Research Article |
Corresponding author: Wenquan Zhen ( zhenwq@bbgu.edu.cn ) Corresponding author: Dawei Huang ( huangdw@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Francisco Javier Peris Felipo
© 2023 Guohao Zu, Hao Xue, Haiyang Wang, Wenquan Zhen, Dawei Huang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zu G, Xue H, Wang H, Zhen W, Huang D (2023) Description of three new species and new distributional data for three species of Homalotylus (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) from China. ZooKeys 1184: 273-289. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1184.113292
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Homalotylus tianjinensis Zu, sp. nov., H. bicolor Zu, sp. nov. and H. guangxiensis Zu, sp. nov. are described as new to science; H. agarwali Anis & Hayat, 1998, H. hemipterinus (De Stefani, 1898) and H. varicolorus Krishnachaitanya & Manickavasagam, 2016 are newly recorded from China. A key to Chinese species based on females is also presented.
Chalcidoidea, Echthroplexiellini, Encyrtinae, identification key, new species, taxonomy
Homalotylus is a well-known genus of Encyrtidae, which was established by
Contributions to the taxonomy of this genus have been made by several authors, such as
All the specimens in the present study were collected from the campuses of Tianjin Agricultural University and Beibu Gulf University by malaise traps, then dissected and mounted in Canada Balsam on slides following the method described by
The following abbreviations are used in the text:
F1–6 funicle segments 1–6
AOL minimum distance between a posterior ocellus and anterior ocellus
EL maximum diameter of eye
FV minimum width of the frontovertex
HH length of head in facial view, excluding mouth parts
HW head width measured in facial view
MS malar space or minimum distance between eye and mouth margin
OCL minimum distance between a posterior ocellus and occipital margin
OD longest diameter of an ocellus
OOL minimum distance between a posterior ocellus and eye margin
POL minimum distance between posterior ocelli
FWL maximum length of fore wing excluding marginal fringe
FWW maximum width of fore wing excluding marginal fringe
MV marginal vein
PMV postmarginal vein
SMV submarginal vein
SV stigmal vein
HWL length of hind wing excluding marginal fringe
HWW width of hind wing, measured at widest point, excluding marginal fringe
MT length of mid tibia
GL length of gonostylus
LTL last tergite length
LTW last tergite width
OL length of ovipositor
EDAU Entomology Department, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
HACO Hayat Collection, Aligarh, India
1 | Ovipositor distinctly exserted, the exserted part at least 0.2× as long as gaster | 2 |
– | Ovipositor not or slightly exserted | 11 |
2 | Funicle completely dark brown, sometimes F6 mixed with white | 3 |
– | Funicle at least always with F6 completely white | 5 |
3 | F6 completely dark brown | H. zhaoi |
– | F6 brown mixed with white | 4 |
4 | Frontovetex 0.25× as wide as head width; fore wing 3.30× as long as width | H. himalayensis |
– | Frontovetex 0.17× as wide as head width; fore wing 2.78× as long as widt | H. tianjinensis sp. nov. |
5 | F4–F5 always completely white | 6 |
– | F4–F5 at least partially white | 8 |
6 | F3 white | H. agarwali |
– | F3 dark brown | 7 |
7 | Axillae and scutellum pale orange yellow | H. mundus |
– | Axillae dark brown, scutellum mostly dark brown, but yellowish brown apically | H. trisubalbus |
8 | F4 dark brown, F5 at least partially white | 9 |
– | F4 dark brown with apical half white, F5 white | 10 |
9 | Frontovetex 0.19× as wide as head width; mid tibia spur as long as mid basitarsus | H. longicaudus |
– | Frontovetex 0.25× as wide as head width; mid tibia spur longer than mid basitarsus | H. varicolorus |
10 | Scape 6× as long as wide; clava unsegmented white | H. scutellaris |
– | Scape 8.42× as long as wide; clava 3-segmented | H. bicolor sp. nov. |
11 | F4 white; mid tarsus 1–4 white, with basal half of mid basitarsus brown | H. guangxiensis sp. nov. |
– | F4 dark brown or brown; mid tarsus 1–4 white | 12 |
12 | F5 and F6 white | H. yunnanensis |
– | F5 dark brown, F6 dark brown or partially white, rarely completely white | 13 |
13 | Mid tibia spur longer than mid basitarsus | H. sinensis |
– | Mid tibia spur shorter than or equal to mid basitarsus | 14 |
14 | Mid tibia spur about 8–10× as long as broad; hind tarsus dark brown | H. flaminius |
– | Mid tibia spur only about 7× as long as broad; hind tarsus mostly white | H. hemipterinus |
Holotype. ♀ [on slide], China, Guangxi Province, Qinzhou City, Beibu Gulf University, 21°53'53"N, 108°36'56"E, c. 24 m, 06–26.X.2019, Wen-Quan Zhen, Malaise trapping. Paratypes. ♀♂ [on slides], China, Guangxi Province, Qinzhou City, Beibu Gulf University, 21°53'53"N, 108°36'56"E, c. 24 m, 06–13.X.2019, Wen-Quan Zhen, Malaise trapping.
Female. Holotype. Length, 2.20 mm (excluding ovipositor). Head generally orange yellow, with genae, frontovertex and occiput dark brown. Antennae dark brown, F4 mostly white with lower margin brown, F5, F6 and clava white. Mesosoma dark brown with shallow metallic green sheen, scutellum mostly orange yellow, only with a brown area at base; legs dark brown, except for apical 3/5 of mid tibia, mid tibial spur, mid and hind tarsus 1–4 white. Metasoma dark brown.
Head (Fig.
Mesosoma (Fig.
Ovipositor (Fig.
Male. Length, 1.67 mm. Color is similar to female, except for F4 completely brown.
Head (Fig.
Mesoscutum (Fig.
Aedeagus (Fig.
Unknown.
The specific name refers to its coloration of mesosoma.
The new species may be distinguished from H. scutellaris Tan & Zhao, 1997 and H. mundus Gahan, 1920, by the following characters: scape 8.42× as long as wide (6× in H. scutellaris), clava 3-segmented (unsegmented in H. scutellaris), metanotum and propodeum dark brown (yellow brown in H. scutellaris); F4 mostly white, mixed with brown on lower margin (completely white in H. mundus), axillae brown (pale orange yellow in H. mundus), pedicel 2.5× as long as wide (nearly 3× in H. mundus).
Holotype. ♀ [on slide], China, Guangxi Province, Qinzhou City, Beibu Gulf University, 21°53'53"N, 108°36'56"E, c. 24 m, 2–11.V.2019, Wen-Quan Zhen, Malaise trapping. Paratypes. 3♀ [on slides], China, Guangxi Province, Qinzhou City, Beibu Gulf University, 21°53'53"N, 108°36'56"E, c. 24 m, 14–31.XII.2019, 1–13.I.2020, Wen-Quan Zhen, Malaise trapping.
Female. Holotype. Length, 2.11 mm (excluding ovipositor). Head black, with metallic green luster; antennae dark brown, F3 paler apically, F4, F6 and clava white. Mesosoma dark brown with metallic sheen; basal half of tegula white, apical half dark brown; wings mostly hyaline but fore wing weakly infuscate at base and with a distinct, broad brown fascia across wing extending from parastigma, marginal and stigmal veins, setae distad of this uniform in color; legs dark brown, except for apical 1/2 of mid basitarsus and mid tarsus 2–4 white. Metasoma black brown.
Head (Fig.
Sculpture (Fig.
Ovipositor (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
Unknown.
The specific name refers to its collecting location.
The new species may be distinguished from H. albitarsus Gahan, 1910 and H. agarwali Anis & Hayat, 1998, by the following characters: F4 completely white (basal brown and apical white in H. albitarsus), hind tarsus brown (1–4 white in H. albitarsus), mid tibial spur shorter than mid basitarsus (longer in H. albitarsus), pedicel 2.05× as long as wide (about 3× in H. albitarsus); ovipositor 0.76× as long as mid tibia (1.03× in H. agarwali), F3 dark brown, mixed with white apically (white in H. agarwali).
Holotype. ♀ [on slide], China, Tianjin City, Xiqing District, Tianjin Agricultural University, 39°5'21"N, 117°5'38"E, c. 13 m, 18.VI–3.VII.2019, Guo-Hao Zu, Ze-Ning Yang, Malaise trapping. Paratypes. ♀ [on slide], China, Tianjin City, Xiqing District, Tianjin Agricultural University, 39°5'21"N, 117°5'38"E, c. 13 m, 30.V–14.VI.2020, Ze-Ning Yang, Chen Zhang, Malaise trapping.
Female. Holotype. Length, excluding ovipositor, 2.20 mm. Face yellowish brown, frontovertex dark brown, genae dark brown. Antennae dark brown, F6 from brown to white, clava white. Mesosoma black brown, but axilla yellowish brown, scutellum yellowish with a diamond-shaped brown area at the base; tegula white; wings largely hyaline but fore wing infuscate at base and with a distinct, broad more or less parallel-sided brown fascia across immediately distad of this, otherwise apical setae normal and dark; legs dark brown, except for apical 1/5 of mid tibia, all tibial spurs, mid and hind tarsus 1–4 white. Metasoma black, the protruding part of the ovipositor black brown, with only the base yellowish white.
Head (Fig.
Mesosoma (Fig.
Ovipositor (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
Unknown.
The specific name refers to its collecting location.
The new species may be distinguished from H. albiclavatus (Agarwal, 1970) and H. vicinus Silvestri, 1915, by the following characters: scape completely dark brown, 7.60× as long as wide (with a long light-colored strip medially, 8.55× in H. albiclavatus), F6 from brown to white (completely white in H. albiclavatus), scutellum yellowish with a diamond-shaped brown area at the base (yellow in H. albiclavatus); F6 from brown to white (dark in H. vicinus), hind femur dark brown (ventrally pale yellow apically in H. vicinus), hind tarsus 1–4 white (2–4 white in H. vicinus).
Homalotylus agarwali Anis & Hayat, 1998: 203–204. Holotype ♀, India, HACO, not examined.
Unknown.
China (Guangxi), India.
2♀, China, Guangxi Province, Qinzhou City, Beibu Culf University, 21°53'53"N, 108°36'56"E, c. 24 m, 6–17.XI.2019, Wen-quan Zhen, Malaise trapping.
This is the first record from China.
Phaenodiscus hemipterinus De Stefani, 1898: 250. Holotype? ♀, Italy, ? lost.
Homalotvlus orci
Girault, 1917a: 3. Syntypes, Indonesia (Java),
Homalorylus flavimesopleurum
Girault, 1917b: 5. Lectotype ♀, Japan,
Neoaenasioidea nigritus
Agarwal, 1970: 27. Holotype ♀, India,
Echthroplexis tumkurensis
Shafee & Fatma, 1985: 375. Holotype ♀, India,
Homalotvlus evtelweinii
(Ratzeburg);
Coleoptera (Coccinellidae): Chilocorus bipustulatus, Chilocorus bijugus, Chilocorus nigritus, Chilocorus sp., Coccinella septempunctata, Cycloneda sanguinea, Menochilus sexmaculatus.
China (Guangxi), Japan, Thailand, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Iran, Austria, Brazil, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Afica, Chad, Sudan, Togo, Cosat Rica, Bahamas, Paraguay, Colombia, Fiji.
15♀, China, Guangxi Province, Qinzhou City, Beibu Gulf University, 21°53'53"N, 108°36'56"E, c. 24 m, 26.III–29.XII.2019, Wen-quan Zhen, Malaise trapping.
This is the first record from China.
Homalotylus varicolorus Krishnachaitanya, Manickavasagam & Abhinav, 2016: 2373, 2380–2382. Holotype ♀, India, EDAU, not examined.
Unknown.
China (Guangxi), India.
17♀, 16♂, China, Guangxi Province, Qinzhou City, Beibu Gulf University, 21°53'53"N, 108°36'56"E, c. 24 m, 21.IV.2019–19.IV.2020, Wen-quan Zhen, Malaise trapping.
This is the first record from China. The specimens agree very well with the description of H. varicolorus, but a minor difference should be noted. In our specimens ovipositor 1.57× as long as mid tibia, whilst in the original description of H. varicolorus ovipositor 2.19× as long as mid tibia.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
This project was supported by Science and Research Foundation of Tangshan Normal University (Grant No. 2023B19).
Dawei Huang and Guohao Zu designed the experiments; Wenquan Zhen participated in the collection specimens; Hao Xue and Haiyang Wang identification of specimens. Guohao Zu, Hao Xue and Haiyang Wang wrote the original draft of the manuscript.
Guohao Zu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9892-2171
Hao Xue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-1298
Haiyang Wang https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5665-2111
Wenquan Zhen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-2775
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.