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Research Article
Review of the genus Laena Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) from Gansu Province, China, with the description of a new species
expand article infoZhonghua Wei‡, Guodong Ren§
‡ China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
§ Hebei University, Baoding, China

Corresponding author: Zhonghua Wei ( wzh1164@126.com )

Academic editor: Aaron Smith
© 2024 Zhonghua Wei, Guodong Ren.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Wei Z, Ren G (2024) Review of the genus Laena Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) from Gansu Province, China, with the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1190: 121-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1190.114201
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2D7C511A-83A4-4379-9ACA-6E9B587AAE95
Open Access

Abstract

A new species of the genus Laena from Xiaolongshan in Gansu Province, China is described as Laena hui sp. nov. All Laena species known to occur in Gansu Province are reviewed, and an identification key is provided. The mitochondrial gene COI to confirm the identity of the new species, which is morphologically most similar and phylogenetically close to L. fengileana. The new species can be recognized by features of elytra and tibiae.

Key words

COI gene, DNA barcoding, identification key, Laenini, Lagriinae

Introduction

The genus Laena Dejean, 1821 belongs to the tribe Laenini, subfamily Lagriinae, family Tenebrionidae, which is widely distributed in Asia, southern Europe, and southern Africa (Bouchard et al. 2021). Adults are found under loose bark, in leaf litter, in crevices of wood, or under stones in steppe, the alpine zone, and even in subdeserts, while larvae and pupae are found in rotten wood (Wei and Ren 2019a) and in soil for xerophylic species.

In China, the species diversity of the genus Laena is extraordinarily high. In the last two decades, more than 100 Laena species have been described from China (Schawaller 2001, 2008, 2021; Zhao and Ren 2011, 2012a, 2012b; Schawaller and Aston 2017; Wei and Ren 2019b, 2019c, 2023; Wei et al. 2020, 2021; Schawaller and Bellersheim 2023; Wei and Ren 2023).

Southern Gansu is an important part of the Qingling Mountains, which is an important zone of species diversity in China, and four Laena species have been recorded from Gansu Province to date (Reitter 1889; Schawaller 2001, 2008). During an investigation into insect diversity in Xiaolongshan, Gansu Province, another undescribed Laena species was collected in southern Gansu.

In this study, Laena hui sp. nov. is described and illustrated. An identification key to the five Laena species from Gansu is also provided; it is based on examined specimens. DNA barcoding has been widely used in species delimitation in insects (Hebert et al. 2004; Hajibabaei et al. 2006; Smith et al. 2007; Liu et al. 2018; Han et al. 2022; Li et al. 2022) since it was initially proposed by Hebert et al. (2003). To clarify the taxonomic status of the new species, the mitochondrial gene COI was sequenced, and a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed to explore the position of L. hui sp. nov. in the genus Laena.

Materials and methods

The examined Laena specimens are deposited in the China West Normal University (CWNU), the Museum of Hebei University (MHBU), and Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZAS). The whole genomic DNA was extracted from leg and thorax muscle tissues of Laena specimens using the Ezup Column Animal Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Shanghai, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were conducted under the conditions as specified by Wei and Ren (2023). The bidirectional sequencing of mitochondrial gene COI was conducted by Sangon Biotech Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). The new sequences were checked and edited using SeqMan v. 7.1.0 and BioEdit v. 7.1.11. All the sequences were aligned and trimmed using ClustalW and trimAl v. 1.2, respectively. The best-fit model was calculated using Modelfinder based on the Bayesian information criterion. The maximum-likelihood (ML) tree was constructed using IQtree v. 1.6.8 integrated in PhyloSuite v. 1.2.2 (Zhang et al. 2020) and based on default parameters values. The original ML tree was edited and visualized using FigTree v. 1.43 and Photoshop cc 2019. In total, 31 COI sequences of 17 Laena species were used for the phylogenetic analyses, including 25 previously known and the six new sequences provided in this study (Table 1). Five species of the genus Anaedus Blanchard, 1842, Hypolaenopsis Masumoto, 2001, and Grabulax Kanda, 2016 were used as outgroups.

Table 1.
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The taxa were used for phylogenetic analysis in this study.

No. Taxa Collection information GenBank no. References
GS12 Laena fengileana Masumoto, 1996 2022-VII-3, China, Gnasu, Li County, Taopingxiang, Nanshan, elev. 2190 m OR682144 This study
SC21 Laena qinlingica Schawaller, 2001 2023-IX-8, China, Sichuan, Wangcang County, Micangshan, Shuiliandong elev. 1650 m OR682145 This study
GS31 Laena bifoveolata Reitter, 1889 2022-VI-23, China, Gansu, Qingshui County, Shanmenzhen, Dajicun, elev. 1784 m OR682146 This study
GS32 Laena bifoveolata Reitter, 1889 2022-VI-23, China, Gansu, Qingshui County, Shanmenzhen, Dajicun, elev. 1784 m OR682147 This study
GS4 Laena hui sp. nov. 2021-VIII-29, China, Gansu Province, Tianshui City, Dongchazhen, Dongcha forest farm, elev. 1840 m OR682148 This study
YN01 Laena yulongica Schawaller, 2001 2022-V-7, China, Yunnan, Weixi County, Nilidicun, elev. 2300 m OR682149 This study
n/a Laena haigouica Schawaller, 2001 2022-VII-23, China, Sichuan, Songpan, Huanglong, Dawan, elev. 2920 m OR721926 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena kangdingica Schawaller, 2001 2022-VIII-5, China, Sichuan, Yajiang, Waduozhen, elev. 2600 m OR721927 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena bowaica Schawaller, 2001 2022-VIII-1, China, Sichuan, Danba, Bianerxiang, Erwacao, elev. 2470 m OR721930 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena bowaica Schawaller, 2001 2022.VIII.1, China, Sichuan, Danba, Bianerxiang, Erwacao, elev. 2470 m OR721931 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena bifoveolata Reitter, 1889 2022.VIII.26, China, Gansu, Longnan, Taopingxiang Taoping Forestry Farm, elev. 2576 m OR721932 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena bifoveolata Reitter, 1889 2022.VIII.26, China, Gansu, Longnan, Taopingxiang Taoping Forestry Farm, elev. 2576 m OR721933 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena puetzi Schawaller, 2001 2022.VII.31, China, Sichuan, Jinchuan, Dusongxiang, Dusonggou, elev. 2264 m OR721934 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena maowenica Schawaller, 2008 2022.VII.20, China, Sichuan, 6 KM Eastern Mao County, elev. 1896 m OR721935 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena maowenica Schawaller, 2008 2022.VII.20, China, Sichuan, 6 KM Eastern Mao County, elev. 1896 m OR721936 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena fengileana Masumoto, 1996 2022.VII.22, China, Sichuan, Songpan, Mounigou, Shangzhai, elev. 3070 m OR721937 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena becvari Schawaller, 2001 2022.VIII.7, China, Sichuan, Litang, Junba, elev. 3050 m OR721938 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena becvari Schawaller, 2001 2022.VIII.7, China, Sichuan, Litang, Junba, elev. 3050 m OR721939 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena mounigouica Wei & Ren, 2023 2022.VII.21, Sichuan, Songpan, Mounigou, Tuguanzhai, elev. 2978 m OR721941 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena mounigouica Wei & Ren, 2023 2022.VII.21, Sichuan, Songpan, Mounigou, Tuguanzhai, elev. 2978 m OR721942 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena shaluica Schawaller, 2001 2022.VIII.5, China, Sichuan, Yajiang, Waduozhen, Ridui, elev. 3100 m OR721943 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena shaluica Schawaller, 2001 2022.VIII.5, China, Sichuan, Yajiang, Waduozhen, Ridui, elev. 3100 m OR721944 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena barkamica Schawaller, 2008 2022.VII.26, China, Sichuan, Heishui, Yangyong, Hade, elev. 2600 m OR721945 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena barkamica Schawaller, 2008 2022.VII.26, China, Sichuan, Heishui, Yangyong, Hade, elev. 2600 m OR721946 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena fengileana Masumoto, 1996 2022.VII.23, China, Sichuan, Songpan, Huanglongxiang, Dawan, elev. 2920 m OR721947 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena fengileana Masumoto, 1996 2022.VII.23, China, Sichuan, Songpan, Huanglongxiang, Dawan, elev. 2920 m OR721948 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena yajiangica Schawaller, 2001 2022.VIII.4, China, Sichuan, Daofu, Xiatuoxiang, Yiwu, elev. 2780 m OR721949 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena yajiangica Schawaller, 2001 2022.VIII.4, China, Sichuan, Daofu, Xiatuoxiang, Yiwu, elev. 2780 m OR721950 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena dentithoraxa Wei & Ren, 2023 2022.VIII.6, China, Sichuan, Yajiang Yizhan, elev. 2800 m OR721951 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena puetzi Schawaller, 2001 2022.VII.29, China, Sichuan, Barkman, Shaerzong, Dazatou, elev. 2690 m OR721952 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Laena puetzi Schawaller, 2001 2022.VII.29, China, Sichuan, Barkman, Shaerzong, Dazatou, elev. 2690 m OR721953 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Hypolaenopsis nomurai (Schawaller, 2001) 2022.VII.23, China, Sichuan, Songpan, Huanglongxiang, Dawan, elev. 2920 m OR721929 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Hypolaenopsis sp. 2022.VII.26, China, Sichuan, Heishui, Yangrong, Hade, elev. 2600 m OR721940 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Hypolaenopsis hongyuanica (Schawaller, 2001) 2022.VII.26, China, Sichuan, Hongyuan, Shuajingsi, elev. 3160 m OR721928 Wei and Ren 2023
n/a Grabulax darlingtoni Kanda, 2016 Colombia, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta KU233834 Kanda et al. 2015
n/a Anaedus brunneus Ziegler, 1844 n/a MN448231 Direct submission

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

The ML tree was reconstructed based on GTR+I+G4+F model. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) showed that all the Laena species form a single clade with low value support (43). The target species, L. hui sp. nov., is close to L. fengileana in the ML tree with high value support (96).

Figure 1. 

The maximum-likelihood tree of Laena species based on mitochondrial gene COI. The new species is in red.

Taxonomy

Tribe Laenini Seidlitz, 1895

Genus Laena Dejean, 1821

A key to five Laena species recorded from Gansu Province

1 All femora without teeth on inner sides near apex 2
– All femora with teeth on inner sides near apex 4
2 Pronotal lateral margins beaded 3
– Pronotal lateral margins not beaded (Fig. 3A) L. bifoveolata
3 Elytral interval with irregular and small punctures L. haigouica
– Elytral interval with a row of small punctures L. langmusica
4 Pronotal disc with two impressions in median portion; protibia distinctly broadened at base at inner side; body length 5.7–5.9 mm (Fig. 2H) L. fengileana
– Pronotal disc without impressions in median portion; protibia gradually broadened from base to apex; body length 7.1–7.7 mm (Fig. 2D) L. hui sp. nov.

Laena hui sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/DD047226-D95F-4642-BD96-053044595E53
Fig. 2A–G

Type locality

China, Gansu Province, Tianshui City, Dongchazhen.

Type specimens

Holotype : China • ♂; Gansu Province, Tianshui City, Dongchazhen, Dongcha forest farm; 34°15'54″N, 106°35'39″E; elev. 1840 m; 2021-8-29; Qi Liu leg.; MHBU. Paratype: China • 1♀ (in 95% ethanol); the same data as holotype; CWNU.

Diagnosis

Based on morphological characteristics (as provided in the identification key) and the phylogenetic position in the ML tree, the new species is most similar and closest to L. fengileana. However, L. hui sp. nov. can be distinguished from L. fengileana by the following characters: body larger, length 7.1–7.7 mm (5.7–5.9 mm in L. fengileana); body surface with very short setae, elytral intervals glabrous (elytral intervals each with a row of small punctures in L. fengileana); all tibiae distinctly hooked at their inner apex, protibiae gradually broadened from base to apex (abruptly widened at base in L. fengileana; Fig. 2H); and apices of parameres rounded and constricted, lateral margins nearly straight (distinctly concave in posterior in L. fengileana).

Figure 2. 

Laena species A–G Laena hui sp. nov., holotype A, B dorsal and ventral views C elytra D–F pro- meso- and metaleg, in ventral view G aedeagus H proleg of L. fengileana.

Description

Holotype (Fig. 2A–G). Body length 7.7 mm, width 3.0 mm. Body black; antennae, maxillary palpi, and legs blackish brown; dorsal surface shiny, with sparse punctures bearing short setae.

Head hexagonal, surface smooth, with dense, large punctation bearing short setae. Genae distinctly raised, surface without punctures in apical part, and sides with small punctures. Eyes ovate and prominent. Epistome trapezoidal, with anterior margin weakly emarginated; surface slightly convex at middle, with shallow, small punctures, and each lateral side with a longer seta near anterior angle. Fronto-clypeal suture indistinct, not depressed. Frons distinctive longitudinal convex at middle, with large, sparse large punctures; lateral parts depressed, with large, dense punctures. Vertex weakly convex, with large, sparse punctures on middle. Antennae slender, reaching pronotal base when directed backwards; antennomere III approximately 2.1× as long as antennomere II, the relative ratio of the length of antennomeres II–XI as follows: 0.16:0.33:0.26:0.24:0.26:0.26:0.26:0.26:0.28:0.42.

Pronotum widest at anterior 1/3, widened anteriorly and significantly convergent from anterior 1/3 to anterior margin; anterior margin slightly emarginated at middle; lateral margins neither marked nor beaded; basal margin neither bent downwards nor beaded; disc strongly convex, surface with large, sparse punctures, and distance between punctures 0.5–3.0× puncture diameter; anterior and posterior angles rounded, not produced. Prothoracic hypomera with punctures as large as those on disc, but with shorter setae. Prosternal process widest at middle and bent downwards behind coxae; surface with dense and large punctures bearing very short setae.

Elytra (Fig. 2C) elongate-oval, widest at middle, approximately 1.6× longer than wide; lateral sides arcuate; humeral angles rounded. Elytral surface smooth, with rows of punctures without striate, bearing very short setae; punctures in rows as large as those on pronotal disc; elytral intervals with few punctures nearly invisible, interval IX with three setigerous pores (one on anterior part, two on posterior part). Elytral apices significantly prolonged and with apex obtuse.

Abdomen ovoid, approximately 1.7× as long as wide. Surface convex, smooth, with punctures gradually became smaller from ventrites I–IV, bearing short setae; posterior part of ventrites IV distinctly convex transversely at posterior part before posterior margin; ventrites V with setae at posterior part longer than those on anterior part.

Legs (Fig. 2D–F) long and slender. Femora with sharp teeth near apex on inner sides; tooth on profemora rounded at apex, and meso- and metafemoral teeth acute and pointed at apex. All tibiae slender and distinctly hooked at inner apex; protibiae gradually becoming broader from base to apex, metatibiae slightly S-shaped on inner sides.

Aedeagus (Fig. 2G) subfusiform, length 2.2 mm, width 1.8 mm. Parameres trapezoidal, widest at base and narrowing to apex, with rounded apex; lateral sides of parameres shortly constricted before apex.

Sexual dimorphism

Female. Body length 7.1 mm, width 3.0 mm. Apex of tibiae not hooked at inner sides.

Distribution

China: Gansu.

Etymology

The name of this species honors the late Prof. Jinchu Hu (China West Normal University, Nanchong City, China) who is a famous expert on the Giant Panda.

Note

The specimens were collected by sifting leaf litter in a mixed forest. The paratype was preserved in 95% alcohol, and a hind leg was used to extract the whole genome. The mitochondrial gene COI of this new species is provided in Table 1.

Laena bifoveolata Reitter, 1889

Fig. 3A

Laena bifoveolata Reitter, 1889: 709; Schawaller 2001: 7; Schawaller 2008: 404; Wei et al. 2020: 523.

Examined specimens

China – Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region • 4♂4♀;·Liupanshan, Longtan forestry station; 35.3898°N, 106.3451°E; elev. 1936 m, 2008-VI-23, Qiaohe Lou leg., IZAS – Gansu Province • 1♂ (in 95% ethanol); Dingxi City, Zhang County, Xinsizhen, Dishuiya; 34.6025°N, 104.5713°E; elev. 1930 m; 2022-VI-30; Qi Liu leg.; CWNU • 2♀ (in 95% ethanol); Hui County, Xiaolongshan, 33.6522°N, 106.2938°E; elev. 1920 m; 2022-VII-9; Qi Liu leg.; CWNU • 2♀ (in 95% ethanol); Qingshui County, Shanmenzhen, Dajicun; 34.2153°N, 106.3372°E; elev. 1784 m; 2022-VI-23; Qi Liu leg.; CWNU • 1♂4♀ (in 95% ethanol); Dingxi City, Zhang County, Malizhen, Huihuiliang; 34.5019°N, 104.7097°E; elev. 2300 m; 2022-VII-7; Qi Liu leg.; CWNU • 1♀ (in 95% ethanol); Qingshui County, Shanmen forest farm; 34.4056°N, 106.2222°E; elev. 1666 m; 2022-VI-21; Qi Liu leg.; CWNU.

Figure 3. 

The four Laena species previously known from Gansu Province A L. bifoveolata B L. fengileana C Laena haigouica D L. langmusica.

Distribution

China: Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Hubei, and Sichuan.

Laena fengileana Masumoto, 1996

Figs 2H, 3B

Laena fengileana Masumoto, 1996: 180; Schawaller 2001: 15; Schawaller 2008: 404; Yuan and Ren 2018: 698; Wei and Ren 2023: 79.

Examined specimens

China – Gansu Province • 1♂ (in 95% ethanol); Li County, Shangpingxiang, Changankan; 34.1416°N, 104.8240°E; elev. 2550 m; 2022-VII-2; Qi Liu leg.; CWNU • 3♂ (in 95% ethanol); Li County, Taopingxiang, Nanshan; 34.0745°N, 104.8977°E; elev. 2190 m; 2022-VII-3; Qi Liu leg.; CWNU • 1♂1♀; Woniushan forest park; 34.4832°N, 104.8311°E; elev. 2650 m; 2022-VI-28; Qi Liu leg.; CWNU – Shaanxi Province • 2♂; Qinling Shan Mt. range, W pass on road Xi’an to Shagoujie, 45 km, SW Xi’an; 33°52′N, 108°46′E ; elev. 2800 m; 2001-VII-25; A. Metana leg.; MHBU.

Distribution

China: Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu.

Laena haigouica Schawaller, 2001

Fig. 3C

Laena haigouica Schawaller, 2001: 19; Schawaller 2008: 405; Wei et al. 2020: 526; wei and Ren 2023: 79.

Examined specimens

China – Sichuan Province • 1♂ (in 95% ethanol); Songpan, Huanglongxiang, Dawancun; elev. 2920 m; 2022-VII-23; Zhonghua Wei leg.; CWNU.

Distribution

China: Gansu and Sichuan.

Laena langmusica Schawaller, 2001

Fig. 3D

Laena langmusica Schawaller, 2001: 25; Schawaller 2008: 405; Yuan and Ren 2018: 699; Wei et al. 2020: 526.

Examined specimens

China – Sichuan Province • 1♂1♀; West of Zhier (= Zier); elev. 4241 m; 28°20.87′N, 101°28.36′E; 5-VI-2004; R. Sehnai and M. Tryzna leg.; MHBU.

Distribution

China: Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan.

Acknowledgments

We thank Mr. Qi Liu (Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China) for collecting the specimens, and Dr. Menglin Wang (China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China) for revising the manuscript. We cordially thank reviewers Dr. Wolfgang Schawaller and Dr. Maxim Nabozhenko for their valuable comments on the manuscript.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2022NSFSC1615) and the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of China West Normal University (20E054).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: ZHW, GDR. Data curation: ZHW. Formal analysis: ZHW. Funding acquisition: MLW. Visualization: ZHW. Writing – original draft: ZHW. Writing – review and editing: GDR, MLW.

Author ORCIDs

Zhonghua Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7349-9939

Guodong Ren https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-9122

Data availability

The new sequences of the mitochondrial gene COI are available in NCBI (OR682144–OR682149).

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