Research Article |
Corresponding author: Sigitas Podenas ( sigitas.podenas@gamtc.lt ) Academic editor: Xiao Zhang
© 2024 Sigitas Podenas, Sun-Jae Park, Changhwan Bae.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Podenas S, Park S-J, Bae C (2024) Adelphomyia crane flies (Diptera, Limoniidae) of Korea with identification key for all Palaearctic species. ZooKeys 1217: 47-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1217.115627
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Limnophilinae crane flies belonging to the genus Adelphomyia Bergroth, 1891 of the Korean Peninsula were studied starting from 1937, but only one species A. macrotrichiata (Alexander, 1923) has been recorded from North Korea so far. The genus was unknown from South Korea. Four species were found during our studies on the Peninsula, one of them from Jeju Island described as new, Adelphomyia jejuana Podenas, sp. nov. Three species are recorded from both northern and southern parts of the Peninsula. Specimens on which was based the record of A. macrotrichiata from North Korea was misidentified and no more specimens were collected; therefore, A. macrotrichiata is deleted from the Korean species list. Habitat, elevation range, and seasonality data is presented for each species. Images of taxonomically important morphological characters, and an identification key for all Palaearctic species of the genus Adelphomyia are presented. Distribution maps are presented for all Korean species.
East Palaearctic, habitat, key, Limnophilinae, taxonomy
Crane flies belonging to the genus Adelphomyia Bergroth, 1891 are easily recognised by the densely trichiated distal wing cells and nearly translucent wings with greatly reduced dark pattern except the distinct stigma. Adults fly in shaded places close to streams (
Despite the many museum collections that were examined, Adelphomyia crane flies from the Korean Peninsula were found only at the National Institute of Biological Resources (
Adults were collected in various ways, including by insect nets, with Malaise traps, LED light traps, black light traps, Mosquito Magnet® traps (Pro Model, Woodstream Corp., Lititz, PA), New Jersey (NJ) traps, and at light sources. The collected specimens were dry mounted laterally on paper points. Wet specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol (EtOH). Some male wings were slide-mounted in Euparal and photographed. Dissected male genitalia were cleared in 10% KOH and preserved in microvials with glycerol.
Information on the examined material is given according to the journal requirements, thus altitudes are given in metric system regardless of the system applied for the label. For specimens collected by SP and his colleagues, the date on the label is followed by a number in brackets, the number referring to locality: different localities where insects were collected on the same date were given separate numbers and all information from those localities, whether in the field notes, database, photographs, and other locality information, were marked with this specific number. Specimens are arranged according to the collecting date.
Specimens were examined with an Olympus SZX10 dissecting microscope and Nikon Eclipse Ti microscope. Photographs were taken with a Canon R5 camera through a Canon MP-E 65 mm macro lens and through Mitutoyo M Plan apo 10× lens mounted on the same camera at Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania.
The terminology of adult morphological features generally follows that of
Adelphomyia
Bergroth, 1891: 134;
Limnophila (Tricholimnophila) Alexander, 1928: 476–477.
Limnophila (Adelphomyia):
Adelphomyia helvetica Bergroth, 1891 (= punctum Meigen, 1818) (West and East Palaearctic).
Weissenburg, Canton Bern, Switzerland.
Medium-sized crane flies with body length 3.9–8.4 mm and wing length 5.5–8.8 mm. Colouration varies from pale yellow to dark brown or black (Figs
Head. Rounded posteriorly. Antenna with 14-segmented flagellum. Flagellomeres slightly elongate or oval, covered with short pubescence, verticils variable, up to 2.5× as long as respective segment.
Thorax.
Frontal margin of pronotum straight. Mesonotal prescutum with distinct tubercular pits and pseudosutural fovea. Katepisternum bare, without setae. Meron small. Middle and posterior coxae close to each other. Wing (Figs
Abdomen.
Tergites with two transverse indentations frontally. Male terminalia approximately as wide as rest abdominal segments. Epandrium (ninth tergum) with two small lobes at the middle of posterior margin. Gonocoxite simple: elongate with no additional lobes, two pairs of elongate, narrow gonostyles. According to
Twenty-five species of Adelphomyia are known worldwide (
Adelphomyia acicularis acicularis (Alexander, 1954) (Figs
*Adelphomyia acicularis bidens Savchenko, 1983 (Figs
Adelphomyia biacus (Alexander, 1954) (Figs
Adelphomyia breviramus (Alexander, 1924) (Figs
Adelphomyia caesiella (Alexander, 1929) (Figs
*Adelphomyia flavella (Alexander, 1920) (Figs
(*)Adelphomyia macrotrichiata (Alexander, 1923) (record from North Korea based on misidentification) (Figs
Adelphomyia pilifer (Alexander, 1919) (Figs
Adelphomyia prionolaboides (Alexander, 1934) (Figs
*Adelphomyia punctum (Meigen, 1818) (Figs
Adelphomyia saitamae (Alexander, 1920) (Figs
Adelphomyia satsumicola (Alexander, 1930) (Figs
Adelphomyia simplicistyla (Alexander, 1940b) (Figs
*Adelphomyia jejuana Podenas, sp. nov. (Figs
Adelphomyia acicularis acicularis (Alexander, 1954), male 1 wing, paratype 2 fragment of antennal flagellum, paratype 3 genitalia, dorsal view, holotype. Abbreviations: A1 – first branch of anal vein; aed – aedeagus; an lb – anal lobe; arc – arculus; bm – basal medial cell; C – costal vein; CuA – anterior branch of cubital vein; CuP – posterior branch of cubital vein; dm – discal medial cell; ep – epandrium (ninth tergite); gonx – gonocoxite; h – humeral vein; i gonst – inner gonostylus; M – medial vein, or media; M1 – first branch of media; M2 – second branch of media; M3 – third branch of media; M4 – fourth branch of media; m-cu – medial-cubital cross-vein; m-m – medial cross-vein; o gonst – outer gonostylus; R – radius, or radial vein; R1 – anterior branch of radius; R2 – second branch of radius; R2+3+4 – stem of radial branches R2, R3 and R4; R3 – lower branch of second branch of radius; R4 – upper branch of third branch of radius; R5 – lower branch of third branch of radius; r-m – radio-medial cross-vein; Rs – radial sector; Sc – subcostal vein; sc-r – subcostal-radial cross-vein.
1 | Main body colour, including thorax and abdomen, dark (dark grey, brown, or black) (Fig. |
2 |
– | Main body colour, including thorax and abdomen, pale (yellow, brownish yellow or pale brown) (Figs |
8 |
2 | Entire mesonotum dull grey or brown | 3 |
– | Mesonotum polished black anteriorly | A. pilifer (Alexander, 1919) |
3 | Dark areas surrounding cross-veins restricted but evident (Figs |
4 |
– | Dark areas surrounding cross-veins missing (Fig. |
7 |
4 | Head dark grey, thorax dark grey, abdomen brown, femur obscure yellow | 5 |
– | Head pale grey, thorax grey or brownish grey with black stripes, abdomen black, femur yellow with widely darkened tip | 6 |
5 | Medial lobes of epandrium parallel-sided, notch between them U-shaped (Fig. |
A. acicularis acicularis (Alexander, 1954) |
– | Medial lobes of epandrium diverging distally, notch between them V-shaped (Fig. |
A. acicularis bidens Savchenko, 1983 |
6 | Thorax grey, antenna pale brown | A. caesiella (Alexander, 1929) |
– | Thorax brownish grey with black stripes, antenna brown to dark brown | A. prionolaboides (Alexander, 1934) |
7 | Thorax reddish brown, abdomen dark brown, femur obscure yellow, head dark grey, antenna pale brown (Fig. |
A. breviramus (Alexander, 1924) |
– | Thorax grey, abdomen brownish grey, femur yellow with narrowly dark tip, head grey, antenna dark brown, macrotrichiae covering only outer end of cell r3 (Fig. |
A. satsumicola (Alexander, 1930) |
8 | Complete body, including thorax, abdomen, head, antennae (Fig. |
A. biacus (Alexander, 1954) |
– | Thorax or abdomen grey or brownish (Figs |
9 |
9 | Wing pattern indistinct or missing (Figs |
10 |
– | Wing pattern restricted but evident (Figs |
13 |
10 | Thorax brown. Macrotrichiae covering outer ends of cells r2 to m4 (Fig. |
A. simplicistyla (Alexander, 1940b) |
– | Thorax brownish yellow. Macrotrichiae covering nearly entire or only outer ends of cells r2 to m4 (Figs |
11 |
11 | Abdominal tergites brownish yellow. Notch between medial lobes of male epandrium V-shaped (Figs |
12 |
– | Abdominal tergites brown. Notch between medial lobes of male epandrium U-shaped (Fig. |
A. macrotrichiata (Alexander, 1923) |
12 | Head brownish yellow with yellow antennae. Macrotrichiae covering nearly entire cells r2 to m4 (Fig. |
A. flavella (Alexander, 1920) |
– | Head greyish brown with pale brown antennae. Macrotrichiae covering only outer ends of cells r2 to m4 (Figs |
A. jejuana Podenas, sp. nov. |
13 | Head brownish yellow, tips of femora not darkened. Medial lobes of male epandrium diverging distally, notch between them V-shaped (Fig. |
A. saitamae (Alexander, 1920) |
– | Head grey, tips of femora narrowly darkened. Medial lobes of male epandrium acute, notch between them narrow, parallel-sided (Fig. |
A. punctum (Meigen, 1818) |
Adelphomyia acicularis bidens Savchenko, 1983: 53.
(Fig.
General body colouration brown to dark brown densely covered with grey pruinosity. Body length of male 5.6–8.4 mm, of female 8.0 mm. Wing length of male 6.3–8.7 mm, of female 8.4 mm.
Head.
Dark brown, dusted with grey, pale grey pruinose frontally and along eye margin. Eyes widely separated in both sexes, distance between them at base of antennae exceeds length of scape. Antenna (Fig.
Adelphomyia acicularis bidens Savchenko, 1983 4 male antenna 5 male wing 6 male genitalia, dorsal view 7 aedeagal complex, lateral view 8 ovipositor, lateral view. Abbreviations: aed – aedeagus; app – anterior part of paramere; cerc – cercus; flg – flagellum; hyp vlv – hypogynial valve ; interb – interbase; ped – pedicel; ppm – posterior part of paramere; scp – scape; spmth – spermatheca; st – sternite; tg – tergite.
Thorax.
Cervical sclerites brown to dark brown. Pronotum pale brown to dark brown, depending on specimen, covered with sparse erect long yellowish setae dorsally. Presutural scutum brown, dusted with grey, without stripes or with indistinct darker median stripes on the anterior half. Tubercular pit small, polished-brown at frontal margin of sclerite, prescutal pit distinct, polished-brown, surrounded by grey area. Scutal lobe and scutellum brown, dusted with grey, area between scutal lobes pale brown, mediotergite brown, dusted with grey along middle, yellowish brown laterally. Pleuron uniformly brown, densely covered with brown pruinosity. Wing (Fig.
Abdomen.
Tergites brown, dusted with grey, sternites yellowish brown, paler at base of abdomen. Male terminalia (Fig.
From 100 m to 1100 m.
From end of April through middle of July.
Slopes to small mountainous streams densely covered with deciduous trees and shrubs, moss tufts on rocks. Species is attracted to light.
The nominotypical subspecies is known only from Shikoku island, Japan, subspecies A. acicularis bidens only from southern part of the Far East of Russia. Species and subspecies recorded from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.
Limnophila (Lasiomastix) flavella Alexander, 1920: 12.
Adelphomyia flavella:
Japan • Paratype ♂ (as Limnophilla flavella), wing and genitalia slide-mounted; Tokio; 5 May 1919; R. Takahashi leg.;
(Fig.
General body colouration brownish yellow. Body length of male 4.2–6.7 mm, of female 5.3–7.9 mm. Wing length of male 5.5–7.3 mm, of female 5.7–7.7 mm.
Head. Brownish greyish yellow, pale grey pruinose frontally and along eye margin. Eyes widely separated in both sexes, distance between them at base of antennae exceeds lengths of scape and pedicel combined. Antenna 1.2–2.1 mm long in male, 0.9–1.7 mm in female, reaching to the wing base if bent backward. Both basal antennomeres yellow, scape slightly dusted with grey basally, elongate, nearly cylindrical, 2× as long as pedicel, pedicel pear-shaped. Flagellum yellow basally, slightly darkened distally. Flagellomeres elongate, longest at middle, apical flagellomere smaller than penultimate. Verticils brownish, longest verticils approximately as long as respective segments. Rostrum pale brown, palpus darker brown, mouth parts pale brown.
Thorax.
Cervical sclerites yellow. Pronotum pale brown dorsally, yellow laterally, covered with long, sparse, erect, yellow setae dorsally. Mesonotal prescutum uniformly brownish yellow, without stripes, sparsely dusted with grey. Tubercular pit indistinct, pseudosutural fovea concolourous with presutural scutum. Scutal lobes and scutellum brownish yellow, mediotergite yellow to brownish yellow. Pleuron yellow dorsally, pale yellow ventrally, sparsely dusted with greyish yellow. Wing (Fig.
Abdomen.
Tergites brownish yellow, sternites yellow. Male terminalia (Figs
From the sea level to nearly 1700 m.
From the end of April through late July.
Mountainous river margins covered with deciduous trees and shrubs.
Species was known only from Honshu island, Japan. Recorded from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.
Limnophila (Lasiomastix) macrotrichiata Alexander, 1923: 65–66.
Limnophila (Adelphomyia) macrotrichiata:
Adelphomyia macrotrichiata:
Japan • Holotype ♂; wing and genitalia slide-mounted; Hokkaido, Teshio; 3 July 1916; T. Issiki leg.;
(all these specimens are A. punctum but misidentified as A. macrotrichiata). North Korea • 1 ♂ (wing and genitalia slide-mounted); Ompo; alt. 37 m; 15 June 1937; A. M. Yankovsky leg.; C. P. Alexander det.;
Body semi-polished brownish yellow with darker abdomen. Male body length 5.5–6.8 mm, female 7.7–9.2 mm, male wing length 6.2–9.1 mm, female 7.6–8.5 mm.
Head. Pale bluish grey because of dense pruinosity, covered with long, semi-erect, brownish yellow setae. Eyes widely separated in both sexes, distance between eyes at base of antenna exceeds length of scape. Antenna rather long, approximately reaching to base of halter if bent backwards. Male antenna 1.4 mm long, that of female 1.1–1.6 mm. Scape elongate, nearly cylindrical, obscure yellow, turning brownish towards apex, covered with sparse greyish pruinosity. Pedicel obscure yellow to brown, depending on specimen, wider distally. Few basal flagellomeres yellow to greyish yellow, distal flagellomeres greyish brown. Basal flagellomeres oval, distal segment spindle-shaped. Rostrum brownish, sparsely dusted with grey dorsally, palpus brown.
Thorax.
Pronotum pale grey, covered with short erect yellow setae, postpronotum obscure yellow. Presutural scutum semi-polished, uniformly brownish yellow medially, yellowish along frontal and lateral margins, without stripes. Scutal lobe brownish yellow with paler margins. Area between scutal lobes yellow. Scutellum greyish yellow. Mediotergite greyish with yellowish lateral and posterior margins. Pleuron pale brown, sparsely covered with bluish grey pruinosity. Wing (Fig.
Abdomen.
Tergites brown, pregenital tergite dark brown. Four basal sternites yellow to pale yellow, remaining sternites brown, pregenital sternite darker. Male terminalia (Fig.
Unknown.
Adults were collected only during first two weeks of July in Japan and the Far East of Russia.
Adults are flying among dense grassy vegetation along margins of streams and rivers surrounded by wet broad-leaved forests in South Primorye close to the border with Korea (
Species was described from Japan (Hokkaido Island), it is recorded from the Far East of Russia (Primorsky Kray).
Wing illustrated in
Limnobia punctum Meigen, 1818: 128.
Limnophila punctum:
Adelphomyia helvetica:
Limnophila (Adelphomyia) punctum:
Adelphomyia punctum:
(Fig.
Lithuania • 1 ♂ (genitalia in microvial with glycerol); Raseiniai district, Sargeliai; 55.4762°N, 23.4563°E; 5–13 June 2009; NRC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (pinned); Moletai distr., river Skardis; 55.29132°N, 025.45485°E; alt. 150 m; 26 May 2012; S. Podenas leg.; NRC.
General body colouration varies from yellowish brown to greyish brown. Body length of male 3.9–8.2 mm, female 6.4–7.2 mm. Male wing: 6.1–8.8 mm; female wing: 6.1–8.3 mm.
Head. Slightly extended posteriorly, grey, brownish grey postero-laterally, pale grey frontally, covered with long, sparse, yellowish setae, longest of which nearly as long as both basal antennomeres combined. Eyes widely separated in both sexes, distance between them at base of antennae nearly same as length of both basal antennomeres together. Length of male antenna 0.9–1.8 mm, reaching wing base if bent backward; female 1.1–1.3 mm. Scape brown dusted with grey, elongate, nearly cylindrical, 2.2× as long as wide and 2× as long as pedicel. Pedicel oval, brown, covered with few short setae. Flagellum 14-segmented, brown, distal flagellomeres darker. Flagellomeres oval with short apical pedicels, apical segment nearly as long as preceding. Verticils up to 2.5× as long as respective segments. Short erect pubescence, covering segments pale. Rostrum, palpi, and mouth parts dark brown to blackish.
Thorax.
Cervical sclerites brown, dark brown ventrally, covered with grey pruinosity. Thorax yellowish brown to brown covered with sparse grey pruinosity. Pronotum pale brown to brown, dusted with grey, dorso-laterally covered with sparse erect long setae. Mesonotal prescutum semi-polished, pale brown, sparsely dusted with grey, yellowish laterally, covered with sparse erect setae, longitudinal stripes absent or very indistinct in some specimens. Tubercular pit small, brown, close to frontal margin of sclerite, pseudosutural fovea distinct dark brown. Scutal lobe frontally concolourous with presutural scutum, laterally and posteriorly brownish yellow. Area between scutal lobes greyish. Scutellum brownish at the middle, yellow laterally. Mediotergite yellow with narrow indistinct greyish brown median line. Pleuron bare, without setae, brownish yellow, sparsely dusted with grey; posterior basal area brown. Wing (Fig.
Abdomen.
Semi-polished brownish yellow to brown. Two pregenital segments darkened in male, concolourous with the rest abdominal segments in female. Tergites with narrowly darkened lateral margins, with two transverse narrow indentations frontally and slightly paler posterior margin in both sexes. Male terminalia (Figs
From the lowest elevations in Korea to more than 1800 m.
Adults on wing from beginning of May through early August.
Wet places near streams and ponds surrounded by deciduous trees and in wet places of deciduous and mixed forests.
Species has widely disjunct area, it is widely distributed in Europe, recorded also from eastern part of East Palaearctic. Recorded from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.
Some specimens from North Korea are distinctly darker than specimens from Europe, their wings lack any pattern except stigma. At the moment, it is difficult to say if that is variation or colour change due to long preservation. North Korean specimens were collected 80 years ago. We examined male genitalia of these specimens and compared them with “typical” specimens from Europe and South Korea, but no differences were observed.
South Korea • Holotype ♂ (pinned, wing slide-mounted, genitalia in microvial with glycerol on same pin); Jeju-do, Jeju-si, Hallasan National Forest; 33.43222°N, 126.59776°E; alt. 577 m; 24 May 2017 (1); S. Podenas leg.;
Reddish brown species ~ 4–7 mm long (Figs
Species is named after its type locality, Jeju Island, Korea.
General body colour reddish brown (Figs
Head. Greyish brown, posteriorly pale brown, pale grey along eye margin, with few yellowish setae dorsally. Eyes widely separated in both sexes, distance between them at base of antennae same as length of scape. Length of female antenna 1.2 mm, reaching wing base if bent backwards. Scape brown dusted with grey, elongate, nearly cylindrical, 2× as long as wide, and 2× as long as pedicel. Pedicel rounded, brown, covered with few short setae. Flagellum 14-segmented, pale brown. Flagellomeres oval with short apical pedicels, apical segment as long as preceding. Verticils 2× as long as respective segments. Short erect pubescence, covering segments pale. Rostrum, palpi, and mouth parts brown sparsely dusted with grey.
Thorax.
Brownish yellow, covered with sparse brownish grey pruinosity. Cervical sclerites and pronotum brown sparsely dusted with grey. Pronotum elongate with extended postero-lateral angle. Mesonotal prescutum semi-polished, brownish yellow with sparse grey pruinosity, frontal margin slightly darkened, stripes missing. Scutal lobes, scutellum, and mediotergite uniformly brownish yellow. Pleuron brownish yellow indistinctly darker above coxae. Wing (Figs
Abdomen.
Tergites brownish yellow, sternites yellow. Male terminalia (Fig.
Currently known only from Jeju Island, South Korea (Fig.
Small valley of temporary stream covered with deciduous trees and shrubs, moss-covered rocks; small swampy meadow on the edge of small stream surrounded by deciduous forest.
From less than 600 m to 1100 m.
Adults on wing from late May through middle of June.
Adelphomyia jejuana Podenas, sp. nov., having unpatterned wings and pale body colouration, resembling A. flavella but differs from it by details of male terminalia and darker body colouration. Ninth tergite of A. jejuana Podenas, sp. nov., especially lobes on posterior margin, resemble that of A. acicularis bidens, but in A. jejuana Podenas, sp. nov. they are distinctly wider at base and point-apexed. Subapical angle of outer gonostylus is low and widely rounded in A. jejuana Podenas, sp. nov., when that in most other Palaearctic species is very distinct and nearly right-angled. Aedeagus of A. jejuana Podenas, sp. nov. is shorter than that in A. flavella, just slightly extending beyond apices of parameres, when that in A. flavella is very long and distinctly curved. Aedeagus in A. acicularis bidens, A. saitamae, A. macrotrichiata, A. breviramus, A. biacus, and A. flavella is strongly curved at nearly right angle, straight in A. punctum, A. casiella, and A. satsumicola, but slightly arched in A. jejuana Podenas, sp. nov. Paramere of A. jejuana Podenas, sp. nov. is similar to that of A. flavella.
Adelphomyia acicularis acicularis (Alexander, 1954) (Figs
Adelphomyia biacus (Alexander, 1954) (Figs
Adelphomyia breviramus (Alexander, 1924) (Figs
Adelphomyia caesiella (Alexander, 1929) (Figs
Adelphomyia pilifer (Alexander, 1919) (Figs
Adelphomyia prionolaboides (Alexander, 1934) (Figs
Adelphomyia saitamae (Alexander, 1920) (Figs
Adelphomyia satsumicola (Alexander, 1930) (Figs
Adelphomyia simplicistyla (Alexander, 1940b) (Figs
Our warmest thanks to all Korean friends and colleagues who helped us during our visits to South Korea. We are very grateful for Dr F. Shockley and Dr T. Dikow (
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (
All authors have contributed equally.
Sun-Jae Park https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3759-6517
Sigitas Podenas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-566X
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.