This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.85–2.65 mm, generally black, subshiny to shiny species. Head: Frons black, very sparsely microtomentose, anterior half shiny, posterior subshiny, transition from shiny to subshiny gradual. Antenna black, densely microtomentose, appearing velvety black. Face black, sparsely microtomentose, antennal grooves and lateral areas shiny, otherwise subshiny, lacking prominent, vertical stripes; face bearing 2–3 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial blackish yellow; gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.16–0.22. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly sparsely microtomentose, black, subshiny; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural area concolorous with mesonotum, subshiny black. Wing hyaline to very faintly infuscate, lacking pattern of spots; vein R₄₊₅ extended at gradual to costa, not angulate subapically or bearing a stump vein; costal vein ratio 0.47–0.55; M vein ratio 0.60–0.62. Femora and tibiae black; Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; foretarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres white, tarsomere 3 darkened, apical 2 black; mid- and hindtarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres yellow, apical 3 tarsomeres blackish. Abdomen: Generally black, mostly subshiny to shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose. Male terminalia (Figs 3–6): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 3) generally vertically oval, each lateral arm narrow, almost parallel sided, acutely pointed ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. 4) with dorsal 2/3 rectangular, basal 1/3 almost twice width as dorsal portion, widest subventrally, apex broadly rounded, posteroventral portion bearing several larger setulae; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 3) elongate, narrowly semicircular, medial margin nearly straight, gradually tapered toward ventral apex, this apex acutely pointed, dorsal apex with medial short, digitiform extension, in lateral view (Fig. 4) semicircular; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 6) narrowly elongate, somewhat rod-like, ventral 1/3 narrower than dorsal 2/3, in ventral view (Fig. 5) very robustly C-shaped with medial concavity, wider than high; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 6) tubular, gradually tapered to apex, apex generally broadly rounded with very apex narrowed, curved anteriorly at nearly right angle; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 6) very narrow, L-shaped, apex toward base of aedeagus acutely pointed, apex toward hypandrium slightly flared and truncate, in ventral view (Fig. 5) as an elongate hourglass, expanded at each apex and truncate; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 6) narrowed posteriorly, then abruptly expanded to widest point subanteriorly, anterior margin abruptly narrowed, digitiform, in ventral view (Fig. 5) generally U-shaped, lateral arms widest at midlength, anterior margin broadly rounded, deep, posterior emargination narrowed on anterior 1/3, thereafter posterior more than twice anterior width.

The holotype male of Ditrichophora laevior Cresson is labeled “Darjeeling Fruhstorfer/9233/TYPE Ditrichophora LAEVIOR E. T. Cresson, Jr. [maroon-red; “Ditrichophora LAEVIOR” handwritten].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a rectangular block of foam), is in good condition (abdomen removed, dissected, and in an attached microvial), and is deposited in the ANSP (6509). A female paratype (ANSP) bears the same locality label as the holotype.

India. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Cooch Behar (26°24.7'N, 89°23.1'E). The holotype was apparently collected in the foothills of the Himalayas in the state of West Bengal between Darjeeling and Cooch Behar.

INDIA. Meghalaya: Shillong (Botanical Gardens; 25°34.6'N, 91°53.2'E), 20 Apr 1980, A Freidberg (9♂, 2♀; USNM).

SRI LANKA. Central Province: Horton Plains (6°48.7'N, 80°47.3'E), 23 Apr 1980, W. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe & L. Jayawickrema (9♂, 4♀; USNM).

(Fig. 7). Oriental: India (Meghalaya, West Bengal), Sri Lanka.

Figure 7. 

Distribution map of Lamproclasiopa laevior (▲).

Although similar and perhaps related to L. ecuadoriensis, this species is distinguished from congeners by the white forebasitarsomere, which is contrasted with the black, apical tarsomeres; the short gena (gena-to-eye ratio 0.10–0.14); and the shape of structures of the male terminalia (Figs 3–6).

The distribution of this species is anomalously disjunct. Except for this species, which is found on the Indian Subcontinent, all other congeners occur in the New World, especially in tropical zones, which are many thousands of kilometers from India and Sri Lanka. This distributional anomaly prompts a number of questions. For example, is this species indeed a valid congener? If so, what is it related to? How did it come to be found on the Indian Subcontinent when other congeners occur in the New World? Although our responses to these and other questions are not wholly satisfactory, often being based on tenuous evidence, we offer some thoughts and observations.

Based on morphological evidence, both external and from structures of the male terminalia, we affirm that this is a congener within the genus Lamproclasiopa. Within Lamproclasiopa, we suggest that this species, being generally characterized by homoplasious characters, would probably be near the base of the evolutionary stem or node giving rise to all other included congeners. See also our remarks under the species group.

As we noted in the introduction, however, characterization of Lamproclasiopa has only become reasonably well resolved in recent decades, resulting in earlier recognized species, including this species, being first described in another genus. Cresson (1934) first described this species in Ditrichophora then transferred it to the subgenus Lamproclasiopa within Discocerina (Cresson 1945). Over 50 years later, Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001) accorded generic status to Lamproclasiopa and included this species along with other congeners in this genus.

This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.60 mm. Head: Frons shiny black brown, with ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital plate densely setulose. Antenna blackish brown, slightly lighter than head, posterior margin of flagellomere light brown; face blackish brown, shiny; parafacial yellowish brown. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.12–0.15. Thorax: Mesonotum shiny black, covered with microtomentum; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; pleural region less microtomentose, anepisternum and katepisternum almost bare, shiny black. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.52–0.64; M vein ratio 0.59–0.65; Legs blackish brown except yellowish tarsi; forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like. Abdomen: Generally shiny black, bare of microtomentum; tergites 3–5 equal in length and larger than tergites 1–2. Male terminalia (Figs 10–13): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 10) generally oval, higher than wide, dorsal portion very thin, each lateral arm gradually becoming wider ventrally, widest on apical third, apex rounded, oriented medially, ventral half with slightly increased number of setulae, in lateral view (Fig. 11) as roughly rectangular, slightly wider ventrally with rounded posteroventral portion, pointed anteroventrally; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 10) elongate, thin, generally shallowly arched, ventral and dorsal apices acutely pointed, setulose evenly along length, in lateral view (Fig. 11) as an inverted drop; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 13) rod-like, dorsal fourth curved basally and pointed, in ventral view (Fig. 12) irregularly bar-like, curved, apex toward aedeagal base tapered, pointed apically, apex toward hypandrium bluntly rounded; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 13) more or less rectangular, basal third wider than apical portion, narrowest medially, apex angulate, in ventral view (Fig. 12) elongate, thin, after slightly bulbous base parallel sided, apex tapered, pointed; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 13) as a dissected triangle, with an obvious keel, vertex toward hypandrium sharply tapered, acutely pointed, vertex toward aedeagal base thumb-like, keel narrow, moderately elongate, pointed, in ventral view (Fig. 12) as an asymmetrical spool, wider toward aedeagal base, apex toward hypandrium shallowly trilobed; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 13) elongate, thin, irregularly rod-like, shallowly sinuous, both apices narrowly rounded; in ventral view (Fig. 12) robustly Y-shaped, with base wide, lateral margins almost serrate, arms of Y posterior, flared posterolateral, each arm thin, digitiform, forming posterior, evenly rounded, moderately deep emargination.

Figures 8–9. 

Lamproclasiopa brunnea sp. n., male paratype (Costa Rica. San José. Moravia) 8 head, anterior view 9 habitus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 10–13. 

Lamproclasiopa brunnea sp. n., male paratype (Costa Rica. San José. Moravia) 10 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 11 same, lateral view 12 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 13 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype male of Lamproclasiopa brunnea is labeled “COSTA RICA. Prov. San José. Moravia. Zurquí de Moravia, Tower path. 1600m. 2–9 AGO 2013. Proyeto ZADBI. Mix methods, ZADBI-1076/HOLOTYPE ♂ Lamproclasiopa brunnea Costa, Mathis & Marinoni USNM [red].” The holotype is double mounted (glued to a paper triangle) and is in very good condition, and is deposited in MNCR-A. Thirty-eight paratypes (20♂, 18♀; MNCR-A, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: COSTA RICA. Cartago. Paraíso, Parque Nacional Tapantí (09°43.3'N, 83°46.5'W; 1600 m), 4–11 Ago 2013, Proyeto ZADBI (1♀; MNCR-A). Guanacaste. Macizo Miravalles, Cabro Muco Station (10°43.1'N, 84° 51.3'W; 1100 m), 15 Mar–2 Abr 2003, J. Azoifeifa. (1♀; MNCR-A).

Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°02.8'N, 84°0.6'W; 1588 m).

(Fig. 14). Neotropical: Costa Rica (Cartago, Guanacaste, Puntarenas, San José).

Figure 14. 

Distribution map of L. brunnea sp. n. (●); L. furvitibia sp. n. (▲).

The species epithet, brunnea, is of Latin derivation and means brown, referring to the dark brown color of this species, especially its head.

This species is very similar and superficially appear to be closely related to L. ecuadoriensis, as evidenced by the generally dark brown body color and yellowish parafacies of both species. The thoracic pleural area of L. brunnea, however, is more sparsely microtomentose. Moreover, the frontal microtomentum of L. brunnea covers only the fronto-orbital plates and the ocellar triangle, which easily distinguishes this species from L. ecuadoriensis.

This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.50 mm. Head: Frons broader than long, 1.5 times as wide as an eye; glossy black with anterior margin reddish yellow, between ocelli and fronto-orbits somewhat dull by very fine reddish brown microtomentose. Pedicel black, slightly whitish dusted dorsally; basal flagellomere red yellow, darkened along outer margin; arista with 5 long rays dorsally. Face protruded in lateral view; dorsal half of face with distinct antennal grooves, these separated by a vertical ridge, just ventrad of ventral margin of antennal grooves a transverse ridge. Ventral portion of face flat, receded towards oral margin; face silvery white, microtomentose with 2 vertical stripes toward middle. Gena moderately high, ¼ height of eye; silvery white at edge of eye; with 1 strong seta. Thorax: Shiny black, smooth; central portion and scutellar disc covered with very short and fine reddish brown microtomentum that reduces the shine; within this microtomentum on mesonotum, shiny black dots at bases of short setae. No prescutellar pair of setae or supra-alar seta. Legs shiny black; tarsi reddish yellow. Wing grayish hyaline, with yellow veins; costal section II about 1.5 times as long as costal section I; veins R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel, last section of M₁ twice as long as penultimate section. Halters with black stem and light yellow knob. Calypteres with dark brown margins and hairy. Abdomen: Concolorous with mesonotum, with dense, short, black setulae; tergites 3–5 almost equally long. Male terminalia (Figs 15–17): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 15) roundly U-shaped, except for ventral gap, oval, only slightly narrower dorsally and ventrally, widest at midheight, dorsal arch relatively narrow, each lateral arm widest ventrally, ventral margin evenly rounded, lacking medial or ventral extensions, ventral portion bearing numerous, loosely clustered, long setulae; cercus hemispherical, tapered ventrally to pointed apex, more setulose dorsally, medial margin straight; gonite in lateral view rod-like, shallowly curved, banana-like, very slightly wider toward hypandrium than toward aedeagal base, in ventral view shallowly curved, distinctly expanded on portion toward hypandrium with extension toward aedeagal base tapered to a narrow apex, lateral margin with a wide, short irregularly shaped keel; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 17) very elongate, narrowly triangular, almost parallel sided, tapered evenly to moderately narrow, rounded apex, in ventral view as an elongate, very narrow, parallel-sided, rod-like structure, basal end shallowly and bluntly rounded, apical 1/5 tapered toward narrow point; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 17) more or less irregularly triangular, with moderately long, narrow extensions toward aedeagal base and hypandrium, keel distinct, relatively narrow, irregular, somewhat pointed apically; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 17) generally narrow, rod-like, very shallowly sinuous, in ventral view almost rectangular, wider than long, anterior margin shallowly emarginate, posterior margin more deeply emarginate, moderately deeply and broadly U-shaped, depth of emargination about half length of anterior portion.

Figures 15–17. 

Lamproclasiopa hendeli (Wirth) (redraw from Zatwarnicki and Mathis 2001) 15 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 16 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 17 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype male of Discocerina (Lamproclasiopa) facialis Hendel was published as “1 ♂, Cuesta von Cillutiucara, Bolivien, 3200 m (Fassl) .” The holotype male is housed in the NMW.

Bolivia. La Paz: Sillutincara (= Cilluntincara) (16°17'S, 67°54'W; 3200 m).

(Fig. 36). Neotropical: Bolivia (La Paz).

Although similar and apparently closely related to L. argentipicta, this species is distinguished from this congener by the shiny black frons and blackish brown coxae.

Cresson (1946: 148) suggested that this species could be Discocerina nitida Cresson. We confirm that this is an included species in Lamproclasiopa, and further, that it is not related to D. nitida. The illustrations of this species in Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001) are of the holotype and are further evidence that it is a congener within Lamproclasiopa.

Our description of external features was extracted and interpreted from M. Kotrba’s English translation of Hendel’s original description, as we did not have access to the holotype. Although we have repeatedly inquired about and asked to examine the holotype male of this species, our requests were ignored. Fortunately, however, we have the illustrations of structures of the male terminalia that Zatwarnicki (Zatwarnicki and Mathis 2001) produced of the holotype male, and these are the basis for much of our diagnosis of this species.

This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-fly species, body length 1.65–2.10 mm; generally black, subshiny to shiny. Head: Frons generally mostly brownish black to black, moderately microtomentose, subshiny; mesofrons more microtomentose, tan to brown; some specimens with 2 gray spots along ventral margin just dorsad of antennal bases. Antenna mostly black, especially scape and pedicel, only basal flagellomere with ventrobasal area with some yellow to yellowish orange coloration. Ventral half of face with a microtomentose triangle (Fig. 18), sometimes dorsal angle of triangle extended dorsally to level of base of antennae, base of triangle sometimes partially bare, otherwise face largely bare, black except for yellow to yellowish orange lateral margins adjacent to parafacial and antennal grooves; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial silvery white. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06–0.10. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly whitish gray microtomentose; pleural area very sparsely microtomentose, mostly dark brown, partially subshiny; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.74–0.79; M vein ratio 0.55–0.59. Legs, except tarsi, black; forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; tarsi yellow; apical tarsomere slightly darker than other tarsomeres. Abdomen: Generally black, subshiny to mostly shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray; sternite 3 of male rectangular, parallel sided, length twice width; sternite 4 of male rectangular, length almost twice width; sternite 5 of male a single, deeply U-shaped plate, length about twice width, opening of U posterior. Male terminalia (Figs 20–23): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 20) almost as wide as high, as an inverted U, dorsal arch very thin, verticolateral arms gradually becoming wider, width wider than width of cercus, in lateral view (Fig. 21) narrow, elongate, overall as a robust, irregular tear drop with an anteroventral, short, shallowly pointed projection; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 20) bar-like, elongate, narrow, with dorsal half wider than ventral half, slightly tapered from dorsum to ventral margin, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, in lateral view (Fig. 21) elongate, dorsal half slightly wider than ventral half; gonite in ventral view (Fig. 22) as an inverted, robust comma, in lateral view (Fig. 23) bar-like, shallowly arched; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 23) robust, narrowly and irregularly rectangular, widest basally, thereafter slightly tapered to truncate apex, in ventral view (Fig. 22) elongate, narrow, narrowly ovate, acutely pointed apically; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 23) as a deeply dissected triangle, extended keel rounded apically, each extended arm narrow, in ventral view (Fig. 22) narrow spindle shaped with a medial bulge, basal and apical widths subequal; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 22) as a robust V-shaped structure, vertex especially robust, in lateral view (Fig. 23) narrow, elongate, shallowly arched.

Figures 18–19. 

Lamproclasiopa triangularis sp. n., male paratype (Peru. Madre de Dios: Manu) 18 head, anterior view 19 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 20–23. 

Lamproclasiopa triangularis sp. n., male paratype (Peru. Madre de Dios: Manu) 20 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 21 same, lateral view 22 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 23 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype male of Lamproclasiopa triangularis is labeled “PERU. Madre de Dios: Manu, Rio Manu, 250 m[,] Pakitza,12°7'S, 70°58'W [11°56.6'S, 71°16.9'W], 9–23 Sep 1988[,] Amnon Freidberg/USNM ENT 00118309 [plastic bar code label]/HOLOTYPE ♂ Lamproclasiopa triangularis Costa, Mathis & Marinoni, USNM [red].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of plastic), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. Forty three paratypes (21♂, 22♀; DZUP, INPA, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype but with W. N. Mathis as the collector.

Peru. Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6'S, 71°16.9'W; 250 m).

BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (03°05.9'S, 59°58.2'W; 50 m), 7 May 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (3♂, 6♀; INPA, USNM). Paraná: Antonina, Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira (25°19'S, 48°41,6'W), 8 Feb 2010, D. Negoseki (1♂; DZUP). São Paulo: Ubatuba, Cachoeira da Lage (23°17.6'S, 44°52.1'W; 100 m), 30 Mar 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 3♀; DZUP, USNM).

ECUADOR. Orellana: Rio Tiputini (0°38.2'S, 76°8.9'W), 12–26 Aug 1999, W. N. Mathis, A. Batista, M. Kotrba (7♂, 2♀; USNM).

GUYANA. Kaieteur Falls (5°10.7'N, 59°29.2'W; 570 m), 7 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM). Kanuku Mountains, Kumu River and Falls (3°15.9'N, 59°43.5'W), 28–30 Apr 1995, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Kanuku Mountains, Moco Moco River (3°18.2'N, 59°38.9'W), 29 Apr 1995, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM). Lethem (25 km SE; 3°18.2'N, 59°38.9'W), 4–5 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM).

PERU. Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6'S, 71°16.9'W; 250 m), 9–23 Sep 1988, A. Freidberg, W. N. Mathis (21♂, 23♀; USNM).

(Fig. 81). Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas, Paraná, São Paulo), Ecuador (Orellana), Guyana, Peru (Madre de Dios).

The species epithet, triangularis, is of Latin derivation, meaning triangular, and refers to the small triangular microtomentose area on the face of this species.

This species is distinguished from congeners by the triangle-shaped facial spot that is sparsely microtomentose. The triangle is situated medially on the ventral half of the face and is sometimes slightly elongated. Also distinguishing this species are the robust (thick) aedeagus in lateral view with its truncate apex and the narrow and elongated keel of the phallapodeme.

This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.30–2.80 mm; generally a shiny black species. Head: Frontal microtomentum sexually dimorphic; male with dense and extensive microtomentum over slightly more than anterior half of frons, also within ocellar triangle (Fig. 24), female with microtomentum only around bases of fronto-orbital setae and ocellar setae, thereafter as a thin stripe within ocellar triangle extended posteromedially, convergent within ocellar triangle, and a small medial spot just before anterior margin (Fig. 25). Antenna black, with dense microtomentum especially evident on basal flagellomere laterally; arista bearing 3–4 dorsal rays (usually 4). Face with moderately deep antennal grooves on dorsal half, shallowly angulate in lateral view, vortex of angle at midheight near dorsal facial seta, ventral half of face receded, facial microtomentum in both sexes generally dense, golden brown dorsally, becoming more silvery ventrally, female with some bare areas, especially at base of facial setae and adjacent to parafacial; parafacial and anterior half of gena densely microtomentose in male, in female with thin area microtomentose at anterior and ventral margins of eye, otherwise bare, shiny; gena very high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.42–0.64; posterior margin of gena at merger with lateral margin of postgenal sharply angulate. Thorax: Mesonotum shiny black, pattern of microtomentum evident as a broad band, much denser anteriorly, becoming sparse posteriorly, microtomentum extended onto scutellar disc; lateral to microtomentose band mostly bare, shiny except for microtomentose anterior surface of postpronotum and ventral margin of notopleuron; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural region generally bare, shiny black. Wing hyaline to faintly infumate, faintly tannish, lacking any pattern or markings. Costal vein ratio 0.50–0.58; M vein ratio 0.59–0.78. Coxae black, shiny; forecoxa with vertical microstriae; femora and tibiae black; forefemur with 4–5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; basal 2–3 tarsomeres yellow, apical 2–3 brownish black to dark brown. Halter with base black, knob whitish yellow. Abdomen: Generally shiny black; male tergite 5 truncate apically. Male Terminalia (Figs 27–30): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 27) irregularly hexagonal with dorsal 2/3 quadrate, as wide as high, corners rounded, ventral third with lateral margin slanted medially ventrally and ventral margin shallowly concave, dorsal portion thinly developed, lateral portions wide, each subequal to width of cercal cavity, setulae more or less evenly distributed laterally, thereafter with a gap, then clumped ventrolaterally, in lateral view (Fig. 28) more or less and irregularly L-shaped, thin dorsally, with an obtusely angulate ventral portion and a moderately narrow anterior extension with a flared, somewhat truncate anterior margin; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 27) elongate, moderately thin, generally shallowly arched, lunate, ventral and dorsal apices tapered, in lateral view elongate, narrow, elliptical; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 30) as 2 structures, basiphallus L-shaped with a digitiform process from one arm, distiphallus shallowly arched, wider basally, with ribbon-like extension, in ventral view (Fig. 29) with basiphallus spindle-like, elongate, distiphallus rectangularly ovate; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 30) L-shaped, each arm narrow and of equal length, in ventral view Y-shaped with base shorter than either arm; gonite in lateral view irregularly pear-like, in ventral view (Fig. 29) rod-like; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 30) thin, elongate, width irregular and with a short, thin process near middle, in ventral view (Fig. 29) robust, with anterior 2/3 diamond-shaped, posterior third widely and shallowly U-shaped.

Figures 24–26. 

Lamproclasiopa auritunica sp. n. (Bolivia. Oruro: Paznã) 24 male paratype head, anterior view 25 female paratype head, anterior view 26 male paratype habitus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 27–30. 

Lamproclasiopa auritunica sp. n. (Bolivia. Oruro: Paznã) 27 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 28 same, lateral view 29 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 30 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype male of Lamproclasiopa auritunica is labeled “BOLIVIA. Oruro: Paznã (S. of the town; 18°36.2'S, 66°54.7'W, 3750 m), 22 Mar 2001[,] Wayne N. Mathis/USNM ENT 00119995 [plastic bar code label]/HOLOTYPE ♂ Lamproclasiopa auritunica Costa, Mathis & Marinoni, USNM [red].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a plastic block) and is in very good condition, and is deposited in USNM. Three paratypes (1♂, 2♀; USNM) bear the following label data: Bolivia. Oruro: Challapata (45 km S; 19°12.9'S, 66°47.7'W, 3690 m), 22 Mar 2001, A. Freidberg, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM). Bolivia. La. Paz: Tiahuanaco Ruins (16°33.7'S, 68°40.7'W; 3870m), 28 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1♀;USNM); Patacayama (7 km NE; 17°9.5'S, 67°56.7'W; 3800m), 21 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM).

Bolívia. Oruro: Paznã (S. of the town; 18°36.2'S, 66°54.7'W, 3750 m).

(Fig. 36). Neotropical: Bolivia (La Paz, Oruro).

The species epithet, auritunica, is of Latin derivation, meaning coat of gold, and refers to the golden microtomentum that covers much of the head of this species.

This species is very similar and closely related to L. lapaz and to a lesser degree L. polita but is distinguished from these two species as follows: Female frons mostly bare, shiny black, lacking a broad, transverse stripe as in L. lapaz; male mesonotum with a broad longitudinal band over entire length, although it is weaker posteriorly, not on anterior third only. Structures of the male terminalia are also diagnostic.

This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.40–2.97 mm; generally a shiny black species. Head: Frontal and facial microtomentum sexually dimorphic; male with dense and extensive microtomentum on the frons, also within ocellar triangle, anterior laterals of frons bare, shiny black, Female frons with broad, transverse stripe of microtomentum on the center; male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third. Antenna black, with dense microtomentum especially evident on basal flagellomere laterally; arista bearing 3–4 dorsal rays (usually 4). Face with moderately deep antennal grooves on dorsal half, shallowly angulate in lateral view, vortex of angle at midheight near dorsal facial seta, ventral half of face receded, male facial microtomentum generally dense, golden brown dorsally, becoming more silvery ventrally, female face most bare, with silvery microtometum at the ventral portion of face and at base of facial setae and adjacent to parafacial; parafacial and anterior half of gena densely microtomentose in male, in female with thin area microtomentose at anterior and ventral margins of eye, otherwise bare, shiny; gena very high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.42–0.54; posterior margin of gena at merger with lateral margin of postgenal sharply angulate. Thorax: Mesonotum shiny black, male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third, with a thin lateral extension at level of suture and extended along posterior margin of notopleuron; lateral to microtomentose band mostly bare, shiny except for microtomentose anterior surface of postpronotum and ventral margin of notopleuron; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural region generally bare, shiny black. Wing hyaline to faintly infumate, faintly tannish, lacking any pattern or markings. Costal vein ratio 0.40-0.51; M vein ratio 0.69–0.83. Coxae black, shiny; forecoxa with some lateral areas microtomentose but lacking vertical microstriae; femora and tibiae black; forefemur with 4–5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; basal 2–3 tarsomeres yellow, apical 2–3 brownish black to dark brown. Halter with base black, knob whitish yellow. Abdomen: Generally shiny black; male tergite 5 truncate apically. Male Terminalia (Figs 31–35): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 31) with dorsal half transversely rectangular, lateral margin shallowly convex, dorsal margin broadly truncate, very thin above cercal cavity, ventral half thinner than dorsal half, demarcation sharply angulate, thereafter ventral extensions almost parallel sided, ventral margin broadly bilobed with moderately deep, thin, incision, setulae clumped, at ventral margin, at beginning of ventral half and at 2 sites along dorsal margin, in lateral view (Fig. 32) with posterior portion linear, thinnest dorsally and subventrally, thereafter ventrally enlarged, clavate, with well-developed anterior, hook-like extension, hook angulate rather than rounded, bearing setulae at vortices of angles; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 32) narrow, elongate, rod-like, slightly wider dorsally, apparently fused ventrally with ventral margin of cercal cavity, in lateral view (Fig. 33) narrowly lunate; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 35) as 2 structures of differing lengths, elongate basiphallus curved, irregularly tapered, base of basiphallus T-shaped, bar formed by pointed, lateral projections, apex of basiphallus acutely pointed and more curved, distiphallus less than half length of basiphallus, shallowly curved, otherwise rod-like, in ventral view (Fig. 34) with basiphallus as a thick, inverted Y, incised gap narrowly and deeply U-shaped with a heart-shaped extension at base, distiphallus with base within apical gap of basiphallus, narrow, straight, rod-like; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 35) C-shaped, each arm expanded apically, in ventral view as 2 stacked, moderately broad, short arrowheads; gonite in lateral view irregularly clavate, narrow, elongate, straight, rod-like, in ventral view (Fig. 34) shorter than gonite in lateral view, rod-like; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 35) thin, elongate, irregularly clavate basally with midlength, short projections, in ventral view (Fig. 34) as 2 irregular, almost parallel, rectangular sclerites, wider anteriorly than posteriorly, with a W-shaped base with narrow arms extended posteriorly and slightly laterally, and 2 short medial bumps along base.

Figures 31–35. 

Lamproclasiopa lapaz sp. n. (Bolivia. La Paz: La Paz) 31 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 32 same, lateral view 33 hypandrium 34 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 35 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype male of Lamproclasiopa lapaz is labeled “BOLIVIA. La Paz: La Paz (6 km NE; 16°25.7'S, 68°04.3'W; 4130m), 19 Mar 2001[,] Wayne N. Mathis/USNM ENT 00119994 [plastic bar code label]/HOLOTYPE ♂ Lamproclasiopa lapaz Costa, Mathis & Marinoni USNM [red].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of plastic), is in good condition (abdomen removed, dissected, parts in an attached microvial), and is deposited in the USNM. Two female paratypes bear the following label data: Bolivia. La Paz (NE; 16°27.4'S, 68°06'W; 3940m), 19 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (2♀; USNM).

BOLIVIA. La Paz: La Paz (6 km NE; 16°25.7'S, 68°04.3'W; 4130m).

(Fig. 36). Neotropical: Bolivia (La Paz).

Figure 36. 

Distribution map of Lamproclasiopa auritunica sp. n. (▲); L. lapaz sp. n. (♦). L. hendeli (★).

The species epithet, lapaz, refers to the capital of Bolivia, La Paz, where the type series was collected. La Paz is Spanish for peace, which we embrace and recommend to all.

This species is very similar both of the other species of the polita group, especially L. auritunica, but is distinguished from these two species as follows: Female frons with broad, transverse stripe on anterior half (female frons in L. auritunica is mostly bare, shiny black); male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third only (male mesonotum in L. auritunica has a broad longitudinal band over entire mesonotal length, although it is weaker posteriorly). Shapes of structures of the male terminalia are also diagnostic.

This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.60–2.70 mm; generally a shiny black species. Head: Frons shiny black. Antenna black except for basoventral yellowish orange to orange of basal flagellomere. Face black except for silvery gray, microtomentose antennal grooves, microtomentum sometimes extended ventrally onto ventral portion of face, in lateral view rounded, obtusely angulate, greatest extension at midheight. Antenna black. Gena high; gena-to-eye ratio 0.30–0.34. Thorax: Mesonotum and pleural areas shiny black; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing hyaline, immaculate; costal vein ration 0.43–0.45; M vein ratio 0.52–0.57. Legs black, mostly shiny except for yellow basal 2 tarsomeres; forefemur with 4–5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; Abdomen: Tergites shiny black, almost completely bare of microtomentum; male tergite 5 more or less triangular, posterior margin narrowly rounded. Male terminalia (Figs 39–42): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 39) more or less oval, flattened dorsally, narrowed ventrally, setulae more evident ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. 40) longer than wide, ventral half robust, widest just ventrad of midheight, narrowly rounded at apex; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 39) narrow, elongate, slightly curved, ventral apex narrowly pointed, in lateral view (Fig. 40) as an elongated teardrop, shallowly curved, wider dorsally, ventral portion becoming narrower ventrally; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 42) elongate, posterior margin more or less evenly developed, anterior margin with angular protuberance, ventral apex shallowly bifurcate, in ventral view (Fig. 41) robustly developed medially, apices thin, angulate laterally; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 42) clavate, base narrower than globular apex, rounded apically, in ventral view (Fig. 41) with base quadrate with short triangular extension; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 42) robustly L-shaped, in ventral view (Fig. 41) dome-like; hypandrium in lateral view L-shaped, anterior portion longer and more robustly developed than narrow, posterior portion, in ventral view (Fig. 41), slightly more than semicircular, broadly and evenly rounded.

Figures 37–38. 

Lamproclasiopa polita (Edwards). (Chile. Osorno: Anticura) 37 head, anterior view 38 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 39–42. 

Lamproclasiopa polita (Edwards). (Chile. Osorno: Anticura) 39 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 40 same, lateral view 41 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 42 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype female of Ditrichophora polita Edwards is labeled “Holotype/Type/Argentina: Terr. Río Negro. F.&M. Edwards. B.M. 1927–63./Lake Gutiérrez 3–14.xi.1926./Ditrichophora polita Edw. F. W. Edwards det. 1932/HOLOTYPE Ditrichophora polita Edwards det. J.E. Chainey, 1995/NHMUK010240990. The holotype is double mounted (glued to a plastic triangle), is in good condition, and is deposited in the BMNH.

Argentina. Río Negro: Lake Gutiérrez (41°11.5'S, 71°23.7'W).

CHILE. Atacama: Huasco (28°28'S, 71°13.1'W), 21 Oct 1957, L. E. Peña (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Cautin: Temuco (20 km E; 38°44'S, 72°35'W), 7 Jan 1951, A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (1♀; USNM). Coquimbo: Incahuasi (27°02'S, 68°18'W), 30 Sep 1952, P. G. Kuschel (13♂, 7♀; USNM); Ovalle (32 km SE; 30°36'S, 71°11'W), 12 Dec 1950, A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (3♂, 2♀; USNM). Lanquihue: Peulla (41°28'S, 72°57.7'W) (1?; BMNH); Puerto Varas (41°18.6'S, 72°59.6'W) (1♂; BMNH). O’Higgins: Río Claro (5 km N Rengo; 34°24'S, 70°52'W; 300 m), 23 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). Osorno: Anticura (4 km W; 37°40'S, 72°01'W; 400 m), 3 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 4♀; USNM); Anticura (1 km W; 40°39'S, 72°10'W; 430 m), 5–12 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Lago Puyehue (SE shore; 40°45'S, 72°25.2'W), 6–10 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (4♂, 1♀; USNM); Lago Rupanco, El Encanto (40°49'S, 72°28'W), 6 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM); Laguna El Pato (41°10'S, 73°40'W; 1100 m), 13 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM); Termas de Aguas Calientes (1 km SE; 40°41'S, 72°21'W; 530 m), 7–8 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM). Santiago: El Alfalfal (33°30'S, 70°11'W; 1320 m), 22 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM); Quebrada de la Plata (near Maipú; 33°30'S, 70°55'W; 550 m; Malaise trap), 12 Mar 1986, M. E. Irwin (1♂; USNM). Talca: Río Lircay (11 km N Talca; 35°23'S, 71°39'W; 85 m), 23 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 7♀; USNM).

(Fig. 104). Neotropical: Argentina (Río Negro), Chile (Atacama, Cautin, Coquimbo, Lanquihue, Malleco, O’Higgins, Osorno, Santiago, Talca).

Although similar to L. auritunica and L. lapaz in having a high gena (gena-to-eye ratio 0.30–0.34), this species is unlike these two species by having a nearly bare and shiny male frons; a triangular-shaped male tergite five, which is narrowly rounded posteriorly; a rounded epandrium, and an aedeagus without any kind of division.

This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore-fly species, body length 1.55–1.80 mm; generally black, subshiny to shiny. Head: Frons mostly brownish black to black, sparsely brownish microtomentose, more so on anterior portion, subshiny, ocellar triangle extended to anterior margin of frons, some specimens with grayish red areas along anterior margin just dorsad of antennal bases, parafrons with narrowly oval, densely microtomentose areas at anterolateral corner. Antenna mostly black, only basal flagellomere with ventrobasal area with some yellowish to yellowish orange coloration. Face narrow, mostly shiny black, especially over greater medial portion, extreme lateral margin adjacent to parafacial yellowish, narrow whitish gray, transverse band just ventrad of antennal base and through dorsal portion of antennal grooves, ventral half of face slightly receded; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial thin, yellow dorsally, adjacent to eye, black ventrally and extended to gena. Gena short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.04–0.06. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly sparsely microtomentose, brownish black to black, subshiny; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural region black; dorsal 2/3 of anepisternum finely granulose, subshiny, anteroventral portion smooth, shiny. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.80–0.81; M vein ratio 0.61–0.64. Legs, except tarsi, black; tarsi yellow; apical 1–2 tarsomeres darker, tan to brown; forefemur with sparse row of 4–5, stouter, spine-like setae along apical half of posteroventral surface. Abdomen: Generally black, subshiny to mostly shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray; sternite 3 of male rectangular, parallel sided, length twice width; sternite 4 of male rectangular, length almost twice width; sternite 5 of male as 2 sternites, length nearly twice greatest width, anterior margin narrow, becoming slightly wider on anterior 1/3, thereafter tapered to a posterolateral point, lateral margin straight, medial margin angulate. Male terminalia (Figs 45–48): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 45) robustly oval, arched and thin dorsally, gradually becoming wider ventrally than narrowed on apical 1/3, in lateral view (Fig. 46) with dorsal 2/3 thirds narrow, strap-like, thereafter ventrally abruptly widened with anterior, pointed extension, ventral margin broadly rounded; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 45) elongate, narrowly semicircular, ventral apex more acutely pointed than more widely produced dorsal margin, in lateral view (Fig. 46) irregularly, narrowly semihemispherical, wider subdorsally than ventrally; gonite in lateral view narrowly rod-like, arched, only slightly wider toward aedeagal base than toward hypandrium, in ventral view (Fig. 47) robustly hook-like with shank of hook narrow and rounded portion very robustly developed; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 48) L-shaped, arm extended to aedeagal base slightly more robust, length of both arms about equal, in ventral view (Fig. 47) as a dog bone, expanded at each apex; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 48) elongate, robust, sinuous, more or less parallel sided, in ventral view (Fig. 47) as a very robust H with long posterior arms, lateral margins conspicuously sinuous, anterior emargination shallowly concave, posterior emargination deep, broadly U-shaped.

Figures 43–44. 

Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis sp. n. (Ecuador. Orellana: Rio Tiputini) 43 head, anterior view 44 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 45–48. 

Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis sp. n. (Ecuador. Orellana: Rio Tiputini) 45 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 46 same, lateral view 47 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 48 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype male of Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis is labeled “ECUADOR. Prt. Or[e][l]lana: RioTiputini (0°38.2'S, 76°8.9'W), 12–26 Aug 1999,W.N.Mathis, A. Baptista, M. Kotrba/USNM ENT 00118307 [plastic bar code label]/HOLOTYPE ♂ Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis Costa, Mathis & Marinoni USNM [red].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a plastic block), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. Four paratypes (3♂, 1♀; DZUP, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype.

Ecuador. Orellana: Río Tiputini Biodiversity Station (0°38.2'S, 76°8.9'W).

(Fig. 104). Neotropical: Ecuador (Orellana).

The species epithet, ecuadoriensis, refers to the country of Ecuador, where this species was collected.

This species is similar to L. laevior and L. polita, although it can be distinguished from congeners by the densely microtomentose anterolateral, narrowly oval black velvet spots on the frons; the narrow, shiny black face; the comparatively elongate costal section III (section III slightly less than section II); and the shape of structures of the male terminalia (Figs 45–48).

This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-fly species, body length 1.50–2.05 mm; generally black, subshiny to shiny. Head: Frons mostly brownish black to black, sparsely brownish microtomentose, more so on anterior portion, subshiny, some specimens with 2 gray spots along ventral margin just dorsad of antennal bases. Antenna mostly black, only basal flagellomere with ventrobasal area with some yellowish to yellowish orange coloration. Face mostly shiny black, especially medially and laterally, between with some areas sparsely microtomentose and in antennal grooves, dorsal half; antennal grooves evident , dorsad of dorsoclinate facial pair of setae; ventral half of face slightly receded; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial thin, black. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06–0.07. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly sparsely microtomentose, brownish black to black; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; pleural region black; dorsal 2/3 of anepisternum finely granulose, subshiny, anteroventral portion smooth, shiny. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.75–0.89; M vein ratio 0.58–0.61. Legs, except tarsi, black; tarsi yellow; apical 1–2 tarsomeres darker, tan to brown; forefemur with sparse row of 4–5, stouter, spine-like setae along apical half of posteroventral surface. Abdomen: Generally black, subshiny to mostly shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray. Male terminalia (Figs 51–54): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 51) almost as wide as high, as an inverted U, dorsal arch very thin, vertical, lateral arms essentially parallel sided, wider than width of cercus, in lateral view (Fig. 52) widest at ventral 1/3, ventral margin step-wise rounded, overall as a robust tear drop with an anterior, short, shallowly pointed projection at widest width; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 51) bar-like, elongate, narrow, parallel sided, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, in lateral view (Fig. 52) elongate, dorsal half slightly wider than ventral half; gonite in ventral view (Fig. 53) triangular, with basal angle projected into narrow process, in lateral view (Fig. 54) obtusely angulate, extension toward aedeagal base slightly thinner; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 54) irregular, wider apically, margin irregular, in ventral view (Fig. 53) slightly wider subapically, irregularly rounded apically; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 54) angulate, L-shaped, extension toward hypandrium shallowly angulate subapically, in ventral view (Fig. 53) spindle shaped, with basal portion much wider than apical portion; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 53) as a very wide and short structure, anterior and posterior emarginations shallow, anterior arms with oblique crossbar, in lateral view (Fig. 54) as an irregular H, with lateral portions of H irregular.

Figures 49–50. 

Lamproclasiopa zerafael sp. n. (Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus) 49 head, anterior view 50 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 51–54. 

Lamproclasiopa zerafael sp. n. (Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus) 51 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 52 same, lateral view 53 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 54 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype male of Lamproclasiopa zerafael is labeled “BRAZIL. Amazonas: Reserva Ducke (02°55.8'S, 59°58.5'W; 40 m), 5 May 2010, D. & W. N. Mathis/USNM ENT 00118311 [plastic bar code label]/HOLOTYPE ♂ Lamproclasiopa zerafael Costa, Mathis & Marinoni, INPA [red].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a plastic block), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in INPA. Fourteen paratypes (11♂, 2♀; DZUP, INPA, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (03°05.9'S, 59°58.2'W; 50 m), 7 May 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (5♂, 11♀; DZUP, INPA, USNM); Reserva Cuieiras (02°35.2'S, 60°07.2'W; 110 m), 8 May 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (3♂; INPA, USNM).

Brazil. Amazonas: Reserva Ducke (02°55.8'S, 59°58.5'W; 40 m).

(Fig. 104). Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas).

The species epithet, zerafael, refers to José (Zé) Albertino Rafael, student of Diptera and Zoraptera (especially the Amazonian fauna) and who kindly hosted and guided us while in Manaus, Amazonas. The name is a noun in apposition.

This species is distinguished from congeners, especially L. triangularis, by having a sparsely microtomentose body generally, a mostly shiny black face; a short gena (height about half height of basal flagellomere), a hyaline wing, a blackish yellow foretarsus. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguishes this species, especially the relatively gross, thickened aedeagus that is slightly asymmetrical, the wide and thinly dissected hypandrium, and the funnel-shaped gonites in ventral view.

This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore flies, body length 1.65–1.85 mm. Head: Frons bi- or tricolored, lacking iridescent microtomentum, ocellar triangle largely and fronto-orbits whitish tan to tan, ocellar triangle with anteromedial, narrow, slightly oval darkened area, triangle broadly extended to anterior margin, parafrons grayish charcoal. Antenna largely yellow, only dorsum of basal flagellomere slightly darkened. Face narrowed at midheight, mostly unicolorous, whitish gray to blackish gray except for mediovertical brown vitta; parafacial creamy white. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.10. Thorax: Mesonotum with 7 brown vittae, including a medial vitta along acrostichal area (Fig. 57); presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing conspicuously patterned with distinct brown spots (Fig. 58); vein R₂₊₃ distinctly angulate subapically, apices angled toward costa; at vertex of angle also bearing a stump vein, another stump vein near middle; costal vein ratio 0.67–0.68; M vein ratio 0.66–0.71. Femora brownish black; forefemur with 4–5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae largely brownish black, apices yellow; tarsi yellow.

Figures 55–58. 

Lamproclasiopa balsamae (Cresson). (Costa Rica. San José: Pedregoso) 55 head, anterior view 56 same, lateral view 57 thorax, dorsal view 58 Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

The holotype female of Ditrichophora balsamae Cresson is labeled “Puerto Castilla B. F. Hond. 6-V-26. R. H. Painter, Co [“B. F.” handwritten /TYPE No. 6365 Ditrichophora BALSAMAE E T Cresson, Jr. [red; “6365 Ditrichophora BALSAMAE” handwritten]/1182.” The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of fine foam), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the ANSP (6365).

Honduras. Colón: Puerto Castilla (16°0.5'N, 85°57.7'W).

BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Gavea (22°58.6'S, 43°13.7'W), Mar 1929, H. Souza Lopes (6♀; IOC).

COSTA RICA. San José: Pedregoso (9° 22.45'N, 83° 43.2'W), D. L. Rounds (1♀; USNM).

EL SALVADOR. La Liberdad: Santa Tecla (12 km NW; 13°45.1'N, 89°22.1'W), Oct 1953, W. B. Heed (1♀; USNM).

(Fig. 59). Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Costa Rica (San José), El Salvador (La Liberdad), Honduras (Colón).

Figure 59. 

Distribution map of Lamproclasiopa balsamae (▲); L. bisetulosa (♦); L. mancha sp. n. (▲); L. painteri (■).

Although very similar and apparently closely related to L. painteri, this species is distinguished from congeners by the number and entirety of the mesonotal stripes. There are seven longitudinal vittae, including a medial vitta in the acrostichal area.

A male of this species is unavailable, and thus, our diagnosis is incomplete for structures of the male terminalia.

This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.55–2.10 mm. Head: Frons mostly yellowish to golden tan, especially outline of mesofrons and fronto-orbits, anterior portion immediately dorsad of antennae yellowish orange, microtomentum denser and whiter at base of fronto-orbital setae. Antenna yellow to yellowish orange; basal flagellomere slightly brownish dorsally. Face black but completely to mostly silvery white microtomentose, often with medial, darker stripe with microtomentum thinner, otherwise lacking prominent, vertical stripes; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial silvery to creamy white; gena very short. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.05–0.07. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly tannish to golden tan microtomentose; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural area very sparsely microtomentose, mostly dark brown, partially subshiny, contrasted with densely microtomentose mesonotum. Wing hyaline except for conspicuous darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and especially over dm-cu (Fig. 62); vein R₂₊₃ with apex more abruptly curved toward costa; costal vein ratio 0.51–0.60; M vein ratio 0.59–0.65. Femora mostly black; forefemur with 4–5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae mostly brownish black, apices yellow; tarsi yellow. Abdomen: Generally black, mostly subshiny to shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray. Male terminalia (Figs 63–66): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 63) elongate, inverted U-shaped, dorsal arch narrow, becoming wider ventrally, ventral margin bearing loose cluster of longer setulae, in lateral view widest subventrally, ventral margin more narrowly rounded; cercus in posterior hemispherical, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, with somewhat evenly scattered setulae, those toward ventral margin longer; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 66) somewhat rod-like, shallowly curved, both ends tapered, in ventral view (Fig. 65) knife-like, medial end blade-like, lateral extension narrow with apical portion curved and pointed; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 66) as an angulate funnel, comparatively wide basally, thereafter apically angles posteroventrally, tapered to narrowly pointed apex, in ventral view (Fig. 65) an elongate, narrow funnel; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 66) irregularly Y-shaped, keel long, narrow, linear; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 65) as 2 narrow, parallel sided, thin sclerites, with posterior connection, in lateral view (Fig. 66) an elongate, slender, rod-like structure, bulbous posteriorly, shallowly bifurcate anteriorly.

Figures 60–62. 

Lamproclasiopa mancha sp. n. (Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba) 60 head, anterior view 61 same, lateral view 62 Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm

Figures 63–66. 

Lamproclasiopa mancha sp. n. (Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba) 63 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 64 same, lateral view 65 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 66 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype male of Lamproclasiopa mancha is labeled “BRAZIL. Paraná: Curitiba, UFPR [Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica] (25°26.9'S, 49°14'W; 915 m),6 Feb2010[,] D. & W. N. Mathis/USNM ENT 00118310 [plastic bar code label]/HOLOTYPE ♂ Lamproclasiopa mancha Costa, Mathis & Marinoni DZUP [red].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of plastic), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in DZUP. Twenty-nine paratypes (24♂, 5♀; DZUP, USNM) bear the same locality data as the holotype, with dates from 9 Dec 2009–13 Feb 2010.

Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9'S, 49°14'W; 915 m).

ARGENTINA. Misiones: Puerto Bemberg (25°55'S, 54°37'W), 13 Oct 1950, L. C. Shum (1♀; USNM).

BRAZIL. Paraná: Colombo (Santa Monica tennis club; 25°23.1'S, 49°08.8'W; 860 m), 18 Mar 2015, Daniel N. R. Costa (1♂; DZUP); Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9'S, 49°14'W; 915 m), 1–4 Feb 2010, 13–17 Out 2014, Daniel N. R. Costa (13♂, 4♀; DZUP); Morro do Araçatuba (Município de Tijucas do Sul; 25°53.8'S, 49°01.2'W; 910 m), 27 Feb 2015, W. N. Mathis (1♀; DZUP). Santa Catarina: Nova Teutônia (27°11'S, 52°23'W; 3–500 m), Jul-Nov 1970, 1971, F. Plaumann (9♂, 4♀; MZUSP). São Paulo: Itú (23°15.9'S, 47°17.9'W), Sep 1960, M. A. V. D’Andretta (8♂, 2♀; MZUSP).

(Fig. 59). Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo).

The species epithet, mancha, is the Portuguese word for a stain and refers to the darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and dm-cu, diagnostic of this species.

This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the wing pattern. The wing is mostly hyaline except for darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and especially over dm-cu; and vein R₂₊₃ has the apex more abruptly curved toward the costa. Sometimes the darkened spots over the crossveins are slightly faded.

This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore flies, body length 1.15–1.80 mm. Head: Frons bi- or tricolored, lacking iridescent microtomentum, ocellar triangle largely and fronto-orbits whitish tan to tan, ocellar triangle with anteromedial, narrow, slightly oval darkened area, triangle broadly extended to anterior margin, parafrons grayish charcoal. Antenna largely yellow, only dorsum of basal flagellomere slightly darkened. Face narrowed at midheight, mostly unicolorous, whitish gray to blackish gray except for mediovertical brown vitta; parafacial creamy white. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.08–0.09. Thorax: Mesonotum with 4 elongate, mostly separated spots (Fig. 69); presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing conspicuously patterned with distinct brown spots (Fig. 70); vein R₂₊₃ distinctly angulate subapically, apices angled toward costa; at vertex of angle also bearing a stump vein, another stump vein near middle; costal vein ratio 0.76–0.87; M vein ratio 0.66–0.75. Femora brownish black; forefemur with 4–5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae largely brownish black, apices yellow; tarsi yellow. Abdomen: Tergite 5 of male truncate posteriorly. Male terminalia (Figs 71–74): Epandrium in posterior (Fig. 71) view roundly U-shaped, bluntly oval, narrower dorsally and ventrally, slightly wider at midheight, lateral arm becoming wider ventrally, curved medially ventral margin ventromedial gap V-shaped, ventral angle bearing loosely clustered setulae; cercus hemispherical, pointed dorsomedially, more setulose dorsally, medial margin straight; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 74) robustly rod-like, shallowly curved toward aedeagal base, shaped like a banana, in ventral view shallowly curved with extension toward aedeagal base narrow, thumb-like, thereafter moderately wide, widest subapically; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 74) comparatively narrowly truncate basally, thereafter expanded, widest sub-basally, thereafter tapered to rounded apex, apex with short, recurved anterior point, in ventral view (Fig. 73) as an elongate, shallowly rounded, narrowed medially, basal margin somewhat truncate with shallow, medial emargination, apical margin tapered to angulate, rounded apex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 74) Y-shaped with one arm of Y a short, irregularly narrow keel, keel irregularly tapered, pointed apically; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 74) narrowed basally, apical ½-2/3 wider, narrowly rectangular, rounded anteriorly, in ventral view as a very broad, short H with short arms, anterior emargination broadly V-shaped, posterior emargination very broadly and shallowly U-shaped.

Figures 67–70. 

Lamproclasiopa painteri (Cresson). (Peru. Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza) 67 head, anterior view 68 same, lateral view 69 thorax, dorsal view 70 Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 71–74. 

Lamproclasiopa painteri (Cresson). (Peru. Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza) 71 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 72 same, lateral view 73 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 74 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The holotype female of Ditrichophora painteri Cresson is labeled “Puerto Castilla B. F. Hond. 6-V-26 [6 May 1926] R. H. Painter, Co [“B. F.” handwritten]/TYPE No. 6366 Ditrichophora PAINTERI E.T.Cresson, Jr, [red; “6366 Ditrichophora PAINTERI” handwritten]/1182.” The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of fine foam), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the ANSP (6366). Three paratypes (2♂, 1♀; ANSP) bear the same locality label as the holotype.

Honduras. Colón: Puerto Castilla (16°0.5'N, 85°57.7'W).

BELIZE. Stann Creek: Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary (16°47'N, 88’30'W), 5–6 Apr 1993, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 8♀; USNM); Maya Center: Cabbage Haul Creek (16°48'N, 88°23'W), 3 Apr 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM).

BRAZIL. Amazonas: Marco (near Leticia=Tabatinga; 04°13.9'S, 69°56'W), Aug 1960, H. L. Carson, W. B. Heed (1♂; USNM). Pará: Oriximiná-Obidos, estrada (01°47.7'S, 55°36'W), Nov 1969 (1♂; MZUSP); Tucuruí, Morro do Senador (03°59.4'S, 49°44.8'W), Dec 2001, J. A. Rafael, J. Vidal (1♀; INPA). Paraná: Antonina, Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira (25°19'S, 48°41,6'W), 8 Feb 2010, D. N. R. Costa (3♂; DZUP). Rio de Janeiro: Gávea (22°59.2'S, 43°14.7'W), 31 Mar 1937, H. de Souza Lopes (5♂, 1♀; ANSP, MNRJ + 2♂; NMNH).

ECUADOR. Orellana: Río Tiputini (0°38.2'S, 76°8.9'W), 12–26 Aug 1999, W. N. Mathis, A. Baptista, M. Kotrba (5♀; USNM).

GUYANA. Moco-Moco (30 km E Lethem in Kanuku Mountains; 3°18.2'N, 59°39.0'W), 29 Apr 1995, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 3♀; USNM).

PANAMA. Colon: Juan Gallegos (9°37'N, 79°34'W), 10 Jul 1982, R. B. Kimsey (1♀; USNM).

PERU. Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6'S, 71°16.9'W; 250 m), 9–23 Sep 1988, W. N. Mathis (27♂, 20♀; USNM).

TRINIDAD and TOBAGO. Tobago. St. John: Charlotteville (5 km S; 11°18.9'N, 60°34.5'W), Hermitage River and beach, 22 Apr-11 Jun 1993, 1994, D. and W. N. Mathis (5♂, 5♀; USNM); Parlatuvier (creek; 11°17.9'N, 60°35'W), 20 Apr-14 Jun 1993, 1994, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM). St. Paul: Argyle Falls (11°15'N, 60°35'W), 21 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Roxborough (6 km NNW; 11°16'N, 60°35.4'W), 20 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (13♂, 14♀; USNM). Trinidad. Caroni: Talparo (2 km N, 10°31'N, 61°17'W), 22 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). St. George: Filette (1 km SE; 10°47'N, 61°21'W), Yarra River, 25 Jun 1993; W. N. Mathis (2♀; USNM). Victoria: Basse Terre (7 km E; 10°07'N, 61°14'W), 27 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 3♀; USNM).

VENEZUELA. Caife, Jan 1943, P. J. Anduze (2♀; USNM).

(Fig. 59). Neotropical: Belize (Stann Creek), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro), Ecuador (Orellana), Guyana, Honduras (Colón), Peru (Madre de Dios), Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Although similar to L. balsamae, this species is distinguished from that species and all other congeners by having a conspicuously spotted wing, as in L. balsamae, and by having the mesonotum with four stripes, each as a short series of two to four more or less elongated spots. In L. balsamae there are seven distinct and complete or nearly complete stripes. Structures of the male terminalia also distinguish this species.

The illustration of L. balsamae that Mathis and Zatwarnicki (2001) published is actually that of L. painteri.

The locality of the specimen from Venezuela is a mystery to us. We have checked and rechecked the spelling on the label, “Caife,” but have been unable to locate this name on maps or gazetteers. Perhaps it is a misspelling.

This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.60-2.40 mm. Head: Frons distinctly two toned, fronto-orbits and narrow, medial triangular area densely microtomentose, velvety black; mesofrons other than narrow, medial triangle, seriaceus, bronzish to copperish gray to blue. Antenna yellow, some specimens slightly black anterodorsally. Facial series with 2 setae on each side; face also distinctly two toned, a narrow, bare, shiny, vertical stripe that is bordered laterally by dense, palely golden-white microtomentum; parafacial very narrow, densely silvery white microtomentose. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06–0.10. Thorax: Mesonotum almost uniformly colored and invested with light dusting of microtomentum, lacking distinct stripes or isolated spots; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing hyaline; costal vein ratio 0.71–0.90; M vein ratio 0.57–0.62. Coxae, femora and tibiae black, tarsi yellow; forefemur with 4–5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin. Abdomen: Tergites shiny black. Male terminalia (Figs 77–80): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 77) disconnected dorsally, each lateral portion vertically elongate and robustly developed, height nearly 3× width, ventral portion on each side tapered laterally to medial, pointed apex, sloping ventral margin more conspicuously setulose, setulae mostly straight, also setulose dorsally, these setulae shallowly curved; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 77) very narrowly developed, elongate, bearing more setulae dorsally, linear; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 80) shallowly and broadly zigzagged, each apex narrowed, in ventral (Fig. 79) view linear, rod-like; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 80) generally rectangular, more broadly developed apically, apical margin slightly emarginate, with an elongate, narrow membranous extension, in ventral view an elongate, narrow, rod-like structure, narrowly truncate basally, apex roundly tapered to narrow point; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 80) with distinctive, relatively broad keel, each extended process abruptly narrowed, in ventral view elongate with each end wider and with short, midheight papilla-like extensions laterally; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 80) mostly rectangular with posterior, narrow process angled toward aedeagus, in ventral view (Fig. 79) rectangular, wider than long, anterior margin produced to form a short, medial point, posterior margin very shallowly concave.

Figures 75–76. 

Lamproclasiopa nana (Williston). (Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba) 75 head, anterior view 76 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 77–80. 

Lamproclasiopa nana (Williston). (Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba) 77 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 78 same, lateral view 79 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 80 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

The lectotype male of Discocerina nana Williston (designated by Mathis and Edmiston 1991: 824) is labeled “Co-type [circular label with a yellow border]/1000 feet/[a black, square label]/St. Vincent, W.I. H. H. Smith./W.Indies. 1907–66./Discocerina nana Will. [handwritten, two red submarginal borders]/LECTOTYPE Discocerina nana Will. ♂ By W.N.Mathis [handwritten except for “LECTOTYPE” and “By”, black sub-border].” the lectotype is double mounted (pin in a rectangular piece of cardboard), is in good condition, and is deposited in the BMNH. There are also eight paralectotypes as follows: BMNH (5♂, 1♀), AMNH (1♂, 1♀). Williston, in the original description, noted that the type series included “Numerous specimens.”

West Indies. St. Vincent (13°15'N, 61°11'W).

BOLIVIA. La Paz: Guanay (22 km SE; 15°17.8'S, 68°15.6'W; 540 m), 17 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM).

BRAZIL. Paraná: Colombo (Santa Monica tennis club; 25°23.1'S, 49°08.8'W; 860 m), 18 Mar 2015, Daniel N. R. Costa (1♂; DZUP); Curitiba, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W; 880 m), 20–31 Aug 2012, Daniel. N. R. Costa (5♂; DZUP); Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9'S, 49°14'W; 915 m), 6–13 Feb 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; DZUP, USNM).

COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Medellín (6°14.1'N, 75°34.5'W; coffee finca; 1525 m), Nov 1955, W. B. Heed (2♂; USNM). Cauca: Popayán (30 km N; 2°36'N, 76°31.6'W), M. R. Wheeler (1♂; USNM). Valle de Cauca: Palmira (3°32.4'N, 76°18.4'W), Mar 1958, M. R. Wheeler (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Cali (10 km W; 3°26.7'N, 76°37.3'W; 1640 m), 20 Mar 1955, E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross (1♂; USNM).

COSTA RICA. Cartago: Juan Viñas (09°53.6'N, 83°15.3'W), 28 Apr 1910, P. P. Calvert (1♀; ANSP); La Suiza (9°51.5'N, 83°37.5'W), 6 May 1926, P. Schild (3♀; ANSP, USNM). Puntarenas: Pedregosa (09°08.4'N, 83°43.5'W), D. L. Rounds (1♀; ANSP). San José: Moravia, Zurquí de Moravia (Tower path; 10°2.8'N, 84°0.6'W, 1600 m), 6 Sep-29 Dec 2012, 2013, Project ZADBI (2♂, 5♀; MNCR-A).

CUBA. Sancti Spiritus: Topes de Collantes (21°55.2'N, 80°02'W; 350 m), 10 Dec 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM).

DOMINICA. Antrim Valley (15°20.7'N, 61°22.2'W; 305 m), 17 Mar 1956, J. F. G. Clarke (1♂, 3♀; USNM). Clarke Hall (15°24.5'N, 61°23.7'W), 16 Jan-21–31 Mar 1965, W. W. Wirth (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Fond Figues River (15°24'N, 61°18'W; 122 m), 30 Jan-22 Apr 1965, 1966, R. J. Gagné, W. W. Wirth (9♀, 2♀; USNM). G’leau Gommier near Belles (15°25.4'N, 61°20.4'W), 17 Mar 1956, J. F. G. Clarke (2♂, 6♀; USNM). Layou River (15°25.8'N, 61°21.4'W; 5 km E), 23 Mar 1989, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Pont Cassé (15°22.7'N, 61°20.6'W), 12 Feb-18 Jun 1965, 1991, D. and W. N. Mathis, W. W. Wirth (11♂, 2♀; USNM). South Chiltern Estate (15°14.8'N, 61°21.8'W), 2 Feb 1965, W. W. Wirth (1♀; USNM). Toucari (2 km S; 15°36.6'N, 61°27.8'W), 21 Mar 1989, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM). Trafalgar Falls (15°19'N, 61°21'W; 365 m), 6 Mar-19 Jun 1965, 1991, R. J. Gagné, D. and W. N. Mathis, W. W. Wirth (4♂, 4♀; USNM).

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Barahona: San Rafael (18°01.9'N, 71°08.4'W), 22 Mar 1999, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 3♀; USNM). La Vega: Jarabacoa (5 km S; 19°05.8'N, 70°36.5'W; 640 m), 8-20 May 1995, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 2♀; USNM); Paso de la Vaca, road from Monseñor Nouel to Constanza (19°04'N, 70°16.9'W; 1500 m), 27 Dec 1955, J. Maldonado Capriles (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Pedernales: Rio Mulito (21 km N Pedernales; 18°09.3'N, 71°45.6'W; 270 m), 18-20 Mar 1999, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). San Jose de Ocoa: San Jose de Ocoa (30.6 km N; 18°49.5'N, 70°30'W; 914 m), 30 Jul 1991, D. Grimaldi, J. Stark (2♂; AMNH).

JAMAICA. Portland: Reach Falls (18°01.8'N, 76°18.7'W), 15 May 1996, D. and W. N. Mathis, H. Williams (1♂; USNM); Reach Falls, Drivers River (18°01.9'N, 76°18.7'W; 70 m), 25 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Section (0.5 km E; 18°05.2'N, 76°43.9'W; 1020 m), 28 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 4♀; USNM). St. Andrew: Cinchona (18°04.4'N, 76°39.3'W; 1400 m), 29 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (3♀; USNM); Hardwar Gap (18°04.2'N, 76°44'W), 17 May 1996, D. and W. N. Mathis, H. Williams (2♂; USNM); Hardwar Gap (18°04.2'N, 76°44'W; 1170 m), 27 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (4♂, 1♀; USNM); Hollywell (18°05.2'N, 76°43.9'W; 1100 m); 28 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (7♂; USNM); Mavis Bank (near coffee factory; 18°01.4'N, 76°39.7'W; waterfall), 21-23 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Mavis Bank (1.5 km W; 18°01.4'N, 76°39.9'W), 22 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM); Mavis Bank (1.7 km E; 18°02.4'N, 77°39.5'W; 575 m), Yallahs River, 21-22 Apr-1 May 2000, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Newcastle (6 km S; 18°04.3'N, 76°42.6'W; 950 m; waterfall), 30 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (14♂; USNM).

PERU. Cuzco: Paucartambo, Puente San Pedro (ca 50 km NW Pilcopata; 13°03.3'S, 71°32.8'W; 1600 m), 3 Sep 1988, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6'S, 71°16.9'W; 250 m), 9-23 Sep 1988, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM).

PUERTO RICO. Adjuntas (near; 18°09.7'N, 66°46.6'W), 22 Sep 1995, D. and W. N. Mathis (25♂, 4♀; USNM). El Verde (18°13.5'N, 66°0-3.2'W; near biological station road), 3 Feb 1989, S.A. Marshall (1♂, 6♀; GUE). El Yungue (18°18.4'N, 65°45.6'W), 20-22 Mar 1954, J. Maldonado Capriles (1♂; USNM). Maricao, Los Viveros (18°10.5'N, 66°59.2'W), 21 Sep 1995, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Maricao (4 km WNW; 18°10.7'N, 66°59.6'W), 21 Sep 1995, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM).

ST. LUCIA. Fond St. Jacques (13°50'N, 61°02'W), 13-14 Jun 1991, D. and W. N. Mathis (16♂, 8♀; USNM). Soufrière Botanical Garden (13°51'N, 61°04'W), 12 Jun 1991, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM).

ST. VINCENT. St. Patrick: Hermitage (6 km E Spring Village at Cumberland River; 13°14'N, 61°13.2'W; 550 m), 9 Jul 1989, M. Sorensson, B. Mårtensson (8♂, 2♀; MZLU); Hermitage (13°15'N, 61°12.9'W), 9 Sep 1997, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM).

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Tobago. St. John: Charlotteville (2 km S; 11°19'N, 60°33'W), 10 Jun 1993, 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM); Parlatuvier (creek; 11°17.9'N, 60°35'W), 20 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). St. Paul: Roxborough (6 km NNW; 11°16'N, 60°35.4'W), 20 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (8♂, 6♀; USNM); Roxborough (6.5 km N; 11°17'N, 60°35'W), 14 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Trinidad. St. George: Marianne River (9 km S; 10°46'N, 61°18'W), 25 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Mount St. Benedict (10°39'N, 61°24'W), 18-21 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Mount St. Benedict (10°39'N, 61°24'W; creek near base), 19 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM).

(Fig. 81). Neotropical: Bolivia (La Paz), Brazil (Paraná), Costa Rica (Cartago), Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Valle de Cauca), Peru (Cuzco, Madre de Dios), Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies (Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent).

Figure 81. 

Distribution map of Lamproclasiopa aracataca (●); L. nana (♦); L. triangularis sp. n. (▲).

This species is beautifully and strikingly colored, especially the head, and this color pattern distinguishes it from congeners. These characters, as noted in this species’ diagnosis, are as follows: Frons distinctly two toned; fronto-orbits narrow; medial triangular area densely microtomentose, velvety black; mesofrons, other than narrow, medial triangle, seriaceus, bronzish to copperish gray to blue; antenna yellow, some specimens slightly black anterodorsally. Facial series with two setae on each side; face also distinctly two toned, a narrow, bare, shiny, vertical stripe that is bordered laterally by dense, palely golden-white microtomentum; parafacial very narrow, densely silvery white microtomentose; wing hyaline.

Just as the color pattern of the head is unique among congeners, the structures of the male terminalia likewise represent a departure from the more typical pattern. This is especially evident in the shape of the epandrium, which exhibits a dorsal gap and the lateral arms are greatly thickened. Like many other species of Lamproclasiopa, there are loosely clustered setulae along the ventromedial margin. The cerci are slender and comparatively elongated. The internal structures are more typical, although the aedeagus in lateral view is more rectangular than being narrowly triangular and a slender, membranous distiphallus is often exposed.