as a species inquirenda.

Megalomma pacificum Johansson, 1927

Megalomma pacifica [sic] Johansson 1927: 130–131, textfig. 15.11.

Type locality

Syntypes collected at Aranuka Island, outside the coral reef (0.14°, 173.56°; estimated geolocation), and Tapeteuea (= Tabiteuea) Island, inside the lagoon (-1.5°, 175.0°; estimated geolocation), both at Gilbert Islands, Kiribati, Pacific Ocean.

Remarks

According to Fitzhugh (2002), Megalomma pacificum Johansson, 1927 probably belongs to the genus Demonax Kinberg, 1867 (a name recently replaced by Parasabella Bush, 1905 due to homonymy; see Tovar-Hernández and Harris 2010). The fact that the holotype has dried out (Knight-Jones 1997) and that the species has a remote type locality have likely prevented a formal redescription. The species was not included in the Parasabella species list given by Tovar-Hernández and Harris (2010), but its possible inclusion in Parasabella has been implicitly accepted by subsequent authors (Capa and Murray 2009, Tovar-Hernández and Carrera-Parra 2011).

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their deep gratitude to the generous help of Miguel Ángel Alonso Zarazaga (MNCN, Madrid, Spain), who replied to our questions concerning some nomenclatural details and corrected the endings of the specific epithets of the new combinations, so they agreed in gender with the new generic name, and Andrew S. Y. Mackie (National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK) for having found the time to make a critical reading of the first draft of the manuscript and correct its English while on vacations. Geoff Read and María Ana Tovar-Hernández are thanked for their very detailed revisions of the first version, which have improved the manuscript considerably, and Chris Glasby for his help as Editor. This work was financially supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), through the Assemble Grant Agreement no. 227799-ASSEMBLE to the project “Biodiversity of AnnelidaPolychaeta in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon: a baseline study”, awarded to J.G. and developed at the CCMAR, University of Algarve (Faro, Portugal).

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