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Research Article
Two new oonopid spider species from Yunnan, China (Araneae, Oonopidae)
expand article infoShuhui Li‡, Dongju Bian§, Yanfeng Tong‡, Zhisheng Zhang|
‡ Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
§ Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| Southwest University, Chongqing, China

Corresponding author: Yanfeng Tong ( tyf68@hotmail.com )

Corresponding author: Zhisheng Zhang ( zhangzs327@qq.com )

Academic editor: Yuri Marusik
© 2023 Shuhui Li, Dongju Bian, Yanfeng Tong, Zhisheng Zhang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Li S, Bian D, Tong Y, Zhang Z (2023) Two new oonopid spider species from Yunnan, China (Araneae, Oonopidae). ZooKeys 1181: 155-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1181.109597
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:332BC9A4-B935-4B52-8794-D17B44AB0992
Open Access

Abstract

The genera Kachinia Tong & Li, 2018 and Promolotra Tong & Li, 2020 are recorded from China for the first time. Two new species, Kachinia longling sp. nov. (♂♀) and Promolotra lushui sp. nov. (♂♀) are described. Descriptions, diagnoses, photographs and keys to Kachinia and Promolotra species are provided.

Key words

Goblin spiders, identification key, morphology, new record, taxonomy

Introduction

The family Oonopidae Simon, 1890 includes 1893 extant species in 115 genera worldwide, mainly distributed in tropical regions (WSC 2023). Oonopid spiders are tiny, with a body size between 1.0 and 3.0 mm. They mainly inhabit leaf litter and similar habitats, such as woodrat nests, under rocks, or interstitially (Ubick and Dupérré 2017).

Currently, 125 oonopid species have been recorded in China, of which 37 species belonging to seven genera are known so far in Yunnan, China (Tong and Li 2015a, b; Liu et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2019; Tong et al. 2019, 2021; Huang et al. 2021; WSC 2023). While studying new material we found two new species belonging to two genera that were not known previously from China; the two new species are described below.

Material and methods

The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Endogyne were cleared in lactic acid. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) were taken under high vacuum with a Hitachi S-4800 after critical-point drying and gold-palladium coating. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters. The terminology used in the text and figures follows Tong et al. (2018) and Tong and Li (2020). The type material is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China (curator: Yanfeng Tong).

Taxonomy

Family Oonopidae Simon, 1890

Kachinia Tong & Li, 2018

Type species

Kachinia putao Tong & Li, 2018 from Myanmar.

Comment

The genus belongs to the subfamily Oonopinae Simon, 1890. According to Tong et al. (2018), the genus is similar to Brignolia Dumitrescu & Georgescu, 1983 in the sclerotized and darkened palps of males and the shapes of T-shaped anterior sclerite and posterior receptacle.

Composition

Kachinia longling sp. nov., K. mahmolae Tong & Li, 2018, K. putao Tong & Li, 2018

Distribution

China (Yunnan), Myanmar.

Key to Kachinia species

1 (0) Males 2
— Females 4
2 (1) Epigastric region strongly elevated (Fig. 1F); bulb triangular (Fig. 1H, J) K. longling sp. nov.
— Epigastric region flat; bulb rectangular (Tong et al. 2018: figs 2A, 4I) 3
3 (2) Postgastric scutum with a cluster of strong, long setae; psembolus with collapsed lobe (Tong et al. 2018: figs 4E, 5B) K. mahmolae Tong & Li, 2018
— Postgastric scutum without cluster of strong, long setae; psembolus with flat, wide and elongated lobe (Tong et al. 2018: figs 1C, 2B) K. putao Tong & Li, 2018
4 (1) Postgastric scutum heart shaped (Fig. 3C) K. longling sp. nov.
— Postgastric scutum rectangular (Tong et al. 2018: figs 3G, 6C) 5
5 (4) Endogyne with crescent-shaped plate (Tong et al. 2018: fig. 3G) K. putao Tong & Li, 2018
— Endogyne with triangular plate (Tong et al. 2018: fig. 6G) K. mahmolae Tong & Li, 2018

Kachinia longling Tong & Zhang, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/651BE492-19F3-480A-9EB7-CF6675FCFF21
Figs 1, 2, 3, 7

Type material

Holotype ♂ (SYNU-640), China, Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Longling Co., Longxin Town, Xiaoheishan Nature Reserve, 16.02.2011, Z. Li & L. Wang; Paratypes: 1♀ (SYNU-641), 1♀ (SYNU-642), 4 ♀ (SYNU-643-646), same data as for the holotype.

Diagnosis

The new species can be distinguished from K. mahmolae and K. putao by the strongly elevated epigastric region of the male (arrow in Fig. 1F) vs. flat (see Tong et al. 2018: figs 1C, E, 4E, G), triangular bulb (Fig. 2A, B) vs. nearly rectangular (see Tong et al. 2018: figs 2A, 4I), and the nearly heart-shaped postgastric scutum of the female (Fig. 3C) vs. rectangular (see Tong et al. 2018: figs 3G, 6G).

Figure 1. 

Kachinia longling sp. nov., holotype male A, C habitus (dorsal and ventral views), arrow shows the large coxal apodemes B, D, E, G prosoma (dorsal, ventral, lateral and anterior views) F abdomen, lateral view (arrow shows the strongly elevated epigastric region) H–J left palp (prolateral, dorsal and retrolateral views). Scale bars: 0.40 (A–G); 0.20 (H–J).

Figure 2. 

Kachinia longling sp. nov., holotype male, SEM A, B left palp (prolateral and retrolateral views) C, D palpal bulb (dorsal and prolateral views) E–G distal part of palpal bulb (retrolateral, prolateral and dorsal views). Abbreviations: blp = broom-like projection; bpr = brush-like projection; clo = curved lobe; lel = large, ear-shaped lobe; llp = leaf-like projection; vp = ventral protuberance. Scale bars: 0.10 (A–D); 0.05 (E–G).

Figure 3. 

Kachinia longling sp. nov., paratype female A, C, E habitus (dorsal, ventral and lateral views) B, D, F prosoma (dorsal, ventral and lateral views) G, H copulatory organ (ventral and dorsal views). Abbreviations: ap = apodeme; lst = line-like structure; pr = posterior receptacle; tsc = T-shaped sclerite. Scale bars: 0.40 (A–F); 0.20 (G–H).

Figure 4. 

Promolotra lushui sp. nov., holotype male A–C habitus (dorsal, ventral and lateral views) D–F prosoma (dorsal, ventral and anterior views) G, H left chelicera (anterior and lateral views) I–K left palp (prolateral, dorsal and retrolateral views). Scale bars: 0.40 (A–F); 0.20 (I–K); 0.10 (G, H).

Description

Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig. 1A, C. Body length 1.96; carapace 1.03 long, 0.86 wide; abdomen 1.01 long, 0.59 wide. Body yellow, legs lighter. Carapace (Fig. 1B, E): broadly oval in dorsal view, with large brown oval patches (coxal apodemes) behind eyes, longer than ½ of carapace; pars cephalica strongly elevated, pars thoracica higher than pars cephalica, surface of pars cephalica smooth; lateral margin straight, smooth, rebordered. Mouthparts (Fig. 1D, G): chelicerae straight; labium rectangular, anterior margin deeply incised; endites broad, distally branched. Abdomen (Fig. 1A, C, F): ovoid; booklung covers smooth; sperm pore small, oval, situated at level between anterior spiracles; anterior and posterior spiracles connected by furrow; epigastric region strongly elevated; dorsal scutum covering entire dorsum, strongly sclerotized; epigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, surrounding pedicel; postgastric scutum strongly sclerotized, long, almost rectangular, covering nearly the full length of the abdomen, with posteriorly-directed lateral apodemes. Palp (Figs 1H–J, 2A–G): strongly sclerotized; trochanter with a ventral protuberance (vp); femur 0.23 long, 0.14 width, length/maximal width = 1.64; cymbiobulb 0.41 long, 0.16 wide, length/maximal width = 2.56; psembolus complex (Fig. 2E, F, G) with flat, wide and elongated, strongly curved lobe (clo), leaf-like projection (llp), broom-like projection (blp), and long, brush-like projection (bpr) in prolateral view; with large ear-shaped lobe (lel) in retrolateral view.

Female. As in male except as noted. Habitus as in Fig. 3A, C, E. Body length 1.93; carapace 1.51 long, 0.78 wide; abdomen 1.15 long, 0.62 wide. Labium and endites unmodified. Abdomen (Fig. 3A, C): dorsal scutum large, covering more than 5/6 of dorsum; postgastric scutum heart shaped. Epigastric area (Fig. 3C, G): surface unmodified. Endogyne (Fig. 3H): with T-shaped sclerite (tsc) anteriorly, followed posteriorly by tube-like posterior receptacle (pr).

Etymology

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality.

Promolotra Tong & Li, 2020

Type species

Promolotra shankhaung Tong & Li, 2020 from Myanmar.

Comment

The genus belongs to the subfamily Oonopinae Simon, 1890. According to Tong and Li (2020), the genus is similar to Molotra Ubick & Griswold, 2011 by the heavily sclerotized dorsal and ventral abdominal scuta, the long spines on legs I and II, and the embolar region.

Composition

Promolotra hponkanrazi Tong & Li, 2020, P. lushui sp. nov., P. shankhaung Tong & Li, 2020.

Distribution

China (Yunnan), Myanmar.

Key to Promolotra species (female of P. hponkanrazi unknown)

1 (0) Males 2
— Females 4
2 (1) Cymbiobulb apically with blunt end; dorsal lobe of psembolus with triangular extension (Fig. 5F) P. lushui sp. nov.
— Without above-mentioned characters 3
3 (2) Tibiae dark proximally; embolar region with narrow ventral lobe (Tong and Li 2020: figs 1D, 2E) P. shankhaung Tong & Li, 2020
— Tibiae uniformly yellowish brown; embolar region with broad ventral lobe (Tong and Li 2020: figs 5E, 6E) P. hponkanrazi Tong & Li, 2020
4 (1) Endogyne with posterior receptacle (Tong and Li 2020: fig. 4G) P. shankhaung Tong & Li, 2020
— Endogyne without posterior receptacle (Fig. 6H) P. lushui sp. nov.

Promolotra lushui Tong & Zhang, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/E02029CB-E8DA-471D-9B13-A5D39E3E20C0
Figs 4, 5, 6, 7

Type material

Holotype ♂ (SYNU-647), China: Yunnan Prov., Lushui City, Pianma Town, 3.03.2011, Z. Li & L. Wang leg.; Paratypes: 2 ♀ (SYNU-648-649), 3 ♂ (SYNU-650-652), same data as for the holotype.

Diagnosis

The new species can be distinguished from congeners by the blunt end of the cymbiobulb (arrow in Fig. 5F) vs. lacking a blunt end (see Tong and Li 2020: figs 2A, 6A), triangular extension of the dorsal lobe of the embolar region (‘te’ in Fig. 5F) vs. lacking a triangular extension (see Tong and Li 2020: figs 2E, 6H), and absence of a posterior receptacle (Fig. 6H) vs. with a narrow posterior receptacle (see Tong and Li 2020: fig. 4G).

Figure 5. 

Promolotra lushui sp. nov., holotype male, SEM A–B left palp (prolateral and retrolateral views) C–D palpal bulb (dorsal and prolateral views) E–G distal part of palpal bulb (retrolateral, prolateral and dorsal views). Abbreviations: bls = brush-like structures; dl = dorsal lobe; pl = posterior lobe; te = triangle extension; vl = ventral lobe. Scale bars: 0.10 (A–D); 0.05 (E–G).

Figure 6. 

Promolotra lushui sp. nov., paratype female A, B habitus (dorsal and ventral views) C–E prosoma (dorsal, ventral and anterior views) F copulatory organ, ventral view G, H copulatory organ (cleared in lactic acid, ventral and dorsal views). Abbreviations: ap = apodeme; hss = horseshoe-shaped sclerite; tls = tube-like structure; tsc = T-shaped sclerite. Scale bars: 0.40 (A–E); 0.10 (G, H).

Description

Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig. 4A, B, C. Body length 2.31; carapace 1.09 long, 0.81 wide; abdomen 1.11 long, 0.87 wide. Body yellow-brown, legs yellow. Carapace (Fig. 4D, F): oval in dorsal view, without any pattern; pars cephalica slightly elevated in lateral view, surface of pars cephalica smooth; lateral margin straight, rebordered, with small blunt denticles. Eyes (Fig. 4D, F): ALE largest, PME, PLE subequal; ALE separated by nearly more than their radius, ALE–PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME touching each other; posterior row recurved from above, procurved from front. Clypeus (Fig. 4F): ALE separated from edge of carapace by 2 diameters. Mouthparts (Fig. 4E–H): chelicerae straight, anterior face strongly swollen, with cone-shaped protuberance in lateral view; labium rectangular, anterior margin deeply incised; endites with distal excavation. Sternum (Fig. 4E): with radial furrows between coxae, surface smooth, covered with large, round pits; setae sparse, dark, needlelike, evenly scattered. Abdomen (Fig. 4A–C): booklung covers brown; sperm pore small, oval, rebordered, situated between anterior and posterior spiracles; dorsal scutum strongly sclerotized, covering whole abdomen; postgastric scutum strongly sclerotized, covering nearly full length of abdomen, with posteriorly-directed lateral apodemes. Palp (Figs 4I–K, 5A–G): pale orange; femur 0.26 long, patella 0.16 long, tibia 0.13 long, cymbiobulb 0.41 long, 0.22 wide, length/maximal width = 1.86; embolar region with flat dorsal lobe (dl), small posterior one (pl), and narrow, leaf-like, wrinkled ventral one (vl), with brush-like structures (bls) in retrolateral view.

Female. As in male except as noted. Habitus as in Fig. 6A, B. Body length 2.51; carapace 1.16 long, 0.92 wide; abdomen 1.38 long, 1.12 wide. Epigastric area (Fig. 6F, G): ‘atrium’ relatively wide, broadly oval. Endogyne (Fig. 6H): with a T-shaped sclerite (tsc) anteriorly, very thin, long and tube-like structure (tls) can be seen inside T-shaped sclerite; with horseshoe-shaped sclerite (hss) medially; apodemes (ap) well developed.

Figure 7. 

Distribution records of the species of Kachinia and Promolotra from Yunnan, China and Myanmar. 1. K. longling sp. nov.; 2. P. lushui sp. nov; 3. P. hponkanrazi Tong & Li, 2020; 4. K. putao Tong & Li, 2018; 5. P. shankhaung Tong & Li, 2020; 6. K. mahmolae Tong & Li, 2018.

Etymology

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality.

Acknowledgements

The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Yuri Marusik (Magadan, Russia), Darrell Ubick (San-Francisco, USA), and an anonymous referee. Sarah Crews kindly checked the English in the final draft.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC31972867, 32370479), and LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC2007044).

Author contributions

Conceptualisation: YT. Resources: ZZ. Writing – original draft: SL, DB. Writing – review and editing: YT.

Author ORCIDs

Shuhui Li https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0266-6859

Dongju Bian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9324-8026

Yanfeng Tong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4348-7029

Zhisheng Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9304-1789

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

References

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