Research Article |
Corresponding author: Zai-fu Xu ( xuzaifu@scau.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Norman Johnson
© 2017 Xin-hai Ye, Cornelis van Achterberg, Qi Yue, Zai-fu Xu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ye X-h, van Achterberg C, Yue Q, Xu Z-f (2017) Review of the Chinese Leucospidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 651: 107-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.651.11235
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The Chinese fauna of the family Leucospidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) is reviewed and illustrated for the first time. Twelve species of Leucospis Fabricius, 1775 are recorded; of which two species are new to science: Leucospis aequidentata sp. n. and L. shaanxiensis sp. n. and one species is reported new for China: L. intermedia Illiger, 1807. An identification key to Chinese species is included. A lectotype is designated for Leucospis aurantiaca Shestakov, 1923.
China, Leucospidae , Leucospis , new species, new record, Oriental region, Palaearctic region
Leucospidae is a small and rarely encountered family, including several of the largest species known in the Chalcidoidea (
All specimens were examined and described using a Leica MZ125 stereomicroscope. Photographs of specimens from South China Agricultural University (SCAU) were taken with a CoolSNAP digital camera attached to a Zeiss Stemi 2000-CS stereomicroscope. Images were processed using Image-Pro Plus software. Primary types present in depositories outside China could be only studied by photos because of logistic reasons; the photos were kindly provided by Dr. Elijah Talamas (holotype of Leucospis bakeri Crawford, L. indiensis Weld, L. orientalis Weld, and L. ornatifrons Weld), by Dr. Natalie Dale-Skey Papilloud (lectotypes of L. exornata Walker and L. sinensis Walker, and holotype of L. femoricincta Bouček), by Dr. Lars Vilhelmsen (lectotype of L. gigas Fabricius), by Dr. Toshiharu Mita (holotype of L. yasumatsui Habu), and by Mr. Paolo Rosa (lectotype of L. aurantiaca Shestakov). Figures were adjusted using Photoshop CC 2015.0.0, mostly to change size and background.
Morphological terminology mainly follows
Examined specimens are deposited in the following institutions:
BMNH
KYUN
Entomological Laboratory,
SCAU
Leucopsidae Walker, 1834: 13. Type genus: Leucopsis Duméril, 1823 (= Leucospis Fabricius, 1775).
Leucospidae
Walker: Haliday 1839: ii;
Body usually black or brown, with yellow, orange, reddish brown or whitish markings; antenna 13-segmented, F1 petiolate, without anellus, and no multiporous plate sensillae; tegula elongate, at least two times as long as broad, reaching pronotum or nearly so; forewing often longitudinally folded at rest; hind femur markedly swollen with one or more teeth ventrally; hind tibia strongly curved; ovipositor generally exserted and curved upward over metasoma (
Ectoparasitoids of solitary aculeate Hymenoptera, especially Megachilidae and Anthophoridae (
Cosmopolitan.
139 species in four genera (Alexandre et al. 2013;
Leucospis Fabricius, 1775: 361. Type species: Leucospis dorsigera Fabricius, 1775, by monotypy.
Leucospis
Fabricius:
Clypeus with lower margin often emarginated and with a small median tooth; mandible bare at apex, always with strong lower tooth; maxillary and labial palpi 4 and 3 segments, respectively; OOL distinctly longer than POD; scutellum without cross-carina; dorsellum usually transverse, often carinate posteriorly, sometimes bidentate; propodeum often with median carina; hind coxa enlarged, sometimes with dorsal tooth or dorsal lobe; hind femur with basal ventral tooth often located before middle; hind tibia with outer spur always shorter than inner spur, frequently apex of hind tibia ventrally produced into a spine; female with T6 distinctly separated from epipygium and ovipositor curved upward; male with T2 always transverse (
Ectoparasitoids of solitary aculeate Hymenoptera, mostly bees (
Cosmopolitan (
The genus contains 123 valid species, of which 119 are assigned to sixteen species groups (
Revised checklist and known distribution of Leucospis species in China. An asterisk indicates a new record.
Species | Distribution in China |
---|---|
L. aequidentata sp. n. | *Fujian, *Guangdong, *Hubei, *Hunan |
L. aurantiaca Shestakov, 1923 | Inner Mongolia |
L. bakeri Crawford, 1914 | Taiwan |
L. femoricincta Bouček, 1974 | *Guangdong, Macao |
L. gigas Fabricius, 1793 | Beijing, Inner Mongolia |
L. histrio Maindron, 1878 | Guangdong, *Hainan |
L. intermedia Illiger, 1807 | *Xinjiang |
L. japonica Walker, 1871 | Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, *Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang |
L. petiolata Fabricius, 1787 | Fujian, *Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao |
L. shaanxiensis sp. n. | *Shaanxi |
L. sinensis Walker, 1860 | Jiangsu, Shanghai, Taiwan |
L. yasumatsui Habu, 1961 | Shanxi |
1 | Hind femur with 3–4 long and slender teeth (apart from small apical teeth; Figs |
2 |
– | Hind femur with many small to medium-sized teeth (Figs |
6 |
2 | Ovipositor sheath medium-sized, up to middle of T5 (Figs |
3 |
– | Ovipositor sheath long, at least up to T1 (Figs |
4 |
3 | Malar space 0.17–0.19 times height of eye (about as long as width of F2); hind femur finely and sparsely punctate and with large smooth interspaces (Fig. |
L. sinensis Walker |
– | Malar space 0.22–0.30 times height of eye (Fig. |
L. petiolata Fabricius |
4 | Dorsellum rounded posteriorly (Fig. |
L. histrio Maindron |
– | Dorsellum bidentate or concave posteriorly (Fig. |
5 |
5 |
F2–F4 of ♀ broader than long (Fig. |
L. intermedia Illiger |
– |
F2–F4 of ♀ distinctly longer than broad (also in ♂); clypeus conspicuously protruding ventrally (Fig. |
L. gigas Fabricius |
6 | T1 of ♀ without ovipositorial furrow medially (Figs |
7 |
– | T1 of ♀ with ovipositorial furrow medially (Figs |
8 |
7 | Hind leg entirely orange without any pattern (Figs |
L. aurantiaca Shestakov |
– | Hind leg reddish brown to blackish brown, with yellow pattern (Fig. |
L. bakeri Crawford |
8 | Discal carina of pronotum absent or indistinct and not angularly raised medially (Figs |
9 |
– | Discal carina of pronotum distinct and subangularly raised medially (Figs |
10 |
9 | T1 of ♀ with very shiny broad and convex ridge between double ovipositorial furrow anteriorly (Fig. |
L. japonica Walker |
– | T1 of ♀ ovipositorial furrow single, without shiny convex ridge anteriorly (Fig. |
L. yasumatsui Habu |
10 | T1 in lateral view steep anteriorly, almost rectangularly protruding (indicated by arrow in Figs |
11 |
– | T1 in lateral view gradually lowered anteriorly (indicated by arrow in Fig. |
L. femoricincta Bouček |
11. | Concavity below apical spine of hind tibia with slender spines and long setae (indicated by arrow in Fig. |
L. shaanxiensis sp. n. |
– | Concavity below apical spine of hind tibia with rather robust spines and shorter setae (indicated by arrow in Fig. |
L. aequidentata sp. n. |
Diagnosis. Marginal and premarginal carinae on pronotum distinct but not strongly recurved; basal tooth on hind femur at least as large as femoral teeth; propodeum short, not distinctly longer than dorsellum (
Leucospis
aurantiaca
Shestakov, 1923: 96;
Lectotype here designated, ♀ (
Female. Body mainly orange, with exception of orange brown to brown antennal flagellum, reddish brown mandible, black head, with black inverted U-shaped marking on mesoscutum, mesoscutellum with axillae black, black mesepimeron and propodeum, anterior margin of T1, anterior margin and posterior margin of T5, T6 and lower part of epipygium black, wings brownish, ovipositor sheath reddish brown (Fig.
Unknown. Collected in June.
China (Inner Mongolia).
Leucospis
japonica
Walker, 1871: 56;
Leucospis
exornata
Walker, 1871: 57. Syn. by
Leucospis
japonica
var.
formosana
Strand, 1911: 98. Syn. by
Leucospis
orientalis
Weld, 1922: 28. Syn. by
Lectotype of L. exornata, ♀ (BMNH), “[CHINA], Hong Kong”, “B.M. Type Hym. 5.82”, NHMUK010370219, designated by
Body mainly black (Fig.
Female. Body length 8.0–14.0 mm. OOL = 2.1 POD; POL = 3.2 POD; MS = 1.9 POD.
Head. Coarsely and densely punctate, with dense short pubescence (Figs
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, dorsellum, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum coarsely and densely punctate with short pubescence (Figs
Metasoma. Metasoma with dense and medium-sized punctures, and with short pubescence. T1 narrower than T4 or T5 in dorsal view. T1 longest and T2 shortest. T1 with smooth double ovipositorial furrow, the latter subdivided by convex, broad and very shiny ridge. Ovipositor sheath long, at least reaching posterior margin of dorsellum (Figs
Colouration. Head black (Figs
Male. Body length 8.0–11.0 mm. OOL=1.5 POD; POL=2.3 POD; MS=1.7 POD. Body punctation very similar to female (Figs
Colouration of female: anterior yellow transverse stripe of pronotum sometimes turns to two to six obscure yellow spots, posterior yellow transverse stripe sometimes triangular; pale yellow patch on mesoscutum sometimes absent; yellow lunate mark on hind femur varies in length; T4 sometimes with obscure yellow band (much narrower than that on T5) or a pair of obscure lateral patches. Colouration of male: anterior yellow transverse stripe of pronotum sometimes absent; hind femur sometimes subbasally with yellow lunate mark from base crossing to dorsal border; yellow spots on T1 sometimes minute or absent; T4 sometimes with obscure anterior transverse yellow stripe; metasomal sternite 4 rarely with a pair of quadrate yellow spots; epipygium sometimes with small yellow spot medio-posteriorly.
Specimens are often collected around old adobe houses (Figs
China (Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, *Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Russia (
Leucospis
yasumatsui
Habu, 1961: 83;
Holotype, ♀ (KYUN), “[CHINA, Shansi,] 6.9”, “Holotype Leucospis yasumatsui Habu”.
Female. Body mainly blackish brown (Figs
Unknown.
China (Shanxi), Russia (
Diagnosis. Pronotum with discal, marginal, and premarginal carinae distinct, and strongly angulate and recurved toward mesoscutum; hind femur robust, length at most twice maximum width (
Holotype, ♀ (SCAU), CHINA, “Guangdong, Shaoguan, Chebaling, 22–28.VII.2008, Zai-fu Xu, No. 2016000345”. Paratypes: 1♀, CHINA, Guangdong, Shaoguan, Chebaling, 22–28.VII.2008, Zai-fu Xu, No. 2016000372 (SCAU); 20♀, CHINA, Hunan, Hupingshan National Nature Reserve, 10–13.VII.2009, Qi Yang, No. 2016000196–2016000199, 2016000201–2016000215 (SCAU,
Body mainly black (Fig.
Holotype. Female. Body length 15.0 mm. OOL= 1.4 POD; POL= 2.6 POD; MS= 2.8 POD.
Head. Coarsely and densely punctate, with dense and short pubescence (Figs
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, dorsellum, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum coarsely and densely punctate, with dense short pubescence (Figs
Metasoma. Moderately punctate, with dense short pubescence. T1 narrower than T4 or T5 in dorsal view. Ovipositorial furrow deep on T1, T4 and T5 (Fig.
Colouration. Head black (Figs
Male. Body length 8.0–11.0 mm. OOL= 1.5 POD; POL= 2.3 POD; MS= 1.7 POD. Body punctation and colouration very similar to female (Figs
Colouration of female: sometimes scape yellow entirely, mesoscutellum with transverse yellow patch posteriorly, or a pair of obscure yellow patch posteriorly, hind tibia with yellow patch dorsally. Body length of female: 13.6–17.5 mm. Colouration of male: sometimes scape entirely black.
Unknown. Collected in July.
China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan).
Named after the regular row of teeth of the hind femur.
Leucospis
femoricincta
Bouček, 1974a: 184;
Holotype, ♀ (BMNH), “VIETNAM, Tonkin, Hoabinh, VIII.1918, R. V. de Salvaza”, “Holotype”, “Leucospis femoricincta sp. n., ♀, Z. Bouček det. 1972”, “B.M. Type Hym. 5.2300”, NHMUK010370197. Additional material. 1♀, CHINA, Guangdong, Dinghushan National Nature Reserve, 11–12.VIII.2005, Li-qiong Weng, No. 2016000048 (SCAU). 1♀1♂, CHINA, Guangdong, Yingxifenglin, 22.VIII.2016, Qi Yue, No. 2016000129, 2016000130 (SCAU); 1♀, same locality and date, Yi-cheng Li, No. 2016000131 (SCAU); 1♂, same locality and date, Hu-ting Zhou, No. 2016000132 (SCAU); 1♀, same locality and date, Zu-heng Meng, No. 2016002475 (SCAU).
Body mainly black (Figs
Female. Body length 9.4–12.7 mm. OOL= 2.3 POD; POL= 4 POD; MS= 2.3 POD.
Head. Coarsely and densely punctate, with dense and short pubescence (Figs
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum, mesocutellum, dorsellum, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum coarsely and densely punctate, with short pubescence (Figs
Metasoma. Coarsely and densely punctate, with short pubescence (Fig.
Colouration. Head black (Figs
Male. Body length 8.0–11.0 mm. OOL=1.5 POD; POL=4.8 POD; MS=2.8 POD. Body punctation very similar to female (Figs
One female from Dinghushan has the yellow mark of the hind femur present on the entire dorsal border.
Unknown. Collected in August, in China near old adobe houses (Figs
China (Guangdong, Macao), Vietnam (
Holotype, ♀ (SCAU), CHINA, “Shaanxi, Liuba, 7.VIII.2015, Yi-cheng Li, No. 2016000020”.
Body mainly black (Fig.
Holotype. Female. Body length 15.0 mm. OOL = 2.5 POD; POL = 3.0 POD; MS = 1.9 POD.
Head. Coarsely and densely punctate, with dense and short pubescence (Figs
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, dorsellum, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum coarsely and densely punctate, with dense short pubescence (Figs
Metasoma. Coarsely and densely punctate, with dense short pubescence (Figs
Colouration. Head black (Figs
Male. Unknown.
Unknown. Collected in August.
China (Shaanxi).
Named after the province of the type locality.
Unfortunately, L. shaanxiensis is described from a single specimen. We considered the possibility that it is an extreme variant of L. aequidentata sp. n., but the number of small differences (both concerning morphology and colouration as indicated in the key) makes this unlikely.
Diagnosis. Pronotum without discal carina, or with very weak discal carina; first and second basal femoral teeth oriented at an angle relative to distal teeth; distal femoral teeth parallel-sided, apices rounded; T5 short, less than 4 times length of T4 (
Leucospis
gigas
Fabricius, 1793: 245;
Lectotype, ♀ (
Body mainly black (Figs
Male. Not available for this study.
Parasitoids of Megachilidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) (
China (Beijing, Inner Mongolia) (
Leucospis
histrio
Maindron, 1878: cxxx;
Leucospis
ornatifrons
Weld, 1922: 22. Syn. by
Holotype of L. ornatifrons, ♀ (
Body mainly black with yellow pattern (Fig.
Female. Body length 8.5–9.5 mm. OOL= 1.3 POD; POL= 2.8 POD; MS= 2.1 POD.
Head. Coarsely and densely punctate (Figs
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, dorsellum, mesopleuron, metapleuron, and propodeum with dense, moderate-sized punctures, and medium-sized pubescence (Figs
Metasoma. Metasoma with dense and moderate-sized punctures and short pubescence (Fig.
Colouration. Head predominantly black, with two elongate yellow spots on frontovertex (Figs
Male. Not available for this study.
One female from Xiangtoushan has some different colour patterns: mesoscutum with a pair of short yellow stripes laterally, and a pair of small rounded obscure pale yellow spots submedially; dorsellum mostly black, with a pair of pale yellow spots. Holotype of L. ornatifrons has a yellow patch on mesopleuron.
Parasitoids of Megachilidae and Anthophoridae (Hymenoptera) (
China (Guangdong, Hainan), Australia, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand (
Leucospis
intermedia
Illiger, 1807: 130;
Leucospis
hoplophora
Förster, 1851: 17. Syn. by
Leucospis
sardoa
Costa, 1884: 35. Syn. by
Leucospis
sardoa
var.
minor
Costa, 1884: 37. Syn. by
1♀, CHINA, Xinjiang, Gongliu, Hetaogou, 29.VI.2016, Yi-cheng Li, No. 2016000128 (SCAU).
Body mainly black with yellow pattern (Fig.
Female. Body length 8.5–9.5 mm. OOL= 1.2 POD; POL= 2.8 POD; MS= 2.8 POD.
Head. Coarsely and densely punctate (Figs
Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely and densely punctate with short pubescence; premarginal carina developed (Fig.
Metasoma. Moderately punctate, with short pubescence (Fig.
Colouration. Body non-metallic (Figs
Male. Not available for this study.
Parasitoids of Osmia emarginata Lepeletier, O. mustelina Gerstäcker (
China (Xinjiang) (new record), Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Caucasus, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Syria, Tadzhikistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan (
Diagnosis. Stigmal vein bilobed, stigma and uncus distinct (
Leucospis
bakeri
Crawford, 1914: 457;
Leucospis
gonogastra
Masi, 1932: 36. Syn. by
Holotype of L. bakeri, ♀ (
Head black (Figs
Male. Not available for this study.
Unknown. Collected in June and September (
China (Taiwan), Philippines (
Diagnosis. Apex of hind tibia extended into a finger-like projection, outer tibial spur reduced to a short pointed nub; femoral teeth arranged in a line; distal femoral teeth triangular, apices pointed (
Leucospis
petiolata
Fabricius, 1787: 285;
Leucospis
indiensis
Weld, 1922: 20. Syn. by
Lectotype of L. petiolata, ♀ (
Body mainly black or reddish brown with whitish yellow patterns (Figs
Female. Body length 9.6–11.3 mm. OOL= 2.9 POD; POL= 4.0 POD; MS= 3.2 POD.
Head. Head with dense short pubescence. Frons, lower face and clypeus moderately punctate (Fig.
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, dorsellum, mesopleuron and metapleuron and propodeum coarsely and densely punctate, with short pubescence (Figs
Metasoma. Finely punctate, with short pubescence (Fig.
Colouration. Head black (Figs
Male. Not available in this study.
Unknown. In China collected in May and in September–October.
China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao), Australia, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia (
Leucospis
sinensis
Walker, 1860: 18;
Lectotype, ♀ (BMNH), “CHINA, Shanghai, Zi-ka-wei”, “B.M. Type Hym. 5.81”, “L. sinensis Walker”, “Lectotype”, NHMUK010370188, designated by
Body mainly black, with exception of antennal scape partly yellow ventrally, pronotum with two long reddish brown transverse stripes, mesoscutum with two small yellow reddish brown spots submedially, mesoscutellum with curved reddish brown band posteriorly, metapleuron reddish brown, wings brownish, hind coxa reddish brown apically, hind femur with yellow markings ventro-basally and dorso-apically, propodeum with reddish brown spot medio-posteriorly, T1 with broad yellow mark posteriorly, T5 with yellow band posteriorly (Figs
Male. Not available in this study.
Parasitoid of Sphex nigellus Smith (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) (
China (Jiangsu, Shanghai, Taiwan), Japan (
We are very grateful for the contributions of Dr. Elijah Talamas (Systematic Entomology Laboratory,