Research Article |
Corresponding author: Hui Xiao ( xiaoh@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana
© 2017 Tian-yang Jiao, Qin-ying Yao, Hui Xiao.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Jiao T-y, Yao Q-y, Xiao H (2017) Review of Dibrachys Förster from China (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae). ZooKeys 656: 123-149. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.656.11373
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Twelve species of Dibrachys Förster are studied from China, of which four new species, D. golmudica Jiao & Xiao, sp. n., D. kunmingica Jiao & Xiao, sp. n., D. liaoi Jiao & Xiao, sp. n. and D. qinghaiensis Jiao & Xiao, sp. n., and four newly recorded species, D. braconidis (Ferrière & Faure), D. confusus (Girault), D. hians Bouček and D. maculipennis Szelényi, are reported. A key to Chinese Dibrachys and illustrations of external features of the species are provided.
China Mainland, Dibrachys , key, new species, new record, Pteromalidae , taxonomy
Dibrachys was erected by Förster in 1856, but without any species included in the genus.
Based on differences in mandibular formula and fore wing marginal fringe,
Only four species of Dibrachys have previously been recorded in China (Liao 1987;
A total of 943 specimens was examined from the museum of Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (
Morphological terminology mostly follows that of
Abbreviations of morphological terms used are:
Fun funicular segment number
POL posterior ocellar distance
OOL ocellocular distance
Gtn gastral tergum number
1 | Left mandible with three teeth and right mandible with four teeth (Fig. |
D. (Allodibrachys)...2 |
– | Both mandibles with four teeth (Fig. |
D. (Dibrachys)...6 |
2 | Head in frontal view with gena almost straight and with lower angle of gena protruding beyond clypeal margin (Fig. |
D. hians |
– | Head in frontal view with gena evenly curved and with lower angle of gena not exceeding clypeal margin (Figs |
3 |
3 | Stigmal vein longer than postmarginal vein; gaster 1.5 times as long as broad | D. koraiensis |
– | Stigmal vein shorter than or at most as long as postmarginal vein; gaster at most 1.3 times as long as broad | 4 |
4 | Lower margin of clypeus not protruded, slightly emarginate in middle and without tooth (Fig. |
D. kojimae |
– | Lower margin slightly protruded, emarginate in middle and with two obtuse teeth; head in dorsal view with POL more than 1.5 times as long as OOL | 5 |
5 | Marginal vein 1.5 times as long as stigmal vein; propodeum with plica complete and median carina only distinct basally | D. yunnanensis |
– | Marginal vein 1.91 times as long as stigmal vein; propodeum with plica only conspicuous basally, median carina absent | D. kunmingica sp. n. |
6 | Antennae with three anelli; postmarginal vein very shorter than stigmal vein, at most half length of stigmal vein | D. golmudica sp. n. |
– | Antennae with two anelli; postmarginal vein longer or slightly shorter than stigmal vein | 7 |
7 | Lower margin of clypeus broadly emarginate, without tooth; gaster 1.37 times as long as broad | D. braconidis |
– | Lower margin of clypeus slightly protruding, emarginate in middle and with two blunt or sharp teeth; gaster at least 1.8 times as long as broad | 8 |
8 | Antennal insertion slightly above lower ocular line, antennal scape reaching lower margin of anterior ocellus | 9 |
– | Antennal insertion place on lower ocular line, antennal scape not reaching lower margin of anterior ocellus | 11 |
9 | Fore wing with a yellowish-brown infumation behind marginal vein; propodeum with incomplete median carina; stigmal vein slightly longer than postmarginal vein; gaster slightly broader than thorax width | D. maculipennis |
– | Fore wing immaculate, without any infumation; propodeum with complete median carina; stigmal vein as long as postmarginal vein; gaster narrower than thorax width | 10 |
10 | Antennal scape as long as eye height; head in frontal view 1.27 times as wide as high | D. qinghaiensis sp. n. |
– | Antennal scape distinctly shorter than eye height; head in frontal view 1.15 times as wide as high | D. confusus |
11 | Lower margin of clypeus emarginate in middle and with two sharp teeth (Fig. |
D. liaoi sp. n. |
– | Lower margin of clypeus emarginate in middle and with two blunt teeth (Figs |
D. microgastri |
Dibrachys
Förster, 1856: 65. Type-species: Pteromalus boucheanus Ratzeburg, designated by
Dibrachys
Förster:
Coelopisthoidea
Gahan, 1913: 178–183. Type-species: Coelopisthoidea cladiae Gahan, 1913: 178–183. Synonymized by
Body dark green. Head in frontal view round; antennal insertion placed on lower ocular line and face not protuberant at antennal insertion; antennal formula 11263 (rarely 11353); lower margin of clypeus with two sinuate teeth; both mandibles with four teeth or right mandible with four teeth and left mandible with three teeth; head in dorsal view with occiput margined by blunt or sharp, transverse ridge. Mesosoma slightly convex; pronotal collar not margined or slightly carinate medially; notauli incomplete and inconspicuous; scutellum without frenal groove; propodeum with plica complete, median carina developed or not. Fore wing without marginal fringe or at least bare between postmarginal vein and wing apex; postmarginal vein short, only inconspicuously longer than stigmal vein. Hind tibia with one spur. Gaster ovate.
Widespread world-wide distribution, see
Dibrachys sgen. Allodibrachys Bouček, 1965: 30. Type-species : Dibrachys hians Bouček, by original designation.
The subgenus have the left mandible with three teeth and right mandible with four teeth; occipital carina transverse, closer to foramen than vertex; fore wing with marginal fringe except between marginal vein and wing apex; gaster mostly ovate, slightly longer than broad.
Dibrachys (Allodibrachys) hians Bouček, 1965: 28.
Body length 1.6-2.0 mm (Figs
China: 3♀, Heilongjiang: Yichun, 13.VII.1962, ex. Tachinidae sp. on Ptycholomoides aeriferanus Herrich-Schaffer, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♂, 1♀, Heilongjiang: Dailing, 29.VI.1962, ex. Tachinidae sp. on Ptycholomoides aeriferanus Herrich-Schaffer; 1♀, Jilin: Dunhua, 25.VI.1990; 1♂, 2♀, Beijing: Yanqing, 19.VII.1982, ex. Curculionidae sp. on elm, leg. Ding-Xi Liao.
China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Beijing); Palearctic and Nearctic regions.
Euterus kojimae Ishii, 1938: 100.
Dibrachys
kojimae
(Ishii):
Body length 2.5–3.2 mm (Figs
China: 2♂, 16♀, Beijing: Miyun Reservoir, 10-20.VII.1983, ex. pupae of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu, leg. Ju-Wen Wu; 7♀, Henan: Fangchen, Dalai, VIII. 1983, ex. pupae of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu, leg. De-Long Shui; 1♂, 11♀, Anhui: Dongzhi, 1983, ex. pupae of Dendrolimus, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 2♂, 3♀, Anhui: Dongzhi, 7.V.1983, ex. Dendrolimus punctatus Walker, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 3♀, Anhui: Qianshan, Tianzhu Mountain, 4.IX.1976, ex. pupae of Dendrolimus, leg. Tao-Qian Hou; 1♀, Hubei: Wuhan, 25.VI.1980, ex. Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker), leg. Tao-Qian Hou; 4♀, Hunan, 25.X.1979, ex. pupae of Pieris brassicae L., leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♂, 7♀, Hunan: Chengbu, 16. VIII.1986, ex. pupae of Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura, leg. Zheng-Mao Li; 10♂, 15♀, Hunan: Daoxian, 29.XII.1979, ex. eggs of Lebeda nobilis Walker, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♂, 5♀, Hunan: Daoxian, 12.XI.1973, ex. eggs of Lebeda nobilis Walker, leg. Xin-Wang Tong; 2♀, Guangxi: Nanning, VI.1975, ex. Eggs of Dendrolimus, leg. Lin Wei; 2♀, Guizhou: Anshun, 25.X.1980, ex. pupae of Dendrolimus houi Lajonquiere, leg. Jin-Rong Zhou; 6♀, Yunnan: Baoshan, 21.v.1975, ex. Dendrolimus, leg. Ding-xi Liao; 1♀, Tibet: Mêdog, 1100m, 26.I.1983, leg. Yin-Heng Han.
China (Beijing, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet); Japan.
Dibrachys koraiensis Yang, 1996: 197–199, 323.
Body length 2.5–2.7 mm; gaster long ovate. Head in frontal view 1.25× as wide as high; antennal scrobe extending upwards and reaching anterior ocellus; lower face slightly convex; antennal insertion placed on lower ocular line; clypeus with longitudinal striation and lower margin slightly protruded, emarginate, and with two blunt teeth; lower angle of gena not exceeding clypeal margin. Antennal scape slightly shorter than eye height (0.87×); length of pedicel and flagellum shorter than head width (0.8×); anelli transverse; Fu1 and Fu2 slightly longer than broad, Fu3 and Fu4 quadrate, Fu4 and Fu6 slightly transverse. Head in dorsal view 1.88× as wide as long; eye length 2× temple length; POL 1.5× OOL. Mesosoma 1.7× as long as broad, mid lobe of mesoscutum with relatively coarse sculpture. Propodeum with complete plica and indistinct median carina. Fore wing length 2.2× width; submarginal vein 2× as long as marginal vein; marginal vein 2.53× as long as postmarginal vein, 2.13× as long as stigma vein; stigmal vein slightly longer than postmarginal vein (1.15×). Gaster 1.5× as long as broad, distinctly broader than thorax width (1.21×).
China: 1♀, Heilongjiang: Yichun, 3.VII.1972, leg. Ding-xi Liao; 1♀, Heilongjiang: Hailin, VI.1975, leg. Gui-you Zhang.
China (Heilongjiang).
The species belongs to subgenus Allodibrachys, and similar to D. yunnanensis Yang has the lower angle of the gena not exceeding the clypeal margin, and the stigmal vein slightly shorter than the postmarginal vein. The main differences are: marginal vein 2× as long as stigmal vein; propodeum with plica indistinct, only conspicuous basally; median carina absent.
Holotype. Female. Body (Figs
10–14 Dibrachys kunmingica sp. n., female holotype 10 Body in dorsal view 11 Body in lateral view 12 Head in frontal view 13 Head in dorsal view 14 Fore wing 15–18 Dibrachys braconidis (Ferrière et Faure, 1925). 15 Body in dorsal view 16 Body in lateral view 17 Head in frontal view 18 Head in lateral view.
Head in frontal view (Fig.
Head 1.19× as broad as thorax. Mesosoma 1.37× as long as broad. Propodeum with short collar, collar subhorizontal and not margined, posterior margin smooth. Mesoscutum 2× as broad as long, reticulation on posterior area bigger than that on anterior area. Scutellum slightly convex medially, width 1.22× length, frenal line absent; reticulation shallower than that on mesoscutum posteriorly. Median length of propodeum half that of scutellum; median area flat, with deep, fine, dense reticulation; median carina absent; plica incomplete, visible anteriorly; plicae separated by 1.68× median length of propodeum; short nucha hemispheric and smooth; spiracles elongate, 2× as long as broad, separated from hind margin of metanotum by width of spiracle. Fore wing (Fig.
Petiole quadrate, as long as broad. Gaster (Fig.
Holotype. ♀, China: Yunnan: Kunming, 25.94°N, 102.42°E, IV.1954, leg. Ding-Xi Liao. Paratype. 1♀, same data as holotype.
Named after the location of the type material.
Unknown.
China (Yunnan).
Dibrachys yunnanensis Yang, 1996: 199–201, 324.
Body squat, length 2.0–2.4 mm. Head in front view 1.3× as wide as high; antennal scrobe shallow, extending upwards and reaching anterior ocellus; antennal insertion placed on the lower ocular line; clypeus with longitudinal sculpture; lower margin of clypeus slightly protruded, median emarginate and with 2 sinuate teeth; gena evenly curved, lower angle of gena not exceeding clypeal margin. Antennal scape slightly shorter than eye height, length of flagellum and pedicel combined less than head width (0.74×); pedicel in lateral view 2.2× as long as broad; both anelli transverse; Fu1 and Fu5 quadrate, Fu6 distinctly transverse. Head in dorsal view, 1.9× as wide as long, eye length 1.79× temple length; POL 1.78× OOL. Mesosoma 1.5× as long as broad, mid lobe of mesoscutum with regular sculpture. Propodeum with plicae complete, median carina distinct on base part. Fore wing with submarginal vein more than 2× as long as marginal vein, marginal vein 1.5× as long as postmarginal vein, stigmal vein as long as postmarginal vein. Gaster 1.3× as long as broad, as broad as thorax width.
China: 1♀, Yunnan: Nanjian, 2.VI.1980, leg. Ding-Xi Liao.
This species parasitized on larvae and pupae of Tomicus piniperda L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) which harmful to Pinus yunnanensis (Pinales: Pinaceae) (
China (Yunnan).
Both mandibles with four teeth; occipital carina curving, closer to vertex than foramen; fore wing without marginal fringe; gaster spindle-shaped, distinctly longer than broad.
Homoporus luniger braconidis Ferrière & Faure, 1925, 11: 226.
Dibrachys
braconidis
(Ferrière & Faure):
Body slender, length 2.0–2.9 mm (Figs
China: 30♂, 29♀, Sichuan: Xichang, V.1992, ex. Neodiprion xiangyunicus Xiao et Zhou, leg. Zhen Zhang; 1♀, Yunnan: Nanjian, 2.VI.1980; Yunnan: Kunming, 13.VII.1977, ex. pupae of Diprioninae, leg. Jing-liang Qi; 2♀, Yunnan: Kunming, XII.1988, leg. Hong-ming Yang; 1♀, Tibet: Chamdo, 3400m, 15.VIII.2001, leg. Chao-dong Zhu.
The species mainly parasitizes Luffia ferchaultella, and Luffia lapidella (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) and Apanteles glomeratus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Graham, 1969). Here we newly report Neodiprion xianyunicus Xiao et Zhou and Diprionidae sp. (Hymenoptera: Symphyta).
China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet); Palearctic and Nearctic regions. This is the first record from the Oriental region.
Coelopisthia confusus Girault, 1916a: 246.
Dibrachys
confusus
(Girault):
Body slightly slender (Figs
19–22 Dibrachys confusus (Girault, 1916) 19 Body in dorsal view 20 Body in lateral view 21 Head in frontal view 22 Propodeum 23–28 Dibrachys golmudica sp. n., female holotype 23 Body in dorsal view 24 Body in lateral view 25 Head in frontal view 26 Head in dorsal view 27 Head in lateral view 28 Propodeum.
China: 3♀, Beijing: Yuanmingyuan Imperial Garden, 2.VI.1984, ex. larvae of Lymantria dispar (L.), leg. Ding-Xi Liao.
China (Beijing); Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions.
The new species belongs to Dibrachyss. str., and the noticeable differences with other species of the subgenus by the following characters: in female, antennae with three anelli; the postmarginal vein being distinctly shorter than the stigmal vein (0.5×), and gaster being 2.5× as long as broad.
Holotype. Female. Body length 2.2 mm (Figs
Head in frontal view (Fig.
Head 1.24× as broad as thorax. Mesosoma 1.6× as long as broad. Pronotum 0.65× as broad as mesoscutum, collar rounded, posterior band smooth. Mesoscutum 1.57× as broad as long, with regular reticulation, in anterior half weakly reticulate and posterior half with deep reticulation; notauli distinct but not complete. Scutellum convex, 1.07× as broad as long, frenal line absent; reticulation smaller than on mesoscutum, but regular and shallow. Propodeum medially ½ as long as scutellum, with fine, deep, dense reticulation; plica weak (Fig.
Gaster spindle-shaped with apex pointed (Fig.
Male. Head black except frons with yellowish-green, and antennae yellow; mesosoma black except thorax purplish laterally, legs yellow except coxae brown. Antennae with two distinctly transverse anelli, pedicel in lateral view 1.8× as long as broad, each funicular segment longer than broad; gaster oval, apex not pointed.
Holotype. ♀, China: Qinghai: Golmud, Guolemude, 2880m, 36.26°N, 94.53°E, 14.IX.2001, leg. Chao-Dong Zhu. Paratype. 1♀, same data to holotype; 3♂, 6♀, Inner Mongolia: Ejin B., 11.VI.1981, ex. Dinorhopala on Populus diversifolia, leg. Hua-Qiang Shao.
Named after the location where the holotype was collection.
Specimens from Inner Mongolia were reared from Dinorhopala (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Populus diversifolia.
China (Inner Mongolia, Qinghai).
The new species belongs to Dibrachyss. str., and the mainly differences with Dibrachys microgastri (Bouché) as follows: D. liaoi sp. n. slightly blue-greenish, clypeal margin with two sharp teeth, Fu1 to Fu4 length slight longer than its width respectively, Fu5 and Fu6 quadrate, gaster 1.8× as long as broad; but in D. microgastri (Bouché), body yellow-green, clypeal margin with two blunt teeth, Fu1 to Fu5 quadrate, Fu6 transverse, gaster 2× as long as broad.
Holotype. Female. Body (Figs
Head in frontal view (Fig.
Head 1.31× as broad as thorax. Mesosoma 1.38 × as long as broad. Pronotum with raised reticulation, pronotal collar slightly narrower than mesoscutum (0.86×); middle length of pronotum almost 1/9 as long as length of mesoscutum; collar not margined anteriorly, posterior margin of collar with a smooth band. Mesoscutum 1.86× as broad as long, with regular and dense reticulation; notauli incomplete and unconspicuous. Scutellum convex, 1.09× as broad as long, frenal line absent; reticulation same as on mesoscutum but slightly large on posterior part of scutellum. Propodeum (Fig.
Petiole invisible dorsally. Gaster (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.1 mm; head and thorax blue-green; antenna light brownish except clava slightly dark, other segments yellow; legs yellow to yellowish brown except coxae concolorous with body; fore wing yellowish brown; gaster brown, with a yellow transverse bright ribbon at 1/3 base of gaster.
Holotype: China: ♀, Beijing: Miyun Reservoir, 40.29°N, 116.50°E, 18.VII.1983, ex. pupae of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis, leg. Ju-Wen Wu. Paratypes: China: 1♂, 2♀, same data as holotype; 2♀, Beijing: Miyun Reservoir, 20.VII.1983, ex. pupae of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis, leg. Ju-Wen Wu; 5♀, Beijing: Huairou, 15.VI.1982, ex. Illiberis pruni, leg. Mr. Jin; 1♀, Beijing: Songshan, 26.VIII.1984, ex. Illiberis pruni; 4♀, Beijing: Changping, 15.VI.1981, ex. Locastra muscosalis, leg. Zhen-Hua Liu; 1♀, Beijing: Yuanmingyuan Imperial Garden, 18.VII.1984, ex. larvae of Lymantria dispar, leg. Mu-Zong Cheng; 6♀, Beijing: Yuanmingyuan Imperial Garden, 2.VI.1984, ex. larvae of Lymantria dispar, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 4♂, 5♀, Beijing: Mentougou, late July of 1983, ex. Prothesia similes xanthocampa, leg. Sui-Hua Zhao; 1♀, Beijing: Qingbaichang, leg. Ding-Xi Liao.
In memory of professor Ding-xi Liao in China.
Larvae of Illiberis pruni Dyar, Illiberis nigra Leech (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae), Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) and Porthesia similis (Fueszly) (Lepidoptera: Lymantridae), pupae of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu, Dendrolimus superans (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), Illiberis ulmivora Graeser, Pseudopanolis flavimacula Inaba (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Rogas dendrolimi (Matsumura) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Tenthredinidae sp..
China (Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Gansu, Qinghai).
Dibrachys maculipennis Szelényi, 1957: 301, 307.
Body slender (Figs
China: 2♀, Beijing, V1967; 1♀, Shaanxi: Hangzhou, X.1959, ex. Smerinthus planus Walker, leg. Zhe-Min Zheng; 1♀, Zhejiang: Hangzhou, 7.VI.1972, ex. Apanteles baoris Wilkinson, leg. Ding-Xi Liao.
Recorded hosts of the species were Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) (
China (Beijing, Shaanxi, Zhejiang); Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropic regions.
Diplolepis
microgastri
Bouché, 1834: 168; neotype female in
Dibrachys
microgastri
(Bouché) Peters & Baur, 2011: 18;
Synonymy: Pteromalus cavus Walker, 1835: 477–478; Pteromalus decedens Walker, 1835: 478; Pteromalus albinervis Ratzeburg, 1844: 199; Pteromalus boucheanus Ratzeburg, 1844: 196; Pteromalus tenuis Ratzeburg, 1844: 195; Pteromalus zelleri Ratzeburg, 1848: 190; Pteromalus vesparum Ratzeburg, 1852: 233; Cleonymus clisiocampae Fitch, 1856: 431–432; Pteromalus boarmiae Walker in Newman, 1863: 8609, 8610; Cheiropachus nigro-cyaneus Norton, 1869: 327; Eupelmus cereanus Rondani, 1876: 38. 40; Pteromalus gelechiae Webster, 1883: 151; Pteromalus chionobae Howard, 1889: 1872, 1889; Arthrolytus apatelae Ashmead, 1893: 162; Arthrolytus pimplae Ashmead, 1894: 339; Trichomalus truyilloi Blanchard, 1938: 178; Tritneptis elegans Szelényi, 1981: 400.
Body slender (Figs
38–41 Dibrachys microgastri (Bouché) 38 Body in dorsal view 39 Body in lateral view 40 Head in frontal view 41 Fore wing 42–47 Dibrachys qinghaiensis sp. n., female holotype 42 Body in lateral view 43 Body in dorsal view 44 Head in lateral view 45 Head in frontal view 46 Mesoscutum 47 Fore wing.
China: 3♂, 7♀, Heilongjiang: Hailin, VI.1975, ex. pupae of Atractodes sp., leg. Gui-You Zhang; 2♂, 1♀, Heilongjiang: Yichun, 3.VII.1972, ex. Tachinidae sp. on Tortricidae sp., leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♂, 8♀Heilongjiang: Yichun, 13.VII.1962, ex. Tachinidae sp. on Ptycholomoides aeriferanus Herrich-Schaffer, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 2♂, 6♀, Heilongjiang: Yichun, 18.IX.1975, ex. Ptycholomoides aeriferanus Herrich-Schaffer, leg. You-Qiao Liu; 4♀, Heilongjiang: Harbin, 3.VII.1962, ex. pupae of Yponomeuta padella Linnaeus, leg. Tai-Lu Chen; 5♀, Heilongjiang: Harbin, 4.VII.1962, ex. pupae of flies, leg. Tai-Lu Chen; 1♂, 2♀, Heilongjiang: Harbin, 11.V.1978, ex. pupae of Anacampsis populella Clerck, leg. Wen-Min Chen; 2♂, 7♀, Heilongjiang: Harbin, 11.IV.1978, ex. larvae of Aphididae sp., leg. Wen-Min Chen; 11♂, Heilongjiang: Jiamusi, 21.IX.1979, ex. aphids on cabbagecabbage aphid, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♂, 8♀,Heilongjiang: Mishan, VI.1963, ex. Pyrausta nubilalis (Hübner), leg. De-Yun Deng; 1♂, 1♀, Heilongjiang: Dailing, 18.IX.1975, ex. Rhyacionia buoliana, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 2♀, Jilin: Siping, VII.1980, ex. Coleophoridae sp., leg. Yu-Ying Qiu; 5♀, Liaoning: Liaoyang, 19.VI.1980, ex. larvae of Lymantria dispar L., leg. Yu-Bao Zhang and Gui-Zhi Zhang; 3♂, 7♀, Liaoning: Liaoyang, 17.VII.1979, ex. Musca domestica (Linnaeus,1758), leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♀, Liaoning: Liaoyang, 10.VI.1979, ex. pupae of Cnidocampa flavescens (Walker), leg. Yu-Bao Zhang; 5♀, Liaoning: Jinzhou, vi.1970, ex. Nephoteryx pirivorella Matsumura, leg. Bin Liu; 1♂, 1♀, Liaoning: Shenyang, 11.VII.1978, ex. sawfly, leg. Gong-Tian Xu; 1♂, 1♀, Liaoning: Xingcheng, 25.V.1981, leg. Yan-Li Zhao; 4♀, Liaoning: Suizhong, 13.IX.1973, ex. pupae of Tachinidae sp., leg. Shu-Hai Wang; 5♀, Liaoning: Liaoyang, Yuejiadadui, 1979, ex. pupae of Lymantria dispar (L.) from Populus sp., leg. Yu-bao Zhang & Gui-Zhi Zhang; 1♀, Liaoning: Liaoyang, Beiling, 5.IX.1978, ex. Lymantria dispar (L.), leg. Gong-Tian Xu; 1♀, Liaoning: Fuxian, 25.VI.1976, ex. Tortricidae sp., leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 3♀, Liaoning: Siping, VI.1989, ex. Yponomeutidae sp., leg. Gui-You Zhang; 8♀, Liaoning: Fusong, IX.1953, ex. eggs of Dendrolimus sp.; 2♀, Inner Mongolia: Urad Middle Banner, 17.VII.1980, ex. Anacampsis Populella Clerck, leg. Xu-Chang Huang; 3♂, Inner Mongolia: Horinger, 4.VIII.1981, ex. Malacosoma sp., leg. Qiang-Hua Shao; 1♂, 2♀, Inner Mongolia: Baotou, 19.IX.1989, ex. pupae of gelechiid moth, leg. Zhong-Ren Liu; 2♂, 3♀, Inner Mongolia: Baotou, 24.VI.1989, ex. pupae of ichneumon, leg. Zhong-Ren Liu; 1♀, Inner Mongolia: Baotou, 28.vii.1985, ex. Scolytidae sp., Zhong-Ren Liu; 3♂, 7♀, Beijing, vii.1986, ex. pupae of Tachinidae sp., leg. Da-Wei Huang; 1♂, 9♀, Beijing, 21.VIII.1962, ex. Tortricid, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 5♀, Beijing: Xijiao, 20.IX.1957, ex. pupae of Stilprotia salicis, leg. Tai-Lu Chen; 1♀, Beijing: Miyun, 17.VI.1984, ex. Dendrolimus tabulaeformis, leg. Da-Wei Huang; 2♂, 6♀, Beijing: Daxing, 1963, ex. obsolete honeycomb, leg. Zong-You Xu; 2♀, Beijing: Yuanmingyuan Imperial Garden, 25.vii.1984, ex. larvae of Lymantria dispar, leg. Mu-Zong Cheng; 4♀, Hebei: Zhangbei, VII-XII.1983, ex. Stilpnotia candida, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 8♂, 24♀, Hebei: Zhangbei, 21.VII.1983, larvae of Stilpnotia candida, leg. Xing-Jun Li; 9♀, Hebei: Zhangbei, vii.1983, ex. Lymantridae sp., leg. Xing-Jun Li; 1♂, 5♀, Hebei: Zhangbei, ex. pupae of Gypsonoma minutara, leg. Jun-Rong Dai; 1♀, Hebei: Fengning, 20.v.1992, ex. Rogas dendrolimi (Matsumura), leg. Da-Zhou Wang; 2♂, 3♀, Shanxi: Taiyuan, 6.V.1991, ex. Eulecanium gigantean, leg. Hui-Di Zhang; 2♀, Shanxi: Taigu, 8.VII.1979, ex. pupae of Yponomeutidae sp., leg. Zhan-Gui Li; 1♂, 2♀, Shanxi: Taiyuan, 19.vi.1990, ex. pupae of Yponomeuta polystinellus Felder, leg. Da-Wei Huang; 1♂, 1♀, Shanxi: Taiyuan, iv.1980, ex. pupae of Ancylis sativa Liu, leg. Ci Yu; 3♀, Shanxi: Pingshun, 10.VIII.1978, ex. Pinus tabuliformis Carrière; 1♂, 1♀, Shanxi: Taigu, 8.VII.1979, ex. pupae of Galleria mellonella, leg. Zhan-Gui Li; 3♀, Shanxi: Taigu, 15.VI.1979, ex. larvae of Illiberis nigra Leech, leg. Zhan-Gui Li; 4♀, Shanxi: Taigu, VII.1979, ex. Illiberis nigra Leech, leg. Zhan-Gui Li; 1♀, Shanxi: Taigu, VII.1979, ex. Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats., leg. Zhan-Gui Li; 2♀, Shanxi: Shuoxian, 24.V.1984, ex. Braconidae on Coccinella septempunctata, leg.Yu-Zhi Niu; 3♂, 6♀, Shanxi: Shuoxian, 3-16.VI.1984, ex. Braconidae sp. on Anacampsis Populella Clerck, leg.Yu-Zhi Niu; 3♂, 6♀, Shanxi: Shuoxian, 14-18.VI.1984, ex. Anacampsis Populella Clerck, leg. Yu-Zhi Niu; 1♂, 2♀, Shanxi: Shuoxian, 20.VI.1983, ex. Anacampsis Populella Clerck, leg.Yu-Zhi Niu; 1♂, 7♀, Shanxi: Shuoxian, V-VII.1984, ex. Tachinidae sp. on Anacampsis Populella Clerck, leg.Yu-Zhi Niu; 1♀, Shangdong: Weihai, 3.VI.1958, leg. Jin-Long Mao; 1♀, Shangdong: Fushan, 26.X.1958, leg. Jin-Long Mao; 1♂, 4♀, Henan: Anyang, 20.V.1956, ex. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 3♀, Henan: Zhengzhou, 10.IX.1972, ex. larvae of Olethreutidae sp., leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♀, Shaanxi: Xianyang, 6.III.1975, ex. pupae of Earias cupreoviridis Walker, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 2♂, 6♀, Ningxia: Luhuatai, 29.V.1982, ex. Ypsolopha vittellus (Linnaeus), leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 3♀, Ningxia: ZhongweisShapotou, 15.VI.1981, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 3♀, Ningxia: Yinchuang, 12.VI.1974, ex. pupae of Syrphidae sp. on Ulmus pumila L.; 1♂, 9♀, Gansu: Pingliang, VII.1966, ex. Tachinidae sp. & Illiberis pruni, leg. Shou-Min Liu; 3♀12♂, Gansu: Pingliang, VII. 1966, ex. Illiberis pruni, leg. Shou-Min Liu; 4♂, 22♀, Xinjiang: Altay, VI.1979, ex. larvae of Gelechia pinguinella Trietschke, leg. Jun-Wen Xia; 5♀, Xinjiang: Korla, collecting time unknown, ex. eggs of Macroglossum corythus luteata (Butler), leg. Tai-Lu Chen; 3♀, Xinjiang: Urumchi, 12.VII.1980, ex. pest on Salix sp., leg. Jiu-Xiong Bai; 1♂, 5♀, Jiangsu: Nanjing, 4.VII.1963, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 2♂, 5♀, Shanghai: Pudong New District, III.1972, ex. cottonseed; 4♀, Shanghai: Minhang, XII.1979, ex. Apanteles glomeratus (L.), leg. Ji-Long He; 6♀, Anhui: Dangshan, 7.XI.1975, ex. Pyrausta nubilalis (Hubern) & Chilo infuscatellus (Snellen), leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 12♀, Anhui:Huangfu Mountain, 19.VI1965, ex. larvae of Lepidoptera, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♂, 4♀, Zhejiang: Hangzhou, X.1954, ex. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders); 2♂, 6♀, Zhejiang: Hangzhou, i.1963, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 5♂, 2♀, Zhejiang: Hangzhou, I.1963, ex. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), leg. Cui Hu; 1♂, 2♀, Hubei: Hong’an, V.1978, ex. pupae of Dendrolimus punctatus Walker, leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 6♀, Hunan: Changsha, 20.III.1984, ex. Chilo suppressalis (Walker), leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♂, 9♀, Hunan: Liuyang, 24.IX.1979, ex. eggs of Dendrolimus sp. , leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♀, Hunan, collecting time unknown, leg. Xin-Wang Tong; 1♀, Yunnan: Kunming, 17.V.1967, ex. larvae of Macrocentrus sp. leg. Jing-Liang Qi; 1♀, Yunnan: Zhaotong, 5.IV.1973, ex. Chilo suppressalis (Walker), leg. Ding-Xi Liao; 1♂, 1♀, Tibet: Lhasa, 3650m, 27.VIII.2001, leg. Chao-Dong Zhu. 2♀, Sk. Ahus, 15.IV.1979. leg. K. J. Hedqvist, Dibrachy cavus (Walker), det. K. J. Hedqvist; N. Zealand: 1♀, Lincoln, nr Christchurch RT., 1988, B.J. Donovan. Cult. Vespula gemanica, Dibrachys boarmiae (Walker), det. Z. Boucěk, 1988.
Hosts of D. microgastri has been widely recorded, and the primary parasite has been recorded more than 240 species from 45 families of seven insects orders and also recorded two species of Arachnida (Noyes 2002). In our study, the species was parasitic on Coleoptera (Scolytidae sp.), Diptera (Tachinidae sp. on Tortricidae sp., Tachinidae sp. on Anacampsis Populella Clerck, pupae of Tachinidae sp. and Syrphidae sp. on Ulmus pumila L.), Hemiptera (aphids on cabbage), Hymenoptera (Apanteles glomeratus (L.), Braconidae sp. on Coccinella septempunctata, larvae of Macrocentrus sp., pupae of Gelis sp. and Lepidoptera (Chilo infuscatellus (Snellen), Chilo suppressalis (Walker), Lymantria dispar (L.), Malacosoma sp., Nephopteryx pirivorella (Matsumura), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), Ptycholomoides aeriferanus (Herrich-Schäffer), Pyrausta nubilalis (Hübner), Ypsolopha vittellus (Linnaeus), eggs of Dendrolimus sp., larvae of Gelechia pinguinella Trietschkeb and Olethreutidae sp., pupae of Anacampsis populella Clerck, pupae of Cnidocampa flavescens (Walker), pupae of Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker), pupae of Earias cupreoviridis Walker, pupae of Stilprotia salicis (L.), pupae of Yponomeuta padella Linnaeus and so on).
China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shangdong, Henan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan, Tibet); widespread world-wide distribution (Noyes, 2016).
The new species belongs to Dibrachys s. str., and the mainly differences with Dibrachys microgastri (Bouché) are as follows: antenna of D. qinghaiensis sp. n. slender, each funicular segment at least slightly longer than its broad; antennal scape as long as eye height, and nearly reaching lower margin of anterior ocellus; but D. microgastri (Bouché) at least with several transverse funicular segment in distal of antenna, antennal scape distinctly shorter than eye height, and not reaching lower margin of anterior ocellus.
Holotype. Female. Body (Figs
Head in frontal view, 1.27× as wide as high (Fig.
Head width 1.31× as broad as thorax. Mesosoma 1.43× as long as broad. Pronotum with coarse reticulation, 0.87× as broad as thorax; pronotum with middle length 0.23× as long as mesoscutum, collar subhorizontal and not margined, posterior margin smooth. Mesoscutum 2× as broad as long, with finely dense reticulation (Fig.
Petiole invisible dorsally. Gaster long ovate, 2× as long as broad; 0.89× as broad as thorax width, 1.33× as long as length of mesosoma; surface of each tergite coriaceous; Gt1 covering 1/3 of gaster, posterior margin straight and with small hollow in middle; posterior margin of other tergites straight; terminal acute.
Male. Body length 1.3-1.9 mm, head and mesosoma black, with yellow-green shine; antennae yellow; legs yellow except coxae concolorous with body. Antennae with long hair, each funicular segment longer than its broad, with long hair on antenna. Gaster ovate, with an oval pale spot between Gt1 and Gt2.
Holotype. China: ♀, Qinghai: Golmud, Guolemude, 2880m, 36.26°N, 94.53°E, 14.IX.2001, leg. Chao-Dong Zhu. Paratype. China: 5♂, 4♀, same data as holotype; 2♀, Qinghai: Delhi, Baingoin, 2900m, 16.IX.2001, leg. Chao-Dong Zhu; 1♀, Qinghai: Qilian, 2790m, 19.IX.2001, leg. Chao-Dong Zhu; 2♀, Qinghai: Dulan, Xiangride, 10.VI.1997, leg. Chao-Dong Zhu; 4♀, Qinghai: Xining, 3-4.VI.1997, leg. Chao-Dong Zhu; 2♀, Qinghai: Tongren, Mailin, 14.VI.1997, leg. Chao-Dong Zhu.
The specific name is consist of the spelling of the type locality “qinghai” and the suffix “-ensis” represent source.
Unknown.
China (Qinghai, Yunnan).
Thanks are due to the Royal Society KC Wong Fellowship for offering a postdoctoral position in the Natural History Museum, London, which allowed the author examining the European specimens deposited in the NHM, the Naturalis, Leiden and the Bavarian State Collections of Zoology. Thanks are also especially to Dr. Zdenek Bouček and Dr. John Noyes for their help in accessing collections in NHM in 2001 and 2002. This work was supported by the Presidential Foundation of the CAS, Ministry of Science and Technology of China under Grant No. 2012FY111100 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 31672338.