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Review Article
Revision of the leafhopper genus Smyga (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae)
expand article infoMichael D. Webb, Ye Xu§
‡ The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
§ Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
Open Access

Abstract

The leafhopper genus Smyga Dworakowska (Typhlocybinae, Empoascini) is reviewed and a new species, S. brevipenis Webb & Xu, sp. nov. from Brunei and Malaysia, is described based on specimens previously identified as “aberrant specimens” of Smyga distincta Dworakowska. Images of the types of S. brevipenis and S. distincta are given for the first time. A checklist and key to known species of Smyga are also provided.

Key words

Auchenorrhyncha, distribution, Homoptera, morphology, taxonomy

Introduction

The typhlocybine leafhopper genus, Smyga Dworakowska, 1995, was described for five species from Brunei and Malaysia (Sarawak and Sabah) (Dworakowska 1995; Knight 2010). The genus is recognized by a brown spot on the fore margin of the head and sinuate transverse brown band on the pronotum (Figs 1, 9), a well-developed coronal suture extended onto the face (Fig. 2), and a hind wing with veins MP and CuA free distally. Although species are very similar externally, there are considerable differences in their male genitalia, particularly with respect to the aedeagus, so much so that Dworakowska (1995) tentatively regarded one species, S. distincta, as having an aberrant form with a remarkably short aedeagal shaft. However, the discovery of two new species from Papua New Guinea in Xu’s (2019) PhD thesis, with similar aedeagus, suggests that the specimens described and illustrated by Dworakowska as an aberrant form represent a separate species. This new species is described and illustrated below and a checklist and key to the known species of the genus are presented.

Materials and methods

Morphological terminology used in this work follows Xu et al. (2021). Studied specimens are deposited in the insect collection of the Natural History Museum, London, UK (NHM).

Taxonomy

Smyga Dworakowska, 1995

Smyga Dworakowska, 1995: 151.

Type species

Smyga distincta Dworakowska, 1995 by original designation.

Description

Body relatively robust. Pale yellow; head with a brown patch anteriorly (Figs 1, 9); face with anteclypeus brown distally (Fig. 2), sometimes with more extensive brown marking (S. divergens); pronotum with a brown transverse narrow band at midlength, pale yellow anterior to band and silvery posterior to band (Figs 1, 9); mesonotum with yellow to brown basal triangles (Figs 1, 9).

Head including eyes broader than pronotum in dorsal view, crown short and broad, round anteriorly, length along midline shorter than one-half width between eyes; coronal suture well developed, extended onto face, and terminating at level of antennal bases (Fig. 2). Ocelli distinct, well separated from eyes (Fig. 2). Face moderately broad; lateral frontal suture well developed, curved mesad above antennal pit and meeting coronal suture at midline ventromesad of ocelli; anteclypeus slightly convex, not expanded (Fig. 2). Pronotum large with sinuate transverse depression (Figs 1, 9). Forewing narrow, rounded apically; apical cells occupying almost one-third of total length; vein R2 and RM dissociated at bases, joined by cross-vein, both arising from r cell; vein ScP+RA is not detectable; vein MCu almost parallel with vein RM apically. Hindwing with MP+CuA confluent. Front femur seta AM1 stout, situated near ventral margin; intercalary row with one large basal seta and eight or nine smaller setae near tip of femur. Hind femur with macrosetal formula 2 + 1 + 1; tibia row AV with six or seven preapical macrosetae.

Male basal abdominal sternal apodemes (2S apodemes) well developed (Fig. 3). Male pygofer elongated, strongly narrowing caudad, posterior margin acute with few rigid microsetae distally, dorsal margin with macrosetae, long fine ventrolateral setae present, ventral appendage absent (Figs 4, 10). Anal tube process elongate, extended to ventral margin of genital capsule (Figs 4, 10). Subgenital plate broadest near base (Fig. 10) or subapically (Fig. 4), all categories of setae well differentiated; basal setae encompassing mid-length of plate; marginal setae well defined; macrosetae uniserate; feeble microsetae arranged in 2–4 irregular rows apically (Fig. 4). Connective with media sclerotization, anterior margin and posterior margin deeply emarginated (Fig. 7). Style short, sinuate, with tiny teeth and microsetae preapically (Fig. 11). Aedeagus shaft short, tubular, with basal apodeme long (Figs 5, 13) or laterally compressed with basal apodeme short (Figs 6, 12); gonopore apical on ventral surface (Fig. 12).

Notes

Smyga superficially resembles Dapitana Mahmood, 1967 in the features of the head and wings (coronal suture extended onto face and terminating at level of antennal bases (Fig. 2), forewing with vein R2 and RM dissociated at bases, joined by cross-vein, both arising from r cell and vein ScP+RA is not detectable). It differs from Dapitana in color pattern (see generic description) and in having the male pygofer with one or two dorsal macrosetae and long fine ventrolateral setae (Figs 4, 10) (pygofer without macrosetae and long fine setae in Dapitana). Both genera occur on both sides of Wallace’s Line, separating the Oriental from Australian regions.

Smyga includes five previously known species, all from Borneo, described by Dworakowska (1995). In her treatment of the type species, S. distincta, Dworakowska also described and illustrated some “aberrant specimens” that she excluded from the type series because she considered the small, ventrally positioned aedeagal shaft to be “not functional.” Here we recognize these specimens as a valid species: S. brevipenis sp. nov., as similar specimens of two new species have been seen in Xu’s (2019) PhD thesis.

As most Smyga species are from similar localities in Borneo (see Checklist) and as males are needed for identification, the female paratypes of two species (S. distincta and S. zonata) must be regarded as of uncertain identity (see also comments under S. distincta and S. zonata). It is also of some interest that, compared to males, the number of known females is very low.

Distribution

Oriental Region (Brunei, Malaysia).

Checklist to species of Smyga

S. brevipenis Webb & Xu, sp. nov. (Brunei, Ulu Temburong; Sarawak, Gunong Mulu National Park)

S. distincta Dworakowska, 1995: 153–155, figs 168–177 (Brunei, Ulu Temburong)

S. exhibita Dworakowska, 1995: 155, figs 198–205 (Brunei, Ulu Temburong)

S. niema Dworakowska, 1995: 155–156, figs 206–212 (Sabah)

S. ziewa Dworakowska, 1995: 155, figs 188–192 (Brunei, Bukit Sulang)

S. zonata Dworakowska, 1995: 155, figs 193–197 (Sarawak, Gunung Mulu National Park)

Key to species Smyga Dworakowska (males)

1 Aedeagus with basal apodeme (dorsal apodeme) very long (Fig. 5) S. brevipenis
Aedeagus with basal apodeme very short (Fig. 13) 2
2 Aedeagus without processes (Figs 12, 13) S. distincta
Aedeagus with processes 3
3 Aedeagus with processes near base of shaft 4
Aedeagus with processes at apex of shaft 5
4 Aedeagus with processes near base of shaft long S. zonata
Aedeagus with processes near base of shaft short S. ziewa
5 Aedeagus with short apical processes S. exhibita
Aedeagus with long apical processes S. niema

Smyga brevipenis Webb & Xu, sp. nov.

Figs 1–8

Smyga distincta Dworakowska, 1995: 153, figs 178–182, in part.

Material examined

Holotype. ♂, Brunei, Ulu Temburong; 300 m elev.; Feb–Mar. 1982; M.C. Day leg.; B.M. 1983-75 (NHM).

Paratypes. Brunei, 8 ♂♂, same data as holotype; 10 ♂♂, same data as holotype except Ulu Temburong ridge; (NHM). Malaysia, Sarawak, Gunung Mulu National Park: 5 ♂♂, Gunung Api, 900 m elev., site 25, April; montane forest, mv and act light trap; J.D. Holloway leg.; 2 ♂♂, nr Long Melinau, 50 m elev., site 17, May; low secondary forest, mv light on river-bank; J.D. Holloway; 7 ♂♂, W. Melinau Gorge leg., 250 m elev., site 23, April; limestone forest, canopy/understory, mv light; J.D. Holloway leg.; 1 ♂, W. Melinau Gorge leg., Kerankas, 150 m elev., Mar.–Apr. 1978; J.D. Holloway leg.; 2 ♂♂, camp 2.5, 30 Apr. 1978, V.F. Eastop. All paratypes from Sarawak were collected on the RGS Mulu Expedition, B.M. 1978-206 (NHM).

Description

Body length: 3.5–4.4 mm.

Color as in generic description (Fig. 1).

Male 2S apodemes not extending to end of segment V (Fig. 3). Anal-tube appendage hook-shaped at apex (Fig. 4). Male pygofer strongly emarginate dorsally in profile, and posteriorly extended into sharp point with spine-like setae; ventral appendage absent; bearing one long macroseta near dorsal margin (Fig. 4); dorsal bridge with a posterior lobe-like projection each side of midline, in dorsal view. Subgenital plate surpassing pygofer lobe, broadened medially in later view, all categories of setae represented (Fig. 4). Connective anterior margin with undeveloped median lobe, posterior margin notched medially (Fig. 7). Style sinuate (Figs 4, 8). Aedeagus without preatrium, basal apodeme well developed, plate-like; shaft with pair of lamellate lateral processes; gonopore subapical, ventrad (Figs 5, 6).

Etymology

The name is derived from the Latin words brevis (short) and penis, which refers to the very short aedeagal shaft.

Distribution

Brunei, Malaysia.

Notes

Specimens of S. brevipenis were considered aberrant specimens of S. distincta by Dworakowska (1995) and of uncertain status. However, based on the high degree of difference between these two species and the discovery of two similar new species from Papua New Guinea noted in Xu’s (2019) PhD thesis, we describe the above specimens as a new species. All type specimens listed here (with some amendments) were identified by I. Dworakowska as the aberrant form of S. distincta. All are male and most have a Dworakowska genitalia dissection affixed to a card placed beneath the specimen. Three females (NHM) with identical data to the males could be the same species but, as three other species are also from these localities (see Checklist), their identity is uncertain. See also the concluding comments under the genus description. In Dworakowska’s (1995) figure of the head and thorax there are some fine lines in the basal triangles of the mesonotum. These are seen in some specimens, but it is not clear if they are markings or perhaps caused by shrinkage of internal tissue during drying.

Smyga distincta Dworakowska

Figs 9–13

Smyga distincta Dworakowska, 1995: 153–155, figs 168–177.

Notes

The type series was originally stated as holotype male from Brunei, Ulu Temburong and one paratype male and two females from three different localities in Sarawak, Gunung Mulu National Park; however, the paratype male is in fact female. The identity of these three females must remain uncertain until females in the genus can be identified, particularly as other species are sympatric with S. distincta (see Checklist).

Figures 1–13. 

Smyga species 1–8 S. brevipenis 1 head and thorax, dorsal view (holotype) 2 face (holotype) 3–8 male genitalia after Dworakowska’s (1995) figures of aberrant form of S. distincta 3 basal sternal apodemes 4 male genital capsule, left lateral view 5 aedeagus left lateral view 6 aedeagus, ventral view 7 connective 8 connective, style and subgenital plate 9–13 S. distincta 9 habitus (holotype) 10–13 male genitalia, after Dworakowska (1995) 10 genital capsule 11 style 12 aedeagus ventral view 13 aedeagus, left lateral view.

Aberrant specimens regarded as possibly this species in its original description are described above as a new species. Therefore, this species is known with certainty only from a single male, the holotype (NHM).

Smyga zonata Dworakowska

Smyga zonata Dworakowska, 1995: 155, figs 193–197.

Notes

The type series was originally stated to include a holotype male from Sarawak, Gunung Mulu National Park and one male and two female paratypes from Brunei, Ulu Temburong. The identity of these two females must remain uncertain until females in the genus can be identified, particularly as other species are sympatric with S. zonata (see Checklist). Therefore, this species is known with certainty only from two male specimens (NHM).

Acknowledgements

For their helpful comments we give our sincere thanks to Dr I. Dworakowska and Dr D. Dmitriev.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160121).

Author contributions

Writing - original draft: MW. Writing - review and editing: YX.

Author ORCIDs

Michael D. Webb https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1312-6142

Ye Xu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-7923

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

References

  • Dworakowska I (1995) Szara gen. nov. and some other Oriental Empoascini (Insecta: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae). Entomologische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Tierkunde Dresden 56: 129–160.
  • Knight WJ (2010) Leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) of the Pacific. An annotated systematic checklist of the leafhoppers recorded in the Pacific region during the period 1758–2000. http://www.tymbal.org/publicat/KnightCatalogue.pdf [Accessed on: 2024-4-2]
  • Mahmood SH (1967) A study of the typhlocybine genera of the Oriental region (Thailand, the Philippines and adjoining areas). Pacific Insects Monographs 12: 1–52.
  • Xu Y (2019) Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Tribe Empoascini Worldwide (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae). PhD thesis, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China.
  • Xu Y, Dietrich CH, Zhang YL, Dmitriev DA, Zhang L, Wang YM, Lu SH, Qin DZ (2021) Phylogeny of the tribe Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) based on morphological characteristics, with reclassification of the Empoasca generic group. Systematic Entomology 46(1): 266–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12461
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