Research Article |
Corresponding author: Pu Gong ( pgong@cdc.zj.cn ) Corresponding author: Zhu-Qing He ( zqhe@bio.ecnu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Jun-Jie Gu
© 2024 Jing-Wen Hou, Yue Xu, Tian-Hao Hu, Zi-Heng Zhang, Shi-Yang Wu, Pu Gong, Zhu-Qing He.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Hou J-W, Xu Y, Hu T-H, Zhang Z-H, Wu S-Y, Gong P, He Z-Q (2024) A new species of Svistella Gorochov, 1987 from Xizang, China (Orthoptera, Trigonidiidae, Trigonidiinae). ZooKeys 1193: 145-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1193.117612
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The genus Svistella Gorochov, 1987 includes 10 species from Asia, with nine documented in China. In this study, a new species, Svistella yayun He, sp. nov., is described from Xizang, China. Morphologically, it resembles S. rufonotata (Chopard, 1932) but can be distinguished by a smaller inner tympanum, dark-brown setae on the 5th segment of the maxillary palp, and a rounded apex on the ectoparamere. To validate our morphological inferences and support the description of S. yayun sp. nov. as a new species, we performed a PCA based on bioacoustics parameters and molecular analysis. All Svistella species documented in China are distinguished by integrating their songs and DNA barcoding.
COI, DNA barcoding, PCA, songs, taxonomy, Zayu
The genus Svistella Gorochov, 1987 belongs to the family Trigonidiidae Saussure, 1877, with all 10 species endemic to Asia (
The divergence of cricket songs usually precedes visible morphological differences, making song variations a significant driving factor for the divergence of cricket species (
During entomological surveys conducted in 2023, we first noticed unique songs different from any known cricket species. Our morphological, bioacoustics, and molecular analyses placed those newly collected individuals within the genus Svistella. However, the new specimens are different from any known Svistella species. Here we describe a new species, Svistella yayun He, sp. nov. from Xizang, China, and all Chinese Svistella species are characterized by a combination of their morphology, songs, and DNA barcoding.
We discovered this unknown species through its sounds during the night. Five individuals were collected from the wild and immediately preserved in 65% ethanol. After returning to the lab, a hind leg was preserved in anhydrous ethanol at −40 °C for molecular studies, and the remaining parts were preserved as dry specimens.
We recorded songs by using a SONY PCM A10 (ICX-0471) recorder. Three song recordings of Svistella yayun He, sp. nov. and all song recordings of other Chinese Svistella species from
Species | Record site | Record time | Temperature (°C) | Echeme duration (s) | Echemes interval (s) | No. of echemes per minute | No. of syllables in each echeme | Peak frequency (Hz) | Data Source |
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S. anhuiensis | Wuyi Mountain, Fujian, China | 20180911 | 27 | 10 + | 0 | — | — | 7449.870 ± 83.908 | This study |
S. argentata | Jianfengling, Hainan, China | 20090721 | 28 | 10 + | 0 | — | — | 6245.520 ± 70.210 | This study |
S. bifasciata | Shenzhen, Guangdong, China | 20190901 | 22 | 10 + | 0 | — | — | 5496.450 ± 27.124 | This study |
S. fallax | Ankang, Shanxi, China | 20190923 | 22 | 0.305 ± 0.010 | 0.320 ± 0.020 | 96.000 ± 0.000 | 16.400 ± 0.516 | — | This study |
S. fuscoterminata | Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China | 20171025 | 20 | 0.950 ± 0.020 | 2.024 ± 0.231 | 19.500 ± 2.550 | 29.700 ± 0.949 | 5127.970 ± 23.356 | This study |
S. malu | Kunming, Yunnan, China | 20160926 | 25 | 0.440 ± 0.010 | 0.348 ± 0.030 | 83.400 ± 5.254 | 14.900 ± 0.994 | 6387.470 ± 23.299 | This study |
S. rufonotata | Wuyi Mountain, Fujian, China | 20190312 | 18 | 0.150 ± 0.002 | 0.276 ± 0.004 | 138.000 ± 0.000 | 2.000 ± 0.000 | 5187.870 ± 30.050 | This study |
Baisha, Hainan, China | 20190403 | 18 | 0.150 ± 0.002 | 0.270 ± 0.004 | 138.000 ± 0.000 | 2.000 ± 0.000 | 4526.890 ± 29.970 | This study | |
S. wuyong | Flowers-birds Market, China | 20160920 | 24 | 0.443 ± 0.026 | 0.303 ± 0.049 | 87.600 ± 3.098 | 10.900 ± 0.738 | 5665.760 ± 72.207 | This study |
Flowers-birds Market, China | 20160930 | 24 | 0.393 ± 0.012 | 0.335 ± 0.030 | 82.800 ± 3.795 | 14.400 ± 0.516 | 6029.440 ± 44765 | This study | |
Flowers-birds Market, China | 20160930 | 24 | 0.398 ± 0.017 | 0.407 ± 0.058 | 72.000 ± 7.483 | 14.200 ± 0.632 | 5930.810 ± 19.250 | This study | |
Flowers-birds Market, China | 20160930 | 24 | 0.393 ± 0.017 | 0.461 ± 0.054 | 71.400 ± 3.406 | 13.700 ± 0.675 | 5942.970 ± 29.030 | This study | |
Flowers-birds Market, China | 20160918 | 24 | 0.426 ± 0.027 | 0.273 ± 0.040 | 85.200 ± 2.530 | 11.300 ± 0.675 | 6242.520 ± 40.999 | This study | |
S. yayun | Zayu, Xizang, China | 20230709 | 20 | 0.939 ± 0.041 | 0.627 ± 0.045 | 42.000 ± 0.000 | 18.700 ± 0.949 | 5406.360 ± 116.973 | This study |
Zayu, Xizang, China | 20230709 | 20 | 0.992 ± 0.071 | 0.568 ± 0.037 | 37.200 ± 2.530 | 21.700 ± 1.494 | 5594.540 ± 34.098 | This study | |
Zayu, Xizang, China | 20230709 | 20 | 0.967 ± 0.034 | 0.978 ± 0.135 | 31.800 ± 2.898 | 18.900 ± 0.738 | 5332.420 ± 65.809 | This study |
The sizes of the following body parts were measured on photographs by the ruler tool of Adobe Photoshop CC 2015.5. All the measurements are in millimeters (mm).
Terminology used to describe the male genitalia follows
Abbreviations:
SZ Body size (from head to tip of abdomen)
FWL Forewing length
HFL Length of hind femur
PL Pronotal length
OL Ovipositor length
ec ap Ectophallic apodeme
en s Endophallic sclerite
ps ind Pseudephiphallic indentation
ps lo Pseudephiphallic lophi
r Pseudephiphallic rami
v Ectophallic virgu (ectophallic fold)
All specimens are deposited in the Museum of Biology, East China Normal University (ECNU).
The total genomic DNA was extracted from the muscles of a hind leg by AxyPrep Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit (AXYGEN), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI, 658 bp) were sequenced. Primers COBU (TYTCAACAAAYCAYAARGATATTGG) and COBL (TAAACTTCWGGRTGWCCAAARAATCA) were used (
Genus | Species | Voucher | Collection site | GenBank | Data source |
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Svistella | S. yayun | 4970 | Zayu, Xizang, China | OR899297 | This study |
4967 | Zayu, Xizang, China | OR899298 | This study | ||
S. anhuiensis | 242 | Chakou, Anhui, China | MG549837 |
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S. argentata | 302 | Flowers-birds Market, China | MW647096 |
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333 | Shenzhen, Guangdong, China | MW647097 |
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S. bifasciata | 1254 | Changjiang, Hainan, China | MW647098 |
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1427 | Chebaling, Guangdong, China | MW647099 |
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260 | Lishui, Zhejiang, China | MG549832 |
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2014 | Gutian Mountain, Zhejiang, China | MW647100 |
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33 | Weng’ang, Guizhou, China | MG549831 |
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2279 | Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang, China | MW647101 |
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318 | Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang, China | MW647102 |
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671 | Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China | MG549833 |
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S. dubia | 637 | Tengchong, Yunnan, China | MW647124 |
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740 | Baoshan, Yunnan, China | MW647125 |
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Svistella | S. fallax | 1017 | Tongjiang, Sichuan, China | MW647109 |
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2326 | Xunyangba, Shaanxi, China | MW647110 |
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1513 | Flowers-birds Market, China | MW647111 |
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1514 | Flowers-birds Market, China | MW647112 |
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S. fuscoterminata | 1133 | Nabang, Yunnan, China | MW647113 |
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2274 | Nabang, Yunnan, China | MW647114 |
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2307 | Nabang, Yunnan, China | MW647115 |
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1161 | Ruili, Yunnan, China | MW647116 |
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551 | Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China | MG549834 |
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954 | Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China | MG549835 |
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S. malu | 1961 | Tengchong, Yunnan, China | MW647103 |
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2288 | Kunming, Yunnan, China | MW647104 |
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1960 | Tengchong, Yunnan, China | MW647105 |
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289 | Kunming, Yunnan, China | MW647106 |
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297 | Kunming, Yunnan, China | MW647107 |
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2289 | Kunming, Yunnan, China | MW647108 |
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S. rufonotata | 1634 | Baisha, Hainan, China | MW647117 |
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494 | Mengla, Yunnan, China | MW647118 |
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1756 | Wuyi Mountain, Fujian, China | MW647119 |
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243 | Flowers-birds Market, China | MW647120 |
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S. wuyong | 2318 | Nabang, Yunnan, China | MW647121 |
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2320 | Nabang, Yunnan, China | MW647122 |
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286 | Flowers-birds Market, China | MW647123 |
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Amusurgus | A. genji | 317 | Lin’an, Zhejiang, China | MT706087 | He et al. 2020 |
The COI sequences from newly reported species, along with 36 individuals and the outgroup Amusurgus genji obtained from GenBank, were aligned using the MUSCLE method in MEGA 11 (
Order Orthoptera
Family Trigonidiidae
Subfamily Trigonidiinae
Svistella
Gorochov, 1987;
Svistella bifasciata (= Paratrigonidium bifasciatum Shiraki, 1911).
The new species is characterized as follows: small to medium body size for the genus; dark-brown setae on the 5th segment of maxillary palp; small, inner tympanum; hind femora without black stripe; tegmina unicolor. It is morphologically similar to S. rufonotata but differs in having dark-brown setae on the 5th segment of maxillary palp (Fig.
Holotype : China • ♂; Xizang, Zayu; 28°28.20'N, 97°01.22'E; 1565 m); 9 July 2023; He Zhu-Qing leg.; ECNU 4969. Paratypes: 2♂, ECNU 4961, ECNU 4970 & 2♀, ECNU 4967, ECNU 4968; same data as for holotype.
Male. Body size small. Head slightly wider than anterior margin of pronotum, occiput slightly convex (Figs
Genitalia. Pseudepiphallus separated into two lateral parts joined by a straight sclerotized bridge. Pseudepiphallic lophi curved inwards with 3 or 4 forks apically. Posterior marginal area of endoparameron with minute teeth and short setae (Fig.
Female. Similar to male (Fig.
Coloration. Body brown; legs yellowish brown. Head orange and marked with five vertical red stripes extending to pronotum in dorsal view. Setae on the 5th segment of maxillary palpi dark brown (Fig.
Male genitalia and right inner tympanum of Svistella rufonotata and S. yayun He, sp. nov. A male genitalia of S. yayun He, sp. nov. in ventral view, holotype, ECNU 4969 B, C male genitalia of S. rufonotata in ventral view from specimens ECNU 266 and ECNU 494, respectively D, E inner tympanum of S. yayun He, sp. nov. from a paratype ECNU 4961 and the holotype, ECNU 4969, respectively F, G inner tympanum of S. rufonotata from specimens ECNU 494 and ECNU 1756, respectively. Black arrows indicate the tip and a lateral process of ectoparamere. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Variation. A paratype (ECNU 4961) has seven dorsal spurs on the hind tibiae (four internal ones and three external ones), while all the other examined specimens bear six dorsal spurs on the hind tibiae.
Holotype : ♂ BL 5.63, PL 1.09, FWL 4.08, HFL 4.35; Paratypes: ♂ BL 5.86–6.16, PL 1.05–1.18, FWL 4.09–4.14, HFL 4.07–4.30; ♀ BL 5.55–5.63, PL 1.19–1.27, FWL 3.36–3.41, HFL 4.19–4.30, OL 2.05–2.07.
China (Xizang).
The specific epithet yayun is for the Chinese phonetic alphabet, 雅韵, which means “beautiful music”.
In total, 39 COI sequences including our newly described S. yayun He, sp. nov., as well as the COI sequence of Amusurgus genji as the outgroup, were obtained. The results of the two molecular methods identified 11 putative species, which largely conform to the distance tree inferred from the NJ topology and are all consistent with separating S. yayun He, sp. nov. as a species (Fig.
Distance tree of Svistella species based on COI genes. Rooted by Amusurgus genji, the tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method with the Kimura 2-parameter model and a 0.19 gamma parameter. Topology supports of major nodes are indicated above branches by bootstrap value. Two DNA barcode-based (ABGD, ASAP) delimitation methods are represented by vertical bars in grey and blue, respectively, on the right side of the tree.
The calling song of Svistella yayun sp. nov. is stereotyped with 37.11 ± 5.00 [30–42] echemes/minute. Each echeme continues 0.966 ± 0.049 [0.901–1.094] second and consists of 19.77 ± 1.060 [18–24] syllables (Fig.
PCA results are shown in Fig.
Svistella rufonotata: China • ♂; bought from Flowers-birds Market; September 2016; He Zhu-Qing; ECNU 266 • ♂; Yunnan, Mengla, Wangtianshu (望天树景区); 21°37.04'N, 101°33.56'E; 26 April 2017; He Zhu-Qing leg.; ECNU 494 • ♂; Hainan, Baisha, Nankai; 19°04.78'N, 109°22.57'E; 18 March 2019; He Zhu-Qing leg.; ECNU 1634 • ♂; Fujian, Wuyishan; 27°41.28'N, 117°44.38'E; 22 September 2018; He Zhu-Qing leg.; ECNU 1756.
In this study, the distance tree based on COI sequences shows that Svistella yayun sp. nov. is separate and distinct from other Svistella species and the reconstructed tree topology aligns with the earlier study using the same gene for eight species (
Probably due to its small size, it is challenging to collect or observe S. yayun sp. nov. in the field without relying on its distinctive songs. In our prior experience, we have occasionally identified new orthopteran species in the field based on their unique songs (Liu et al. 2018;
Discoveries of new Svistella and other new species of Trigonidiidae often reveal the influence of geographical barriers and communication signals on species isolation (
We are cordially grateful to all anonymous reviewers for valuable and constructive comments. We appreciate Yi-Jie Shen (Purdue University, America) for checking the English in our manuscript.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
No funding was reported.
Data curation: YX, ZHZ, JWH. Methodology: YX, SYW, ZHZ, JWH. Project administration: ZQH. Supervision: PG, ZQH. Writing - original draft: JWH, YX, THH. Writing - review and editing: SYW, PG, JWH, ZQH, YX, THH.
Jing-Wen Hou https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9395-8040
Yue Xu https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7235-1613
Tian-Hao Hu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3210-961X
Zi-Heng Zhang https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1944-2776
Shi-Yang Wu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-1878
Pu Gong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7050-6643
Zhu-Qing He https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4304-767X
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.
A song recording of Svistella yayun 1
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A song recording of Svistella yayun 2
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A song recording of Svistella yayun 3
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A video of a chirping male Svistella yayun
Data type: mp4