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Research Article
The collection of the genus Epepeotes Pascoe, 1866 housed in the Natural History Museum, London (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
expand article infoGuanglin Xie‡§, Maxwell V. L. Barclay§, Wenkai Wang‡
‡ Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
§ Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

Corresponding author: Maxwell V. L. Barclay ( m.barclay@nhm.ac.uk )

Corresponding author: Wenkai Wang ( wwk@yangtzeu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Lech Karpiński
© 2023 Guanglin Xie, Maxwell V. L. Barclay, Wenkai Wang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Xie G, Barclay MVL, Wang W (2023) The collection of the genus Epepeotes Pascoe, 1866 housed in the Natural History Museum, London (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). ZooKeys 1184: 19-39. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1184.111728
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:78124FF8-2042-4F51-BAA4-BF692AF9551C
Open Access

Abstract

Data on the collection of the genus Epepeotes Pascoe, 1866 deposited in the Natural History Museum, London are presented. A total of 23 species/subspecies, including type specimens of 18 names, of them 13 valid, are recorded. Epepeotes uncinatus lineatopunctatus Breuning, 1960 is restored to subspecies-level status. Lectotypes are designated for Epepeotes uncinatus uncinatus Gahan, 1888 and Epepeotes andamanicus Gahan, 1893. Epepeotes luscus luscus (Fabricius, 1787) is newly recorded in Cambodia and Singapore, and Epepeotes uncinatus uncinatus Gahan, 1888 is newly recorded in Bangladesh. Images of the type and other significant specimens are provided for 23 taxa, mainly for the first time.

Key words

Longhorned beetles, new distribution, new status, NHMUK, type material, zoological collections

Introduction

The genus Epepeotes was established for the species Lamia lusca Fabricius, 1787 by Pascoe (1866a). It currently consists of 39 species/subspecies widespread in Asia (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2023). The following genera are considered as synonyms: Diochares Pascoe, 1866 [type-species: Cerambyx fimbriatus Olivier, 1795 (= Cerambyx desertus desertus Linnaeus, 1758)], Mengelotes Dillon & Dillon, 1941 [type-species: Mengelotes ambiguus Dillon & Dillon, 1941 (= Macrochenus ambigenus Chevrolat, 1841)] and Falsomonohammus Pic, 1943 [type-species: Falsomonohammus diverseglabratus Pic, 1943].

This study is based on the collection of the Natural History Museum, London [formerly British Museum, Natural History (BMNH), and hereafter NHM or NHMUK], which houses 620 categorized specimens (not counting those not sorted) of 23 valid species/subspecies, of which 13 valid taxa and five junior synonyms are represented by type material. A record of all species is given below.

Material and methods

The material examined in this study, already identified by earlier specialists, is deposited in the NHM. Verbatim quotation is used here for all labels of studied type specimens and the label text is given in single quotation marks. Labels of non-type specimens are summarized briefly, to provide the reader with information on the country of origin, locality, but more detail, such as acquisition numbers, collector names and month and year of collecting and other information, is generally not reproduced. Individual labels are separated by a semicolon, and data on different rows by a single slash. Additional and explanatory comments by the authors are given in square brackets. Abbreviations are used in the text for label text: h for handwritten, p for printed. In the list, species records are listed in chronological order of publication, different subspecies of the same species are presented together in chronological order.

Photographs were taken using a Canon 7D Mark II SLR camera with a Canon EFS 100 mm lens and edited using Adobe Photoshop 2020 release. Extended depth of field at magnifications was achieved by combining multiple images from a range of focal planes using Combine ZM or Helicon Focus software.

Results

Data on the genus Epepeotes from the collection of the NHM are summarized on the basis of 620 observed specimens. The collection comprises 23 valid taxa, including types of 18 names, of them 13 valid and five invalid. Labeling details of each type specimen are reproduced verbatim without corrections or additions. Some additional information is provided as comments. The list of Epepeotes deposited in the NHM collection is given as follows.

Epepeotes desertus desertus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Fig. 1a–c

Cerambyx desertus Linnaeus, 1758: 391. Type locality: America [wrong locality record].

Cerambix (Lamia) fimbriatus Olivier, 1795: 71 [misspelling].

Lamia lineator Fabricius, 1801: 283. Type locality: India.

Diochares fimbriatus: Pascoe 1866: 303.

Epepeotes desertus: Breuning 1943: 229.

Non-type material

8 specimens. India (5): E. India (1 male, 1 female), Goram (1 male, 2 females). Indonesia (2): Ceram (1 female); Moluccas (1 male). Country unknown (1): Pascoe collection (1): Mano (1 female).

Figure 1. 

Habitus of Epepeotes desertus (Linnaeus, 1758) a–c Epepeotes desertus desertus (Linnaeus, 1758) d–f Epepeotes desertus rhobetor (Newman, 1842) g, h Epepeotes desertus obscurus (Aurivillius, 1926) d, e holotype a, f, g male b, d, h female.

Epepeotes desertus rhobetor (Newman, 1842)

Fig. 1d–f

Monohammus ? Rhobetor [sic] Newman, 1842: 276. Type locality: Manila [Philippines].

Diochares desertus var. rhobetor: Aurivillius 1922: 81.

Epepeotes desertus s.- sp. rhobetor: Breuning 1943: 229.

Epepeotes desertus ssp. rhobetor: Breuning 1961: 326.

Epepeotes desertus rhobetor: Barševskis 2020: 180.

Type material

Phllippines. Holotype of Monohammus? Rhobetor Newman, 1842, female: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Phil / Isla [p]; Monohammus? Rhobetor / fimbriatus Oliv. Pl 19 f 143 / Newman Entom. 276 [h]; Monohammus / rhobetor / Type Newm [h]; NHMUK014596273 [p]’.

Non-type material

40 specimens. Indonesia (33): Moluccas (1 male, 4 females); Amboina (2 males, 2 females); Ceram (5 males, 3 females); Celebes (1 female); Bouru [Borneo] (2 males, 1 female); Seram (4 females); Mausela (4 males, 4 females). Philippines (4): Philippine Islands (1 male, 3 females). India (1): Goram (1 female). Country unknown (2): Bowring collection (1): maki. (1 male); Ent. Club (1 male).

Epepeotes desertus obscurus (Aurivillius, 1926)

Fig. 1g, h

Diochares desertus var. obscurus Aurivillius, 1926: 102. Type locality: Buru [Indonesia].

Epepeotes desertus s.- sp. obscurus: Breuning 1943: 229.

Epepeotes desertus ssp. obscurus: Breuning 1961: 326.

Epepeotes desertus obscurus: Barševskis 2020: 180.

Non-type material

14 specimens. Indonesia (14): Ceram (2 females); Mausela (5 males, 7 females).

Comments

Breuning (1943) stated that the subspecies E. desertus rhobetor is distinguished from the subspecies E. d. desertus by the body usually smaller, the antennae more slender, the body markings yellow, and the elytral spots small and separate, with only a few individuals uniting into narrow transverse bands before and after the middle; the subspecies E. d. obscurus is separated from the nominate subspecies by the elytron with less concave apex and reduced body markings. However, the holotype of E. d. rhobetor (Fig. 1d) has the complete premedian transverse band and the postmedian band consisting of several large spots that are not fully fused, which is different from the description and illustration by Breuning (1943). Olivier (1808) illustrated the dorsal view of the species Cerambix fimbriatus Olivier, 1795 (Fig. 1c, now a synonym of the nominate subspecies), which differs from E. d. rhobetor and E. d. obscurus mainly in the large and complete premedian and postmedian transverse bands on the elytra. However, the body markings and size are variable in this species, which make it difficult to accurately distinguish the three subspecies. The taxonomic status of the three subspecies is expected to be resolved by further study of more type and non-type material, perhaps with the possible removal of the subspecies-level status.

Epepeotes luscus luscus (Fabricius, 1787)

Fig. 2

Lamia lusca Fabricius, 1787: 139. Type locality: Siam [Thailand].

Cerambyx (Lamia) luscus: Gmelin 1790: 1836.

Epepeotes luscus: Pascoe 1866a: 249.

Epepeotes fumosus Pascoe, 1866b: 301. Type locality: Flores [Indonesia].

Epepeotes luscus var. enganensis Gahan, 1907: 80. Type locality: Engano [Indonesia].

Epepeotes luscus ab. flavomaculatus Aurivillius, 1924: 27. Type locality: Sumatra [Indonesia].

Epepeotes soembanicus Schwarzer, 1931: 66. Type locality: Mao Marroe: Ost-Soemba [Indonesia].

Epepeotes luscus m. densemaculatus Breuning, 1943: 223. Type locality: Birmanie [Burma].

Epepeotes luscus m. ochreosticticus Breuning, 1943: 223. Type locality: Nicobar Island [India].

Epepeotes luscus m. interruptus Breuning, 1943: 223. Type locality: Nias Island [Indonesia].

Epepeotes luscus alorensis Breuning, 1960: 29. Type locality: Alor Island [Indonesia].

Epepeotes luscus var. subuniformis Gilmour & Breuning, 1963: 125. Type locality: Sumatra: P. Sebuku [Indonesia].

Type material

Thailand. Holotype, male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Lam. Lusca / Fabr. Mant. Ins. n. 35 [h]; NHMUK014596790 [p]’. Indonesia. Holotype of Epepeotes fumosus Pascoe, 1866, female: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Flores [h, label oval, dark green]; Pascoe / Coll. / 93–60 [p]; Epepeotes / fumosus / Type Pasc [h]; Epepeotes / fumosus / Flores Pa [h]; NHMUK014596286 [p]’; Indonesia. One syntype of Epepeotes luscus var. enganensis Gahan, 1907, male: ‘Sumatra / Engano Is. [p]; Doherty [p]; 67584 [h]; Fry Coll. / 1905. 100. [p]; Epepeotes / luscus. F. / v. enganesis / ♂ Type Gahan [h], NHMUK014596282’; Indonesia. Syntypes of Epepeotes luscus var. enganensis Gahan, 1907, two females: ‘Sumatra / Engano Is. [p]; Doherty [p]; 67584 [h]; Fry Coll. / 1905. 100. [p]’.

Non-type material

264 specimens. Indonesia (77): Gunung Perak (1 female); Java (15 males, 7 females); Sumatra (27 males, 16 females); Borneo (4 males, 3 females); Tambang Sawah (1 male, 1 female); Lom. [Lombok] (1 male); Nias (1 female); Malaysia (135): N. Borneo (4 males, 3 females); Dindings (1 female); Malacca (1 male); Penang (2 males, 5 females); Perak (6 males, 4 females); Pahang (2 females); Malay (2 males, 1 female); Malay Peninsula (15 males, 12 females); Malaya (5 males, 5 females); Kinabalu (1 male), Kumching (6 males, 6 females); Malay States (4 males, 1 female); Sarawak (26 males, 16 females); Bukit kutu (1 male, 1 female); Gunung Angsi (1 female); Tenasserim Hill (2 males); Siam: Malay states (1 female); Pulau Tioman (1 male). Cambodia (2): Camboja (2 females). India (7): India (1 female), India Orient (3 males, 1 female); Jalor (2 males). Myanmar (5): Burmah (2 females), Rangoon (3 males). Thailand (6): Peninsular Siam, Nakon Sri Tammarat (2 males, 1 female), Siam, Me Song Forest (1 female); Khao Ram, Siam (1 female); Ronpilum (1 female). Laos (2): Phou Tiou (2 males). Singapore (10): Singapore (3 male, 5 females), Singapore Island (2 females). Country unknown (20): Bowring–Chevrolat collection (2): locality label not present (1 male); locality label unreadable (1 male). Ex. F. M. S. Museum (4): Gap (1 male); Kia moo (1 female); locality label unreadable (1 female); locality label not present (1 male). Pascoe collection (1): locality label unreadable (1 male). G. Bryant Collecton (3): Maling (3 males). E. I. C. (3): locality label not present (2 males, 1 female). Ind. Mus. (1): locality label not present (1 female). Imp. Bur. Ent. (1): Th Gap (1 male). Timol (1 male). Thassauaddy (1 male). Kne (1 female). locality label unreadable (1 male). locality label not present (1 male).

Comments

Two specimens from Camboja [Cambodia] (Fig. 2k, l) and 10 specimens from Singapore (Fig. 2m, n) were found in the collection, which represent the new country record respectively.

Figure 2. 

Habitus of Epepeotes luscus luscus (Fabricius, 1787) a, b holotype of Lamia lusca Fabricius, 1787 c, d holotype of Epepeotes fumosus Pascoe, 1866 i, j syntype of Epepeotes luscus var. enganensis Gahan, 1907 b, e, g, i, o male c, k, m female f, h, l, n, p labels.

Epepeotes lateralis (Guérin-Ménevilie, 1831)

Fig. 3a–e

Monochamus lateralis Guérin-Ménevilie, 1831: 113. Type locality: unknown.

Leprodera spinosa Thomson, 1857: 179. Type locality: Java [Indonesia].

Epepeotes meridianus Pascoe, 1866: 302. Type locality: Java, Sumatra, Tondano [Indonesia]; Sarawak [Malaysia], Singapore.

Epepeotes lateralis: Aurivillius 1922: 79.

Epepeotes lateralis var. niasica Aurivillius, 1923: 452. Type locality: Nias [Indonesia].

Epepeotes spinosus m. bimaculatus Breuning, 1943: 225. Type locality: Java [Indonesia].

Type material

Indonesia. Syntype of Epepeotes meridianus Pascoe, 1866, male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Java [h, label oval, dark green]; Epepeotes / meridianus / type Pasc. [h]; Epepeotes / meridianus / Java P [h]; NHMUK014596276 [p]’.

Non-type material

72 specimens. Indonesia (31): Nias (2 males, 2 females); Java (7 males, 10 females); Sumatra (3 males, 3 females); Borneo (1 male, 3 females). Malaysia (25): Sarawak (12 males, 8 females); Penang (1 male); Perak (2 females); Siamess Malay states (1 male); Malay states (1 female). Singapore (3): Singapore (2 males, 1 female). Country unknown (13): G. Bryant collection (6): Maling (4 males, 2 females), Bowring–Chevrolat collection (4): locality label not present (2 males, 1 female); locality unreadable (1 female). E. I. C. (1): locality label not present (1 male). locality label not present (2 females).

Comments

There is a specimen from Bowring–Chevrolate collection labeled with a handwritten “Type” label [Fig. 3c, d]: ‘Euoplia / Th / spinosa / Th type’. ‘Th’ should be the abbreviation of ‘Thomson’. However, the genus Euoplia was erected by Hope (1839), and Thomson (1857) published this species with the name of ‘Leprodera spinosa’, and the type specimens are deposited in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Obviously, this is a labelling error by a curator and it is not the type specimen.

Figure 3. 

Habitus of Epepeotes spp. a–e Epepeotes lateralis (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) f–h Epepeotes ambigenus ambigenus (Chevrolat, 1841) a, b syntype of Epepeotes meridianus Pascoe, 1866 f, g holotype a, c, h male e, f female.

Epepeotes ambigenus ambigenus (Chevrolat, 1841)

Fig. 3f–h

Monohammus ambigenus Chevrolat, 1841: 228. Type locality: Manila [Philippines].

Diochares ambigenus: Pascoe 1866: 303.

Mengelotes ambiguus: Dillon and Dillon 1941: 43. Type locality: Mexico.

Epepeotes ambigenus: Breuning 1943: 228.

Epepeotes ambigenus ambigenus: Hua 2002: 207.

Type material

Philippines. Holotype, female: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Manil. [h]; Monohammus / ambigenus Ch / Rev. Zoo, 1841 Manille [h] / Bowr. Chevr. /, 63· 47* [p] / NHMUK014596278 [p]’.

Non-type material

22 specimens. Philippines (18): Philippine Islands (8 males 4 females), Philippines (1 male, 1 female), PHIL. (1 male, 1 female), Luzon (1 male); Albay (1 female); Indonesia (1): Java (1 male); Country unknown (3): Corla (1 male); locality label not present (1 male, 1 female).

Epepeotes plorator plorator (Newman, 1842)

Fig. 4a, b, e

Monohammus plorator Newman, 1842: 276. Type locality: Manille [Philippines].

Rhamses vitticollis Thomson, 1878: xviii. Type locality: Borneo [Indonesia].

Pelargoderus vitticollis: Ritsema 1885: 44.

Diochares mindanaonis Heller, 1915: 240. Type locality: Mindanao, Davao [Philippines].

Epepeotes plorator: Heller 1916: 306.

Epepeotes multinotatus Pic, 1925: 19. Type locality: Japan.

Epepeotes plorator m. mindanaonis: Breuning 1943: 225.

Epepeotes spinosoides Breuning, 1980: 170. Type locality: Mindanao [Philippines].

Type material

Philippines. Holotype, male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Phil / Isla [p]; Monohammus plorator / Newman Entomol 276 [h]; Monohammus / plorator / Type Newm. [h]; NHMUK014596277’.

Figure 4. 

Habitus of Epepeotes plorator (Newman, 1842) a, b, e Epepeotes plorator plorator (Newman, 1842) c, f Epepeotes plorator sanghiricus Breuning, 1938 d, g Epepeotes plorator celebensis Aurivillius, 1922 a, b holotype a,c, d male e, f, g female.

Non-type material

3 specimens. Philippines (3): Philippine Islands (1 male, 2 females).

Epepeotes plorator celebensis Aurivillius, 1922

Fig. 4d, g

Epepeotes plorator var. celebensis Aurivillius, 1922: 80. Type locality: Celebes [Indonesia].

Epepeotes plorator s.- sp. celebensis: Breuning 1943: 225.

Epepeotes plorator ssp. celebensis: Breuning 1961: 326.

Epepeotes plorator celebensis: Fahri and Sataral 2015: 152.

Non-type material

14 specimens. Indonesia (10): Celebes (5 males, 2 females), Borneo (1 male), New Guinea (1 female), Macassar (1 male); Country unknown (4): Bowring collection (1), locality label not present or unclear (1 male). Pascoe collection (3): Tond. (2 males, 1 female).

Epepeotes plorator sanghiricus Breuning, 1938

Fig. 4c, f

Epepeotes sanghiricus Breuning, 1938: 183. Type locality: Sanghir [Indonesia].

Epepeotes plorator ssp. sanghiricus Breuning, 1970: 376. Type locality: Sanghir [Indonesia].

Non-type material

18 specimens. Indonesia (12): Celebes (7 males, 2 female), Borneo (1 male), Macassar (1 female), Koepang (1 female). Country unknown (6): Pascoe collection (6): Macanor (2 males), Mak. (1 female, 3 females).

Comments

Subspecies E. p. plorator (Newman, 1842) is different from subspecies E. p. celebensis Aurivillius, 1922 and E. p. sanghiricus Breuning, 1938 by the pronotum and vertex mostly black, with three distinct yellow longitudinal stripes, E. p. celebensis Aurivillius, 1922 is distinguished from E. p. sanghiricus Breuning, 1938 by the pronotum and vertex completely covered with pubescence, the elytra seldom with small spots among the four main black spots, while in E. p. sanghiricus Breuning, the pronotum and vertex is decorated with two inconspicuous black longitudinal strips, sometimes reduced to black spots, the elytra usually is dotted with some small and irregular black spots in addition to the main markings.

This subspecies was described twice by Breuning (1938, 1970), the first time as species Epepeotes sanghiricus (type in Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland) and the second time as subspecies Epepeotes plorator ssp. sanghiricus (type in Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France).

Epepeotes commixtus (Pascoe, 1859)

Fig. 5a, b

Monohammus commixtus Pascoe, 1859: 42. Type locality: Ceylon [Sri Lanka].

Epepeotes commixtus: Breuning 1943: 227.

Type material

Sri Lanka. Holotype, male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Ceylon [h, label circular]; Monohammus / commixtus / Pascoe. [h]; NHMUK014596281 [p]’.

Non-type material

8 specimens. Sri Lanka (6): Ceylon (1 male, without head, 5 females). Malaysia (1): Sarawak (1 female). Country unknown (1): Bowring–Chevrolat collection (1): locality label not present (1 female).

Figure 5. 

Habitus of Epepeotes spp. a, b Epepeotes commixtus (Pascoe, 1859) c–f Epepeotes ceramensis (Thomson, 1861) a, b holotype a, c–e male f female.

Epepeotes ceramensis (Thomson, 1861)

Fig. 5c–f

Rhamses ceramensis Thomson, 1861: 361. Type locality: Ceram [Indonesia].

Pelargoderus Ceramensis[sic]: Pascoe 1866: 279.

Epepeotes ceramensis: Breuning 1943: 148, 226.

Non-type material

14 specimens. Indonesia (14): Ceram (7 males, 7 females).

Comments

The light-colored spots on the elytra are variable, from very distinct to nearly invisible (Fig. 5d, e).

Epepeotes diversus Pascoe, 1866

Fig. 6a–c

Epepeotes diversus Pascoe, 1866: 302. Type locality: Kei [Indonesia].

Type material

Indonesia. Holotype, male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Ké / 3. [h, label circular]; Pascoe / Coll. / 93–60 [p]; diversus [h]; Epepeotes / diversus / Ké Is. Pas [h]; NHMUK014596279 [p]’.

Figure 6. 

Habitus of Epepeotes spp. a–c Epepeotes diversus Pascoe, 1866 d–g Epepeotes lugubris (Pascoe, 1866) h–k Epepeotes meleagris (Pascoe, 1866) f, g holotype of Diochares impluviatus Pascoe, 1866 a, b, d, e, j, k holotype a, f, h, j male c, d, i female.

Non-type material

1 specimen. Indonesia (1): Key [Kei] (1 female).

Epepeotes lugubris (Pascoe, 1866)

Fig. 6d–g

Diochares lugubris Pascoe, 1866: 304. Type locality: Tondano [Indonesia].

Diochares impluviatus Pascoe, 1866: 305. Type locality: Tondano [Indonesia].

Epepeotes lugubris: Breuning 1943: 230.

Type material

Indonesia. Holotype, female: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Tondano [h, label oval, dark green]; Pascoe / Coll. / 93–60 [p]; Diochares / lugubris / Type Pasc. [h] / Diochares / lugubris / Tondano Pasc [h]; NHMUK014596274 [p]’; Indonesia. Holotype of Diochares impluviatus Pascoe, 1866, male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Tondano [h, label oval, dark green]; Pascoe / Coll. / 93–60 [p]; Diochares / impluviatus / Type Pasc. [h] / Dioc- / hares / impluviatus / Tondano Pasc [h]; NHMUK014596275’.

Non-type material

1 specimen. Indonesia (1): Celebes (1 female).

Epepeotes meleagris (Pascoe, 1866)

Fig. 6h–k

Pelargoderus meleagris Pascoe, 1866: 279. Type locality: Tondano [Indonesia].

Epepeotes meleagris: Breuning 1943: 226.

Type material

Indonesia. Holotype, male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Tondano [h, label oval, dark green]; Pascoe / Coll. / 93–60 [p]; Pelargoderus / meleagris / Type Pasc. [h]; NHMUK014596272’.

Non-type material

10 specimens. Indonesia (8): Celebes (6 males, 2 females). Country unknown (2): ex H. J. Carter (2 males).

Comments

Dorsal markings of this species are reduced in some male individuals, as in females, with the eyelike black spot on each elytron is without conspicuous posterior pale margins and spots along the suture are uniting into a white line.

Epepeotes vestigialis vestigialis Pascoe, 1866

Fig. 7a–c

Epepeotes vestigialis Pascoe, 1866: 301. Type locality: Sarawak [Malaysia].

Type material

Malaysia. Holotype, male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Sarawak [h, label oval, dark green]; Epepeotes / vestigialis / Type Pasc. [h]; Epepeotes / vestigialis. / Sarawak Pas [h]; NHMUK014596265 [p]’.

Figure 7. 

Habitus of Epepeotes spp. a–c Epepeotes vestigialis vestigialis Pascoe, 1866 d, e Epepeotes schlegelii Lansberge, 1884 f, g Epepeotes uncinatus lineatopunctatus Breuning, 1960 stat. Resurrected h, i Epepeotes uncinatus uncinatus Gahan, 1888, lectotype j Epepeotes uncinatus uncinatus m. salvazai Pic, 1925 a, d, h, j male c, e, f female.

Non-type material

9 specimens. Indonesia (2): Borneo (2 males). Malaysia (5): Sarawak (1 female), Perak (2 males, 1 female), Malay Penin. (1 female). Laos (1): Parkading (1 male). Country unknown (1): Ex. F. M. S. Museum. B.M. 1955–354, locality label unreadable (1 female).

Epepeotes schlegelii Lansberge, 1884

Fig. 7d, e

Epepeotes Schlegelii [sic] Lansberge, 1884: 90. Type locality: Sumatra [Indonesia].

Epepeotes diversemaculatus Schwarzer, 1927: 60. Type locality: Gunung Singalang [Indonesia].

Epepeotes schlegelii: de Jong 1942: 28 (synonymy).

Non-type material

5 specimens. Indonesia (5): Sumatra (4 males), Sungei Kumbang (1 female)

Epepeotes uncinatus uncinatus Gahan, 1888

Fig. 7h–j

Epepeotes uncinatus Gahan, 1888: 271. Type locality: Assam [India].

Epepeotes uncinatus v. salvazai Pic, 1925: 18. Type locality: Laos.

Pseudopsacothea lineata Pic, 1944: 14. Type locality: Annam [Vietnam].

Type material

India. Lectotype, male (designated herein): ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Assam / 95·18[h]; Epepeotes / ♂ / uncinatus / (Type) Gahan [h]; NHMUK014596211’.

Non-type material

47 specimens. India (28): India (1 female); India, Bowring collection (1 male 1 female); India Orient (1 male 1 female); N. India, Bowring collection (1 male); S. India kanara (1 female); Assam (3 males, 7 females); Cachar [Assam] (1 male); Cherra Poonjee [now Cherrapunji], E. I. C. (1 male); Darjeeling (1 male, 1 female); Gopaldhara (2 females); Lebong (1 female); Shilong (1 male, 2 females); Sikkim (1 female). Burma (6): Burma, Fry collection (1 male); Chin Hills (1 male, 1 female); Upper Burma, Nam Tamai Valley, 25. viii. 1938 (2 males, 1 female). Bangladesh (7): Silhet [now Sylhet], Bowring/Chevrolat collection (1 male); Silhet, Bowring collection (1 male, 1 female); Sehet [now Sylhet] (1 male, 1 female); Silhet, E. I. C (1 male); Silhet, Pascoe collection (1 female). Country unknown (6): Bowring–Chevrolat collection (1), locality label not present (1 female); Dharg, Bowring collection (1 male, 1 female); Silcurl (1 male, 1 female); locality label not present (1 female).

Comments

One syntype was confirmed in the collection. Herein we designated it as the lectotype, which has been labeled with a red-framed circular printed label and a handwritten identification label, both marked with ‘Type’. This species is recorded in Bangladesh for the first time.

Epepeotes uncinatus lineatopunctatus Breuning, 1960, stat. resurrected

Fig. 7f, g

Epepeotes uncinatus lineatopunctatus Breuning, 1960: 29. Type locality: Travancore [India].

Epepeotes uncinatus m. lineatopunctatus Breuning, 1961: 325.

Non-type material

12 specimens. India (12): Nilgiri Hills (4 males); S. India (1 male, 6 females); Upper Assam (1 male).

Comments

A female specimen from South India (Fig. 7f, g) was mislabeled with a red-framed circular printed type label in the collection, which represents actually a subspecies of E. uncinatus Gahan, 1888, not the type specimen. Breuning (1960) described the subspecies Epepeotes uncinatus lineatopunctatus, then he (1961) regarded it as a morph of E. uncinatus Gahan. However, this subspecies is distinctly different from the nominate subspecies by the elytron mostly with conspicuous, short, longitudinal black spots, rather than rounded to oblong spots, which are almost united into a long longitudinal strip along the suture, the vertex and pronotum with more expanded median longitudinal strip. On this basis, herein we restore it to subspecies-level status.

Epepeotes andamanicus Gahan, 1893

Fig. 8a–c

Epepeotes andamanicus Gahan, 1893: 380. Type locality: Andaman Islands [India].

Type material

India. Lectotype, female (designated herein): ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Andaman. Is. / 61–61. [p]; Epepeotes / andamanicus / Type ♀ Gahan [h]; NHMUK014394970 [p]’.

Non-type material

8 specimens. India (8): Andaman Islands (2 males, 6 females).

Comments

One syntype was confirmed in the collection. Herein we designated it as the lectotype (Fig. 8b, c), which has been labeled with a red-framed circular printed label and a handwritten identification label, both marked with ‘Type’.

Figure 8. 

Habitus of Epepeotes spp. a–c Epepeotes andamanicus Gahan, 1893 d–g Epepeotes taeniotinus taeniotinus (Heller, 1924) b, c lectotype a, d, f male b, e, g female.

Epepeotes taeniotinus taeniotinus (Heller, 1924)

Fig. 8d–g

Diochares desertus taeniotinus Heller, 1924: 424. Type locality: Samar [Philippines].

Epepeotes taeniotinus: Breuning 1943: 229.

Epepeotes taeniotinus taeniotinus: Barševskis 2020: 181.

Non-type material

27 specimens. Indonesia (18): Maluccas [Moluccas] (2 males, 3 females); Celebes (1 male); Batchian (1 male, 3 females); Ternate (3 males, 3 females); Morty (2 females). Country unknown (9): H.L. Andrewes Bequest. (4): locality label unclear (3 males, 1 female); Pascoe collection (5): Mai (1 female); Gil (1 female); Maki (1 male, 1 female); locality label unreadable (1 female).

Comments

The pale markings on elytra are variable, ranging from occupying most of the elytra to being almost a narrow X-like stripe.

Epepeotes strandi (Breuning, 1935)

Fig. 9a–f

Pelargoderus strandi Breuning, 1935: 253. Type locality: Andaman [India].

Epepeotes quadriplagiatus Breuning, 1936: 296. Type locality: Andaman [India].

Epepeotes strandi: Breuning 1943: 148, 226 (synonymy).

Type material

India. Syntypes of Epepeotes quadriplagiatus Breuning, 1936: one male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Andaman Is. [p]; And. Is. [p]; Epepeotes / 4 plagiatus / mihi Typ. [h] / det. Breuning [p]; NHMUK014394973 [p]’; one male: ‘Andaman Is. [p]; And. Is. [p]; Epepeotes / quadriplagiatus / mihi Typ! [h] / det. Breuning [p]; NHMUK014394960 [p]’. India. Paratypes of Epepeotes quadriplagiatus Breuning, 1936: one female: ‘Andaman / Islands. [p]; Atkinson / Coll. / 92–3 [p]; Epepeotes / 4 plagiatus / Breun. Paratyp [h]; NHMUK014394962 [p]’; One male: ‘91–17 [p]; Epepeotes / 4 plagiatus / Breun. Paratyp [h]; NHMUK014394963 [p]’.

Comments

A total of four type specimens of E. quadriplagiatus are found in the collection, of which two male specimens are marked with ‘Type’ and the others (one male and one female) are marked with ‘Paratype’ by Breuning’s handwriting (Fig. 9b, d, f). Though Breuning (1936) originally designated one male as the type, the two male specimens labeled as ‘type’ by Breuning become de facto syntypes.

Figure 9. 

Habitus of Epepeotes spp. a–f types of Epepeotes quadriplagiatus Breuning, 1936 g, h holotype of Epepeotes gardneri Breuning, 1936 i, j holotype of Epepeotes integripennis Breuning, 1940 a, c, i male e, g female.

Epepeotes gardneri Breuning, 1936

Fig. 9g, h

Epepeotes gardneri Breuning, 1936: 287. Type locality: Andaman [India].

Type material

India. Holotype, female: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Andaman Is. [p]; And. Is. [p]; Epepeotes / gardneri / mihi Typ. [h] / det. Breuning [p]; NHMUK014394964 [p]’.

Epepeotes integripennis Breuning, 1940

Fig. 9i, j

Epepeotes integripennis Breuning, 1940: 123. Type locality: Kanara [India].

Type material

India. Holotype, male: ‘Type [p, label circular, red framed]; Kanara [p]; Epepeotes / integripennis / mihi Typ [p] / det. Breuning [p]; NHMUK014596280 [p]’.

Acknowledgments

We thank all the collectors who have added their specimens of Epepeotes Pascoe to the collection of the NHM, and all the specialists (named in this paper) who have made descriptions, identifications, or helpful comments on specimens in the collection. Our especial thanks to the Coleoptera curatorial team, past and present, for maintaining and developing the collection and particularly to Michael Geiser and Keita Matsumoto for supporting the first author during his study at the NHM. We are also grateful to the reviewers for their helpful suggestions, and especially to Lech Karpiński, subject editor of ZooKeys, for patiently handling the manuscript.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This research was supported by the China Scholarship Council (202008420315) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31672327).

Author contributions

Funding acquisition: WW. Writing – original draft: GX. Writing – review and editing: MVLB.

Author ORCIDs

Guanglin Xie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3273-8985

Maxwell V. L. Barclay https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4989-2014

Wenkai Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4482-076X

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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