Utivarachna fukasawana Kishida, 1940 from Borneo.

Utivarachna includes 24 species distributed in South and Southeast Asia. Of these, 10 species are distributed in China and Vietnam: U. arcuata Zhao & Peng, 2014 (♂♀) from China, U. fabaria Zhao & Peng, 2014 (♂♀) from China, U. fanjing Li, Zhang & Yu, 2022 (♂♀) from China, U. gongshanensis Zhao & Peng, 2014 (♀) from China, U. gui (Zhu, Song & Kim, 1998) (♂♀) from China, U. lata Jin, Yin & Zhang, 2015 (♂♀) from China, U. subfabaria Liu, Xu & Haddad, 2020 (♂♀) from China, U. taiwanica (Hayashi & Yoshida, 1993) (♂) from China, U. tangi Liu, Xu & Haddad, 2020 (♀) from China, U. yumaoi Lin & Li, 2023 (♂) from Vietnam.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44626): Vietnam: Vinh Phuc Province: Tam Dao National Park, disturbed forest (21.5209°N, 105.5583°E, 693 m a.s.l.), hand caught in leaf litter, 12.XII.2007, leg. Dinh-Sac Pham. Paratypes: 1♂ (IZCAS-Ar44627), 1♂ (VNMN) and 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar44629), same data as holotype.

The specific name is dedicated to Mr Yejie Lin, who has helped us greatly with this research; noun (name) in genitive case.

The new species resembles U. fabaria Zhao & Peng, 2014 (cf. Figs 1–3 and Jin et al. 2015: 573, figs 4–6), as males have a similar long RTA (Fig. 1B, C), and females have a nearly trapezoidal atrium (A) (Fig. 2A), bean-shaped bursae (B) (Fig. 2B), and laminar fertilization ducts (FD) (Fig. 2B). Males can be distinguished by the terminal portion of embolus slightly twist, almost reaching cymbium distally (Fig. 1B; vs terminal portion of embolus straight, subdistally reaching cymbium in U. fabaria), by the short subtegulum (ST), which does not reach the embolus (E) in ventral view (Fig. 1B; vs subtegulum long, almost reaching embolus in ventral view in U. fabaria), and by the sperm duct (SD) extending to the base of tegulum (Fig. 1B; vs sperm duct separated from the base of tegulum by nearly three times the width of the sperm duct in U. fabaria). Females can by distinguished by the copulatory openings (CO) transverse, separated by about three times their diameter (Fig. 2A; vs copulatory openings oblique, separated by less than their diameter in U. fabaria), by the copulatory ducts (CD) strongly convoluted, basal and middle part with two twists, distal part coiled around connecting duct (CnD) (Fig. 2B; vs copulatory ducts not twisted in U. fabaria), by the connecting ducts located on the area between copulatory openings (Fig. 2A, B; vs connecting ducts located on the lateral areas of copulatory openings in U. fabaria), by the posterior part of bursae wider than middle part of it (Fig. 2B; vs posterior part of bursae as wide as middle part of it in U. fabaria), and by the spermathecae (SP) separated by about half of their diameter (Fig. 2B; vs spermathecae separated by less than half of their diameter in U. fabaria).

Figure 1. 

Utivarachna linyejiei sp. nov., holotype male A–C palp A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E = embolus, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum. Scale bar: 0.20 mm.

Figure 2. 

Utivarachna linyejiei sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A = atrium, B = bursa, CD = copulatory duct, CnD = connecting duct, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, GP = glandular particles, SP = spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.20 mm.

Figure 3. 

Utivarachna linyejiei sp. nov., holotype male (A, B) and paratype female (C, D) A–D habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view. Scale bars: 1.00 mm.

Male. Habitus (Fig. 3A, B). Total length 4.59. Carapace (Fig. 3A): length 2.32, width 1.82, reddish brown; cervical groove, radial grooves indistinct; fovea distinct, dark, and short. Eyes (Fig. 3A): AER procurved, PER recurved in dorsal view, PER wider than AER. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.15, PME 0.13, PLE 0.15; AME–AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.11, PME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.24; MOA 0.35 long, anterior width 0.30, posterior width 0.44. Mouthparts (Fig. 3B): chelicerae reddish brown, with three promarginal (middle largest) and four retromarginal (proximal largest, distal smallest) teeth; endites depressed posteriorly, slightly convergent anteriorly, with dense setae on inner margin; labium nearly trapezoidal, length 0.49, width 0.38. Sternum (Fig. 3B) length 1.30, width 1.14, light reddish brown, with reddish-brown edges, with precoxal triangles and intercoxal extensions, posterior region protruding strongly between coxae IV. Pedicel cylindrical, sclerotized, relatively short, reddish brown. Abdomen (Fig. 3A, B) faintly yellow, 2.27 long, 1.56 wide, dorsum with scutum covering more than half of dorsal surface, with four indistinct reddish-brown spots centrally; venter with brown stripes, two lines of spots in the median field. Spinnerets surrounded by brown rings. Legs: anterior legs reddish brown, distinctly thicker than yellowish-brown posterior legs. Leg measurements: I 6.33 (1.89, 0.88, 1.55, 1.27, 0.74); II 5.81 (1.75, 0.74, 1.40, 1.26, 0.66); III 4.24 (1.22, 0.59, 0.83, 1.11, 0.49); IV 5.49 (1.56, 0.62, 1.19, 1.53, 0.59).

Palp (Fig. 1A–C): tibia shorter than half of cymbium length; RTA about 1.08 times longer than tibia, with wide base and narrow, blunt tip, with slight curvature distally. Bulb nearly oval, posterior part wider than anterior part; tegulum approximately 1.46 times as long as its maximum width in ventral view; subtegulum (ST) sclerotized, occupying approximately 1/5 of tegulum width in ventral view; sperm duct (SD) distinct, U-shaped in ventral view, extending to base of tegulum. Embolus (E) long, anticlockwise, obliquely coiled twice, coils as wide as minimum width of tegulum; basal portion of embolus lamellar, wide, arising at 12:30 o’clock from bulb; terminal portion of embolus filiform, slightly twist, suspended in above distal cymbial alveolus.

Female. Habitus (Fig. 3C, D). As in male except as noted. Total length 5.85. Carapace length 2.84, width 2.16, dark reddish brown. Eye (Fig. 3C) sizes and interdistances: AME 0.14, ALE 0.15, PME 0.13, PLE 0.15; AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.13, PME–PME 0.20, PME–PLE 0.33; MOA 0.41 long, anterior width 0.35, posterior width 0.46. Mouthparts (Fig. 3D): chelicerae with three promarginal (middle largest) and four retromarginal (proximal largest, distal smallest) teeth. Sternum (Fig. 3D) length 1.55, width 1.34, reddish brown with dark reddish-brown edges. Abdomen (Fig. 3C, D): length 3.01, width 2.34, dorsum with four distinct, reddish-brown spots centrally. Leg measurements: I 7.36 (2.16, 0.94, 1.81, 1.58, 0.87); II 7.10 (2.12, 0.91, 1.65, 1.57, 0.85); III 5.36 (1.53, 0.76, 1.10, 1.34, 0.63); IV 7.02 (2.00, 0.76, 1.60, 1.99, 0.67).

Epigyne (Fig. 2A, B): epigynal plate longer than wide, spermathecae (SP) distinct, and bursae (B) indistinct in ventral view. Atrium (A) large and nearly trapezoidal, occupying more than half of length of epigyne, posterior margin wider than anterior margin. Copulatory openings (CO) small, semicircular, located at submedially, separated by about three times their diameter. Copulatory ducts (CD) long, strongly convoluted, basal and middle part with two twists, distal part coiled around connecting duct (CnD). Connecting ducts thin and slender, located on the area between copulatory openings, separated by less than spermathecae diameter. Bursae nearly bean-shaped, anterior part strongly constricted and curved, posterior part five times width of anterior part; bursae with several small clusters of glandular particles (GP) on posterior surface, occupying about 1/8 of bursa diameter. Spermathecae elliptical, small, separated by less than their diameter. Fertilization ducts (FD) laminar, separated from each other by posterior width of atrium.

Vietnam (Vinh Phuc, type locality; Fig. 10).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44630): Vietnam: Vinh Phuc Province: Tam Dao National Park, natural forest (21.4872°N, 105.6201°E, 870 m a.s.l.), hand caught in leaf litter, 18.IX.2007, leg. Dinh-Sac Pham. Paratypes: 1♂ (IZCAS-Ar44631) and 2♀ (IZCAS-Ar44632, 44633), same data as holotype.

The specific name is named after type locality; noun in apposition.

The new species resembles U. kinabaluensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 (cf. Figs 4–6 and Deeleman-Reinhold 2001: 381, figs 593–597), as males have a similar U-shaped sperm duct (SD) (Fig. 4B), the tegulum is widest in anterior part (Fig. 4B), the embolus (E) is coiled (Fig. 4A–C), females have a nearly trapezoidal atrium (A) (Fig. 5A), connecting ducts (CnD) are thin and slender (Fig. 5B), and fertilization ducts (FD) are laminar (Fig. 5B). Males can be distinguished in having the RTA widest at its base (Fig. 4B, C; vs RTA widest at middle, distally with hook-shaped apophysal claw in U. kinabaluensis). Females can be distinguished from U. kinabaluensis in having the copulatory openings (CO) located anteriorly (Fig. 5A; vs posteriorly), the atrium large, occupying about 2/3 of the epigyne length (vs atrium small, occupying about 1/4 of the epigyne length), the copulatory ducts (CD) forming irregular loops and these loops located anteriorly (Fig. 5B; vs copulatory ducts regularly coiled and these coils medially located), the bursae (B) located between the copulatory ducts and spermathecae (SP), anterior part strongly constricted and curved, and posterior part three times width of anterior part (Fig. 5B; vs bursae located in anterior of copulatory ducts, base to middle part strongly constricted and curved, posterior part five times the width of the anterior part), and the spermathecae globular (Fig. 5B; vs gourd-shaped). The new species also resembles U. lata Jin, Yin & Zhang, 2015 (cf. Figs 4–6 and Jin et al. 2015: 570, figs 1–3) as males have a similar U-shaped sperm duct (Fig. 4B), leaf-shaped subtegulum (ST) in ventral view (Fig. 4B), and long RTA (Fig. 4B, C), and females have similar copulatory openings located anteriorly (Fig. 5A), a large atrium (Fig. 5A), and globular spermathecae (Fig. 5B). Males can be distinguished by the oval bulb, which is widest in anteriorly (Fig. 4B; vs almost square in U. lata) and by the curved basal portion of the embolus (Fig. 4B, C; vs oblique in U. lata). Females can by distinguished by the copulatory openings width/atrium posterior width: 1/6 (Fig. 5A; vs copulatory openings width/atrium posterior width: 1/2 in U. lata), by the copulatory ducts forming irregular loops (Fig. 5B; vs copulatory ducts coiled three times around the anterior of connecting duct in U. lata), and by the bursae anterior part strongly constricted and curved (Fig. 5B; vs bursae anterior part slightly constricted and curved, posterior end very close to spermathecae in U. lata).

Figure 4. 

Utivarachna tamdao sp. nov., holotype male A–C palp A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E = embolus, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum. Scale bar: 0.20 mm.

Figure 5. 

Utivarachna tamdao sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A = atrium, B = bursa, CD = copulatory duct, CnD = connecting duct, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, GP = glandular particles, SP = spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.20 mm.

Figure 6. 

Utivarachna tamdao sp. nov., holotype male (A, B) and paratype female (C, D) A–D habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view. Scale bars: 1.00 mm.

Male. Habitus (Fig. 6A, B). Total length 4.68. Carapace (Fig. 6A): length 2.48, width 1.86, deep reddish brown; cervical groove, radial grooves, and fovea indistinct. Eyes (Fig. 6A): AER procurved, PER recurved in dorsal view, PER wider than AER. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.13, PME 0.13, PLE 0.14; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.12, PME–PME 0.19, PME–PLE 0.27; MOA 0.36 long, anterior width 0.34, posterior width 0.46. Mouthparts (Fig. 6B): chelicerae deep reddish brown, with three promarginal (middle largest) and five retromarginal (proximal largest, distal smallest) teeth; endites depressed posteriorly, slightly convergent anteriorly, with dense setae on inner margin; labium nearly trapezoidal, length 0.47, width 0.39. Sternum (Fig. 6B) length 1.29, width 0.97, deep reddish-brown, with dark edges, with precoxal triangles and intercoxal extensions, posterior region protruding strongly between coxae IV. Pedicel cylindrical, sclerotized, relatively short, reddish brown. Abdomen (Fig. 6A, B) grey, 2.20 long, 1.75 wide, dorsum with scutum covering more than half of dorsal surface, with four brown central spots; venter with indistinct two lines of spots in the median field. Spinnerets yellow. Legs: anterior legs reddish brown, distinctly thicker than yellowish-brown posterior legs. Leg measurements: I 6.03 (1.83, 0.77, 1.55, 1.18, 0.70); II 4.82 (1.62, 0.71, 0.89, 1.07, 0.53); III 4.37 (1.26, 0.62, 0.89, 1.07, 0.53); IV 5.50 (1.52, 0.67, 1.20, 1.52, 0.59).

Palp (Fig. 4A–C): tibia shorter than half of cymbium length; RTA about 0.98 times longer than tibia, distinctly narrow subdistally to distally, with distinct anterior curvature distally. Bulb oval, widest in anterior part; tegulum approximately 1.39 times as long as its maximum width in ventral view; subtegulum (ST) sclerotized, occupying approximately 1/3 of tegulum width in ventral view; sperm duct (SD) distinct, U-shaped in ventral view, extending to base of tegulum. Embolus (E) long, anticlockwise, obliquely coiled twice, coils as wide as maximum width of tegulum; basal portion of embolus lamellar, wide, arising at 2:30 o’clock from bulb; terminal portion of embolus filiform, resting in distal cymbial alveolus.

Female. Habitus (Fig. 6C, D). As in male except as noted. Total length 5.34. Carapace length 2.70, width 2.02, reddish brown; fovea distinct, dark, and short. Eye (Fig. 6C) sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.13, PME 0.13, PLE 0.13; AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.12, PME–PME 0.21, PME–PLE 0.25; MOA 0.32 long, anterior width 0.31, posterior width 0.44. Mouthparts (Fig. 6D): chelicerae with three promarginal (middle largest) and five retromarginal (proximal largest, distal smallest) teeth. Sternum (Fig. 6D) length 1.50, width 1.17, reddish brown. Abdomen (Fig. 6C, D): length 2.54, width 2.08, dorsum with four central, indistinct, reddish-brown spots; venter without pattern. Spinnerets surrounded by brown rings. Leg measurements: I 5.56 (1.64, 0.75, 1.32, 1.12, 0.73); II 5.24(1.54, 0.69, 1.19, 1.14, 0.68); III 4.41 (1.24, 0.63, 0.90, 1.07, 0.57); IV 5.73 (1.57, 0.66, 1.27, 1.58, 0.65).

Epigyne (Fig. 5A, B): epigynal plate longer than wide, spermathecae distinct and bursae indistinct in ventral view. Atrium (A) large and nearly trapezoidal, occupying about 2/3 of epigyne length, posterior margin wider than anterior margin. Copulatory openings (CO) semicircular, located at anteriorly, separated by about their diameter. Copulatory ducts (CD) long, anterior part wide and posterior part narrow; copulatory ducts convoluted posteriorly, forming irregular loops. Connecting ducts (CnD) thin and slender, located on lateral areas of copulatory openings, separated by more than spermathecae (SP) diameter. Bursae (B) nearly rod-shaped, anterior part strongly constricted and curved, posterior part three times width of anterior part; bursae with several small clusters of glandular particles (GP) on surface of distal margin. Spermathecae globular, separated by less than half of their diameter. Fertilization ducts (FD) laminar, separated from each other by posterior width of atrium.

Vietnam (Vinh Phuc, type locality; Fig. 10).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44634): China: Yunnan Province: Menglun Nature Reserve, secondary tropical seasonal moist forest (21.9164°N, 101.2830°E, 641–671 m a.s.l.), hand caught in leaf litter, 5–12.III.2007, leg. Guo Zheng. Paratypes: 1♂ (IZCAS-Ar44635) and 2♀ (IZCAS-Ar44636, 44637), same data as holotype.

The specific name is dedicated to Mr Guo Zheng, the collector of this species; noun (name) in genitive case.

Males resembles U. fabaria, U. lata, U. rama Chami-Kranon & Likhitrakarn, 2007, U. subfabaria Liu, Xu & Haddad, 2020, and U. linyejiei sp. nov. (cf. Figs 7, 9A, B and Jin et al. 2015: 573, figs 4A, C, D, 5A–D, 6C–E; Jin et al. 2015: 570, figs 1A, C, D, 2A–D, 3D–F; Chami-Kranon et al. 2007: 60, figs 1,4, 10–13, 14–17; Liu et al. 2020: 90, figs 1–3, 6A–D; Figs 1, 3A, B) by having similar long RTA, wide at the base, narrow at the end, and having a hook-shaped tip pointing anteriorly (Fig. 7B, C), but males of this species can be distinguished by the elliptical bulb, embolus (E) slightly shorter than widest part of bulb (Fig. 7B; vs bulb droplet-shaped, anterior part about half of posterior part, embolus about half of widest of bulb in U. fabaria; bulb almost square, embolus about as wide as widest of bulb in U. lata; bulb elliptical, embolus obviously shorter than widest of bulb in U. rama, U. subfabaria and U. linyejiei sp. nov.), by the subtegulum (ST) occupying approximately one-third of tegulum width, 3/5 of tegulum length in ventral view (Fig. 7B; vs 1/4 of tegulum width, 5/6 of tegulum length in U. fabaria; 1/4 of tegulum width, 4/5 of tegulum length in U. rama; 1/5 of tegulum width, 5/6 of tegulum length in U. subfabaria; 1/5 of tegulum width, 4/7 of tegulum length in U. linyejiei sp. nov.), and by the sperm duct (SD) extending to the base of tegulum (Fig. 7B; vs sperm duct separated from the base of tegulum by nearly three times the width of the sperm duct in U. fabaria and U. rama). Females resemble U. arcuata Zhao & Peng, 2014 (cf. Figs 8, 9C, D and Zhao and Peng 2014: 579, figs 3, 4) in having similarly large copulatory openings (CO) (Fig. 8A) and an atrium (A) occupying about 5/6 of the length of the epigyne (Fig. 8A), but they can be distinguished by their approximately straight copulatory openings (Fig. 8A; vs copulatory openings strongly curved, arch-shaped in U. arcuata), by the copulatory ducts (CD) with two or three sharp twists (Fig. 8B; vs one or two twists in U. arcuata), by the bean-shaped bursae (B) (Fig. 8B; vs S-shaped bursae, anterior part strongly restricted and curved in U. arcuata), and by the spermathecae (SP), which are separated by about half of their diameter (Fig. 8B; vs spermathecae separated by less than half of their diameter in U. arcuata).

Figure 7. 

Utivarachna zhengguoi sp. nov., holotype male. A–C palp A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E = embolus, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum. Scale bar: 0.20 mm.

Figure 8. 

Utivarachna zhengguoi sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A = atrium, B = bursa, CD = copulatory duct, CnD = connecting duct, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, GP = glandular particles, SP = spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.20 mm.

Figure 9. 

Utivarachna zhengguoi sp. nov., holotype male (A, B) and paratype female (C, D) A–D habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view. Scale bars: 1.00 mm.

Male. Habitus (Fig. 9A, B). Total length 4.68. Carapace (Fig. 9A): length 2.54, width 1.84, dark reddish brown; cervical groove, radial grooves and fovea indistinct; fovea short and dark. Eyes (Fig. 9A): AER procurved, PER recurved in dorsal view, PER wider than AER. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.11, PME 0.10, PLE 0.11; AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.15, PME–PME 0.21, PME–PLE 0.31; MOA 0.31 long, anterior width 0.28, posterior width 0.42. Mouthparts (Fig. 9B): chelicerae dark reddish brown, with three promarginal (middle largest) and four retromarginal (proximal largest, distal smallest) teeth; endites depressed posteriorly, slightly convergent anteriorly, with dense setae on inner margin; labium nearly trapezoidal, length 0.50, width 0.41. Sternum (Fig. 9B) length 1.27, width 0.98, reddish brown with dark, reddish-brown edges, with precoxal triangles and intercoxal extensions, posterior region protruding strongly between coxae IV. Pedicel cylindrical, sclerotized, relatively short, reddish brown. Abdomen (Fig. 9A, B) yellow, 2.14 long, 1.57 wide, dorsum with scutum covering entire dorsal surface, with four central, indistinct, reddish-brown spots; venter with brown stripes. Spinnerets surrounded by brown rings. Legs: deep reddish brown, anterior legs distinctly thicker than posterior legs. Leg measurements: I 5.36 (1.52, 0.76, 1.24, 1.09, 0.75); II 4.99 (1.45, 0.69, 1.10, 1.08, 0.67); III 3.86 (1.15, 0.59, 0.67, 1.00, 0.45); IV 5.27 (1.43, 0.66, 1.14, 1.45, 0.59).

Palp (Fig. 7A–C): tibia shorter than half of cymbium length; RTA about 1.06 times longer than tibia, with wide base and narrow, blunt tip, straight section subdistally to distally, slightly curvature distally. Bulb elliptical, wider in middle part; tegulum approximately 1.34 times as long as its maximum width in ventral view; subtegulum (ST) sclerotized, occupying approximately 1/3 of tegulum width in ventral view; sperm duct (SD) distinct, U-shaped in ventral view, extending to the base of tegulum. Embolus (E) long, anticlockwise, obliquely coiled twice, coils as wide as tegulum; basal portion of embolus lamellar, wide, arising at 12:00–12:30 o’clock from bulb; terminal portion of embolus filiform, resting in distal cymbial alveolus.

Female. Habitus (Fig. 9C, D). As in male except as noted. Total length 4.18. Carapace length 2.03, width 1.54, deep reddish brown, with lighter area at middle. Eye (Fig. 9C) sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.11, PME 0.10, PLE 0.11; AME–AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.10, PME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.23; MOA 0.26 long, anterior width 0.25, posterior width 0.37. Mouthparts (Fig. 9D): chelicerae with three promarginal (middle largest) and four retromarginal (proximal largest, distal smallest) teeth. Sternum (Fig. 9D) length 1.06, width 0.85. Abdomen (Fig. 9C, D): length 2.15, width 1.63, dorsum with brown stripes and four distinct, reddish-brown spots centrally; venter with two lines of spots. Leg measurements: I 4.43 (1.25, 0.63, 1.02, 0.90, 0.63); II 4.07 (1.18, 0.60, 0.86, 0.88, 0.55); III 3.26 (0.96, 0.48, 0.63, 0.81, 0.38); IV 4.43 (1.18, 0.54, 1.00, 1.20, 0.51).

Epigyne (Fig. 8A, B): epigynal plate longer than wide, spermathecae (SP) and bursae (B) distinct in ventral view. Atrium (A) large and nearly trapezoidal, occupying about 5/6 length of epigyne, posterior margin wider than anterior margin. Copulatory openings (CO) large, semicircular, located at anteriorly, separated by about their diameter. Copulatory ducts (CD) long, anterior part wide and posterior part narrow; copulatory ducts convoluted posteriorly, with two or three sharp twists. Connecting ducts (CnD) thinner than copulatory ducts, located on the lateral areas of copulatory openings, separated by more than spermathecae diameter. Bursae elliptical, separated by about 1.5 times their diameter; bursae with several small clusters of glandular particles (GP) on posterior surface, occupying about 1/5 of bursa diameter. Spermathecae globular, separated by less than their diameter. Fertilization ducts (FD) laminar, separated from each other by posterior width of atrium.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 10).

Figure 10. 

Distribution records of new Utivarachna species from China and Vietnam 1 = U. linyejiei sp. nov., 2 = U. tamdao sp. nov., 3 = U. zhengguoi sp. nov.