Monograph |
Corresponding author: Adam J. Brunke ( adam.j.brunke@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Jan Klimaszewski
© 2017 Adam J. Brunke.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Brunke AJ (2017) A revision of the Oriental species of Bolitogyrus Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylininae). ZooKeys 664: 1-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.664.11881
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The Oriental species of the relictual genus Bolitogyrus are revised based on 200 specimens. An updated description of the genus is provided, including additional putative synapomorphies. Fifty valid Oriental species are diagnosed herein and the following nineteen are described as new to science: B. concavus sp. n.; B. confusus sp. n.; B. himalayicus sp. n.; B. khasiensis sp. n.; B. luteus sp. n.; B. mulayitensis sp. n.; B. nanus sp. n.; B. nokrek sp. n.; B. pecki sp. n.; B. pederseni sp. n.; B. phukhieo sp. n.; B. rougemonti sp. n.; B. sepilok sp. n.; B. schillhammeri sp. n.; B. smetanai sp. n.; B. solodovnikovi sp. n.; B. temburong sp. n.; B. tigris sp. n.; and B. tumidus sp. n. The following synonymies are proposed: Cyrtothorax borneensis Cameron, 1942, syn. n. = Cyrtothorax caesareus Bernhauer, 1915; Cyrtothorax octomaculatus Cameron, 1937 syn. n. = Quedius ornatipennis Wendeler, 1927. Quedius (Raphirus) ornatipennis is moved to Bolitogyrus as B. ornatipennis (Wendeler), comb. n. A lectotype is designated for Cyrtothorax rufipennis Cameron, 1937. Several species are named in recognition of conservation efforts to protect tropical primary forests in Asia that are important to the survival of many Bolitogyrus species. All available bionomic and distributional data for Oriental Bolitogyrus are summarized, and an identification key is provided.
Staphylinini , Cyrtoquediina , boreotropics, Asia, taxonomy, primary forest
Species of the genus Bolitogyrus are rarely collected specialists of fungusy deadwood in the humid forests of the Neotropical and Oriental regions (
Recently, all Neotropical species of Bolitogyrus were revised and a key was provided for their identification (
This study is based on 200 specimens that are deposited in the following collections:
cAss Personal collection of V. Assing, Hannover, Germany
cHay Personal collection of Y. Hayashi, Kawanishi City, Japan
cRou Personal collection of G. de Rougemont, London, U.K.
cSch Personal collection of M. Schülke, Berlin, Germany
cShi Personal collection of Y. Shibata, Tokyo, Japan
OUMNH Oxford Museum of Natural History, Oxford, U.K. (J. Hogan)
SNUC Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China (L. Tang, Z.-W. Yin)
Specimens with GIS coordinates on labels were georeferenced using Google Earth. Specimens with only country or ‘country, province/state’ information were not georeferenced. Specimen data were exported to Darwin Core Archive (DwCA) format, are available under a Creative Commons CCZero 1.0 License and were registered with GBIF.
All specimens were examined using a Nikon 745T stereomicroscope. To allow for the routine dissection of the terminal abdominal segments (including the aedeagus), distilled water was applied directly to the tip of the abdomen using a fine paintbrush. As a precaution against DNA degradation, specimens examined in the present study were never subjected to high ambient humidity relaxing chambers or entirely submersed in water. This was in direct contrast to the specimens dissected for
Line illustrations were performed in Adobe Illustrator CS6 based on photographs. Photomontage was accomplished using a motorized Nikon SMZ25 microscope and NIS Elements BR v4.5. Photos were processed in Adobe Photoshop CS6. Distribution maps were created using QGIS 2.18 as in
All measurements were made using a live measurement module within NIS Elements BR v4.5. Measurements were taken as listed below, but only proportional (HW/HL, PW/PL, EW/EL, ESut/PL, PW/HW) and forebody measurements were stated directly in descriptions due to a wide variability in body size. Total body length is generally not diagnostic of Bolitogyrus species and was not measured due to the contractile nature of the abdomen.
HL Head Length, at middle, from the anterior margin of frons to the nuchal ridge.
HW Head Width, the greatest width, including the eyes.
PL Pronotum Length, at middle.
PW Pronotum Width, greatest width.
EL Elytral Length, greatest length taken from level of the anterior most large, lateral macroseta to apex of elytra (this seta can be seen in Fig.
EW Elytral Width, greatest width.
ESut Sutural Length, length of elytral suture.
ForebodyHL + PL + EL.
Greater intraspecific variability in female tergite X and a general lack of male-associated females made it difficult to incorporate female genitalia as fully in the Oriental species concepts compared to those of the Neotropics. Therefore, female genitalia were not illustrated though they were described where possible. Notches in the apex of female tergite X are typical of many Oriental Bolitogyrus but the size of this notch is subject to large intraspecific variation in some species. For example, the female paratypes of B. lasti Rougemont lack the notch but a small notch is present on additional female specimens examined herein. The median completion of the transverse basal line of male tergite VIII was used in previous treatments of Bolitogyrus (
A specimen level dataset was made available as a Darwin Core Archive and was deposited in GBIF at http://ipt.pensoft.net/resource?r=oriental_bolitogyrus
A revision of the Oriental Bolitogyrus resulted in the discovery of 19 new species, 2 new synonyms and the transfer of Quedius ornatipennis Wendeler to Bolitogyrus, resulting in a total of 50 valid species (Figs
Electus Group
Bolitogyrus electus Smetana & Zheng, 2000
Bolitogyrus uncus Cai et al., 2015
Bolitogyrus confusus Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus huanghaoi Hu et al., 2011
Bolitogyrus metallicus Cai et al., 2015
Bolitogyrus nigerrimus Yuan et al., 2007
Bolitogyrus nigropolitus Smetana, 2000
Bolitogyrus cyanipennis (Zheng, 1988)
Bolitogyrus kitawakii Smetana & Zheng, 2000
Caesareus Group
Bolitogyrus caesareus (Bernhauer, 1915)
Bolitogyrus proximus (Cameron, 1942)
Bolitogyrus temburong Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus rufipennis (Cameron, 1937)
Carnifex Group
Bolitogyrus carnifex (Fauvel, 1878)
Bolitogyrus pederseni Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus vietnamensis (Scheerpeltz, 1974)
Bolitogyrus elegantulus Yuan et al., 2007
Bolitogyrus phukhieo Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus magnimaculosus Cai et al., 2015
Bolitogyrus nokrek Brunke, sp. n.
Lasti Group
Bolitogyrus lasti Rougemont, 2001
Bolitogyrus tigris Brunke, sp. n.
Luteus Group
Bolitogyrus luteus Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus sepilok Brunke, sp. n.
Pictus Group
Bolitogyrus pictus Smetana & Zheng, 2000
Bolitogyrus rougemonti Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus schillhammeri Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus profundus Cai et al., 2015
Bolitogyrus concavus Brunke, sp. n.
Vulneratus Group
Bolitogyrus vulneratus (Fauvel, 1878)
Bolitogyrus flavus Yuan et al., 2007
Bolitogyrus rufomaculatus (Shibata, 1979)
Bolitogyrus depressus Cai et al., 2015
Bolitogyrus tumidus Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus taiwanensis (Hayashi, 1991)
Bolitogyrus fukiensis (Scheerpeltz, 1974)
Loculus Group
Bolitogyrus loculus Cai et al., 2015
Bolitogyrus hainanensis Cai et al., 2015
Bolitogyrus solodovnikovi Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus feai Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus mulayitensis Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus smetanai Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus khasiensis Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus himalayicus Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus nanus Brunke, sp. n.
Bolitogyrus pecki Brunke, sp. n.
Species incertae sedis
Bolitogyrus elegans (Cameron, 1937)
Bolitogyrus ornatipennis (Wendeler, 1927), comb. n.
Bolitogyrus doesburgi (Scheerpeltz, 1974)
Bolitogyrus signatus (Cameron, 1932)
1 | Elytra without red, yellow or orange coloration (e.g., Fig. |
Electus Group...2 |
– | Elytra with yellow, red or orange coloration; pronotum with one puncture (marginal) in the dorsal row, anterior angles more sparsely punctate (Fig. |
10 |
2 | Abdomen bicolored red and black, elytra bright metallic green to blue (Fig. |
3 |
– | Abdomen entirely dark, elytra dark, with only faint metallic reflection (Fig. |
4 |
3 | Paramere with constricted stem, exposing median lobe in parameral view (Fig. |
B. kitawakii Smetana & Zheng |
– | Paramere vaguely constricted, not exposing median lobe in parameral view (Fig. |
B. cyanipennis (Zheng) |
4 | Head with deeply impressed punctures, many punctures confluent, forming rows (Fig. |
5 |
– | Head with regular, non-impressed punctures, most punctures clearly separated (Fig. |
6 |
5 | Paramere with peg setae medially, on projected ridge (Fig. |
B. metallicus Cai et al. |
– | Paramere without projected ridge; peg setae with median group extended to no more than just behind level of marginal group (Fig. |
B. nigerrimus Yuan et al. |
6 | Hind tibia entirely dark, as dark as darkened portion of femur (Fig. |
7 |
– | Hind tibia in lateral view with at least distal half distinctly lighter than darkened portion of femur (Fig. |
B. nigropolitus Smetana |
7 | Antennomeres 7–10 relatively elongate: 6 quadrate and 7 weakly transverse (Fig. |
8 |
– | Antennomeres 7–10 relatively transverse: 6 weakly, and 7 distinctly transverse (Fig. |
9 |
8 | Apex of median lobe in lateral view forming a more elongate triangle (Fig. |
B. electus Smetana & Zheng |
– | Apex of median lobe in lateral view forming a shorter triangle (Fig. |
B. uncus Cai et al. |
9 | Peg setae absent from broad oval shaped area along middle of paramere (Fig. |
B. huanghaoi Hu et al. |
– | Peg setae absent from only narrow strip along middle of paramere (Fig. |
Bolitogyrus confusus Brunke, sp. n. |
10 | Head dark with frons distinctly paler, light orange (Fig. |
11 |
– | Frons similar in color to rest of head (as in Fig. |
16 |
11 | Pronotal margin greatly expanded, at its widest point, more than four lateral puncture widths wide (Fig. |
Caesareus group...12 |
– | Pronotal margin slightly to moderately expanded, at its widest point, no more than three lateral puncture widths wide (Fig. |
15 |
12 | Elytra with distinct black spot near humerus (Fig. |
B. caesareus (Bernhauer) |
– | Elytra without dark markings (Fig. |
13 |
13 | First two visible abdominal tergites without crisp, dark markings on disc; pronotum less transverse; Java (Fig. |
B. rufipennis (Cameron) |
– | First two visible abdominal tergites with crisp, dark markings on disc; pronotum more transverse; Borneo (Fig. |
14 |
14 | Median lobe in parameral view evenly narrowed to apex (Fig. |
B. proximus (Cameron) |
– | Median lobe in parameral view dilated near apex and then sharply narrowed (Fig. |
B. temburong Brunke, sp. n. |
15 | Apical antennomere dark, not contrasting with previous segments (Fig. |
B. smetanai Brunke, sp. n. |
– | Apical antennomere pale, contrasting with previous segments (Fig. |
B. elegans (Cameron) |
16 | Dorsal surface of head mostly orange with some dark markings (Fig. |
17 |
– | Dorsal surface of head entirely dark (Fig. |
19 |
17 | Elytra with yellow raised marking v-shaped (Fig. |
B. tigris Brunke, sp. n. |
– | Elytra with yellow raised marking transverse (Fig. |
Luteus Group...18 |
18 | Abdominal tergites IV–V each with strongly impressed and elongate punctures in basal impression (Fig. |
B. sepilok Brunke, sp. n. |
– | Abdominal tergites IV–V each with typical circular punctures; only apical antennomere distinctly paler than previous segments (Fig. |
B. luteus Brunke, sp. n. |
19 | Pronotal margin greatly expanded, at its widest point, more than four lateral puncture widths wide (Figs |
Carnifex group...20 |
– | Pronotal margin slightly to moderately expanded, at its widest point, no more than three lateral puncture widths wide (Figs |
26 |
20 | Base of elytra distinctly darker than rest of disc (Fig. |
B. nokrek Brunke, sp. n. |
– | Disc of elytra entirely reddish (except for pale markings) (as in Fig. |
21 |
21 | Peg setae arranged in one group removed from margin (Fig. |
B. magnimaculosus Cai et al. |
– | Peg setae arranged in lateral and medial groups (Fig. |
22 |
22 | Visible abdominal tergites 1–3 with relatively small dark median spots, occupying less than 1/3 of the tergal width (Fig. |
23 |
– | Visible abdominal tergites 1–3 with relatively wide dark median spots, occupying more than 1/3 of the tergal width (Fig. |
24 |
23 | Antennomeres 8–10 quadrate; paramere with apex only slightly narrowed (Fig. |
B. phukhieo Brunke, sp. n |
– | Antennomeres 8–10 transverse; paramere strongly narrowed to apex (Fig. |
B. elegantulus Yuan et al. |
24 | Median lobe in lateral view with subapical tooth on distinct carina (Fig. |
25 |
– | Median lobe in lateral view with subapical tooth retracted from outline, not on carina (Fig. |
B. carnifex (Fauvel) |
25 | Paramere with slender apical portion, peg setae arranged more in rows (Fig. |
B. vietnamensis (Scheerpeltz) |
– | Paramere with apical portion only weakly narrowed apicad, peg setae arranged loosely in two circular formations (Fig. |
B. pederseni Brunke, sp. n. |
26 | Elytra entirely reddish-orange (as in Fig. |
B. doesburgi (Scheerpeltz) |
– | Elytra at least partly dark | 27 |
27 | Pronotum widest at anterior angles; with distinct pronotal protuberance (Fig. |
B. signatus (Cameron) |
– | Pronotum widest at middle or posterior third (Fig. |
28 |
28 | Species distributed in northeastern India | 29 |
– | Species distributed elsewhere | 32 |
29 | In lateral view, discal elytral markings not extending halfway to epipleural margin, therefore epipleuron at most pale at humerus and apex only (as in Fig. |
B. khasiensis Brunke, sp. n. |
– | In lateral view, discal elytral markings extending halfway to epipleural margin, and often continuing laterad in both directions, epipleuron therefore broadly pale in at least basal half (as in Fig. |
30 |
30 | Minute species (3.5–3.7 mm forebody length); paramere without expansion in lateral view; Khasi Hills, Meghalaya and Himalaya of West Bengal, India | 31 |
– | Average sized species (4.4 mm forebody length); Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India; paramere with subbasal expansion in lateral view (Fig. |
B. concavus Brunke, sp. n. |
31 | Apex of the median lobe in parameral view with single toothed carina (Fig. |
.B. himalayicus Brunke, sp. n. |
– | Apex of median lobe in parameral view with double-toothed carina (Fig. |
B. nanus Brunke, sp. n. |
32 | In lateral view, discal elytral markings not extending halfway to epipleural margin, therefore epipleuron at most pale at humerus and apex only (Fig. |
33 |
– | In lateral view, discal elytral markings extending halfway to epipleural margin, and often continuing laterad in both directions, epipleuron narrowly to broadly pale at middle (Fig. |
34 |
33 | Pale elytral marking v-shaped or with inner marking slightly triangular (Fig. |
B. ornatipennis (Wendeler) |
– | Pale elytral marking always consisting of oval-shaped inner marking and small circular outer marking; disc of head with moderately impressed and dense punctation; pronotal margin without distinct expansion (Fig. |
B. lasti Rougemont |
34 | Base of elytron with broad pale area extending to humerus (Figs |
35 |
– | Medial and lateral elytral spots always distinguishable as separate markings, though usually fused to some degree (Figs |
38 |
35 | Pale basal part of elytra composed of both yellow to orange raised marking and slightly darker non-raised area (Fig. |
36 |
– | Pale basal part of elytra composed only of yellow to orange raised area (Figs |
37 |
36 | Antennomeres less transverse, 7 weakly transverse (Fig. |
B. taiwanensis (Hayashi) |
– | Antennomeres more transverse, 7 distinctly transverse (Fig. |
B. fukiensis (Scheerpeltz) |
37 | Punctures absent or distinctly sparse nearly in posterior half of sutural area (as in Fig. |
B. loculus Cai et al. |
– | Sutural area with moderately dense regularly spaced punctures (Fig. |
B. flavus Yuan et al. |
38 | Outer discal spot of elytra thinly connected to inner spot, to form a chevron or ‘v-shaped’ marking (Figs |
39 |
– | Elytra with differently formed markings (as in Figs |
41 |
39 | Epipleuron with distinct dark area in apical 2/3 (Fig. |
B. solodovnikovi Brunke, sp. n. |
– | Epipleuron broadly pale throughout its length (Fig. |
40 |
40 | Antennomeres 8 and 9 distinctly transverse (Fig. |
B. mulayitensis Brunke, sp. n. |
– | Antennomeres 8 and 9 weakly transverse (Fig. |
B. feai Brunke, sp. n. |
41 | Apex of hind femur entirely darkened (Fig. |
Pictus Group (part)...42 |
– | Apex of hind femur with, at most, only ventral half darkened (Fig. |
45 |
42 | Median lobe in lateral view strongly narrowed to thin apex (Fig. |
B. rougemonti Brunke, sp. n. |
– | Median lobe in lateral view not strongly narrowed, apex distinctly broader (Fig. |
43 |
43 | Occurring in the Shan Hills of Myanmar; aedeagus as in Fig. |
B. schillhammeri Brunke, sp.n. |
– | Occurring east of Myanmar: northern Thailand, Laos and southern Yunnan, China | 44 |
44 | Median lobe in lateral view slender and not distinctly narrowed to apex (Fig. |
B. profundus Cai et al. |
– | Median lobe in lateral view broader and strongly narrowed to hooked apex (Fig. |
B. pictus Smetana & Zheng |
45 | Antennomere 7 distinctly transverse (Fig. |
46 |
– | Antennomere 7 quadrate to weakly transverse (as in Fig. |
48 |
46 | Paramere narrowly bilobed (Fig. |
B. hainanensis Cai et al. |
– | Paramere not bilobed (Figs |
47 |
47 | Paramere with distinct lateral and medial rows of peg setae, slender (Fig. |
B. pecki Brunke, sp.n. |
– | Paramere without distinct rows of peg setae (Fig. |
B. vulneratus (Fauvel) |
48 | Northern Laos; median lobe in lateral view expanded near short apical portion (Fig. |
B. tumidus Brunke, sp. n. |
– | Southeastern China and Taiwan; median lobe in lateral view expanded much more basally, apical portion longer (Fig. |
49 |
49 | Paramere exceeding apex of median lobe (Fig. |
B. rufomaculatus (Shibata) |
– | Paramere shorter than apex of median lobe (Fig. |
B. depressus Cai et al. |
The Electus Group (B. confusus, B. cyanipennis, B. electus, B. huanghaoi, B. kitawakii, B. metallicus, B. nigerrimus, B. nigropolitus and B. uncus) consists of mostly dark colored species that all possess a rounded longitudinal ridge on the prosternum (Fig.
Bolitogyrus elegans Smetana & Zheng, 2000a: 59.
Bolitogyrus electus Smetana & Zheng, 2000b: 465 (replacement name).
Bolitogyrus
electus
:
Yulongshan, Yunnan, China.
Bolitogyrus electus Smetana & Zheng.
Holotype (♂, NHMB). China, N-YUNNAN, Yulongshan mts., 2500–2800 m, GANHAIZI/LIJIANG road, lgt. D. Kral, 24-26/7/’90 [printed] / HOLOTYPE Bolitogyrus elegans A. Smetana, 1999 [red label] / AJB0000439 [identifier label].
Paratype (♀,
CHINA: Yunnan: Haba Shan, 2800–3150 m, 27.337 100.155, 8–19.VI.2004, Fouqué, R. & H, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, AJB0000462, AJB0000468 (cHay); Bichuan County, Jizu Shan, 2500–3200 m, 26–31.VII.1993, C. Holzschuh, 3 ♂, AJB0000463, AJB0000465, AJB0000469 (
Among the members of the Electus Group: head punctures clearly separated (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.33–1.37; PW/PL 1.28–1.32; EW/ EL 1.24–1.34; ESut/PL 0.84–0.91; PW/HW 1.09–1.13; forebody length 4.3–4.7 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 4): HW/HL 1.34–1.40; PW/PL 1.24–1.31; EW/ EL 1.25–1.30; ESut/PL 0.86–0.89; PW/HW 1.07–1.12; forebody length 4.6–5.1 mm.
Coloration: body black, abdominal segments sometimes slightly paler at base and apex, dorsal forebody often with faint metallic reflection; maxillary and labial palpi entirely yellowish-brown, last segment often darkened; antennomeres 1-4 or 1-5 reddish-orange with apices often darkened, 6-11 dark brown, contrasting with previous; legs bicolored: forecoxa yellow with basal fifth (males) or nearly one half dark brown (females), femur yellow and darkened apically, tibia entirely dark brown (very apex sometimes slightly paler), tarsus light brown.
Head distinctly transverse, dorsal surface with moderately dense but clearly separated and asetose punctures, frons distinctly more densely and coarsely punctate.
Pronotum distinctly transverse, posterior puncture in dorsal row occasionally doubled. Elytra weakly to distinctly transverse, shorter than pronotum at middle.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-V distinctly, VI narrowly impunctate at middle; sternites III-V with basal line projected posteriad (IV-V weakly) at middle.
Median lobe with expansion at apical third in lateral view and narrowed to acute apex, with pair of moderately-sized lateral teeth projecting ventrad (Fig.
Female tergite X triangular with small rounded apex, disc not characteristically flattened.
Figure
Bolitogyrus electus is found at higher elevations than its closest relatives (B. uncus, B. huanghaoi and B. confusus) and, according to more precise labels, occurs at or above 2500 m. Specimens were collected in June and July.
The identity of Bolitogyrus electus was until now rather confused in the literature (see discussion under B. confusus) and the concept herein is based on diagnostic differences consistent with the male holotype. Presently, Bolitogyrus electus cannot be separated from B. uncus unless males are dissected but it is possible that these two species are not sympatric in Yunnan Province, China.
Bolitogyrus uncus Cai et al., 2015: 472.
Longtanghe, Tengchong County, Yunnan, China.
The holotype was not examined of this recently described species but the illustrations in the description (
Among the members of the Electus Group: head punctures clearly separated (Fig.
Figure
This species was collected at a lower elevation (ca. 2080 m) than its closest relative, B. electus, and may regularly occur in the different forest type. The single known specimen was collected in May.
In their description of Bolitogyrus uncus,
Bolitogyrus
electus
,
Phou Pan, Hua Phan, Laos.
Holotype (♂,
Paratypes (2 ♂ 1 ♀, NHMB,
China: Yunnan: Pingbian County, Gejiu City, Yuping, Daweishan, 2000 m, 20.V.2005, W-X. Bi, 1 ♂, AJB0000471, SNUC.
Laos: Xiangkhouang: Phou Sane Mt., 30 km NE Phonsavan, 1400-1700 m, 19.630 103.335, 10-30.V.2009, D. Hauck, 1 ♂, AJB0000443, NHMB.
Among the members of the Electus Group: head punctures clearly separated (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 3): HW/HL 1.30–1.35; PW/PL 1.24–1.28; EW/ EL 1.20–1.28; ESut/PL 0.79–0.80; PW/HW 1.11–1.14; forebody length 4.0–4.6 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.38; PW/PL 1.19; EW/ EL 1.24; ESut/PL 0.79; PW/HW 1.07; forebody length 4.5 mm.
Extremely similar to B. electus (and B. uncus) and differing only in the following: antennomere 6 weakly transverse, 7 distinctly transverse (Fig.
Figure
Bolitogyrus confusus has been collected from forests in May, at elevations at or less than 2000 m and has a distinctly more southern distribution than all other members of the Electus group.
The species epithet refers to the previous confusion of this species with B. electus and B. uncus.
This is the taxon illustrated by
Bolitogyrus huanghaoi Hu et al., 2011: 60.
Datang Village, Baoshan City, Tengchong County, Yunnan, China.
Bolitogyrus huanghaoi Hu et al., 2011.
Holotype (♂, SNUC). CHINA: Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Tengchong County, Datang Village, 14-VI-2005, HUANG Hao leg. [printed] / “[Holotype]” Bolitogyrus huanghaoi, HU, LIU & LI, 2011 [red label] / AJB0000458.
MYANMAR: Kachin State: 3 km NW of 3 River Junction, 26.368 98.682, 2450 m, 3.X.2010, Michael Langer, S. Naumann and S. Löffler, 1 sex unknown [missing terminal segments], AJB0000459 (
Among the members of the Electus Group: head punctures clearly separated (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.35; PW/PL 1.34; EW/ EL 1.23; ESut/PL 0.85; PW/HW 1.08; forebody length 4.9 mm.
Extremely similar to B. electus and differing only in the following: palpomeres and antennomeres 2-5 darker, reddish brown, antennomere 6 weakly transverse, 7 distinctly transverse (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected at about 1600m in June.
Bolitogyrus huanghaoi is most similar to B. confusus but they are distinctly allopatric and differ in the arrangement of peg setae of the paramere.
Bolitogyrus nigropolitus Smetana, 2000: 327.
Bolitogyrus
nigropolitus
:
Jianjin Shan, Tianquan County, Sichuan, China.
Bolitogyrus nigropolitus Smetana, 2000.
Holotype (♂, cSch). CHINA: W-Sichuan, 1999, Ya’an Prefecture, Tianquan Co., Jiajin Shan, Tal oberh., Labahe N.R. St., 57 km W Ya’an, 30°06'N 102°25E, Streu, Rinde, Pilze, 1800 m, 12.VII., leg. M. Schülke [printed] / Sammlung M. Schulke Berlin [green label] / HOLOTYPE Bolitogyrus nigropolitus, A. Smetana, 2000 [red label] / AJB0000455 [identifier label].
CHINA: Sichuan: Baoxing County, Pujigou, 2100 m, 30.6032 102.5627, 14.VIII.2003, J. Wu, 1 ♂, AJB0000456 (
Among the members of the Electus Group: head punctures clearly separated (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 2): HW/HL 1.28–1.31; PW/PL 1.25–1.31; EW/ EL 1.25–1.29; ESut/PL 0.86–0.88; PW/HW 1.11–1.15; forebody length 4.5–4.6 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.26; PW/PL 1.23; EW/ EL 1.26; ESut/PL 0.83; PW/HW 1.16; forebody length 4.8 mm.
Extremely similar to B. electus and differing only in the following: antennomeres I-VI paler than following segments; hind tibia brownish to brownish-yellow, paler than apical darkened area of femur, especially lateral face (Fig.
Figure
Collected in June-August at elevations ranging from 1730-2100 m.
Bolitogyrus nigropolitus is easily distinguished from its closest relatives by the paler antennae and legs.
Bolitogyrus metallicus Cai et al., 2015: 466.
Shennongjia Nature Reserve, Pingqian, Hubei, China.
The type series of this recently well illustrated (
Among the members of the Electus Group: many head punctures confluent (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected in September but nothing more is known.
Bolitogyrus metallicus is most similar to B. nigerrimus from Guizhou, China and can only be distinguished from it by characters on the aedeagus including the basally extended peg setae of the paramere, median ridge of the paramere and narrower apex of the median lobe in lateral view.
Bolitogyrus nigerrimus Yuan et al., 2007: 150.
Lianhuaping, Leigong Shan, Guizhou, China.
Bolitogyrus nigerrimus Yuan et al., 2007.
Holotype (♂, SNUC). Lianhuaping, Leigong Mt., Guizhou Prov., alt 1450-1500 m, 15-IX-2005, Zhu li-long leg. [printed] / “[HOLOTYPE]” Bolitogyrus nigerrimus, Yuan, Zhou, Li, & Hayashi, 2007, SHNU Collections [red label] / AJB0000460 [identifier label].
Paratype (♀, SNUC). Same data as holotype, AJB0000461.
Among the members of the Electus Group: many head punctures confluent (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.27; PW/PL 1.25; EW/ EL 1.23; ESut/PL 0.89; PW/HW 1.10; forebody length 4.5 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.29; PW/PL 1.28; EW/ EL 1.23; ESut/PL 0.89; PW/HW 1.13; forebody length 5.0 mm.
Similar to B. electus and differing only in the following: palpi entirely pale; tibia with distal half yellowish-brown, paler than dark apical portion of femur (Fig.
Figure
The type series was collected in September at an elevation of 1450–1500 m.
Bolitogyrus nigerrimus is most similar to B. metallicus and can only be distinguished by characters on the aedeagus including the median peg setae, which are not on a ridge or extended basad, the larger lateral teeth of the paramere and larger subapical expansion of the median lobe in lateral view. The paramere was drawn in the original description (
Cyrtothorax cyanipennis Zheng, 1988: 306.
Bolitogyrus
cyanipennis
:
Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China.
The type series of this recently well-illustrated (
Among the members of the Electus Group: many head punctures confluent (Fig.
Figure
A recently collected specimen was found in August at an unknown elevation.
Bolitogyrus cyanipennis cannot be externally distinguished from the allopatric B. kitawakii but differs by the differently shaped paramere, arrangement of peg setae and longer apex of the median lobe.
Cyrtothorax kitawakii Smetana & Zheng, 2000a: 56.
Bolitogyrus
kitawakii
:
Bolitogyrus
kitawakii
:
Bashan, Dabashan, Chengkou Xian, Chongqing, China.
The type series of this recently well illustrated (
CHINA: Shaanxi: Qinling mountains, Xunyangba env., 1200 m, 20.V.-10.VI.2000, 4 ♂, 6 ♀ (cHay), AJB0000444, AJB0000445, AJB0000446, AJB0000447, AJB0000448, AJB0000449, AJB0000450, AJB0000451, AJB0000452, AJB0000453. Sichuan: Nanjiang County, Micang Shan, Bazhong City, 1798 m, 32.664 107.029, 27-28.IV.2008, H. Huang & W. Xu, 1 ♂, AJB0000454 (SNUC).
Among the members of the Electus Group: many head punctures confluent (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.28–1.31; PW/PL 1.25–1.32; EW/ EL 1.21–1.34; ESut/PL 0.91–0.94; PW/HW 1.08–1.12; forebody length 4.4–4.8 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.28–1.33; PW/PL 1.27–1.33; EW/ EL 1.29–1.36; ESut/PL 0.88–0.92; PW/HW 1.08–1.13; forebody length 4.7–4.8 mm.
Similar to B. electus and differing only in the following: body bicolored, head dark with moderate metallic greenish-bronze reflection, pronotum entirely pale, reddish-orange, elytra dark, with bright metallic green to blue reflection, abdominal segments III-V entirely reddish-orange, segment VI reddish-orange with narrow part of apex dark, segments VII-VIII entirely dark; palpi entirely pale; antennomeres slightly but successively darker; forecoxae and tibia entirely yellowish-brown; head slightly less transverse; elytra very slightly longer than pronotum at middle; dorsal surface with punctures more deeply impressed and often confluent (Fig.
Figure
Specimens have been collected at elevations ranging from 1200-1900 m during April-June and once in August. Bolitogyrus kitawakii (B. cyanipennis probably similar) is unique within the genus for its occurrence in warm-temperate forests that experience coldest monthly mean temperatures of below freezing (-1°C) (Brunke et al. in prep).
The Shaanxi locality reported here is slightly north of the northernmost record of the genus (also for this species) (
One female similar to B. nigerrimus was examined from Huangganshan (1800–2050 m), in the Wuyi mountains of Jiangxi province, China (
The Caesareus Group (B. caesareus, B. temburong, B. proximus, B. rufipennis) consists of relatively large species that occur in the Sundaland region of southeast Asia and possess the following combination of characters: prosternum without longitudinal ridge; pronotal margin greatly expanded, at its widest point, more than four lateral puncture widths wide; median lobe of aedeagus usually with a single or pair of median teeth (Fig.
Cyrtothorax caesareus Bernhaeur, 1915: 146.
Cyrtothorax borneensis Cameron, 1942: 138, syn. n.
Mt. Matang, Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia.
Cyrtothorax caesareus Bernhauer, 1915.
Holotype (♂,
Cyrtothorax borneensis Cameron, 1942, syn. n.
Type locality. Martapura, South Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia.
Holotype (♂,
BRUNEI: Temburong: Kuala Belalong FSC, 260 m, 4.539 115.156, Dipterocarp forest, flight intercept trap, 8.II.1992, N. Mawdsley, 1 ♀, AJB0000481, (
MALAYSIA: Johor: Endau-Rompin National Park, Pulau Jasin, 50–400 m, 2.516 103.349, 19.III.1998, Dembicky & Pacholatko, 1 ♂, AJB0000480 (NHMB); Pahang: Gunung Benom, Lata Jarum (20 km NE Raub), 350–550 m, 19–22.II.1995, M. Strba & R. Hergovits, 1 ♀, AJB0000483 (
Among the members of the Caesareus Group, the yellow-ringed black spot near the humerus of each elytron is unique to B. caesareus (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.38–1.44; PW/PL 1.29–1.46; EW/ EL 1.15–1.28; ESut/PL 0.89–0.95; PW/HW 0.96–1.07; forebody length 5.5–6.0 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.36–1.41; PW/PL 1.25–1.36; EW/ EL 1.17–1.25; ESut/PL 0.93–0.96; PW/HW 0.97–1.02; forebody length 5.2–6.4 mm.
Coloration: body yellowish-red; head black except middle third of frons; elytra with distinct black spot margined with yellow, spot about one third the length of elytra; abdominal tergites III (entirely), IV (basally and medioapically), VI (entirely except very base), VII (entirely except for pale apical one fifth) and VIII (entirely) black; antennomere 1 yellowish except for occasionally darkened apex, 2 reddish with dark apical half, 3-7 dark brown, apical four or apical three (most common) pale yellow to almost white, apical segment asymmetrically dark on one specimen, a few specimens seen with an antennomere half dark and half pale yellow; palpi entirely yellow to dark orange, apices sometimes darkened.
Head distinctly transverse, dorsal surface with moderately dense but clearly separated, asetose punctures, frons nearly impunctate. Antennomeres 6-10 transverse and asymmetrical.
Pronotum variable in shape but always distinctly transverse, convex, pronotal margin greatly expanded to variable degree. Elytra weakly to moderately transverse depending on the degree of lateral dilation, slightly shorter than pronotum at middle, in addition to usual macrosetal rows on disc, scattered punctures bearing setae, nearly all punctures setose on epipleuron of elytron; elytral disc bearing yellow margin of humeral spot raised and impunctate.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-V distinctly, VI narrowly or not impunctate at middle; sternites III-IV with basal line distinctly, V slightly projected posteriad at middle.
Median lobe in lateral view gradually narrowed toward distinctly to slightly hooked apex, slightly constricted at apical third, without median tooth (Fig.
Female tergite X elongate triangular, constricted at about midlength, with elongate raised discal area that is strongly impressed longitudinally.
Figure
Bolitogyrus caesareus is an inhabitant of lowland, often primary, rainforest, up to an elevation of about 550 m. Specimens were collected February to April and September-October.
No consistent differences could be found between specimens from mainland Asia and Borneo.
Cyrtothorax proximus Cameron, 1942: 138
Martapura, South Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia.
Cyrtothorax proximus Cameron, 1942.
Holotype (♂,
Borneo, Doherty, 1891 [printed] / C. proximus TYPE Cam. [handwritten] / M. Cameron. Bequest., B.M. 1955–147 [printed] / Holotype ♂, Cyrtothorax proximus Cameron, 1942, det. A. Brunke 2017 [red printed label] / AJB0000399 [identifier label].
BRUNEI: Temburong: Kuala Belalong FSC, 4°34'N 115°7'E, malaise GM3, 18.V.1991, N. Mawdsley, 1 ♀, AJB0000498 (
MALAYSIA: Sabah: Batu Punggul Resort, environs of, vegetation and forest floor litter around large trees near river, 24.VI-1.VII.1996, 1 ♀, AJB0000493 (
INDONESIA: Central Kalimantan: confluence of Busang and Rekut rivers, flight intercept trap, VIII.2001, Brendell and Mendel, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, AJB0000494, AJB0000495 (
Among the members of the Caesareus Group: pronotum not entirely pale; elytra without dark spot; first two visible abdominal segments with distinct darkened area (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.34–1.42; PW/PL 1.39–1.46; EW/ EL 1.21–1.25; ESut/PL 0.86–0.90; PW/HW 1.10–1.13; forebody length 6.1–6.5 mm.
♀ (n = 5). HW/HL 1.39–1.48; PW/PL 1.32–1.41; EW/ EL 1.22–1.24; ESut/PL 0.88–0.94; PW/HW 1.06–1.09; forebody length 5.9–6.5 mm.
Similar to B. caesareus but differing only in the following: antennae with apical 1 or 2 segments distinctly paler, first segment entirely yellow; orange area on frons distinctly larger, reaching up to half the length of eyes; scutellum varying from entirely reddish to basal two-thirds dark brown; palpi with last segment darkened; pronotum not entirely pale and always dark medially with pale expanded margin: sometimes with a spot in each orange lateral area, sometimes pronotum with only anterior angles paler, or pronotum entirely dark; antennomeres 7-10 transverse and asymmetrical; elytra slightly shorter relative to pronotum at middle; elytral disc with small, variably-shaped, elevated and impunctate yellow spot; pronotum wider relative to head; pronotal margin distinctly more expanded; elytral disc with setose punctures only in usual rows; sternites III-V with basal line distinctly projected posteriad at middle; median lobe in lateral view slightly constricted just before apex, this part slightly deflected dorsad, with tooth basad of constriction, this tooth arising from middle of subapex, not apical carina (Fig.
Figure
Like the often co-collected B. caesareus, B. proximus is a species of lowland rainforests in Borneo. Several specimens indicate large trees or primary rainforest on the labels. Specimens have been collected during the months of January-February, April-August, and November, in flight intercept traps and from litter at elevations ranging from 0-200 m. Bolitogyrus proximus has been frequently collected along larger rivers, while its cryptic sister species, B. temburong occurs in lower montane forests (>400 m).
Although externally indistinguishable from B. temburong, B. proximus differs dramatically in the shape of the paramere and the median lobe in lateral view; it may also be micro-allopatric with it at a lower elevation.
Holotype (♂,
Paratypes (1 ♂ 1 ♀,
Among the members of the Caesareus Group: pronotum not entirely pale; elytra without dark spot (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 2): HW/HL 1.37–1.44; PW/PL 1.43–1.52; EW/ EL 1.29–1.31; ESut/PL 0.93–0.94; PW/HW 1.13–1.13; forebody length 5.7–6.2 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.33; PW/PL 1.64; EW/ EL 1.30; ESut/PL 0.95; PW/HW 1.16; forebody length 6.0 mm.
Almost identical to Bolitogyrus proximus except: pronotum entirely black or with anterior angles orange, though variation similar to B. proximus may occur with more specimens; elytra slightly wider; elytra slightly longer proportionally than pronotum; median lobe in lateral view with apical portion thicker and flexed ventrad, median tooth situated more distally (Fig.
Figure
Bolitogyrus temburong has been collected in February from lower montane forests at elevations ranging from 440-770m.
The species epithet recognizes Ulu Temburong National Park in Brunei and its conservation achievements.
Bolitogyrus temburong likely represents the first of many undescribed Bolitogyrus species at medium elevations in Borneo. Based on the samples seen by the author, very limited micro-fogging of fungusy logs has been conducted on Borneo.
Cyrtothorax rufipennis Cameron, 1937: 27
Baturaden (“Batoerraden”), Mt. Slamet, Central Java.
Cyrtothorax rufipennis Cameron, 1937.
Lectotype (♂,
Paralectotypes (2 ♂, 1 ♀,
In his description of B. rufipennis,
Among the members of the Caesareus Group: pronotum entirely pale; elytra without dark spot; first two visible abdominal segments without distinct darkened area (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 3): HW/HL 1.35–1.35; PW/PL 1.31–1.35; EW/ EL 1.18–1.20; ESut/PL 0.76–0.79; PW/HW 1.01–1.04; forebody length 6.4–6.7 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.31; PW/PL 1.20; EW/ EL 1.21; ESut/PL 0.76; PW/HW 1.0; forebody length 6.4 mm.
Similar to B. caesareus but differing only in the following: antennae with apical 2 segments distinctly paler, first segment entirely yellow; palpi with last segment darkened; abdominal tergites III-V without clear dark markings; antennomeres 7-10 transverse and asymmetrical; head slightly less transverse; pronotum slightly less transverse; elytra distinctly shorter proportional to pronotum at middle; forebody slightly longer; elytral disc with small, variably-shaped, elevated and impunctate yellow spot; elytral disc with setose punctures only in usual rows; median lobe in lateral view angularly truncate with sharp apex, with pair of median teeth basad of truncate face (one visible in lateral view), this tooth arising from middle of subapex, not apical carina (Fig.
Figure
No additional data accompanies the specimens.
Several female specimens examined are similar to B. rufipennis but may represent additional species (see ‘Undescribed Species’, below).
The true diversity of the Caesareus Group appears to be very poorly known based on the number of female specimens that likely represent additional species. Three females from Borneo, consisting of 2–3 species (
The Carnifex Group (B. carnifex, B. elegantulus, B. magnimaculosus, B. nokrek, B. pederseni, B. phukhieo, B. vietnamensis) includes the largest species of the genus. The group can be recognized by the following combination of characters: pronotal margin greatly expanded, at its widest point, more than four lateral puncture widths wide (Fig.
Cyrtothorax carnifex Fauvel, 1878: 166.
‘Cambodia’
Cyrtothorax carnifex Fauvel, 1878.
Holotype (♂,
This specimen in the
VIETNAM: Dong Nai: Cat Tien N.P., 11.433 107.433, 6-16.VII.2012, malaise trap, leg. J. Constant and J. Bresseel, 1 ♂, AJB0000588 (
Within the Carnifex Group: elytral disc entirely reddish (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 2): HW/HL 1.39-1.40; PW/PL 1.37-1.39; EW/ EL 1.25-1.26; ESut/PL 0.83-0.84; PW/HW 1.04-1.05; forebody length 6.4-6.6 mm.
Coloration: head entirely dark; pronotum reddish with median dark, irregular spot; elytra and scutellum reddish, disc with slightly raised yellow v-shaped marking; abdominal tergites III-V reddish with central dark marking slightly more than one-third to two-thirds the tergal width, VI dark, VII-VIII dark with paler base and apex; antennomere 1 yellow, 2-5 reddish, 6-10 dark brown, 11 yellow-brown; palpi brownish orange, apical segment darkened; legs yellowish brown, dorsal surface but not lateral face of mid-femur with darker brown (Fig.
Head distinctly transverse, dorsal surface with moderately dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with only scattered punctures and deep Y-shaped impression. Antennomeres 8-10 slightly transverse and asymmetrical.
Pronotum distinctly transverse, about as wide as head, convex and with very few shallow micropunctures scattered on disc, becoming more distinct on anterior angles. Elytra slightly transverse, suture distinctly shorter than pronotum at middle.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-V distinctly impunctate; sternites III-IV with basal line distinctly, V weakly projected posteriad at middle.
Median lobe in lateral view strongly constricted in apical fourth, apical fourth deflexed ventrad, apex knob-like without distinct median tooth, with weakly formed pair of subapical teeth (Fig.
Female unknown.
Figure
One specimen has been collected in July.
Bolitogyrus carnifex is probably most closely related to allopatric B. pederseni and B. vietnamensis based on the wide abdominal markings and the laterally placed basal teeth of the median lobe. It can be distinguished from these two species by the weakly formed subapical teeth of the median lobe that do not form carinae.
Ban Thongvay, Muang Paxong, Bolaven Plateau, Champasak, Laos.
Holotype (♂,
Paratype (1 ♂
Within the Carnifex Group: elytral disc entirely reddish (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 2): HW/HL 1.38–1.39; PW/PL 1.40–1.42; EW/ EL 1.23–1.24; ESut/PL 0.82–0.84; PW/HW 1.13–1.14; forebody length 6.3–6.4 mm.
Extremely similar to B. carnifex and differing only in the following: lateral face of mid-femur with at least a faint dark band (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected by pyrethrum fogging of fungusy logs in a disturbed primary rainforest (selective logging) at 1000 m during June. The paratype was collected in a malaise trap during October.
This species is named after Jan Pedersen (
Bolitogyrus pederseni is most similar to allopatric B. vietnamensis from northern Vietnam but can be distinguished by the more rounded apex of the median lobe and broader paramere.
Cyrtothorax vietnamensis Scheerpeltz, 1974: 185
Bao Lac (town, likely in vicinity of), Cao Bang, Vietnam..
Cyrtothorax vietnamensis Scheerpeltz, 1974.
Holotype (♀,
VIETNAM: Tuyen Quang: NaHang Reserve, rainforest, FIT, 16-20.V.1997, S. Peck, 1 ♂, CNC655573 (
Within the Carnifex Group: elytral disc entirely reddish (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.50; PW/PL 1.37; EW/ EL 1.22; ESut/PL 0.80; PW/HW 1.12; forebody length 7.1 mm
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.48; PW/PL 1.36; EW/ EL 1.22; ESut/PL 0.79; PW/HW 1.11; forebody length 6.9 mm.
Extremely similar to B. carnifex and differing only in the following: head slightly more transverse; pronotum slightly wider relative to head; lateral face of midfemur with distinct dark band on holotype female (as in Fig.
Figure
One specimen was collected in an FIT in a rainforest during May, at a relatively low (but unspecified elevation).
Bolitogyrus elegantulus Yuan et al., 2007: 152.
Bolitogyrus
elegantulus
:
Manfei, Nabanhe Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China.
Cyrtothorax elegantulus Yuan et al., 2007.
Holotype (♂, SNUC): “[HOLOTYPE], Bolitogyrus elegantulus, Yuan, Zhao, Li & Hayashi, 2007, SHNU Collections [red written label] / Manfei, Nabanhe N. R., Jinghong City, Yunnan Prov., 10.I.2004, Li-Zhen Li & Liang Tang leg. [white, printed] / AJB0000389 [identifier label].
Paratype (♀, SNUC): same data as holotype except: 9.I.2004, AJB0000405.
LAOS: Oudomxay: Ban Nam Mo, 3.IV.1918, R.V. de Salvaza, 1 ♂, AJB0000504 (
Within the Carnifex Group: elytral disc entirely reddish (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 4): HW/HL 1.38–1.45; PW/PL 1.31–1.41; EW/ EL 1.18–1.27; ESut/PL 0.77–0.80; PW/HW 1.08–1.14; forebody length 6.3–7.9 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.38; PW/PL 1.44; EW/ EL 1.25; ESut/PL 0.83; PW/HW 1.14; forebody length 7.3 mm.
Extremely similar to B. carnifex and differing only in the following: dark medial area on pronotum varying from similar to B. carnifex to distinctly larger; lateral face of midfemur with distinct dark band (Fig.
Figure
Specimens have been collected in January, April and May at elevations ranging from 810-1500 m.
Bolitogyrus elegantulus is most similar to allopatric B. phukhieo from central Thailand but can be distinguished by the evenly converging apex of the median lobe in parameral view and the differently shaped paramere.
Mon Lake, Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Chaiyaphum, Thailand
Holotype (♂,
Within the Carnifex Group: elytral disc entirely reddish (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.39; PW/PL 1.47; EW/ EL 1.21; ESut/PL 0.82; PW/HW 1.15; forebody length 6.1 mm.
Extremely similar to B. carnifex and differing only in the following: body with paler areas lighter, more orange-yellow; pronotum with smaller spot medially, with two lateral spots; abdominal tergites with narrower central dark markings, about one quarter of the tergal width; antennomere 10 slightly paler than 9; antennomeres 8-10 quadrate; pronotum wider than head; body smaller (based on single specimen); median lobe in lateral view evenly narrowed to smaller apex, apical portion only weakly flexed ventrad, apex with distinct median tooth arising from carina, basal teeth prominent and appearing near ventral face (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected in a pitfall trap in January at an elevation of 1000 m.
In recognition of Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, which encompasses the type locality: a remarkable bowl-like plateau raised out of the surrounding lowland landscape to approximately 800-1000 m. The sustainable conservation of Phu Khieo is the subject of a collaborative project between Thailand and the European Union.
Bolitogyrus phukhieo is most similar to allopatric B. elegantulus from northern Laos and southern Yunnan, China but can be distinguished by the acuminate apex of the median lobe in parameral view and the differently shaped paramere.
Bolitogyrus magnimaculosus Cai et al., 2015: 463.
Fifth District, Ledong County, Hainan, China
The type series of this recently described, and well-illustrated species was not examined (
Within the Carnifex Group: elytral disc entirely reddish (Fig.
Figure
This species has been collected at elevations ranging from 525-978 m, in November and December. One specimen was collected by ‘beating the shrubs’ (
Bolitogyrus magnimaculosus is easily identified by geography alone but is also the only species known with both subapical teeth and proximally placed basal teeth on the median lobe.
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India.
Holotype (♂, cHay): INDIA-NE, Meghalaya, 25°27'N 90°19'E, NOKREK N.P., 1400m, Garo Hills, 26.iv.1999, Z. Koštál leg. [printed] / Bolitogyrus sp. det. Y. Hayashi 2012 [printed] / HOLOTYPE Bolitogyrus nokrek Brunke, des. A. Brunke 2017 [red label] / AJB0000395 [identifier label].
Paratypes (3 ♀, cHay,
Within the Carnifex Group, Bolitogyrus nokrek can easily be distinguished by the darkened base of the elytra (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.33; PW/PL 1.35; EW/ EL 1.19; ESut/PL 0.76; PW/HW 1.12; forebody length 7.1 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 3): HW/HL 1.30–1.38; PW/PL 1.20–1.31; EW/ EL 1.17–1.23; ESut/PL 0.74–0.77; PW/HW 1.12–1.13; forebody length 6.9–7.8 mm.
Extremely similar to B. carnifex and differing only in the following: apical antennomere only slightly paler than previous; pronotum almost entirely covered by dark marking; elytral darkened basally; abdominal segments III-IV almost entirely dark; dorsal face of tibia darkened; midfemur with distinct dark subapical marking; median lobe in lateral view with small, acute apex, slightly deflexed dorsal with flat ventral face instead of tooth, basal teeth present and appearing removed from ventral face, subapical teeth absent (Fig.
Figure
Bolitogyrus nokrek has been collected at 1400 m in April and May.
This species is named in recognition of the Nokrek UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in the Western Garo Hills of Meghalaya, India, where all known specimens were collected.
Two females, (Khasi Hills Meghalaya (
The members of the Lasti Group share the following character states: a deeply bilobed paramere, unique among Oriental Bolitogyrus; expansion of pronotal margin reduced; apex of median lobe deflexed dorsad. Thus far, the group is restricted to southern India.
Bolitogyrus lasti Rougemont, 2001: 111.
Cinchona [=Cinchona Rd. between Makkanduru and Hwy 88?], Karnataka, India.
Bolitogyrus lasti Rougemont, 2001.
Holotype (♂,
Paratype (♀,
INDIA: Kerala: 10 km WSW Munnar, Kallar Valley, 10.05 76.97, 1100–1200 m, 7–8.I.1999, D. Boukal, 1 ♂ 1♀, AJB0000411, AJB0000523 (
Tamil Nadu: Kadamparai [hydroelectric dam], V.1963, P.S. Nathan, 1 ♀, AJB0000522 (
This species can be distinguished by the following character states: head entirely dark; elytral disc dark with pale markings not extending onto epipleuron (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 3): HW/HL 1.34–1.42; PW/PL 1.26–1.29; EW/ EL 1.15–1.16; ESut/PL 0.83–0.85; PW/HW 0.98–1.0; forebody length 5.1–5.4 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 3): HW/HL 1.34–1.38; PW/PL 1.11–1.15; EW/ EL 1.12–1.17; ESut/PL 0.75–0.80; PW/HW 0.95–1.03; forebody length 5.3–5.8 mm.
Coloration: head, pronotum and abdomen entirely dark; elytra with pale yellow, raised markings, inner marking oval shaped and larger than outer circular marking; antennomeres 1-3 dark brown, 4-5 reddish, 6-10 dark brown, 11 distinctly paler, light brown to yellowish; palpi dark brown, apical segment paler; legs yellow, forecoxae dark brown, femur with dark band in apical half, tibia entirely dark with ventral face sometimes paler.
Head distinctly transverse; dorsal surface with moderately dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with only scattered punctures and poorly impressed. Antennomere 6 slightly, 7-10 distinctly transverse and more or less symmetrical.
Pronotum distinctly (males) to slightly transverse, about as wide as head, with shallow micropunctures scattered on disc, becoming more distinct on anterior angles. Elytra slightly transverse, suture slightly to distinctly shorter than pronotum at middle.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-VI distinctly and broadly impunctate; sternites III-IV with basal line distinctly projected posteriad at middle.
Median lobe in lateral view with apical portion projected ventrad, apex deflexed dorsad (Fig.
Female with tergite VIII entire (female paratype) to emarginate, emargination minute to small; tergite X elongate shield-shaped, with broadly rounded apex, disc slightly raised and without depressions or strong ridges.
Figure
Bolitogyrus lasti has been collected at 1000-1200 m during January, May, September and December.
Bolitogyrus lasti is most similar externally to B. ornatipennis from Java but can be distinguished by the narrow pronotal expansion and more circular inner pale elytral spot.
10 km SW Munnar, Idukki District, Kerala, India.
Holotype (♂,
Paratype (♀,
Bolitogyrus tigris is easily recognized by a combination of the minutely expanded pronotal margin (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.41; PW/PL 1.25; EW/ EL 1.17; ESut/PL 0.85; PW/HW 0.98; forebody length 6.0 mm.
♀ (n = 1). HW/HL 1.28; PW/PL 1.22; EW/ EL 1.18; ESut/PL 0.83; PW/HW 1.0; forebody length 6.3 mm.
Coloration: body orange to reddish-orange (darkened paratype); head orange with central darkened area larger in female; disc of pronotum orange with central darkened area, a pair of dark spots laterally, a darkened areas along apex and base; elytra orange to reddish-orange (darkened paratype), with darkened area around scutellum; abdominal tergite III mostly dark with lateroapical areas orange, IV-V orange, dark basally and in narrow median stripe, VI entirely dark on disc, VII-VIII orange; antennomeres 1-5 brownish orange, 6-10 dark brown, 11 slightly paler than previous, lighter brown;
palpi brownish orange; legs brownish orange, with dorsal and lateral surfaces of mid and hind femur darkened, outer faces of tibia darker.
Head distinctly transverse; dorsal surface with moderately dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with only scattered punctures. Antennomeres 8-10 transverse and asymmetrical.
Pronotum distinctly transverse, about as wide as head, convex and with shallow micropunctures scattered on disc, becoming more distinct on anterior angles. Elytra slightly transverse, suture slightly shorter than pronotum at middle; disc of elytron with slightly raised yellow v-shaped marking.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-V distinctly impunctate; sternites III-IV with basal line distinctly projected posteriad at middle.
Median lobe in lateral view with apical portion projected ventrad, apex deflexed dorsad, with pair of basal teeth at level of apical fourth (Fig.
Female with tergite VIII entire in single specimen studied, tergite X elongate triangular, with acute apex, raised disc of similar shape with broad median depression.
Figure
Bolitogyrus tigris has been collected at 1000 m during October and December.
This taxon shares its specific epithet with the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris (L.)) in recognition of its orange and black appearance, shared distribution, and India’s network of preserved forest habitats in the Anaimalai, Palni and Cardamom Hills regions of the Western Ghats. Habitat-focused conservation preserves populations of popular megafauna but also predaceous beetles like Bolitogyrus tigris, a ‘tiger’ in its own right
Bolitogyrus tigris is easily recognized by coloration alone.
The members of the Luteus Group share the following character states: head and pronotum mostly orange to reddish-orange; disc of elytra with yellow, raised marking elongate and transverse (Fig.
Banks of Khwae Noi River, near Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.
Holotype (♂, cRou): THAILAND r. Kwae Noi, Ban Sai Yok, III.1987, G. de Rougemont [printed] / HOLOTYPE Bolitogyrus luteus Brunke, des. A. Brunke 2017 [red label] / AJB0000435 [identifier label].
This species is easily distinguished by the combination of the orange head and pronotum, transverse and raised yellow marking on the elytra (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.34; PW/PL 1.35; EW/ EL 1.23; ESut/PL 0.84; PW/HW 1.05; forebody length 4.7 mm.
Coloration: body orange, head with small medial darkened spot, pronotum with single median and pair of lateral dark spots, elytra each with large lateral and triangular marking that extends onto epipleuron only apically, elytra each with transverse and raised yellow marking (Fig.
Head distinctly transverse; dorsal surface with moderately dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with only scattered punctures. Antennomeres 6-7 slightly, 8-10 distinctly transverse, 10 slightly asymmetrical.
Pronotum distinctly transverse, about as wide as head, with very few shallow micropunctures scattered on disc, becoming more distinct on anterior angles. Elytra slightly transverse, suture slightly shorter than pronotum at middle; disc of elytron with slightly raised yellow transverse marking.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-IV distinctly, V narrowly impunctate.
Median lobe in lateral view with apical portion sinuate due to expansion, projected ventrally, with large median tooth arising from median carina (Fig.
Female unknown.
Figure
The specific epithet refers to the warm, reddish-orange body coloration.
The holotype was collected in March along the banks of a large river with several other species of Bolitogyrus and many other staphylinids (G. Rougemont, pers. comm.), which may have been flooded out from the forest with heavy rains.
Bolitogyrus luteus can be recognized by coloration alone.
Sepilok Nature Resort, Sabah, Borneo, Indonesia.
Holotype (♂, cRou): SABAH, Sepilok N.R., in fungi on log, 13.II.2007, G. de Rougemont leg. [printed] / Bolitogyrus sp. Det. 2009, G. de Rougemont [printed] / HOLOTYPE Bolitogyrus sepilok Brunke, des. A. Brunke 2017 [red label] / AJB0000437 [identifier label].
This species is easily distinguished by the combination of the orange head and pronotum, transverse and raised yellow marking on the elytra (as in Figs
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.30; PW/PL 1.24; EW/ EL 1.24; ESut/PL 0.86; PW/HW 0.96; forebody length 4.3 mm.
Similar to B. luteus and differing only in the following: body with pale areas darker, dark reddish; abdominal tergites I-III with broad medial dark markings; palpi slightly darker; forecoxa with small dark marking at midlength; femur with dark subapical band, apex of hind tibia dark; antennomeres 1-3 orange with slightly darkened apices, 4-8 dark brown, 9 light brown, 10-11 light yellow; pronotum distinctly more elongate and strongly convex; pronotum relatively narrower than head; forebody length smaller; abdominal tergites III-VI with deeply impressed and elongate punctures in basal impressions; median lobe in lateral view with much larger expansion
in lateral view, with pair of broad basal teeth (Fig.
Figure
Bolitogyrus sepilok was collected from fungi on a log in February at a lowland elevation.
In recognition of the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Preserve, which adjoins the type locality and preserves a significant remnant of virgin lowland Dipterocarp forest in northern Borneo.
Bolitogyrus sepilok can be recognized by its distinct habitus alone.
The members of the Pictus Group (B. concavus, B. pictus, B. profundus, B. rougemonti, B. schillhammeri) share a characteristic subbasal expansion of the paramere in lateral view (Fig.
Bolitogyrus pictus Smetana & Zheng, 2000a: 62.
Puwen, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China.
Bolitogyrus pictus Smetana & Zheng, 2000.
Holotype (♀,
The holotype of this species is a female and this initially caused doubt about the identity of B. pictus and the externally identical and sympatric B. profundus.
CHINA: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, ‘Menla’ [Mengla] county, 600-700 m, 9.VII.2003, Jiao-Yao Hu & Liang Tang, 1 ♂, AJB0000525 (SNUC).
LAOS: Phongsali: Phongsali env. [environs of], approx. 1500 m, 21.68 102.10, 6-17.V.2004, V. Kuban, 1 ♂, AJB0000416 (NHMB); Phongsali env. [environs of], 1300-1500 m, 1-15.V.2004, Lao Collector, 2 ♂, AJB0000527, AJB0000528 (cShi);
Xiangkhouang: Mt. Phou Sane, 30 km NE Phonsavan, 1300-1700 m, 19.630 103.334, 10-30.V.2009, M. Geiser, 1 ♂, AJB0000526 (NHMB); same except, 1420 m, Z. Kraus, 1 ♀, AJB0000582 (NHMB).
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.40–1.47; PW/PL 1.30–1.36; EW/ EL 1.21–1.28; ESut/PL 0.77–0.84; PW/HW 1.01–1.06; forebody length 3.9–4.4 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 2): HW/HL 1.38–1.43; PW/PL 1.29–1.29; EW/EL 1.24–1.30; ESut/PL 0.79–0.81; PW/HW 1.00–1.03; forebody length 4.4–4.5 mm.
Coloration: color dimorphic, dark morph with dark pronotum and dark abdomen; bicolored morph with red pronotum and abdomen with tergites III-V entirely and base of VI reddish. Head entirely dark; elytra with raised median marking oval-shaped and larger than raised lateral marking, markings always connected, pale area extended onto epipleuron, epipleuron varying from pale at midlength to nearly entirely pale; scutellum dark; antennomere 1 yellow with darkened apex, 2-5 reddish, 6-10 dark brown, 11 either dark brown or vaguely paler; palpi yellow with apical segment slightly darker; legs yellow, fore and midfemur with small ventroapical dark marking, hind femur with small apical band.
Head distinctly transverse, dorsal surface with dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with very few scattered punctures and deep, coarse Y-shaped impression. Antennomeres 6-7 quadrate to slightly transverse, 8-10 distinctly transverse and slightly asymmetrical, 10 longer than 9.
Pronotum distinctly transverse, about as wide as head, with a few shallow micropunctures on disc, becoming more distinct on anterior angles. Elytra slightly transverse, suture slightly shorter than pronotum at middle.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-VI distinctly impunctate medially, some specimens with VI only narrowly impunctate; sternites III-IV with basal line distinctly projected posteriad at middle.
Median lobe in lateral view sinuate, apex pointed and sharply deflexed ventrad, basal teeth appearing at ventral face (Fig.
Female tergite VIII with median emargination deep and elongate; female tergite X shield-shaped, disc with distinct and entirely rounded dorsal expansion in apical half, apex truncate with narrow and rounded median projection.
Figure
This species has been collected in March, May and July, at elevations ranging from 600-1500 m.
Bolitogyrus pictus is most similar to allopatric B. schillhammeri (Myanmar) but differs by the broader apex of the paramere and hooked apex of the median lobe in lateral view.
Mintaingbin Forest Camp, ca. 35 km north of Aungban, Shan State, Myanmar.
Holotype (♂,
Paratypes (6 ♂, 3 ♀,
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, medial and lateral markings of different sizes and never entirely fused (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.38–1.45; PW/PL 1.26–1.33; EW/ EL 1.19–1.26; ESut/PL 0.77–0.82; PW/HW 0.99–1.04; forebody length 4.0–4.5 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 2): HW/HL 1.39–1.43; PW/PL 1.24–1.30; EW/ EL 1.22–1.24; ESut/PL 0.76–0.80; PW/HW 1.05–1.08; forebody length 4.6–4.9 mm.
Extremely similar to B. pictus and differing only in the following: median lobe in lateral view with apex not hooked, apical portion with ventral face straight (Fig.
Figure
This species has been collected in March, May and June at 900–1320 m. Specimens have been collected from rotten wood and from within fungi.
The species is named in honor of Harald (Harry) Schillhammer (
Bolitogyrus schillhammeri is most similar to B. pictus but can be distinguished by the narrower apex of the paramere and the non-hooked apex of the median lobe in lateral view.
Banks of Khwae Noi River, near Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.
Holotype (♂, cRou): THAILAND r. Kwae Noi, Ban Sai Yok, III.1987, G. de Rougemont [printed] / HOLOTYPE Bolitogyrus rougemonti Brunke, des. A. Brunke 2017 [red label] / AJB0000414 [identifier label].
Paratype (♂, cRou): same data as holotype except: AJB0000415.
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, medial and lateral markings of different sizes and never entirely fused (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 2): HW/HL 1.40–1.41; PW/PL 1.28–1.31; EW/ EL 1.23–1.29; ESut/PL 0.77–0.80; PW/HW 1.02–1.04; forebody length 4.3–4.5 mm.
Extremely similar to B. pictus and differing only in the following: only dark specimens known; head, pronotum and abdomen entirely dark; antennomere dark brown; median lobe in lateral view strongly flattened in apical portion, dilated subapically, basal teeth appearing removed from lateral margin (Fig.
Figure
The type series was collected in March along the banks of a large river, with many other beetles including Bolitogyrus (G. Rougemont, pers. comm.) that may have washed out from preferred deadwood microhabitats.
This species is named in honor of Mr. Guillaume de Rougemont (United Kingdom), the sole collector of this and many other Oriental Bolitogyrus species. Material from his personal collection has greatly increased the comprehensiveness of this monograph.
At present, B. rougemonti is the only lowland member of the Pictus Group. This species is distinctive for its expansion of the median lobe in lateral view and shortened apex of the paramere.
Bolitogyrus profundus Cai et al., 2015: 469.
Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Yunnan, China.
The type specimen of this recently described, and well-illustrated species was not examined (
LAOS: Louangphabang: Thong Khan [=Khang], 750 m, 19.578 101.966, 11-21.V.2002, J. Chalupek, 1 ♂, AJB0000538 (cShi); same except V. Kuban, 1 ♀, AJB0000586 (NHMB). Phongsaly: Phongsali env. [environs of], 1300-1500 m, 1-15.V.2004, Lao Collector, 1 ♂, AJB0000537 (cShi).
THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Doi Suthep, B. Degerbøl, 4.X.1958, 1 ♂, AJB0000422 (
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, medial and lateral markings of different sizes and never entirely fused (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 3): HW/HL 1.39–1.41; PW/PL 1.24–1.29; EW/ EL 1.25–1.26; ESut/PL 0.71–0.74; PW/HW 1.02–1.04; forebody length 4.1–4.3 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.39; PW/PL 1.24; EW/ EL 1.24; ESut/PL 0.73; PW/HW 1.02; forebody length 4.4 mm.
Extremely similar to B. pictus (including color dimorphism) and differing only in the following: median lobe in lateral view with apical portion more or less straight, apex angulate, basal teeth appearing removed from ventral face (Fig.
Figure
Bolitogyrus profundus has been collected in May and October at elevations ranging from 750-1500 m.
The acute apex of the median lobe was observed to be longer in specimens south of the type locality in Yunnan, China. This is attributed to intraspecific variation. Bolitogyrus profundus is similar to allopatric B. concavus (Meghalaya, India) but can be distinguished by the straight apex of the median lobe and the distinct rows of peg setae on the paramere.
Nokrek National Park, West Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India.
Holotype (♂,
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, medial and lateral markings of different sizes and never entirely fused (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.34; PW/PL 1.29; EW/ EL 1.20; ESut/PL 0.75; PW/HW 1.05; forebody length 4.4 mm.
Extremely similar to B. pictus and differing only in the following: only dark specimen known; median lobe in lateral view with apical portion thin, and concave ventrad, apex deflexed dorsad, basal teeth extremely weakly formed (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected at approximately 1100 m in May.
The species epithet refers to the apex of the median lobe, which is uniquely thin and concave in lateral view.
Bolitogyrus concavus is most similar to allopatric B. profundus (China, Laos, Thailand) but is easily distinguished by the shape of the median lobe and the peg setae of the paramere, which are arranged mostly along the margin.
In species of the Vulneratus Group (B. vulneratus, B. flavus, B. rufomaculatus, B. depressus, B. fukiensis, B. tumidus and B. taiwanensis), the median lobe in lateral view is projected ventrad and hooked apically. Unlike species of the Loculus Group (Fig.
Cyrtothorax vulneratus Fauvel, 1878: 165.
Bolitogyrus
vulneratus
:
Cochinchina [=Southeast and Mekong River Delta regions], Vietnam.
Cyrtothorax vulneratus Fauvel, 1878.
Holotype (♀,
VIETNAM: Quang Binh: ‘mountains SW of Dong Hoi’ [translated from Cyrillic], 100m, 20-III-1963, Kabakov, AJB0000421, 1 ♂ (
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, medial and lateral markings not entirely fused (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.50; PW/PL 1.23; EW/ EL 1.21; ESut/PL 0.74; PW/HW 1.05; forebody length 4.2 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.46; PW/PL 1.30; EW/EL 1.25; ESut/PL 0.78; PW/HW 1.08; forebody length 4.3 mm.
Coloration: head, pronotum and abdomen entirely dark; elytra with raised median marking oval-shaped and larger than raised lateral marking, markings connected, pale area extended onto epipleuron, epipleuron pale, pale area varying from near humerus to basal half; scutellum dark; antennomere 1 yellow with darkened apex, 2-5 reddish, 6-10 dark brown, 11 either dark brown or vaguely paler; palpi yellow with apical segment slightly darker; legs yellow, hind femur with small ventroapical dark marking.
Head strongly transverse, dorsal surface with dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with few scattered punctures and deep, coarse Y-shaped impression. Antennomeres 6-10 distinctly transverse and 8-10 slightly asymmetrical.
Pronotum distinctly transverse, slightly wider than head, center of disc almost entirely without micropunctures, micropunctures becoming more distinct on anterior angles. Elytra slightly transverse, suture distinctly shorter than pronotum at middle.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-VI distinctly impunctate medially, VI slightly more narrowly than others.
Median lobe in lateral view projected ventrad, with hooked apex, without basal teeth (Fig.
Female tergite VIII with median emargination broad triangular, moderately deep; female tergite X elongate shield-shaped, with the disc evenly convex and lacking distinct raised areas, apex acuminate with apex projected.
Figure
One specimen was collected in March at 100 m.
Bolitogyrus vulneratus has been confused with many small species in previous literature and in collections because, until now, only the female holotype was available. Study of the male genitalia reveals that this species is related to another lowland species, B. flavus, but can be distinguished by the presence of medial and lateral pale areas of the elytra. Bolitogyrus vulneratus is also similar externally to B. hainanensis but can be distinguished based on the simply hooked apex of the median lobe, absence of a clear median group of peg setae and a non-bilobed paramere. Two females (cShu) from southern Vietnam lowlands (60 km NE of Hoa Chi Min city) were studied that may represent an additional, undescribed species close to B. vulneratus. The elytral markings are longer and female tergite X has a distinct, raised area on the disc.
Bolitogyrus flavus Yuan et al., 2007: 148.
Manfei, Nabanhe Reserve, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China.
Bolitogyrus flavus Yuan et al., 2007.
Holotype (♂, SNUC): Manfei, Nabanhe N.R., Jinghong City, Yunnan Prov., 9.I.2004, Li-Zhen Li & Liang Tang leg. [printed] / “[HOLOTYPE] Bolitogyrus flavus, Yuan, Zhao, Li & Hayashi, 2007, SHNU Collections” [red label] / AJB0000417 [identifier label].
CAMBODIA: Siem Reap: Angkor, Preah Khan temple, Malaise trap, 2.V.2006, leg. Oul Yothin, 1 ♂, AJB0000589 (
MYANMAR: Kayin State: Kawkareik, V.1887, Fea, 1 ♂, AJB0000560 (
THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Doi Suthep, 1000 m, on waterlogged wood in stream, 1979, G. de Rougemont, 1 ♂, AJB0000550 (cRou); Chiang Dao, 5-10.VII.1997, M. Klicha, 1 ♂, AJB0000558 (
VIETNAM: Hoa Bihn: Hoa Binh, 1980, Clermont, 1 ♀, AJB0000553 (
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, base of elytra with broad pale area composed entirely of pale, raised yellow marking extending onto epipleuron (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.31–1.38; PW/PL 1.31–1.39; EW/ EL 1.19–1.28; ESut/PL 0.75–0.81; PW/HW 1.04–1.08; forebody length 4.6–4.7 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.33–1.39; PW/PL 1.29–1.38; EW/ EL 1.18–1.25; ESut/PL 0.74–0.80; PW/HW 1.06–1.07; forebody length 4.2–4.9 mm.
Similar to B. vulneratus and differing only in the following: elytra with broad basal area composed entirely of raised yellow marking, pale area variable, as large spot extending to apical two-thirds (Fig.
Figure
As far as known, B. flavus is a lowland to lower montane species and does not occur above 1000 m. Specimens have been collected in all months except February and September. Bolitogyrus flavus has been collected from fungi and rotten wood.
Bolitogyrus flavus is the most commonly collected species of the genus in the Oriental region. Several single females could extend its range even further but may actually represent other related species.
Cyrtothorax rufomaculatus Shibata, 1979: 26.
Bolitogyrus
rufomaculatus
:
Near Lushan, Nantou County, Taiwan.
Cyrtothorax rufomaculatus Shibata, 1979.
Paratypes (♂, ♀, cShi): Taiwan: Kaohsiung Hsien [now Kaohsiung City County], near Luikuei [=Liugui], July 31st 1976, Y. Shibata legt., 1 ♂ AJB0000432, 1 ♀ AJB0000433.
TAIWAN: ‘Formosa’, S. Sauter, 1 ♀, AJB0000580 (
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, medial and lateral markings of different sizes and never entirely fused (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.39–1.44; PW/PL 1.33–1.37; EW/ EL 1.19–1.26; ESut/PL 0.85–0.89; PW/HW 1.04–1.07; forebody length 4.3–4.7 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.34–1.44; PW/PL 1.35–1.45; EW/ EL 1.19–1.24; ESut/PL 0.82–0.89; PW/HW 1.04–1.09; forebody length 4.5–5.0 mm.
Similar to B. vulneratus and differing only in the following: females sometimes with small basal area of forecoxae dark; head slightly less transverse, frontal impression more weakly impressed; antennomeres less transverse, 7 slightly, 8-10 distinctly transverse, 10 asymmetrical and longer than 9; pronotum more transverse; suture longer relative to pronotum at middle; forebody slightly longer; pronotal disc slightly more micropunctate; median lobe in lateral view with basal teeth appearing at ventral face (Fig.
Figure
Specimens have been collected in January, March-May and July, at elevations ranging from 400-2000 m. Some specimens have been sifted from litter.
Bolitogyrus rufomaculatus may be allopatric with B. taiwanensis, the only other species of the genus on Taiwan. These two species are easily distinguished using the color of the elytra and are not each other’s closest relatives. Bolitogyrus rufomaculatus is most similar to allopatric B. depressus (mainland China) but lacks the expansion of the median lobe in lateral view, has a basal tooth on the median lobe, and the paramere is longer than the median lobe.
Bolitogyrus depressus Cai et al., 2015: 454.
Nanling National Forest Park, Ruyuan County, Guangdong, China.
The type series of this recently described, and well-illustrated species was not examined (
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, medial and lateral markings of different sizes and never entirely fused (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected in July.
Although
Mt. Phu Phan, Hua Phan, Laos.
Holotype (♂,
Paratypes (2 ♂, NHMB): Laos: Hua Phan: Mt. Phu Phan, ca. 1750 m, 20.205 104.010, 17.V.-3.VI.2007, Vit. Kuban, AJB0000672, AJB0000673.
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, medial and lateral markings of different sizes and never entirely fused (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 3): HW/HL 1.34–1.39; PW/PL 1.21–1.27; EW/ EL 1.20–1.25; ESut/PL 0.73–0.79; PW/HW 1.08–1.08; forebody length 4.8–5.1 mm.
Similar to B. vulneratus and differing only in the following: elytral markings only weakly connected or separate in specimens available; head less transverse; antennomeres overall less transverse, antennomere 6 slightly, 7-10 distinctly transverse, 8-10 asymmetrical; forebody slightly longer; median lobe in lateral view with ventral face expanded subapically, apical portion projected ventrad, strongly constricted and hooked apically, basal teeth appearing distant from ventral face (Fig.
Figure
Specimens were collected at an elevational range of 1500-1900 m in May and June.
The specific epithet refers to the swollen, preapical portion of the median lobe.
This species is most similar to B. rufomaculatus and B. depressus but can easily be distinguished by the distinctively expanded median lobe and its distribution in Laos.
Cyrtothorax taiwanensis Hayashi, 1991: 45.
Bolitogyrus
taiwanensis
:
Taitung, Taitung County, Taiwan.
Cyrtothorax taiwanensis Hayashi, 1991.
Paratype (♀, cHay): Formosa [=Taiwan], Taitung [Taitung County], Taitung city [from description], 19.VI.1972, Y. Kiyoyama, AJB0000434.
Taiwan: Pingtung: Tahanshan Logging Road, 22.410 120.737, 24.X.2015, D. Huang (photo record); same except, 7.IV.2013, L. Wei-Ren (photo record, in copula).
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, with broadly pale basal area composed of yellow raised marking and slightly darker non-raised area (Fig.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.34; PW/PL 1.36; EW/ EL 1.22; ESut/PL 0.84; PW/HW 1.06; forebody length 5.0 mm.
Similar to B. vulneratus and differing only in the following: elytra with broad basal area composed of raised yellow marking and non-raised, slightly darker area; hind femur with dark apical marking larger, extending onto the very base of hind tibia; head less transverse; pronotum more transverse, with more numerous micropunctures; antennomere 6 quadrate, 7 slightly and 8-10 transverse; suture of elytra relatively longer than pronotum at middle; forebody slightly longer; median lobe and paramere in lateral view each with small expansion (Fig.
Figure
This species has been observed in April-July and October at an approximate elevation of 1200 m. One pair was found in copula in October.
The photo records of this species by D. Huang and L. Wei-Ren represent the only detailed data available as the type series is only reported from the general area of Taitung city. Bolitogyrus taiwanensis is most similar to allopatric B. fukiensis (eastern mainland China) but can be distinguished by the dark band on the hind femur and by the less transverse antennae. Females can be easily be distinguished by their flattened disc of tergite X (versus raised in B. fukiensis).
Cyrtothorax fukiensis Scheerpeltz, 1974: 183.
Bolitogyrus
fukiensis
:
Kuatun [=Gua Dun], Fujian, China.
Cyrtothorax fukiensis
Holotype (♀,
Paratype (♀,
CHINA: Fujian: Gua Dun village, Wuyi Shan, 19.VI.1946, 1 ♀, AJB0000568 (
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, with broadly pale basal area composed of yellow raised marking and slightly darker non-raised area; antennomere 7 distinctly transverse; female tergite X with disc raised medioapically.
Measurements ♀ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.32–1.38; PW/PL 1.28–1.33; EW/ EL 1.15–1.19; ESut/PL 0.83–0.85; PW/HW 1.06–1.12; forebody length 4.9–5.2 mm.
Similar to B. vulneratus and differing only in the following: elytra with broad basal area composed of raised yellow marking and non-raised, slightly darker area (Fig.
Figure
Specimens have been collected in April-July at elevations ranging from 900–1100 m.
There have been concerns that this species was conspecific with B. taiwanensis due to the lack of a described male specimen and similarities in coloration (
The diverse members of the Loculus Group (Bolitogyrus feai, B. hainanensis, B. himalayicus, B. khasiensis, B. loculus, B. mulayitensis, B. nanus, B. pecki, B. smetanai, and B. solodovnikovi) all share a projected carina at the apex of the median lobe, which appears as a tooth in lateral view and a thickened lip in parameral view. Nearly all species of this group also have a medial group of peg setae that are distinctly larger than those of the lateral group. Basal teeth of the median lobe, when present, are always placed laterally.
Bolitogyrus loculus Cai et al., 2015: 460.
Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China.
The type series of this recently described, and well-illustrated species was not examined (
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, forming broadly pale basal area composed entirely of yellow raised marking (similar to Fig.
Figure
The type series was collected in February at elevations ranging from 560-860 m.
Bolitogyrus loculus is externally similar to B. flavus, especially to morphs of the latter with the minimum extent of pale coloration on the elytra (Fig.
Bolitogyrus hainanensis Cai et al., 2015: 457.
Mt. Yingge Ling [base of], Hainan, China.
The type series of this recently described, and well-illustrated species was not examined (
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, not forming v-shape, medial and lateral markings of different sizes and never entirely fused (Fig.
Figure
Specimens have been collected in November and December at elevations ranging from 450-666 m.
Except for one, much larger, member of the Carnifex Group, B. hainanensis is presently the only species of Bolitogyrus on Hainan island, China. Bolitogyrus hainanensis is externally similar to B. vulneratus and B. pecki but differs by the bilobed paramere, presence of a medial group of peg setae and the recurved apex of the median lobe in lateral view.
Ban Thongvay, Muang Paxon, Bolaven Plateau, Champasak, Laos.
Holotype (♂,
Paratypes (3 ♀,
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, forming v-shape (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.35; PW/PL 1.32; EW/ EL 1.24; ESut/PL 0.79; PW/HW 1.05; forebody length 4.6 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 3): HW/HL 1.31–1.40; PW/PL 1.30–1.34; EW/ EL 1.18–1.23; ESut/PL 0.80–0.83; PW/HW 1.05–1.08; forebody length 4.8–5.0 mm.
Coloration: head entirely dark; pronotum entirely reddish; scutellum reddish, at least at base, disc of elytra dark with yellow v-shaped, raised marking, base sometimes broadly reddish; epipleuron not entirely pale, with subapical darkened area; abdominal tergites III-V entirely reddish, VI varying from dark with reddish base to entirely reddish; antennomere 1 yellow with darkened apex, 2-5 light brownish-red with darkened apex, 6-10 dark brown, apical segment brownish to dark brown; palpi yellow-brown with apical segment slightly darker; legs yellow, midfemur with ventroapical darkened area, hind femur with apical area of femur darkened.
Head distinctly transverse, dorsal surface with moderately dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with few scattered punctures and distinct Y-shaped impression. Antennomeres 6 quadrate, 7 slightly and 8-10 distinctly transverse, 10 more elongate than 9, 8-10 slightly asymmetrical.
Pronotum slightly transverse to quadrate, about as wide as head, with sparse moderately impressed micropunctation on disc, becoming more distinct on anterior angles. Elytra distinctly transverse, suture distinctly shorter than pronotum at middle.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-V distinctly, VI narrowly impunctate medially; sternites III-IV with basal line distinctly projected posteriad at middle.
Median lobe in lateral view with narrowed apical portion nearly straight, apex with tooth (Fig.
Female tergite VIII with median emargination moderately deep and varying from triangular to U-shaped; female tergite X elongate shield-shaped, with moderately projecting and rounded apex, disc distinctly raised, this area longitudinally impressed at middle.
Figure
The type series was collected during May-June at 800-1200 m elevation. Specimens were collected using flight intercept traps and from tree fungi.
This species is named in honor of Alexey Solodovnikov (
Bolitogyrus solodovnikovi is externally similar to allopatric B. feai and B. mulayitensis (both Myanmar) but can be distinguished by the epipleuron, which is only partly pale.
Karen Hills, Kayin State, Myanmar.
Holotype (♂,
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, forming v-shape (as in Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.42; PW/PL 1.33; EW/ EL 1.22; ESut/PL 0.86; PW/HW 0.94; forebody length 4.6 mm.
Similar to B. solodovnikovi and differing only in the following: epipleuron entirely pale (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected in May at 900–1100 m.
This species is named after Leonardo Fea (1852–1903), an Italian explorer and naturalist who collected a rich variety of Bolitogyrus specimens from Myanmar.
Bolitogyrus feai is most similar to B. mulayitensis from southern Myanmar but can be distinguished by the longer apical antennomeres and the presence of only traces of microsculpture on the frons.
Mt. Mulayit, Kayin State, Myanmar.
Holotype (♂,
Paratype (1 ♀,
This species may be recognized by the following: head entirely dark; pronotum widest in posterior third; elytra partly dark, discal markings of elytra extending onto epipleuron, forming v-shape (as Figs
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.38; PW/PL 1.42; EW/ EL 1.22; ESut/PL 0.82; PW/HW 1.07; forebody length 4.5 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.37; PW/PL 1.36; EW/ EL 1.20; ESut/PL 0.90; PW/HW 1.03; forebody length 4.5 mm.
Similar to B. solodovnikovi and differing only in the following: pronotum with broad medial darkening; epipleuron entirely pale (Fig.
Figure
The type series was collected in March at a relatively high elevation (1800–1900 m).
The species is named after Mulayit Taung, a mountain in southern Myanmar. The type series was collected near its summit.
Bolitogyrus mulayitensis is most similar to B. feai but can be distinguished by the distinctly transverse apical antennomeres and strong microsculpture on the frons.
Banks of Khwae Noi River, near Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.
Holotype (♂, cRou): THAILAND r. Kwae Noi, Ban Sai Yok, III.1987, G. de Rougemont [printed] / HOLOTYPE Bolitogyrus smetanai Brunke, des. A. Brunke 2017 [red label] / AJB0000436 [identifier label].
Paratype (♂,
This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: orange frons contrasting with dark head (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 2): HW/HL 1.31–1.34; PW/PL 1.28–1.30; EW/ EL 1.18–1.22; ESut/PL 0.81–0.81; PW/HW 1.02–1.03; forebody length 4.0–4.1 mm.
Coloration: head dark with orange frons; pronotum reddish orange with hourglass-shaped dark marking medially; elytral disc dark brown to dark brownish-red, with orange to yellow marking at middle and along suture, apical angles and humeri paler; scutellum dark; epipleuron pale along its length; abdominal tergites III-VI ranging from almost entirely dark, to reddish with central dark marking, VII entirely dark; antennomere 1 yellow, 2-5 reddish with dark apices, 6-10 dark brown, 11 vaguely paler; palpi yellowish; legs yellowish with small dark marking at ventral apex of femora.
Head distinctly transverse, dorsal surface with moderately dense but clearly separated, asetose punctures, frons with few scattered punctures. Antennomeres 8-10 slightly transverse and asymmetrical.
Pronotum distinctly transverse, center of disc with very few micropunctures, about as wide as head. Elytra moderately transverse, suture shorter than pronotum at middle; elytral disc bearing a pair of small, raised, oval and light yellow markings near the center, and an additional, smaller pair laterad.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-V distinctly, impunctate at middle.
Median lobe in lateral view evenly narrowed to apex, ventral face flat, with minute pair of median teeth formed from median carina (Fig.
Female unknown.
Figure
Specimens were collected in March and May at both lowland and montane elevations (900–1100 m). It is unlikely that B. smetanai occurs over such a broad range of elevations and it is possibly that either Fea’s material was mislabeled or the specimen from Thailand had washed down with heavy rain from a much higher point.
This charming species is named in honor of Aleš Smetana (
Bolitogyrus smetanai is easily recognized by its small size, dark apical antennomeres and orange frons.
Mawsynram, Meghalaya, Khasi Hills, India.
Holotype (♂,
Paratype (♀,
This species can be distinguished by the following character states: head entirely dark; elytral disc dark with pale markings not extending halfway to epipleural margin (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.34; PW/PL 1.26; EW/ EL 1.19; ESut/PL 0.79; PW/HW 1.0; forebody length 4.3 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.35; PW/PL 1.27; EW/ EL 1.19; ESut/PL 0.76; PW/HW 1.09; forebody length 4.3 mm.
Coloration: head, pronotum and abdomen entirely dark; elytra with yellow, raised markings, medial marking thinly connected to smaller lateral marking that does not extend halfway to epipleural margin; antennomere 1 yellow with darkened apex, 2-5 reddish with darkened apices, 6-11 dark brown; palpi yellow with apical segment slightly darkened; legs yellow, mid and hind tibia with darkened ventroapical area.
Head distinctly transverse, dorsal surface with moderately dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with only scattered punctures and distinctly impressed. Antennomere 6 slightly, 7-10 distinctly transverse and 8-10 asymmetrical.
Pronotum distinctly transverse, about as wide as head to slightly wider, with a few shallow micropunctures on disc, becoming more distinct on anterior angles. Elytra slightly transverse, suture shorter than pronotum at middle.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-VI distinctly impunctate medially.
Median lobe in lateral view strongly constricted in apical portion, with apical tooth formed from median carina, basal teeth absent, ventral face more or less straight (similar to Fig.
Female with tergite VIII entire; tergite X elongate shield-shaped, with broadly rounded but projected apex, disc distinctly raised and without depressions or strong ridges.
Figure
The type series was collected in June at approximately 800 m. The area around the type locality is also considered to be the wettest terrestrial place on earth, receiving record annual rainfall levels.
The species epithet refers to the type locality in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, India, and recognizes this global biodiversity hotspot.
Bolitogyrus khasiensis is most similar externally to northeastern Indian species B. himalayicus, B. nanus and B. concavus but can be distinguished by lateral discal elytral marking, which does not extend halfway to the epipleural margin. It shares this feature with B. lasti and B. ornatipennis but has an oval-shaped medial discal elytral marking and distinct expansion of the pronotal margin.
Sevoke, Darjeerling, West Bengal, India.
Holotype (♂,
This species can be distinguished by the following character states: head entirely dark; elytral disc dark with pale markings extending halfway to epipleural margin (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.36; PW/PL 1.34; EW/ EL 1.20; ESut/PL 0.83; PW/HW 1.07; forebody length 3.7 mm.
Extremely similar to B. khasiensis and differing only in the following: medial and lateral elytral markings more broadly connected, pale area of epipleuron not restricted to humeral spot, pale in entire basal half; pronotum slightly more transverse; elytral suture relatively longer than pronotum at middle; forebody distinctly shorter and thinner; median lobe in parameral view with apex distinctly acuminate and acute, apical portion with single-toothed carina or ‘lip’ (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected in October at 200 m and was sifted from leaves in a forest ravine (
The species epithet refers to its distribution in the Himalayan mountains. Bolitogyrus himalayicus is the only described species known to occur in this region.
This is the species
Mawsynram-Balat Road, Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India.
Holotype (♂,
This species can be distinguished by the following character states: head entirely dark; elytral disc dark with pale markings extending halfway to epipleural margin (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.40; PW/PL 1.29; EW/ EL 1.23; ESut/PL 0.84; PW/HW 1.01; forebody length 3.5 mm.
Extremely similar to B. khasiensis and differing only in the following: medial and lateral elytral markings more broadly connected, pale area of epipleuron not restricted to humeral spot, pale in up to entire basal half; pronotum slightly more transverse; elytral suture relatively longer than pronotum at middle; forebody distinctly shorter and thinner; median lobe in parameral view with apex distinctly acuminate and acute, apex with folded, double-tooted carina (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected in October at 1000 m.
The species epithet refers to the fact that this species is the smallest known in the Oriental fauna at 3.5 millimeters in forebody length.
Bolitogyrus nanus is extremely similar to allopatric B. himalayicus from West Bengal but is slightly smaller and the apex of the median lobe bears a double-toothed carina and the paramere lacks the dense apical field of peg setae.
BaBe National Park, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam.
Holotype (♂,
This species can be distinguished by the following character states: head entirely dark; elytral disc dark with pale markings extending halfway to epipleural margin (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.40; PW/PL 1.31; EW/ EL 1.22; ESut/PL 0.83; PW/HW 1.06; forebody length 4.5 mm.
Similar to B. khasiensis and differing only in the following: medial and lateral elytral markings much more broadly connected, pale area of epipleuron not restricted to humeral spot, pale in up to entire basal half; abdomen slightly paler, dark reddish brown toward the base; head and pronotum more transverse; elytral suture relatively longer than pronotum at middle; forebody distinctly broader, appearing more robust; median lobe with laterally placed basal teeth, in parameral view with apex bearing folded, single-tooted carina (Fig.
Figure
The holotype was collected in May using an FIT in lowland forest (180 m).
This species is named in honor of Stewart Peck (Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada), the collector of its holotype and many other rare taxa belonging to Staphylinini.
Bolitogyrus pecki is similar to the allopatric B. hainanensis from Hainan, China but can easily be distinguished by median lobe in lateral view, which is not recurved and the peg setae of the paramere, which are arranged in simple marginal and medial rows.
A single female specimen from Kachin State, Myanmar (NHMW) was studied that is similar to B. smetanai but lacks an orange frons and likely represents an undescribed species.
Cyrtothorax elegans Cameron, 1937: 28.
Baturaden (“Batoerraden”), Mt. Slamet, Central Java.
Cyrtothorax elegans Cameron, 1937.
Syntypes (2♂, 4♀,
This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: orange frons contrasting with dark head (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 2): HW/HL 1.38–1.40; PW/PL 1.10–1.13; EW/ EL 1.16–1.21; ESut/PL 0.74–0.76; PW/HW 0.97–1.01; forebody length 4.1–4.4 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 4): HW/HL 1.35–1.38; PW/PL 0.99–1.03; EW/ EL 1.22–1.23; ESut/PL 0.75–0.79; PW/HW 0.99–1.03; forebody length 4.2–4.7 mm.
Coloration: head dark with orange frons; pronotum varying from entirely reddish-orange, to with median and pair of darkened areas; elytra dark with humeri, apical angles and v-shaped , raised discal marking light yellow, base and area along suture orange, these pale areas often connecting to leave only outer apical areas dark; scutellum dark to reddish with dark border; antennomere 1 yellow with darkened apex, 2-5 light brownish-red, 6-10 dark brown, apical segment distinctly paler, light brown to yellow; palpi yellow-brown; legs yellow, on ventral face, very apex of femur darkened.
Head distinctly transverse, dorsal surface with moderately dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with very few scattered punctures and shallow Y-shaped impression. Antennomeres 6 slightly, 7-10 distinctly transverse, 10 more elongate than 9, 7-10 slightly asymmetrical.
Pronotum slightly transverse to quadrate, about as wide as head, with scattered shallow micropunctures on disc, becoming more distinct on anterior angles. Elytra slightly transverse, suture distinctly shorter than pronotum at middle, punctation relatively sparse, with most punctures separated by a distance not less than their diameter.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-VI distinctly impunctate medially, basal impressions with elongate punctures; sternites III-IV with basal line distinctly projected posteriad at middle.
Median lobe in lateral view with apical fourth more strongly narrowed to apex, which is deflexed ventrad (Fig.
Female tergite VIII with median emargination varying from small and triangular to moderately deep and elongate triangular; female tergite X elongate, with acute, acuminate apex; disc only weakly raised in apical half, not separated by ridges.
Figure
Specimens were collected in March and July.
Bolitogyrus elegans is externally most similar to allopatric B. smetanai (Thailand, Myanmar) but is easily distinguished by the pale apical antennomere and the more sparsely punctate elytra.
Quedius (Raphirus) ornatipennis Wendeler, 1927: 9.
Cyrtothorax octomaculatus Cameron, 1937: 28 syn. n.
Mount Kendang, West Java.
Quedius ornatipennis Wendeler, 1927.
Holotype (♀,
Cyrtothorax octomaculatus Cameron, 1937 syn. n.
Syntypes (1♂, 3♀,
INDONESIA: Java: West Java: ‘Tjobidai’ [=Cibodas, botanical garden], J. Skovgaard, 1 ♂, AJB0000516 (
This species can be distinguished by the following character states: head entirely dark; elytral disc dark with pale markings not extending onto epipleuron (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 4): HW/HL 1.33–1.38; PW/PL 1.10–1.20; EW/ EL 1.14–1.19; ESut/PL 0.84–0.86; PW/HW 0.95–0.99; forebody length 3.8–4.4 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 5): HW/HL 1.32–1.40; PW/PL 1.13–1.23; EW/ EL 1.15–1.19; ESut/PL 0.82–0.90; PW/HW 0.94–1.04; forebody length 4.4–4.6 mm.
Similar to B. elegans and differing only in the following: head and pronotum entirely dark; elytral dark, v-shaped marking often broken into two markings, outer marking usually elongate and inner marking loosely triangular (Fig.
Figure
Specimens have been collected in January and June-August, at elevations ranging from 1000-1700 m.
Bolitogyrus ornatipennis is externally most similar to allopatric B. lasti (southern India) but can be distinguished by the more triangular median elytral marking and the distinct expansion of the pronotal margin.
Cyrtothorax doesburgi Scheerpeltz, 1974: 187.
Mt. Muria (“Gn. Moeria”), Central Java.
Cyrtothorax doesburgi Scheerpeltz, 1974.
Holotype (♂,
Bolitogyrus doesburgi is easily recognized by the uniformly reddish elytra and the minutely expanded pronotal margin.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.32; PW/PL 1.30; EW/ EL 1.19; ESut/PL 0.89; PW/HW 0.98; forebody length 6.0 mm.
Coloration: body dark; elytra reddish; abdominal tergite III mostly dark with lateroapical areas reddish, IV with middle dark and remaining area reddish, V entirely reddish, VI-VII dark with base and apex reddish, VIII dark; antennomere 1 yellow, II-V reddish, 6-10 dark brown, 11 pale yellow; palpi yellowish, apical segment darkened; legs yellowish, femora with dorsal surface darkened.
Head distinctly transverse; dorsal surface with moderately dense, clearly separated asetose punctures, frons with coarse depressions in addition to usual frontal impressions and with scattered punctures, frons bearing a pair of setose punctures between anterior frontal punctures. Antennomeres 7-10 transverse and asymmetrical.
Pronotum distinctly transverse, convex and with micropunctures scattered on disc, becoming rather dense on anterior angles. Elytra slightly transverse, slightly shorter than pronotum at middle, in addition to usual macrosetal rows on disc, scattered punctures bearing setae, nearly all punctures setose on epipleuron of elytron.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-V distinctly impunctate; sternites III-IV with basal line distinctly projected posteriad at middle.
Median lobe in lateral view gradually narrowed apicad to level of single median, apical tooth formed from projection of apical carina, apex of median lobe slightly constricted apicad of tooth, median lobe with pair of basal teeth at about midlength (Fig.
Female unknown.
Figure
The holotype was collected in February at 700-1000 m.
Bolitogyrus doesburgi is the only Oriental species of the genus with an asymmetrical aedeagus.
Cyrtothorax signatus Cameron, 1932: 278.
Dikoya, Central Province, Sri Lanka.
Cyrtothorax signatus Cameron, 1932.
Holotype (♂,
SRI LANKA: Sabaragamuwa: ‘Sinharaja jungle’, in malaise trap, 10.IX.1979, M Kosztarab, T. Wijesinhe and L. Jayawickrema, 1 ♀, AJB0000579 (
Bolitogyrus signatus is easily recognized by the pronotum, which is widest at the anterior angles (Fig.
Measurements ♂ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.63; PW/PL 1.66; EW/ EL 1.23; ESut/PL 0.88; PW/HW 1.09; forebody length 5.1 mm.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.55; PW/PL 1.21; EW/ EL 1.24; ESut/PL 0.71; PW/HW 0.97; forebody length 4.7 mm.
Coloration: body dark; head, pronotum and abdomen entirely dark, elytra dark, each with yellow v-shaped marking; antennomere 1 yellow with darkened apex, 2-5 reddish-orange with darkened apices, 6-10 dark brown, 11 pale yellow; palpi yellowish with apical segment darkened; forecoxae yellow with basal fifth dark brown in both sexes, legs yellow, forefemur with dorsal surface dark brown, lateral face and dorsal surface of mid and hind tibia with subapical dark marking, tibia with lateral face darker.
Head strongly transverse, more so in male; dorsal surface including frons glossy with sparse, small and poorly impressed punctures; in male, lateral part of head beneath eye expanded ventrad. Antennomeres 8-10 distinctly transverse but not asymmetrical.
Pronotum transverse and widest at anterior angles, strikingly more strongly transverse in males than females, with lateral portions explanate in males, protuberance moderate (male) or distinct (female); medial part of disc almost entirely without micropunctures, anterior angles with many impressed micropunctures. Elytra slightly transverse, suture distinctly to slightly shorter than pronotum at middle, nearly all punctures of epipleuron setose.
Abdomen with disc of tergites III-VI distinctly impunctate.
Median lobe in lateral view evenly converging to apex, ventral face nearly straight except for very apex flexed ventrad, without teeth (Fig.
Female with tergite VIII bearing large, circular emargination (Fig.
Figure
Specimens were collected in September and December-January at 1160–1280 m. One specimen was collected by a malaise trap.
Bolitogyrus signatus is the only Oriental species of the genus to exhibit strong sexual dimorphism, as in some Neotropical species. The sclerites of the male and female genital segments are uniquely fused in this species.
Two female specimens from Java are similar to B. doesburgi but may each represent a different species. One specimen was collected in lowland forest (locality illegible, 100 m,
Dorsal habitus of Bolitogyrus electus Smetana & Zheng (A), B. kitawakii (Smetana & Zheng) (B), B. caesareus (Bernhauer) (C), B. proximus (Cameron) (D), B. rufipennis (Cameron) (E), B. pederseni Brunke (F), B. nokrek Brunke (G), B. lasti Rougemont (H) and B. tigris Brunke (I). Scale bars: 2 mm.
Dorsal habitus of Bolitogyrus sepilok Brunke (A), B. schillhammeri Brunke (B), B. flavus Yuan et al. (C), B. fukiensis (Scheerpeltz) (D), B. solodovnikovi Brunke (E), B. smetanai Brunke (F), B. elegans (Cameron) (G), male B. signatus (Cameron) (H) and female B. signatus (I). Scale bars: 2 mm.
Antenna: Bolitogyrus electus Smetana & Zheng (A) and B. confusus Brunke (B). Posterior angle of pronotum: B. caesareus (Bernhauer) (C) and B. elegans (Cameron) (D). Elytra: B. elegans (E), B. smetanai Brunke (F), B. tigris Brunke (G) and B. luteus (H). Dorsal head: B. luteus (I). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–C, E–I), 1 mm (D).
Abdominal tergite III: Bolitogyrus sepilok Brunke (A). Dorsal abdomen: B. elegantulus Yuan et al. (B) and B. carnifex (Fauvel) (C). Anterior face of mid-femur: B. elegantulus (D) and B. phukhieo Brunke (E). Lateral view of elytron: B. ornatipennis (Wendeler) (F), B. pictus Yuan et al. (G) and B. solodovnikovi Brunke (H). Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A), 0.5 mm (B–H).
Bolitogyrus electus Smetana & Zheng (A, B, D, F, H), B. uncus Cai et al. (C, E, G, I), B. confusus Brunke (J–L), B. huanghaoi Hu et al. (M–O) and B. nigropolitus Smetana (P, Q). Aedeagus in parameral view (A, J, M), median lobe in lateral view (B, C, N, P), peg setae of paramere (D, K, O, Q), apex of paramere in lateral (F, G, L) and parameral view (E), apex of median lobe in parameral view (H, I). Figure
Bolitogyrus cyanipennis (Zheng) (A–D), B. kitawakii Smetana & Zheng (E–H), B. nigerrimus Yuan et al. (I–K) and B. metallicus Cai et al. (L–O). Aedeagus in parameral view (A, E), median lobe in lateral view (B, F, I, L), peg setae of paramere (C, G, K, N), apex of median lobe in parameral view (D, H), paramere (J, M), apical half of paramere in lateral view showing median ridge (O). Figures A–D, M–O modified from
Bolitogyrus caesareus (Bernhauer) (A–C), B. proximus (Cameron) (D–G), B. temburong (Brunke) (H–J) and B. rufipennis (Cameron) (K–M). Aedeagus in parameral view (A, D, H, K), median lobe in lateral view (B, F, I, L), peg setae of paramere (C, G, J, M). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–B, D–F, H–I, K–L), 0.1 mm (C, G, J, M).
Bolitogyrus carnifex (Fauvel) (A–C), B. pederseni Brunke (D–F), B. vietnamensis (Scheerpeltz) (G–I), B. elegantulus Yuan et al. (J–L) and B. phukhieo Brunke (M–O). Median lobe in parameral view (A, D, G, J, M), median lobe in lateral view (B, E, H, K, N), peg setae of paramere (C, F, I, L, O). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Bolitogyrus magnimaculosus Cai et al. (A–C), B. nokrek Brunke (D–G), B. lasti Rougemont (H–J) and B. tigris Brunke (K–M). Aedeagus in parameral view (H, K), median lobe in parameral view (A, D), median lobe in lateral view (B, E, I, L), peg setae of paramere (C, F, J, M), paramere in lateral view (G). Figures A–C modified from
Bolitogyrus luteus Brunke (A–D), B. sepilok Brunke (E–G), B. vulneratus (Fauvel) (H–K) and B. flavus Yuan et al. (L–O). Aedeagus in parameral view (A, E, H, L), apex of median lobe in parameral view (B, I, M), median lobe in lateral view (C, F, J, N), peg setae of paramere (D, G, K, O). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Bolitogyrus concavus Brunke (A–C), B. rufomaculatus (Shibata) (D, E, G), B. depressus Cai et al. (F), B. taiwanensis (Hayashi) (G–I) and B. tumidus Brunke (J–L). Aedeagus in parameral view (A, D, G, J), aedeagus in lateral view showing expansion of the paramere (arrow) (B), apex of aedeagus in lateral view (E, F, H, K), peg setae of paramere (C, G, I, L). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Bolitogyrus hainanensis Cai et al. (A–D), B. loculus Cai et al. (E–H), B. solodovnikovi Brunke (I–K) and B. feai Brunke (L–O). Aedeagus in parameral view (A, E), apex of median lobe in parameral view (B, F, I, L), median lobe in lateral view (C, G, J, M), peg setae of paramere (D, H, K, O). Figures
Bolitogyrus mulayitensis Brunke (A–C), B. smetanai Brunke (D–F), B. khasiensis Brunke (G–H), B. himalayicus Brunke (I–J), B. nanus Brunke (K–L), and B. pecki Brunke (M–O). Median lobe in parameral view (A, D, H, J, L, M), median lobe in lateral view (B, E, N), peg setae of paramere (C, F, G, I, K, O). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Bolitogyrus elegans (Cameron) (A–C), B. ornatipennis (Wendeler) (D–F), B. doesburgi (Scheerpeltz) (G–I) and B. signatus (Cameron) (J–L). Median lobe in parameral view (A, D, G, J), median lobe in lateral view (H), aedeagus in lateral view (B, E, K), peg setae of paramere (C, F, I, L). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Distribution of: Bolitogyrus electus Smetana & Zheng, B. confusus Brunke, B. huanghaoi Hu et al., and B. uncus Cai et al. (A); B. cyanipennis (Zheng), B. kitawakii Smetana & Zheng, B. metallicus Cai et al., B. nigerrimus Yuan et al., and B. nigropolitus Smetana (B); B. caesareus (Bernhauer) and B. sepilok Brunke (C); B. proximus (Cameron) and B. rufipennis (Cameron) (D).
Distribution of: Bolitogyrus doesburgi (Scheerpeltz), B. elegans (Cameron), B. ornatipennis (Wendeler) and B. temburong Brunke (A); B. carnifex (Fauvel), B. elegantulus Yuan et al., B. magnimaculosus Cai et al., B. pederseni Brunke, B. phukhieo Brunke and B. vietnamensis (Scheerpeltz) (B); B. himalayicus Brunke, B. nanus Brunke and B. nokrek Brunke (C); B. lasti Rougemont, B. signatus (Cameron) and B. tigris Brunke (D).
Distribution of: Bolitogyrus feai Brunke, B. luteus Brunke, B. mulayitensis Brunke, B. pictus Smetana & Zheng, and B. solodovnikovi Brunke (A); B. profundus Cai et al., B. rougemonti Brunke, and B. schillhammeri Brunke (B); B. concavus Brunke and B. khasiensis Brunke (C); B. depressus Cai et al., B. fukiensis (Scheerpeltz), B. rufomaculatus (Shibata) and B. taiwanensis (Hayashi) (D).
This project has received funding in the form of fellowships from the NSERC PRP program and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 642241 (BIG4). The author would like to thank A. Solodovnikov (