Research Article |
Corresponding author: He Zhang ( hancyhappy@aliyun.com ) Academic editor: Peter Michalik
© 2024 Yanrong Wu, Rui Zhong, Yang Zhu, Peter Jäger, Jie Liu, He Zhang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wu Y, Zhong R, Zhu Y, Jäger P, Liu J, Zhang H (2024) Description of three new species of the spider genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 (Araneae, Sparassidae) from China, Laos and Thailand, and the female of P. kavanaughi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, 2023. ZooKeys 1202: 287-301. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1202.116007
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With 252 species, Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000, is the largest genus in the family Sparassidae and is widely distributed in South (49 species in Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan), East (158 species in China and Japan) and Southeast Asia (51 species in Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam). Few species have been found in more than one region. In this paper, three new species of Pseudopoda are described from East and Southeast Asia. Among them, one from China: P. fengtongzhaiensis Jäger & Liu, sp. nov. (♀); one from Laos: P. baimai Jäger & Liu, sp. nov. (♀); and one from Thailand: P. inthanonensis Jäger & Liu, sp. nov. (♀). Additionally, the female of P. kavanaughi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, 2023 is described for the first time. Photos of the habitus and genitalia, as well as a distribution map of all four species, are provided.
Heteropodinae, high diversity, Huntsman spiders, taxonomy
The spider genus Pseudopoda, established by
To date, nine species groups have been established, primarily based on morphological and molecular characteristics (daliensis-group, interposita-group, and signata-group) or solely on morphological features (diversipunctata-group, latembola-group, martensi-group, parvipunctata-group, prompta-group, and schwendingeri-group) (
One of the notable challenges in studying Pseudopoda spiders is the difficulty in collecting mature pairs from the field, leading to many species being described only based on one sex. Currently, more than half of the known species (130) have been documented in this manner. In the course of our research, we have identified three new species from Asia: P. baimai Jäger & Liu, sp. nov., P. fengtongzhaiensis Jäger & Liu, sp. nov., and P. inthanonensis Jäger & Liu, sp. nov. However, only female specimens of these species have been reported. Additionally, during examination of material collected from Kongdang Village, Yunnan Province, China, we found the female of P. kavanaughi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, 2023 (
All specimens were kept in 75% ethanol and examined with an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope; details were further investigated with an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Colouration is described in all species from specimens in ethanol. Copulatory organs were examined and illustrated after dissection from the spider bodies; epigynes were cleared with Proteinase K. Habitus photos were obtained with a Leica DMC4500 digital camera attached to a Leica M205 C digital microscope. Coordinates are given in square brackets when retrieved secondarily from Google Earth. A molecular sample ID and collection acronym is given in brackets.
Leg measurements are shown as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). The number of spines is listed for each segment in the following order: prolateral, dorsal, retrolateral, ventral (in femora and patellae ventral spines are absent and fourth digit is omitted in the spination formula). The terminology used in text and figure legends follows
All specimens treated in the present paper were compared with individuals of described species within a certain distribution range to avoid describing synonyms (e.g., P. nankunensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, 2023 in
Abbreviations used in text and figures: AB, anterior bands; ALE, anterior lateral eyes; AME, anterior median eyes; CH, clypeus height; CO, copulatory opening; DS, dorsal shield of prosoma; EF, epigynal field; FD, fertilization duct; Fe, femur; FW, first winding; IDS, internal duct system; LL, lateral lobes; Mt, metatarsus; OS, Opisthosoma; Pa, patella; PLE, posterior lateral eyes; PME, posterior median eyes; Pp, palp; S, spermathecae; Ti, tibia; I, II, III, IV, legs I to IV.
Collections (with curators): CAS, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, California, USA (L. Esposito);
Family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872
Subfamily Heteropodinae Thorell, 1873
Sarotes promptus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885.
Small to large Heteropodinae. Species can be diagnosed by: 1) conductor membranous (some species reduced or entirely absent); 2) embolus broadened and flattened (at least in its proximal part); 3) retrolateral tibial apophysis arising proximally or mesially from the tibia; 4) lateral lobes of epigyne distinctly extend beyond the epigastric furrow, covering the median septum in most species; 5) first winding membranous, with bent margins in most species; and 6) first winding or first winding and lateral lobes covering the internal duct system in dorsal view (modified from
Holotype
female: Laos, Vientiane Province: Vang Vieng, W of Nam Song, Tham Nam Or Kjem, in cave, 18°55'46.86"N, 102°20'56.82"E, 324 m, 28 July 2016, by hand, by day. P. Jäger leg. (
The specific name is derived from the Laos word baimai (ໃບໄມ້), meaning foliage and referring to the fact that the holotype female was collected on foliage of a secondary forest; noun in apposition.
The female of P. baimai Jäger & Liu, sp. nov. resembles P. gongschana Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (
Female (LAO0008): Measurements: Medium sized. Body length 11.3, DS length 4.6, width 4.0, OS length 6.7, width 3.8. Eyes: AME 0.12, ALE 0.26, PME 0.22, PLE 0.24, AME–AME 0.16, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.28, PME–PLE 0.35, AME–PME 0.33, ALE–PLE 0.30, CH AME 0.40, CH ALE 0.34. Spination: Pp 131, 101, 2121, 1014; Fe I–III 323, IV 331; Pa I–III 001, IV 000; Ti I–II 2226, III–IV 2026; Mt I–II 2024, III 3024, IV 3036. Measurements of palps and legs: Pp 7.1 (2.0, 1.0, 1.6, –, 2.5); I 25.9 (7.7, 2.1, 7.4, 7.0, 1.7); II 28.7 (8.2, 2.5, 8.4, 7.4, 2.2); III 22.2 (6.3, 1.9, 6.8, 5.9, 1.3); IV 24.4 (7.9, 1.2, 7.0, 7.3, 2.0). Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth, cheliceral furrow with c. 33 denticles.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Male: Unknown.
Female (N = 1): body length 12.7, DS length 5.3, OS length 7.4.
This species might potentially be conspecific with P. caudata Zhang, Jäger & Liu, 2023 (
Laos (Vientiane Province) (Fig.
Holotype
female: China, Sichuan Province: Ya’an City, Baoxing County, Fengtongzhai National Nature Reserve, 30°34′17″N, 102°52′58″E, 1604 m, 5 May 2016, Y. Zhong leg. (
The specific name is derived from the type locality, the Fengtongzhai National Nature Reserve; adjective.
The female of P. fengtongzhaiensis Jäger & Liu, sp. nov. is similar to that of P. emei Zhang, Zhang & Zhang, 2013 (
Female (LJ2215): Measurements: Medium sized. Body length 15.8, DS length 7.8, width 6.5, OS length 8.0, width 4.9. Eyes: AME 0.22, ALE 0.37, PME 0.24, PLE 0.31, AME–AME 0.13, AME–ALE 0.07, PME–PME 0.18, PME–PLE 0.44, AME–PME 0.27, ALE–PLE 0.23, CH AME 0.38, CH ALE 0.25. Spination: Pp 131, 101, 2121, 1014; Fe I–II 323, III–IV 322; Pa I–III 101, IV 100; Ti I 1016, II–IV 2026; Mt I–II 2024, III 3025, IV 3036. Measurement of palps and legs: Pp 8.8 (2.5, 1.2, 1.9, –, 3.2); I 25.3 (7.6, 2.3, 7.4, 6.2, 1.8), II 27.9 (8.0, 2.9, 8.3, 6.6, 2.1), III 20.4 (6.8, 1.6, 5.6, 4.9, 1.5), IV 24.7 (7.8, 1.7, 6.8, 6.4, 2.0). Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Promargin of chelicerae as in P. baimai Jäger & Liu, sp. nov., cheliceral furrow with c. 24 denticles.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Male: Unknown.
Females (N = 3): body length 15.1–16.3, DS length 7.1–8.0, OS length 8.0–8.3.
This species may potentially be conspecific with P. acutiformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, 2023 (
China (Sichuan Province) (Fig.
Holotype
female: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province: Doi Inthanon National Park, [18°35′24″N, 98°28′48″E], 1680 m, 24 October 2002, P. Dankittipakul leg. (
The specific name is derived from the type locality, the Doi Inthanon National Park; adjective.
The female of P. inthanonensis Jäger & Liu, sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of all other Pseudopoda species by the posterior margins of LL with a distinct inverted V-shaped indentation at the middle part.
Female (THI0068): Measurements: Medium sized. Body length 12.7, DS length 4.9, width 4.2, OS length 7.8, width 4.5. Eyes: AME 0.24, ALE 0.34, PME 0.27, PLE 0.32, AME–AME 0.19, AME–ALE 0.09, PME–PME 0.21, PME–PLE 0.38, AME–PME 0.30, ALE–PLE 0.26, CH AME 0.36, CH ALE 0.27. Spination: Pp 131, 001, 2121, 1004; Fe I–II 323, III 322, IV 331; Pa I–IV 101; Ti I–IV 2026; Mt I–II 2024, III 3024, IV 3036. Measurement of palps and legs: Pp 7.8 (2.3, 1.8, 1.0, –, 2.7); I 23.8 (7.0, 2.3, 6.9, 6.1, 1.5), II 28.4 (8.1, 2.5, 8.4, 7.3, 2.1), III 18.4 (6.0, 1.5, 5.1, 4.7, 1.1), IV 24.3 (7.3, 1.8, 6.3, 6.9, 2.0). Leg formula: II-IV-I-III. Promargin of chelicerae as in P. baimai Jäger & Liu, sp. nov., cheliceral furrow with c. 27 denticles.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Male: Unknown.
It is possible that this species is conspecific with P. columnacea Zhang, Jäger & Liu, 2023 (
Thailand (Chiang Mai Province) (Fig.
Pseudopoda kavanaughi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, 2023: 149, figs 135A–C, 136A, B (Holotype male from Yunnan Province, China, deposited in CAS, examined).
China, Yunnan Province: 1 female, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Township, 2.3–3.3 km south of Longyuan Village, 28°0′19″N, 98°19′42″E, 1690 m, 2 November 2004, D.H. Kavanaugh leg. (CAS, CAS0035); 1 female, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Township, Dizheng Wang, across Dulongjiang from Dizhengdang, 28°5′12″N, 98°19′42″E, 1910 m, 20 October 2004, D.H. Kavanaugh leg. (CAS, CAS0034).
The female of this species is similar to P. tianpingensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, 2023 (
Female (CAS0034): Measurements: Small sized. Body length 8.2, DS length 3.8, width 3.5, OS length 4.4, width 3.3. Eyes: AME 0.22, ALE 0.35, PME 0.25, PLE 0.33, AME–AME 0.14, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.18, PME–PLE 0.38, AME–PME 0.29, ALE–PLE 0.24, CH AME 0.36, CH ALE 0.27. Spination: Pp 131, 101, 2121, 1014; Fe I–III 323, IV 321; Pa I–IV 101; Ti I–III 2224, IV 2226; Mt I–II 1014, III 2024, IV 3036. Measurement of palps and legs: Pp 5.0 (1.5, 1.0, 0.7, –, 1.8); I 12.6 (3.5, 1.5, 3.7, 2.9, 1.0), II 15.4 (4.3, 1.8, 4.5, 3.3, 1.5), III 10.2 (3.1, 0.9, 2.8, 2.6, 0.8), IV 13.1 (3.9, 1.2, 3.4, 3.1, 1.5). Leg formula: II-IV-I-III. Promargin of chelicerae as in P. baimai Jäger & Liu, sp. nov., cheliceral furrow with c. 16 denticles.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Male: For details see
Female (N = 1): body length 7.7, DS length 3.2, OS length 4.5.
This female’s location is close to that of the male of P. kavanaughi. Although there are slight differences in colouration, we consider it the conspecific female.
China (Yunnan Province) (Fig.
We thank all institutions and staff as listed in the Material and methods section for loaning material for this study.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
This study was supported in part by grants from National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-31572236; NSFC-31772420; NSFC-31970406; NSFC-32300378), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M731035), Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (19CAS-TFE-3).
Writing – original draft: YW, RZ. Writing – review and editing: YZ, PJ, JL, HZ.
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.