Monograph |
Corresponding author: Caroline Sayuri Fukushima ( carolinesayuri@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Ingi Agnarsson
© 2017 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima, Rogério Bertani.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Fukushima CS, Bertani R (2017) Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera. ZooKeys 659: 1-185. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.659.10717
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The genus Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 is revised and all species are rediagnosed. The type species, described as Aranea avicularia Linnaeus, 1758, is the oldest mygalomorph species described and its taxonomic history is extensive and confusing. Cladistic analyses using both equal and implied weights were carried out with a matrix of 46 taxa from seven theraphosid subfamilies, and 71 morphological and ecological characters. The optimal cladogram found with Piwe and concavity = 6 suggests Avicularia and Aviculariinae are monophyletic. Subfamily Aviculariinae includes Avicularia Lamarck, 1818, Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Stromatopelma Karsch, 1881, Ephebopus Simon, 1892, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895, Heteroscodra Pocock, 1899, Iridopelma Pocock, 1901, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901, Ybyrapora gen. n., Caribena gen. n., and Antillena gen. n. The clade is supported by well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, greatly extended laterally. Avicularia synapomorphies are juveniles bearing black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles; spermathecae with an accentuated outwards curvature medially, and male palpal bulb with embolus medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Avicularia is composed of twelve species, including three new species: Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1818), Avicularia glauca Simon, 1891, Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n., A. minatrix Pocock, 1903, Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitão, 1920), Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923, Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, A. hirschii Bullmer et al. 2006, Avicularia merianae sp. n., A. lynnae sp. n., and A. caei sp. n.. Avicularia species are distributed throughout Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Three new genera are erected to accommodate former Avicularia species: Caribena gen. n., composed of Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. and Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837), comb. n.; Antillena gen. n., with a single species, Antillena rickwesti (Bertani & Huff, 2013), comb. n., both from the Caribbean; and Ybyrapora gen. n., composed of Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n., Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n. and Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. from Brazilian rainforest. The subspecies Avicularia avicularia variegata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 is elevated to species status, resulting in the combination Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n.. The following new synonymies are established: Avicularia velutina
Birdspider, Linnaeus, morphology, Mygalomorphae , systematics, tarantula
The genus Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 was erected for some species formerly included in Mygale Latreille, 1802. The type species, described as Aranea avicularia Linnaeus, 1758, was the first mygalomorph species described. Thus, its taxonomic history is extensive. It is also confusing; reflecting the knowledge and history of arachnology throughout the centuries.
The original description of Avicularia is vague (
At that time, most mygalomorph spiders were described in the genus Mygale Latreille, 1802. The name Mygale (“les Mygales”, in French) is a non-scientific name used by Walckenaer (
About 50 years later the name Avicularia was used again (
Historical aviculariine drawings. 1 Maria Sybilla Merian’s plate from Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium (1705) depicting an Avicularia avicularia eating a bird 2
Even though Avicularia was a nomenclatorally available and valid name, only in 1928 with the publication of Opinion 104 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature (ICZN 1928) was the genus Avicularia included in the Official List of Generic Names. The Direction 67 of this same Commission (
Some of the most renowned arachnologists have studied the genus throughout the 19th Century and beginning of the 20th Century.
Mello-Leitão studied the genus between 1920–1945. In the revision of Brazilian “theraphosoidea”,
Despite the many authors who have studied the Avicularia species, only a few of them proposed a diagnosis for the genus.
Over the course of many years, contributions to taxonomy of Avicularia were sparse. A significant alteration occurred only when
However,
In this same work,
Only in 1990 was a new species of Avicularia described: Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, from Ecuador (
More recently, Avicularia hirschii
The last taxonomic changes in the genus were proposed by
The last Avicularia species described was Avicularia rickwesti Bertani & Huff, 2013, a very distinct species endemic of the Dominican Republic (
The most recent diagnosis for the genus was proposed by
Avicularia species have an arboreal habit, making their silk retreats on vegetation and human structures (
An interesting defense mechanism was observed by
Detailed studies on habit, life cycle, and reproduction as well as biogeography and conservation are practically nonexistent. In one of the few ecological studies,
A more recent report on the ecology of an Avicularia species was conducted by
Desco-Derouet and Gros (1972) studied weight increase and linear growth of A. avicularia and concluded that changes in these variables cannot be used to determine sex in juveniles.
Regarding applied studies using the Avicularia species as a model, an antifungal peptide from the venom of the A. rufa (misidentified as A. juruensis) was discovered (
To date, the genus Avicularia includes 47 species and two subspecies and is recorded from Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile as well across the Caribbean archipelago including Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Martinique and Guadeloupe, and Trinidad and Tobago (
Even though the genus has a large number of species and has historical importance, it remains unrevised. To date, only short, taxonomic works were published, with the exception of
An additional difficulty of this work is the existence of relatively few specimens housed in scientific collections and available for taxonomic research. Avicularia is one of the most popular genera in the pet trade, with thousands of specimens spread out all over the world. However, only few specimens from the pet trade are deposited in collections and these are usually lacking locality or other data, therefore restricting their use in taxonomic studies.
Specimens from the following institutions were examined:
American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH); The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); Museu do Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade de Brasília, Brasília (DZUB); Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (IBSP); Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota (ICN–AR); Museu do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus (INPA); Museu Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires (MACN–AR); Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (MCP); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge (MCZ); Instituto de Zoologia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay (MIZA); Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN–AR); Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ); Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém (MPEG); Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima (MUSM–ENT); Museum Wiesbaden (Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlung), Wiesbaden (MWNH); Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (MZUSP); Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt (SMF); Museo de Entomologia Klaus Raven Büller, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima (UA); Museum of Evolution, University of Uppsala, Uppsala (UUZM); Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin (ZMB); and Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (ZUEC).
The AMNH and CAS collections do not assign numbers to specimens or sets. Thus, in order to individualize and facilitate localization of the specimens by subsequent researchers, we gave informal codes and numbers after Museum acronyms.
The general description format follows
A data matrix with 46 taxa and 71 characters (Table
Data matrix showing the distribution of character states in cladistic analysis. (?= unknown, - = non-applicable; both codification treated as missing data).
Taxon \ Character | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 |
M. santuario | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
H. rondoni | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Pterinochilus sp. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P. muticus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Haplopelma sp. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | - | - | - |
Phlogiellus sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lasiodora sp. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - |
P. vulpinus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - |
Poecilotheria sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | - | - | - |
E. olivacea | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Stromatopelma sp. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
H. maculata | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Psalmopoeus sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Tapinauchenius sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
E. murinus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
E. uatuman | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T. seladonia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
T. amma | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
T. costae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T. curumim | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
T. paschoali | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 2 | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | - | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
P. rufonigrum | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P. bromelicola | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I. hirsutum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
I. zorodes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I. vanini | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | ? | - | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
I. katiae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
I. oliveirai | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | - | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
I. marcoi | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 2 | ? | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | ? | - | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
C. laeta comb. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
C. versicolor comb. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y. sooretama comb. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Y. gamba comb. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y. diversipes comb. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 6 | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. rickwesti comb. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
A. avicularia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. variegata stat. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
A. taunayi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
A. juruensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
A. rufa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. purpurea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. merianae sp. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. hirschii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 | - | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
A. minatrix | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. lynnae sp. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1 | ? | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
A. caei sp. n. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | ? | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Taxon \ Character | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | |
M. santuario | ? | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | |
H. rondoni | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | - | |
Pterinochilus sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | - | |
P. muticus | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | - | |
Haplopelma sp. | 0 | - | 0 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | |
Phlogiellus sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | |
Lasiodora sp. | 0 | - | 0 | - | - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | |
P. vulpinus | 0 | - | 0 | - | - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | - | |
Poecilotheria sp. | 0 | - | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
E. olivacea | - | - | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | |
Stromatopelma sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
H. maculata | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Psalmopoeus sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | |
Tapinauchenius sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | |
E. murinus | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | - | |
E. uatuman | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | |
T. seladonia | ? | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
T. amma | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | |
T. costae | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | |
T. curumim | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
T. paschoali | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 1 | ? | ? | |
P. rufonigrum | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | |
P. bromelicola | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | |
I. hirsutum | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
I. zorodes | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
I. vanini | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | |
I. katiae | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
I. oliveirai | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ? | |
I. marcoi | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | ? | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 1 | 1 | ? | |
C. laeta comb. n. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
C. versicolor comb. n. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Y. sooretama comb. n. | 2 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Y. gamba comb. n. | 2 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Y. diversipes comb. n. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
A. rickwesti comb. n. | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
A. avicularia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
A. variegata stat. n. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
A. taunayi | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
A. juruensis | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
A. rufa | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Taxon \ Character | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | |
A. purpurea | 1 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
A. merianae sp. n. | 1 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | |
A. hirschii | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
A. minatrix | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
A. lynnae sp. n. | ? | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 1 | ? | |
A. caei sp. n. | ? | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | ? | ? |
In the cladistic analyses, representative species were included of seven of the eight theraphosid subfamilies recognized by
In the cladistic analyses we used the characters proposed by
Character coding is always challenging, especially regarding problems concerning “part” coding (e.g., presence of tibial apophysis) versus “character-variable” coding (e.g., development of tibial apophysis). We decided to code “part” characters separately from its “character-variable” characters to preserve transformational independence between them, assuring that primary homology statements of both characters were included in the analyses (
Theraphosids are notorious for their morphological homogeneity (
Another feature we have tried to use is the length of type II urticating setae. Some species, such as A. hirschii, A. minatrix, A. taunayi, Y. sooretama comb. n. and Y. gamba comb. n., apparently have unusual urticating setae length. However, we could not confirm this suspicion since we have just one or two specimens of those species. Thus, it was impossible to determine the intraspecific length variation and establish a reliable length range for each species. Beside setae length, another urticating setae feature that could be used is the distribution of barbs along setae in females (Figs
Thus, after trying different attempts and approaches, we consider the following characters suitable to be used:
0. Anterior row of eyes: (0) procurved (Fig.
1. Clypeus: (0) absent or narrow; (1) present, wide.
2. Fovea, closure: (0) slit like; (1) pit like.
3. Labial cuspules, number: (0) 30–300; (1) 0–20; (2) 350–450.
4. Sternum, shape: (0) longer than wide, not truncated behind (Fig.
5. Sigilla, posterior pair, position: (0) marginal, less than 1.5 diameters from margin; (1) close to the center, more than 2 diameters from margin.
6. Setae on metatarsi and tibia I–IV, length, males: (0) same length as other articles (Fig.
7. Scopulae on metatarsi IV, division: (0) divided by setae or spiniform setae; (1) not divided.*
8. Tarsal scopulae, occurrence: (0) no true scopula; (1) true scopula.*
9. Tarsal scopulae, setae development: (0) scopula composed of sparse setae; (1) dense scopula that does not extend much laterally; (2) scopula very extensive laterally, giving the tarsi and metatarsi I and II a spatulate appearance (Figs
10. Tarsi IV, division, males: (0) cracked; (1) integral.
11. Leg spines, occurrence: (0) present; (1) absent.
12. Leg spines, distribution: (0) in whole tibiae and/or metatarsi; (1) only in ventral apical tibiae and/or metatarsi.
13. Palpal femora, scopula on retrolateral face, occurrence: (0) absent, (1) present.
14. Femora IV, scopulae on retrolateral face, occurrence: (0) absent; (1) present.*
15. Chelicerae, scopulae on retrolateral face, occurrence: (0) absent, (1) present.
16. Maxillae, spiniform setae on lower prolateral face: (0) absent, (1) present.
17. Stridulatory bristles form maxillae lyra: (0) absent, (1) present (Fig.
18. Stridulatory bristles on coxae I, occurrence: (0) absent, (1) present.
19. Posterior lateral spinnerets, distal article, shape: (0) digitiform (Fig.
20. Patellae and tibia, stripes, color: (0) same color of the rest of the segment, (1) white.*
21. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi, coloration: (0) same color of the rest of the segment, (1) white (Fig.
Avicularia avicularia and A. variegata stat. n. have morphotypes with different colors of leg rings. Due to this intraespecific variability, these two taxa were coded as “?” in the matrix.
22. Tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi, dorsal coloration: (0) homogeneous color, (1) with black marking (Fig.
23. Color pattern, ontogenetic change: (0) pattern remains practically the same during ontogeny; (1) pattern presents drastic changes during ontogeny.
Most outgroup species have only slight variations in the general color and abdominal pattern during their ontogeny. We consider a drastic change when legs, carapace, and abdomen change their color during ontogeny. Most aviculariines have abdomen dorsum pattern with stripes in their early life stages, losing it when reaching maturity, which is, herein, considered as state 1. Other species, such as Ephebopus murinus, despite not having heterogeneous abdominal pattern during all ontogeny, have some conspicuous changes: immatures have light brown legs with black tarsi and black carapace, while adults have black legs with very conspicuous white stripes and light brown carapace. This condition is also considered as a drastic change and codified as “1”.
24. Dorsal abdominal pattern in immatures (see figures in
Character modified from
25. Abdominal pattern, immatures, central longitudinal stripe, connection with lateral stripes: (0) connected with all lateral stripes (Fig.
In species with abdominal pattern corresponding to state 4 of character 24, the central longitudinal black stripe can connect or not with the lateral stripes. State 0 is found in many Aviculariinae species such as A. purpurea and A. minatrix as well as in C. versicolor comb. n., T. costae, T. seladonia, P. bromelicola, Tapinauchenius sp. and Psalmopoeus sp. State 1 is found only in two Avicularia species from the early stages: A. merianae sp. n. and A. taunayi. Central stripe disconnected from lateral stripes (state 2) can be found in A. rufa, A. juruensis, A. variegata stat. n. and A. avicularia, as well as in C. laeta comb. n., T. curumim and in P. rufonigrum.
26. Body coloration, juveniles: (0) brownish or grayish (Fig.
27. Tarsi, coloration, juveniles: (0) same color of other articles (Fig.
Black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles in legs and palpi are present in juveniles of some Tapinauchenius and Ephebopus species. It also occurs in all Avicularia species with known immature stages (except A. purpurea) as well as in I. katiae and T. paschoali. Since Psalmopoeus sp. has black tarsi contrasting with clear metatarsi, it was codified as state 1 despite most articles having a dark color. Typhochlaena curumim has black tarsi and metatarsi; but as the other articles are lighter and there is a strong contrast between them, it is considered as having state 1.
28. Dorsal abdominal pattern, single dorsal stripe, male, occurrence: (0) absent (Fig.
Males of Y. sooretama comb. n., Y. gamba comb. n., A. lynnae sp. n., and I. hirsutum have a single dorsal central stripe on abdomen dorsum. This pattern is very distinct from those found in females of these same species and also very distinct from patterns commonly found in other aviculariine males. Patterns other than dorsal central stripe were all codified as state 0. Avicularia hirschii is coded as “?” since the holotype, the single known male, has the abdomen in poor condition. The description also does not allow us to recognize its abdominal pattern.
29. Abdominal setae, distribution, females: (0) homogeneous (Fig.
Presence of long guard-setae grouped on lateral and dorsal anterior areas of the abdomen is a characteristic found only in females of A. avicularia, A. rufa, A. juruensis and A. variegata stat. n. These longer guard-setae have different coloration from the shorter body setae found on remaining abdominal areas. In males, the distribution pattern is homogeneous, with long guard-setae spread all over the dorsal abdomen.
This character is coded “?” in A. juruensis since each morphotype has a different type of abdominal setae pattern.
30. Legs and palp, long guard-setae, coloration: (0) setae with homogeneous coloration or gradually lightening along its length (Fig.
Theraphosid spiders have two main covering setae types in legs and pedipalps; the short setae that densely covers most of the article area, providing a velvety aspect, is known as short body setae (
All examined outgroup taxa have setae with homogeneous coloration along its length. In the ingroup, some species such as A. avicularia, A. rufa, A. juruensis and A. variegata stat. n. have the long setae with a contrasting whitish apex, giving a grizzled body aspect (Fig.
31. Spermathecae, occurrence: (0) present; (1) absent.*
32. Spermathecae, number: (0) two, completely separated (Fig.
33. Spermathecae, walls, shape: (0) without projections or lobes (Fig.
Of the several specimens of A. rufa, A. juruensis, A. avicularia, and A. variegata stat. n. examined, a few specimens have one or more discrete lobes in the spermathecae. We consider them an extreme morphological variation, as the typical spermathecae of those species lack any type of lobes.
Caribena laeta comb. n. spermathecae have a slight intumescence in their apex (Figs
34. Spermathecae, midwidth: (0) as wide as its base, or midwidth more slender than the base width but wider than apex width (Fig.
We consider the spermathecae with midwidth expanded when this region is 1.5 times or more wider than both apex and base widths. Spermathecae of A. variegata stat. n. (Fig.
In other taxa such as Haplopelma sp., Poecilotheria sp., Lasiodora sp., P. vulpinus and A. rickwesti comb. n., spermathecae (Fig.
35. Spermathecae, shape: (0) non-spiraled or not-twisted (Fig.
36. Spermathecae, weakly-sclerotized area, size: (0) weakly-developed or shorter than half the length of the well-sclerotized area (Fig.
In some species, the spermathecae have a weakly-sclerotized basal portion, lighter and softer than the more sclerotized distal area, and without large visible pores. As this weakly-sclerotized area is barely present in most outgroup species, we consider them as having state 0. State 1 is found only in A. purpurea (Fig.
37. Spermathecae, curvature: (0) straight or almost so, curved inward (Fig.
38. Cymbium, process in retrolateral lobe, occurrence: (0) absent or very weakly-developed (Figs
The presence of a process on the cymbium was considered by
39. Cymbium, setae covering the retrolateral process, thickness: (0) thin (Fig.
Thin setae covering the retrolateral process are found both in some Avicularia species as A. hirschii, A. lynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n., as well as in species of Caribena gen. n. and in Pachistopelma species.
40. Cymbium, process in retrolateral lobe, shape: (0) rounded (Fig.
The apex of the process on retrolateral lobe is usually rounded, except in both species of Caribena gen. n., in which the process apex is sharp.
41. Cymbium, prolateral lobe, shape: (0) rounded; (1) subtriangular.
42. Tegulum, format: (0) globous (Fig.
We detected two distinct tegula shapes. The globous tegulum is short, narrowing abruptly and giving origin to a slender embolus since its beginning. The pyriform tegulum is longer and tapers to form the embolus.
All Aviculariinae possess globous tegulum, except T. costae.
43. Subtegulum, length: (0) small; (1) large, extending down the bulb for half of the tegulum.
44. Palpal bulb, prominence on tegulum (frontal view), occurrence: (0) absent (Fig.
The tegula of some species have a groove in its prolateral side, which forms a prominence near it (
45. Palpal bulb, prominence on tegulum, development: (0) weakly-developed (Fig.
We found that prominence on tegulum can have different development degrees. There are species in which prominence is well-developed (state 2), with a deep groove, as seen in A. variegata stat. n. and in A. juruensis (Fig.
46. Embolus, length, retrolateral view: (0) 1.5 to 2.5 times the tegulum’s length; (1) smaller than tegulum’s length (Fig.
Most Aviculariinae have emboli from 3 to 3.5 times the tegulum’s length (state 2), including all Avicularia species, except A. lynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n., which have emboli described as very long (state 3).
47. Embolus, distal width: (0) thin, shorter than 1/5 tegulum’s length (Fig.
48 Embolus, shape: (0) not flattened (Fig.
49. Embolus, tip: (0) tapers (Figs
In some Aviculariinae taxa such as A. minatrix, A. taunayi, A. rufa, A. juruensis, A. avicularia, A. variegata stat. n. and Y. sooretama comb. n., the embolus tip narrows abruptly near 1/5 distal portion (better visualized in dorsal view). The remaining taxa show a gradual embolus tapering.
50. Embolus, proximal part in frontal view, shape: (0) straight; (1) slightly curved (Fig.
Most outgroups (except Haplopelma sp. and P. muticus) and some Aviculariinae, such as Psalmopoeus sp., Tapinauchenius sp., Ephebopus spp., Stromatopelma sp. and Heteroscodra sp., have straight proximal portion of embolus in frontal view. All the other Aviculariinae taxa have some curvature degree in proximal portion of embolus. Caribena laeta comb. n. (Fig.
51. Embolus, curved, retrolateral view, angle between tegulum’s margin and embolus medial portion: (0) very acute angle (Fig.
We found that the angle between tegulum’s margin and embolus medial portion in retrolateral view can be informative for cladistic analysis. In Haplopelma sp., Pachistopelma spp. and Y. diversipes comb. n., the angle formed is very acute (state 0) (Fig.
52. Bulb, prolateral inferior keel on embolus: (0) absent; (1) present.
53. Bulb, prolateral superior keel on embolus: (0) absent;(1) present.
54. Bulb, apical keel on embolus: (0) absent;(1) present.
55. Bulb, retrolateral keel on embolus: (0) absent; (1) present.
56. Tibial apophysis on leg I, occurrence: (0) present (Figs
Specimens of Y. sooretama comb. n., Y. gamba comb. n., Typhochlaena spp., P. muticus, Phlogiellus sp., Poecilotheria sp., E. olivacea, Heteroscodra sp., and Stromatopelma sp. do not present any type of apophysis or tibial modification. Some aviculariine species have a discrete elevation on prolateral tibia that can be covered or not by a cluster of setae but clearly does not form a branch. This discrete elevation on apical prolateral tibia is found in Y. diversipes comb. n., A. hirschii, A. minatrix, A. lynnae sp. n., and in A. caei sp. n., and was coded as state 0 since it cannot be considered as a true apophysis.
57. Tibial apophysis on leg I, shape: (0) 2 branches; (1) 1 branch with a megaspine; (2) 1 branch with setae (Figs
Males of many barychelid and theraphosid species have tibial apophysis composed of two branches on leg I (
The presence of a tibial apophysis with a single branch bearing spiniform setae (state 2, figs 310–311) is a condition widely distributed in Aviculariinae. All Pachistopelma spp., Iridopelma spp., Caribena gen. n. spp. as well as A. rickwesti comb. n. and most Avicularia species have this condition. This condition also appears in outgroup taxon Haplopelma minax (Ornithoctoninae).
58. Tibial apophysis on leg I, one branch with setae, spiniform setae on a branch, branch development; (0) weakly-developed branch (Fig.
We detected different degrees of branch development in species that have a single and well-defined branch covered with spiniform setae (state 1 for character 57). The branch can be weakly-developed, not projecting far from tibia longitudinal axis. This is the condition of Pachistopelma spp., Iridopelma spp. and Caribena gen. n. A well-developed branch projected far from tibia longitudinal axis is present in most Avicularia species (A. avicularia, A. rufa, A. juruensis, A. variegata stat. n., A. taunayi, A. purpurea and A. merianae sp. n.), in A. rickwesti comb. n., and also in Haplopelma sp.
59. Tibial apophysis in leg II, occurrence: (0) absent; (1) present.
60. Type I urticating setae, occurrence: (0) absent; (1) present.*
61. Type II urticating setae, any life stage, occurrence: (0) absent; (1) present.
Despite females of Pachistopelma spp. lacking type II urticating setae, immature stages and males of both Pachistopelma species do have the type II urticating setae. As we do not know immature stages nor males of Iridopelma marcoi, this species was coded as “?”.
62. Type II urticating setae, adult female, occurrence: (0) present; (1) absent.
Mature females of Pachistopelma spp. and of I. marcoi lack type II urticating setae.
63. Type II urticating setae, length, females: (0) up to 0.90mm (Figs
According to
When urticating setae are analyzed, the gender of specimens examined should be considered because males have setae significantly longer than females (
64. Type III urticating setae, occurrence: (0) absent; (1) present.
65. Type IV urticating setae, occurrence: (0) absent; (1) present.*
66. Type V urticating setae, occurrence: (0) absent; (1) present.
67. Legs, ratio between length of leg IV and I, males: (0) leg IV more than 10% longer than leg I; (1) leg IV roughly the same length as leg I; (2) leg IV more than 10% shorter than leg I.
68. Legs, ratio between length of leg IV and I, females: (0) leg IV more than 10% longer than leg I; (1) leg IV roughly the same length as leg I; (2) leg IV more than 10% shorter than leg I.
69. Habits, females: (0) retreat within surface layers of soil; (1) arboreal; (2) opportunistic; (3) fossorial.
70. Arboreal retreat made by adults: (0) built on tree trunk or on palm tree leaf base; (1) built in leaves, normally with two or more leaves connected by silk; (2) built under loosened tree bark; (3) bromelicolous.
Aviculariae Simon, 1889: 213; 1891: 312.
Avicularieae
Simon, 1892: 170; 1903: 918;
Aviculariieae Simon, 1903: 958.
Aviculariinae
Petrunkevitch, 1928: 34, 81; 1929: 48; 1939: 152, 274; Schiapelli & Gerschman de Pikelin 1945: 209;
Avicularias Mello-Leitão, 1923: 314.
Aviculariines can be distinguished by the conjunction of the following characters: legs aspinose or with few apical spines on ventral tibiae and metatarsi; metatarsi and tarsi with scopulae very extended laterally, mainly on anterior legs, giving a spatulate appearance (Figs
Included genera: Antillena gen. n., Avicularia Lamarck, 1818, Caribena gen. n., Ephebopus Simon, 1892, Heteroscodra Pocock, 1899, Iridopelma Pocock, 1901, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895, Stromatopelma Karsch, 1881, Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Ybyrapora gen. n.
Distribution (Fig.
(Females of A. lynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n. are unknown)
1 | Presence of a paddle of urticating setae (type V) on prolateral distal palpal femora (Fig. |
Ephebopus |
– | Absence of a paddle of urticating setae (type V) on prolateral distal palpal femora | 2 |
2 | Presence of black marks on dorsal tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi (Africa) (Fig. |
3 |
– | Absence of black marks on dorsal tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi (New World) | 4 |
3 | Tibia IV incrassate (Fig. |
Heteroscodra |
– | Tibia IV not incrassate | Stromatopelma |
4 | Sternum as long as wide, truncated behind (Fig. |
Typhochlaena |
– | Sternum longer than wide (Fig. |
5 |
5 | Spines present on ventral apical tibiae and/or metatarsi | 6 |
– | Spines absent in all legs | 7 |
6 | Stridulatory setae forming a lyra on prolateral maxilla (Fig. |
Psalmopoeus |
– | Stridulatory setae absent on maxilla | Tapinauchenius |
7 | Anterior row of eyes straight or very slightly procurve (Fig. |
Pachistopelma |
– | Anterior row of eyes strongly procurve (Fig. |
8 |
8 | Spermathecae very short and broad, with distal half strongly sclerotized (Fig. |
Antillena gen. n. |
– | Spermatheca long, not strongly sclerotized; male palpal bulb lacking keels | 9 |
9 | Urticating setae type II very slender (Fig. |
Caribena gen. n. |
– | Urticating setae type II stout (Figs |
10 |
10 | Spermathecae lacking an accentuated outwards curvature medially, with distal portion far from base (Fig. |
Iridopelma |
– | Spermathecae with an accentuated outwards curvature medially (Fig. |
11 |
11 | Female | 12 |
– | Male | 13 |
12 | Spermathecae virtually non-sclerotized (Figs |
Ybyrapora gen. n. |
– | Spermathecae with a well-sclerotized area (Fig. |
Avicularia |
13 | Tibial apophysis on leg I absent (Fig. |
|
– | Tibial apophysis on leg I present, well-developed (Fig. |
Avicularia (part) |
14 | Cymbium with a weakly-developed process on retrolateral lobe or process lacking (Fig. |
15 |
– | Cymbium with a well-developed process on retrolateral lobe (Figs |
16 |
15 | Abdomen dorsum with a single stripe (Fig. |
.Ybyrapora gen. n. (part) |
– | Abdomen dorsum with orange spots on its sides (Figs |
Avicularia (part) |
16 | Male palpal bulb embolus strongly curved (Figs |
Ybyrapora gen. n. (part) |
– | Male palpal bulb embolus curved (Figs |
Avicularia (part) |
Aranea
Linnaeus, 1758: 622 (in part: A. avicularia);
Mygale
Latreille, 1802: 49, 1804: 152, pl. LXII, fig.1 (in part: M. avicularia); 1806: 85 (in part: M. avicularia);
Avicularia
Lamarck, 1818: 107 (type species Aranea avicularia Linnaeus, 1758 by subsequent designation in direction 67 of
Eurypelma
C. L. Koch, 1850: 73, 74 (in part);
Avicuscodra
Strand, 1908: 771 (type species by original designation Avicuscodra arabica Strand, 1908, female, Egypt, El-Tor [28°14'N, 33°37'E], (Tor, Arabien [sic]) Rüppell, SMF 2660, examined);
Ancylochiros
Mello-Leitão, 1920: 41 (type species by original designation Ancylochiros taunayi Mello-Leitão, 1920, immature male, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Mariana [20°22'S, 43°25'W], J. P. Fonseca leg., MZUSP 327, examined,); 1923: 318; 376;
Anchylochyrus
Petrunkevitch, 1928: 83 (unjustified emendation per
Aranea avicularia Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (
Avicularia avicularia, A. caei sp. n., A. glauca, A. hirschii, A. juruensis, A. lynnae sp. n., A. merianae sp. n., A. minatrix, A. purpurea, A. rufa, A. taunayi and A. variegata stat. n.
Avicularia resembles Caribena gen. n., Ybyrapora gen. n., Iridopelma and Typhochlaena by the procurve anterior row of eyes (Fig.
Aviculariinae characters. 4 Ephebopus murinus, palp with paddle of urticating setae type V (arrow) on prolateral side 5–6 Heteroscodra sp. 5 black marks (arrow) on dorsal tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi 6 tibia IV incrassate 7 Typhochlaena curumim, sternum as long as wide 8 Typhoclaena seladonia, posterior lateral spinnerets with domed article (arrow) 9–10 Avicularia merianae sp. n. 9 sternum longer than wide 10 posterior lateral spinnerets with digitiform distal article (arrow) 11 Psalmopoeus sp., stridulatory setae forming a lyra (arrow) on prolateral maxilla 12 Tapinauchenius sp., straight anterior row of eyes 13 Avicularia avicularia, anterior row of eyes strongly procurve 14 Iridopelma hirsutum, spermathecae.
Carapace slightly longer than wide, cephalic region slightly raised. Cephalic and thoracic striae inconspicuous due to setae density. Fovea deep or shallow, slightly recurve (most species) or straight. Chelicera without rastelum. Eye tubercle distinct, raised or slightly raised, wider than long. Anterior row of eyes procurve (Fig.
Urticating setae type II in Aviculariinae. 15 Avicularia juruensis male (CAS 4), showing well-developed barbs along all its length 16 Avicularia variegata stat. n. female (IBSP 7900), showing weakly-developed barbs only near the stalk 17 Avicularia avicularia female morphotype 5 (MNRJ 06916) from Pando, showing developed barbs along almost entire length 18 Caribena versicolor comb. n. male (MNHN−AR 4904), very slender setae with barbs along all length. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. In Brazil, it occurs in the states of Roraima, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins, Acre, western Bahia, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and the Distrito Federal (Fig.
When erecting the genus Avicularia,
Herein, we tried to establish the real identity of Avicularia avicularia as the original description is uninformative and useless for species identification. The type locality, America, is also vague and the existence of types was controversial. Taking into consideration that Aranea avicularia is a very old species described by Linnaeus in the 10th Edition of Systema Naturae (
Apparently,
Linnean holotypes are also a problem for other specialists. Many botanists, for example, argue it is very difficult to know when Linnaeus used a well-defined specimen to describe a plant species. Thus, The Linnean Plant Name Typification Project was created to choose types from the specimens and illustrations that Linnaeus used in arriving at his concept of a species in question (The
Even with a doubtful existence of the A. avicularia holotype,
The ICZN states on the article 72.1.1 of its Code that “in the absence of holotype designation, or the designation of syntypes, or the subsequent designation of a lectotype, all [specimens] are syntypes and collectively they constitute the name-bearing type” (
In that description,
The spider drawn by
Thus, among the syntypic A. avicularia series are specimens of Pachistopelma spp. (
The ICZN Code article 72.4.1.1 states that “for a nominal species or subspecies established before 2000, any evidence, published or unpublished, may be taken into account to determine what specimens constitute the type series” (
King Adolf’s specimens are in a dry, pinned collection, thus they cannot be properly examined and handle (Fig.
Male of A. glauca and female of A. caei sp.n. and A. lynnae sp. n. are unknown.
Female
1 | Spermathecae long and twisted (Fig. |
A. hirschii |
– | Spermathecae not-twisted | 2 |
2 | Spermathecae with lobes from median to distal portions (Fig. |
A. taunayi |
– | Spemathecae lacking lobes | 3 |
3 | Spermathecae midwidth expanded, 1.5 times its base and apical widths (Fig. |
4 |
– | Spermathecae midwidth as wide as its base width (Fig. |
5 |
4 | Legs with or without grizzled setae, brownish guard-setae on dark abdomen, and whitish or pale yellow rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi (Figs |
A. juruensis |
– | All legs with grizzled setae, vivid reddish guard-setae on black abdomen, and whitish rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi (Fig. |
A. variegata stat. n. |
5 | Leg IV longer (more than 10%) than leg I | 6 |
– | Leg IV as long as leg I | 7 |
6 | All legs always with grizzled setae, vivid yellow rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi, and abdomen with grey guard-setae grouped on lateral dorsal anterior areas and black short body setae (Fig. |
A. rufa |
– | Legs with or without grizzled setae, whitish or pale yellow rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi and guard-setae grouped on lateral dorsal anterior area (Figs |
A. avicularia |
7 | Abdomen dorsum black with lateral orange spots on its sides (Fig. |
A. minatrix |
– | Abdomen dorsum with homogeneous color pattern, lacking orange spots | 8 |
8 | Carapace and legs with green sheen (Fig. |
A. glauca |
– | Carapace and legs without green sheen, western South America | 9 |
9 | Carapace and legs with intense purple sheen (Figs |
A. purpurea |
– | Carapace and legs with discrete pink sheen, abdomen with red brownish setae (Fig. |
A. merianae sp. n. |
Males | ||
1 | Embolus long, more than 4 times tegulum’s length (Figs |
2 |
– | Embolus 2.5 to 3.5 times tegulum’s length (Fig. |
3 |
2 | Abdomen dorsum with lateral stripes (Fig. |
A. caei sp. n. |
– | Abdomen dorsum with a single longitudinal stripe and tegulum with developed prominence (Fig. |
A. lynnae sp. n. |
3 | Tibia I with a discrete elevation covered by cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Fig. |
4 |
– | Tibia I apophysis with well-developed branch bearing thick setae (Fig. |
5 |
4 | Tegulum without prominence (Fig. |
A. minatrix |
– | Tegulum with developed prominence (Fig. |
A. hirschii |
5 | Cymbium with retrolateral lobe lacking any process or with weakly-developed process (Fig. |
6 |
– | Cymbium with retrolateral lobe with well-developed process bearing thick setae (Fig. |
7 |
6 | Carapace and legs with intense purple sheen (Figs |
A. purpurea |
– | Carapace and legs with discrete pink sheen, abdomen with red brownish guard-setae, Peru | A. merianae sp. n. |
7 | Leg IV longer (more than 10%) than leg I | 8 |
– | Leg IV as long as leg I | 9 |
8 | All legs always with grizzled setae, distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi with vivid yellow rings and grey guard-setae on black abdomen (Fig. |
A. rufa |
– | Legs with or without grizzled setae, distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi with whitish or pale yellow rings (Figs |
A. avicularia |
9 | Tegulum with developed prominence (Fig. |
A. taunayi |
– | Tegulum with well-developed prominence (Fig. |
10 |
10 | Legs with or without grizzled setae, abdomen dark with brownish guard-setae, and distal femora, tibia and metatarsi with whitish or pale yellow rings (Fig. |
A. juruensis |
– | Legs with grizzled setae, abdomen black with brownish guard-setae and distal femora, tibia and metatarsi with whitish or pale yellow rings (Figs |
A. variegata stat. n. |
Aranea
avicularia
Linnaeus, 1758: 622 (lectotype UUZM 61 and paralectotypes UUZM 62, UUZM 235 here designated, A. Fredrik leg., examined by photos);
Mygale
avicularia
:
Mygale
scoparia
C. L. Koch, 1841: 54, fig. 725. First synonymized by F. O.
Eurypelma
avicularia
: C. L.
Avicularia
velutina
Simon, 1889: 213 (types not found; topotypes female and male, Venezuela, state of Carabobo, Puerto Cabello [10°27'N, 68°00'W], Collection E. Simon, MNHN–AR 4883, examined);
Avicularia
avicularia
:
Avicularia
exilis
Strand, 1907a: 220 (holotype, male, South America, perhaps Suriname, no further information, Coll. Kirschbaum, MWNH 418, examined by photo);
Avicularia
ancylochyra
Mello-Leitão, 1923: 330 (holotype, immature male, Brazil, state of Pará, Rio Tapajós [4°44"S, 56°36'W], E. Garbe col., E2977 C3141, examined);
Avicularia
cuminami
Mello-Leitão, 1930: 56, fig. 3 (holotype, immature, Brazil, Rio Cuminá [1°21'N, 56°04'W], G. Cruls col., MNRJ 21, examined);
Avicularia
nigrotaeniata
Mello-Leitão, 1940: 178, fig. 1 (holotype, immature male, Guyana, Kamara, Rio Cuyuni [6°24'N, 58°46'W], C. W. Richards col., Oxford University expedition, 22 November 1929, n°. 6290, BMNH 1930.12.14.168, examined);
Avicularia
ancylochira
:
Avicularia
cuminamensis
:
Avicularia velutina syntypes are two females from the forest of San Esteban, Venezuela, and a specimen from a mountain in North Venezuela (
Avicularia exilis holotype is clearly an Avicularia since it has well-developed scopula, anterior row of eyes procurved and tibial apophysis with a single branch having well-developed base and grouped spiniform setae distally. The specimen has palpal bulb with developed prominence, leg IV longer than leg I, not grizzled guard-setae on palps and legs, and overall reddish brown coloration. These characteristics match A. avicularia, which is found in Suriname, the probable type locality A. exilis. Thus, we consider A. exilis Strand, 1907 as junior synonym of A. avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758).
Avicularia ancylochyra holotype has tarsi with well-developed scopula, anterior row of eyes procurved, no spines on legs, urticating setae of type II on abdomen dorsum, and abdominal pattern similar to A. avicularia, A. rufa, A. juruensis, and A. variegata stat. n. The leg IV is longer than leg I, it bears whitish legs rings (not vivid yellow) and type locality is in the state of Pará, Brazil. All these characters match A. avicularia; therefore, we consider A. ancylochyra Mello-Leitão, 1923 a junior synonym of A. avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758).
Avicularia cuminami holotype has tarsal and metatarsal scopulae laterally expanded, anterior row of eyes procurve and type locality is state of Pará, Brazil. These characteristics match A. avicularia; thus, we consider A. cuminami Mello-Leitão, 1930 a junior synonym of A. avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758).
Avicularia nigrotaeniata holotype is an immature male lacking spines on legs and with spatulated scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi. It has characteristics of Avicularia genus such as anterior row of eyes procurve and abdomen dorsum with lateral stripes and a black central longitudinal stripe. In Guyana, the type locality, A. avicularia is the only species found. Thus, we consider A. nigrotaeniata Mello-Leitão, 1940 a junior synonym of A. avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758).
Male and female of A. avicularia resemble A. rufa and female of A. hirschii by having leg IV longer than leg I. Females of A. avicularia can be distinguished from those of A. hirschii by the non-twisted spermathecae. Males and females of A. avicularia can be distinguished from those of A. rufa by having whitish rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi (most morphotypes, Figs
1 female, Brazil, Pará, Altamira, Paratipuã, Ponto 5, A. P. L. Giupponi & D. Pedroso col., 12 April 2009 (MNRJ 13995); 2 males and 1 female, Amapá, Macapá, Parque Zoobotânico (IEPA), C. Costa, P. Magno & C. A. Júlio col., 20 August 1996 (MNRJ 13659A).
No further information: 1 juvenile female (MPEG 5140); 1 male, 1 female (IBSP 2419); 1 male, died in 27 October 1985 (IBSP IBA 414); 1 female (IBSP 8842); 1 female, IBAMA, died in January 2000, ref. 84526 (IBSP 8031); 1 immature male (IBSP 9916); 1 female (MNHN–AR Box 301); VENEZUELA: 1 juvenile female, no further information, Sullivan det. 2007 (AMNH Ve23); 1 female, no further information, Steve Brody coll. (AMNH Ve28); Bolívar: Hato La Vergareña (6°45'N, 63°30'W) 400–500 ft., 25 October 1954, J. J. Wurdack & N. G. L. Guppy col. (AMNH Ve22); Carabobo: Puerto Cabello [10°27'N, 68°00'W], 1 female, 1 male, no further information, Collection E. Simon (MNHN–AR 4883 Box 302); Distrito Capital: Caracas [10°29'N, 66°54'W], 1 female, no further information, Collection E. Simon (MNHN–AR 4894); Monagas: Caripito [10°06'N, 63°06'W], 1 female, 10 May 1942, Tropical Research Expedition, N. Y. Zoological Society, W. H. Beebe col. (AMNH Ve30); Trinidad and Tobago: no further information, 1 female (AMNH TR133); 1 female, M. Nieves col. (AMNH TR131); 1 male (AMNH TR129); probably from Port Spain sent in by T. H. G. Aigken [sic] (Aitken), 1 male, 1 immature male, Gertsch det. (AMNH TR130); 2 immatures, 3–4 instar group [sic], A. Bordes col., 1972 (AMNH TR tube); several spiderlings, A. Bordes col. (AMNH TR165); Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo: Freeport [10°26'N, 61°24'W], 1 female, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 1 May 1966 (AMNH TR181); Diego Martin: Fort George [10°41'N, 61°32'W], POS, 1 male, M. Nieves col., June 1957 (AMNH TR147); Goodwood Park [10°41'N, 61°34'W] (Goodward Park [sic]), 5 miles NW of Port of Spain, 300 m elevation, 1 female, 1 male, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 1 May 1965 (AMNH TR143); 1 immature, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 30 September 1965, (AMNH TR176); Port of Spain [10°39'N, 61°31'W]: 1 male, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 1 May 1954 (AMNH TR136); 1 female, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 18 September 1963 (AMNH TR126); 1 female, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 16 July 1965 (AMNH TR139); 1 male, 1 female, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 18 June 1968 (AMNH TR178); 1 male, R. S. Mathews col., April 1890 (AMNH 1.12); Rio Claro-Mayaro: La Horquette, Valley Road, 1 immature female, T. H. G. Aitken col., 6 April 1960, #78 (AMNH TR138); Maraval [10°41'N, 61°31'W], 3 males, 2 females, R. C. West col., 12 May 1981 (AMNH RW09, RW11, RW12, RW13, RW10, respectively); Mayaro Beach area [10°14'N, 61°00'W], 2 miles N of Plaisance, inside helicopter hangar, 2 juvenile females, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 20 December 1964 (AMNH TR182); under coconut husks, 2 males, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 22 March 1964 (AMNH TR157); 2 m elevation, 1 male, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 22 April 1964 (AMNH TR134); ex House, 2 m, 1 male, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 1 November 1964 (AMNH TR171); 1 juvenile female, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 5 September 1965 (AMNH TR167); 1 male, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 10 June 1966 (AMNH TR174); 3 m, 1 male, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col., 5 January 1966 (AMNH TR152); Saint George: Carenage [10°41'N, 61°35'W], 1 juvenile female, 29 April 1966, E. N. Kjellesvig-Waering col. (AMNH TR177); Nariva Swamp, bush bush forest [10°22'N, 61°02'W], Trinidad Regional Virus Lab., 1 juvenile female, T. H. G. Aitken col., 20 August 1962 (AMNH TR51); 1 male, T. H. G. Aitken coll., ex Boar, 12 February 1964 (AMNH TR156); 2 males, T. H. G. Aitken col., 29 September 1963 (AMNH TR132); Saddle Road (W61°, N10°), 1 juvenile T. H. G. Aitken col., May 1964 (AMNH TR166); Sangre Grande: Brigand Hill [10°29'N, 61°04'W], 1 juvenile female, L. N. Sorkin col., 21 July 1979, shed 31 July 79, 7 March 80, 10 February 81 and died 28 May 82 (AMNH TR141); Mount Harris [10°29'N, 61°06'W], 1 male, M. Nieves col., July 1959 (AMNH TR168); 1 male, M. Nieves col., June 1959 (AMNH TR151); 1 male, M. Nieves col., July 1959 (AMNH TR135); 1 female, 1 immature, M. Nieves col., July 1959 (AMNH TR145); Siparia: Fyzabad [10°10'N, 61°32'W] (Fyzbad [sic]), Bamboo stump, no. 226, 1 female, T. S. Jones col., 21 February 1945 (AMNH TR172); GUYANA: no further information, 1 female, 1914 (CAS13); 1 female, 2 immature males, 1914 (CAS12); Berbice Oriental-Corentyne: Canje (5°70'N, 57°50'W), Ikuruna River, forest savanna, 2 males, August−December 1961, G. Bentley col. (AMNH BG78, BG79); Lonsdale Village [6°11'N, 57°31'W] (Larsdale Village [sic]), 26 spiderlings, 19 juveniles, 2 females, E. B. Berbice col., 9 September 1946 (AMNH BG83); Cuyuni-Mazaruni: Bartica [6°24'N, 58°37'W], 15 milles above, Rio Moraballi and Rio Esequibo, 1 immature, R. W. G. Hingston col., labeled as A. nigrotaeniata n. 43 (BMNH 1930.4.15.53); Kartabo [6°24'N, 58°37'W], 2 males, 1 female, captured in a small bush (AMNH BG42); 1 female, 1924 (AMNH BG73); 1 male, 1924 (AMNH BG93); 2 males, 1 female, Beebe col., “A. surinamensis” det. Di Caporiacco (AMNH BG67); Demerara-Mahaica: Georgetown [6°48'N, 58°09'W], 1 small female, 7 immatures, J. Moral col., 1954 (AMNH BG82); 2 males, L. van Sertima col., 7 May 1991 (AMNH RW65, RW66); 2 immatures, A. McKee col., 19 April 1986 (AMNH RW64); Potaro-Siparuni: Tumatumari [5°15'N, 59°08'W], 1 male, 1 female, 5 August 1913, Acc 4435 (AMNH 1.9); 1 immature, August 1913, Acc: 4435 (AMNH 1.11); Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Superior: Dadanawa [2°50'N, 59°31'W], Ishertor, 5 females, 2 immatures, in webbed holes in ground, Terry-Holden Expedition, 7–9 November 1937 (AMNH BG61); 2 females, 2 immature males, 1 immature, 1 spiderling, 7–9 November 1937, Terry–Holden Expedition, Snedigar & Hassler col. [hand note: original label and part of material in another jar] (AMNH BG76); SURINAME: no further information, 1 female, Box 306 3739 (MNHN–AR 4887); in house, 1 female, Geiskes col. (AMNH Su62); 1 male, Box 306 3739 (MNHN–AR 4887); 1 female, C. Heller col., December 1908, jar no.1632/08 (ZMB); Paramaribo: Paramaribo [5°49'N, 55°10'W], 1 male, Reed col., 29 June 1910, Acc 3792 (AMNH Su60); 2 females, H. Heyde col., 30 July 1980 (AMNH RW61, RW62); 1 female, 1 immature, 7 March 1939, Geiskes col. (AMNH Su59); 1 female, C. Heller col., 16 June 1908, jar no.1136/08 (ZMB); Agronomic Station, 1 male, V. Doesburg col., August 1962 (AMNH Su101); Marowijne: Langamankondre [5°42'N, 54°01'W], 1 female, B. Malkin col., 15–30 August 1965 (MZUSP 10861); 7 females, 1 male, 5 immature males, 8 juveniles, 1 spiderling, B. Malkin col., 15–30 August 1965 (AMNH Su97); Para: no further information, 1 female, C. Heller col., 13 March 1909, jar no. 541/09 (ZMB); 1 female and 1 immature male, C. Heller col., 10 March 1909, jar no. 541/09 (ZMB); 1 female, C. Heller col., February 1908, jar no. 684/08 (ZMB); Brokopondo: Kabelstation [4°54'N, 55°08'W] Riheroever [?, unreadable], in bromeliad, 1 juvenile female, Gerskes col., 25 September 1938 (AMNH Su63); in a house, 1 female, Gerskes col., 26 September 1938 (AMNH Su62); FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne: Camopi [3°09'N, 52°20'W], Yanioré, high Oyapock, 100 to 150 m, en amont de Saut, 1 male, Mission E. Aubert de La Rüe col., February 1949 (MNHN–AR 4886); Cayenne [4°55'N, 52°19'W], 1 female, “Avicularia anthracina” det. E. Simon, Milinon (MNHN–AR 155h-77); 1 male, “Avicularia anthracina” det. E. Simon (MNHN–AR 1719-79); 1 male, J. Moonen col., February 1992 (AMNH RW60); Table Du Mahury [4°52'N, 52°16'W], 1 female, J. Geay col.; 1902 (MHNP 3089); Montabo [4°56'N, 52°18'W], (Bordat Montabo [sic]) 1 immature male, Expedição Instituto Butantan col., 4 July 1955 (IBSP 3458); 1 female, Expedição Instituto Butantan col. (IBSP 3379); 1 female, Dr. Hoge col., 5 July 1951, in nest (IBSP 3377); Montsinery [4°53'N, 52°30'W], Emerald Jungle Village, 1 female, 3 males, J. Moonen col., 12 August 1998 (AMNH RW57, RW56, RW58, RW59, respectively), RW59 and RW58 on lodge roof beam; 1 female, R. C. West col., April 1999 (AMNH RW55); Saint-Georges-de-l’Oyapock [3°53'N, 51°48'W] (Oyapock [sic]), 1 male, F. Geay, 1900 (MNHN–AR 1293); Sinnamary [5°22'N, 52°57'W] (Linamany [sic]), 1 female, 1 male, 1 juvenile female, Expedição Instituto Butantan col. (IBSP 3396, IBSP 3398, IBSP 3397); Saint Laurent du Maroni: Saint Laurent du Maroni [5°29'N, 54°01'W] (du Maroni [sic], ?), 1 female, Gambey col. (MNHN–AR 4901); Saint Jean [5°24'N, 54°4'W] (Saint-Jean-du-Maroni [sic]), 1 male, 1 spiderling, R. Benoit col., March–April 1914 (MNHN–AR 4896); BRAZIL: Amapá: no further information, 1 male, F. Baia col., ref. 65469 (IBSP 8846); 2 males, 2 females, Dr. Hoge col., 4 August 1966 (IBSP 3760); Macapá [0°02'N, 51°04'W], Fazendinha, 1 male, 1 immature male, Dr. Hoge col., 4 August 1965 (IBSP 3736); 1 juvenile female, P. Magno col., October 1997 (MNRJ 12923); 1 male (MNRJ 12912); 6 males, C. Costa, P. Magno & C. A. Júlio col., 20 August 1996 (MNRJ 13659); Parque Zoobotânico (IEPA), 2 immatures, P. Magno, C. E. Alvarenga & C. Costa col., October 1995 (MNRJ 13653); Pacoval [0°33'N, 51°03'W], 1 male, Dr. Hoge col., 21 January 1966 (IBSP 3755); 1 female, 2 juvenile females, Dr. Hoge col., 26 September 1966 (IBSP 3795, IBSP 3797); Serra do Navio [1°38'S, 52°16'W], 1 male (IBSP 3685); 3 males, K. Lenko col., 8 November 1957 (IBSP 3490); Paredão Pacoval, 1 male, Dr. Hoge col., 4 March 1965 (IBSP 3704); 1 female, March 1985 (MNRJ 13526); 1 juvenile female, 7 immatures, 1 spiderling, March 1985 (MNRJ 13597); Laranjal do Jari [1°05'N, 53°13'W], Cachoeira do Santo Antônio, Rio Jari, 2 juvenile females, J. A. P. Barreiros col., 18–24 February 2003 (MPEG 0174); Amazonas: Fazenda São Francisco, 300 km subindo o Rio Negro, 1 male, G. Ilutseh col., 27 May 1982 (IBSP 4814); Pará: no further information, 1 female, J. C. Branner col., 1881 (CAS); Altamira [3°11'S, 52°12'W], trilha caverna clinas, Ponto 2, 1 female, A. P. L. Giupponi & D. Pedroso col., 10 April 2009 (MNRJ 13993); Ponto 2 , Cararaô, 2 females, A. P. L. Giupponi & D. Pedroso col., 10 April 2009 (MNRJ 13994, MNRJ 1400); Ponto 5, Paratipuã, 1 female, A. P. L. Giupponi & D. Pedroso col., 12 April 2009 (MNRJ 13995); Acampamento do Juruá, 2 females, 2 immatures, A. J. Cardoso, C. F. B. Haddad & M. Gordo col., 03–18 December 1986 (ZUEC); Ananindeua [1°21'S, 48°22'W], 1 female, R. F. da Silva col., 30 January 1975 (MPEG 5399); BR 316, Km 06, R. F. da Silva col., 1 male, 10 November 1996 (MPEG 5127); Socêgo [sic], Bacia do Sol, 1 female, 1 immature, March 1956 (IBSP 3781); Barcarena [1°34'S, 48°35'W], Ilha das Onças, Rio Piramanha, 2 males, E. Santos col., 19–20 April 2003 (MPEG 0172); Belém [1°27'S, 48°30'W], 3 females, 1 juvenile female, P. Cerveira col., refs 63979, 63999 (IBSP 8849, IBSP 8854, IBSP 8853, IBSP 8855, respectively); 1 juvenile female, Eq. Resgate de Fauna col., ref. 55334-3 (IBSP 8571); 1 female, 2 males (IBSP 3578); 1 immature male, 4 females (IBSP 3772); 1 male, 2 females and 1 immature (IBSP 3780); 1 male, 1 female, 15 June 1966 (IBSP 3770); 3 females, 1 immature, 15 June 1966 (IBSP 3771); 2 females, 15 June 1966 (IBSP 3779); 1 male, R. Cerqueira col., 1972 (ZUEC); 1 male, F. Lima col., 18 April 1989 (MCP 2702); 1 immature female, W. França col., 30 March 1987 (MCP 2697); 1 male, 2 January 2003 (MPEG 1108); C. Galeno col., 1 immature, June 1998 (AMNH RW14); Bairro de Souza, 1 male, L. M. Cunha col., 07 March 2005 (MPEG 5147); Base Aérea, 1 male, 1 female (IBSP 3687); Bragança, 1 immature, 15 June 1966 (IBSP 3777); campus de Pesquisa, 1 juvenile, J. Dias col., 30 March 1992 (MCP 2695); CPATU (em dendê), 2 males, Izaías col., 15 February 1984 (MPEG 135); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), 1 female, R. F. da Silva col., 03 November 1977 (MPEG 5089); EMBRAPA in dendê area, 1 female, 3 juveniles, 1 spiderling, October–November 1981, H. N. da Cunha col. (MNRJ 13012); Instituto Agronômico do Norte (IAN), 1 immature male, 1 female, 4 immatures, A. R. Hoge col., 29 October to 5 December 1958 (IBSP 3672); IPEAN, 1 male, J. Bushell col., 23 May 1967, Exline–Peck collection (CAS); Mocambo, 1 female, R. F. da Silva col., 14 November 1977 (MEPG 3074); Mocambo, Parque Regional de Manutenção, Parque Ambiental de Belém, CPPTU, 1 male, M. A. S. de Azevedo & J. N. Ferreira col., 31 March 2005 (MPEG 5155); Serraria, IPAN, 1 male, P. Waldir col., 06 December 1966 (MPEG 5107); Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), 1 female, W. C. Carrasco col., 08 July 2004, F18 A43 B3 (MPEG 5295); 1 juvenile female, Mara col., 15 June 2005, F4 A18 B3 (MPEG 14221); 1 female, 14 June 2004 (MPEG 5188); Vila Ajutei, 1 male, Augusto Côrrea col., 14 July 2002 (MPEG 0170); Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, campus de pesquisa [01°27'S, 48°26'W], 1 male, W. França col., 04 June 1984 (MPEG 5120); 1 male, Jarilson col., June 2009 (MPEG 5299); 1 male, J. Dias col., 16 June 1986 (MPEG 5126); 1 female, D. F. Candiani col., April 2006 (MPEG 5300); 1 female, M. C. Santos-Costa col., 02 March 2005 (MPEG 5221); 1 male, L. S. Carvalho col., 18 Abril 2006 (MPEG 5098); 1 male, A. B. Bonaldo col., 24 July 2002 (MPEG 227); 1 male, D. F. Candiani col., 22 Abril 2004 (MPEG 5094); 1 male, 08 April 2002 (MEPG 5117); 1 male, 31 March 2009 (MPEG 5632); 1 male, 11 April 2005 (MPEG 5141); 2 males, D. F. Candiani col., 12 July 2004 (MPEG 5281); 1 male, A. B. Bonaldo col., 12 July 2002 (MPEG 160); 2 immatures, 25 May 1912, Bluntschli-Peyer coll. (AMNH 1.27, AMNH 1.3); 1 immature, Bluntschli-Peyer col., 25 June 1912, (AMNH 1.18); Icoaraci [1°18'S, 48°28'W], 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 10 March 1977 (MEPG 3082); 1 juvenile female, R. F. da Silva col., 05 July 1984, (MPEG 5131); 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 8 July 1977 (AMNH RW15); 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 18 May 1977 (AMNH RW18); 1 female, R. F. da Silva, 8 April 1977 (AMNH RW16); 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 8 July 1977 (AMNH RW17); Outeiro [1°16'S, 48°28'W], 1 juvenile female, R. F. da Silva col., 13 July 1978 (MEPG 5096); Universidade Federal do Pará (01°28'S, 48°27'W), 1 female, C. Castro col., 24 June 2005 (MPEG 4820); 1 male, L. T. Miglio col., 15 September 2002 (MPEG 1109); Utinga [1°25'S, 48°24'W], 1 immature, Oliveira & Wygodzinsky col., 10–21 November 1963 (AMNH 1.2); Belém, Ilha de Cotijuba (01°14'S, 48°35'W), 1 female, 27 August 2003 (MPEG 4701); 1 female, Cotijuba 0011 (MPEG 5291); 1 female, R. F. da Silva col., 17 March 1977 (MPEG 3073); 1 female, R. F. da Silva col., 26 December 1977 (MEPG 3030); 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 11 September 1977 (MPEG 3056); 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 11 September 1977 (MPEG 3057); Icoaraci,1 female, 01 July 2002 (MPEG 1111); Belém, Ilha de Jutuba [1°14'S, 48°31'W], 2 males, 3 females, R. F. da Silva col., 30 June 1977 (MPEG 3047, MPEG 3046, MPEG 3045, MPEG 3034, MPEG 3033, respectively); Belém, Ilha do Mosqueiro [1°06'S, 48°23'W], 1 female, 1 immature male, P. Cerveira col., December 1990, ref. 63979 (IBSP 7884, IBSP 7883); 1 male, M. L. Mocambira col., 15 December 1989 (MCP 2699); 2 juvenile females, B. Mascarenhas & team col., 19–25 April 1998 (MPEG 5392, MPEG 5395); Belém, Ilha Nova [2°12'S, 49°27'W], 2 males, 2 females, R. F. da Silva col., 20 June 1977 (MPEG 3040, MPEG 3043, MPEG 3071, MPEG 5090); 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 24 June 1977 (MPEG 3041); Belém, Ilha de Paquetá [1°16'S, 48°32'W], 2 females, R. F. da Silva col., 15 November 1977 (MPEG 3025, MPEG 3023); 1 juvenile female, R. F. da Silva col., 28 May 1977 (MPEG 5088); 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 15 September 1977 (MPEG 3052); 1 male, 1 female, R. F. da Silva col., 19 June 1977 (MPEG 3078, MPEG 3062); 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 15 May 1977 (AMNH RW21); 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 20 May 1977 (AMNH RW22); 1 immature male, R. F. da Silva col., 15 November 1977 (AMNH RW20); 1 juvenile female, R. F. da Silva col., 26 November 1977 (AMNH RW19); Belém, Ilha de Tatuoca [1°12'S, 48°30'W], 1 female, 23 March 1978 (MPEG 5105); 2 males, EPA col., August 1969 (MZUSP 10849); Belém, Ilha de Urubuoca [1°19'S, 48°27'W], 1 female, 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 28 July 1977 (MEPG 3036, MPEG 3313, respectively); Belterra [3°08'S, 55°03'W], 1 male, 18 December 2003 (MPEG 4703); Rio Assuá [?, unreadable], 1 female, H. Sioli col., May 1952 (IBSP 3130); Benevides [1°21'S, 48°14'W], Pratinha, Estrada do Açucareiro, 1 female, O. Cunha col., 19 February 1975 (MPEG 141); Breves [1°40'S, 50°28'W], Corcovado, 1 male, Expedição CDZ col., 18–19 October 1965 (IBSP 5688); Castanhal [1°17'S, 47°55'W], 1 female, O. Feassi col., Ref. 52599 (IBSP 8863); Ilha de Marajó [0°58'S, 49°35'W], 1 male, 1 female, 16 immatures, Instituto Agronômico col., 15 June 1966 (IBSP 3787, IBSP 3786, respectively); Santo André, 1 male, June–September 1912, Bluntschli-Peyer (AMNH 1.23); Cachoeira do Arari [1°0'S, 48°57'W], Jabuti, 1 female, L. Macambira col., 12 December 1990 (MPEG 0138); Itaituba [04°16'S, 55°59'W], 1 female (MZUSP 27659); Itupiranga [5°08'S, 49°19'W], campus avançado da UFPA, 3 females, 2 immatures, A. R. Hoge & P. Villela col., December 1971 (IBSP 4097); Jacareacanga [07°15'S, 57°26'W], 1 immature male (IBSP 3538); (Jacare-acanga [sic]), 1 spiderling, M. Alvarenga col., December 1968 (AMNH 1.20); Aproeste, km 350 da Transamazônica, 1 female, B. V. Rodrigues & N. Abrahim col., 27 October 2009 (MPEG 15640); Jatobal [5°08'S, 56°51'W], 3 males, January 1975 (IBSP 7896); Juruti [2°09'S, 56°05'W], Ferrovia Km 07, 1 immature female, A. C. Lima & F. E. Pimenta col., 17 Maio 2007, JURU 006 0286 (MPEG 15635); Ferrovia km 36, 1 female, A. Lima & F. Pimenta col., 24 May 2007, JURU 0060268 (MPEG 15636); Platô Capiranga, Linha 168E (02°28'22.1"S, 56°12'29.4"W), 1 male (MPEG 15639); Juruti, Acampamento Barroso (02°28'10.5"S, 56°00'3.5"W), 1 male, D. F. Candiani col., 07 August 2004, ref. JURU002 0044 (MPEG 2000); 2 males, 1 female, D. R. Santos-Souza col., 12 July 2002, ref. JURU 002 0084 (MPEG 2003, MPEG 2006, respectively); 1 female, D. F. Candiani col., 12 July 2002, ref. JURU 002 0083 (MPEG 2009); Juruti, Acampamento Mutum (01°36'44.77"S, 56°11'39.2"W), 1 juvenile female, 1 immature male, D. F. Candiani and D. R. Santos-Souza col., 03 August 2004, ref. Juruti 2004 (MPEG 15634); Marabá [5°22'S, 49°07'W], Transamazônica, 3 males, J. Navas col., 15 March 1975 (IBSP 4190); 1 female, M. F. Torres col., 14 September 1985 (MPEG 4231); 1 male, P. Tumma col., 8 October 1973 (IBSP 2495); Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, FLONA Caxiuanã [2°01'S, 51°39'W], 1 female, A. B. Bonaldo col., 21–30 November 2000 (MPEG 1923); Mocajuba [2°34'S, 49°30'W], Praia do Imbaubal, 1 male, 17 June 1984 (MPEG 5104); Monte Alegre [1°59'S, 54°04'W], Lagoa Grande, 1 immature, P. de Biasi col., 10 March 1979, ref. 24.434 (IBSP 4408); Óbidos [1°54'S, 55°31'W], 1 female, E. Garbe col., 1920 (MZUSP 10856, old collection number 556); Oriximiná [1°45'S, 55°51'W], 1 immature male, 1 March 1968, EPA col. (MZUSP 10850); 1 immature, in pineapple, EPA col., 13 January 1968 (MZUSP 10854); Porto Trombetas [1°28'S, 56°22'W], 1 male (IBSP 8847); Ourém [1°29'S, 47°10'W], Patauateua, 1 juvenile female, D. D. Guimarães col., 06 December 2002 (MPEG 213); Paragominas [3°00'S, 47°21'W], Fazenda Brejeiro, 1 male, C. Junqueira Netto col., 5 October 1970, ref. 5741 (IBSP 84); Canindé [2°33'S, 46°30'W] (Canindé, Maranhão [sic]), 1 immature female, May to August 1965, J. Carvalho col. (AMNH 1.16); Rio Cuminá Mirim [1°14'N, 55°52'W], As Pedras, 1 female, 1 immature, EPA col., 29 September to 4 October 1969 (MZUSP 1085); Rio Tocantins [02°04'S, 49°18'W], Ilhas das Cobras, Castanheira, 1 female, A. J. da Silva col. (MPEG 5100); Rio Trombetas [1°28'S, 56°22'W], 3 males, 2 females, 1 immature male, F. Palinger col., (IBSP 8762, IBSP 8761, IBSP 8759, respectively); Jacaré, 3 males, female, Expedição CDZ col., 20 September to 13 October 1965 (IBSP 5687); Santarém [2°26'S, 54°41'W], 1 female, E. Garbe col. (MZUSP 10864, old collection number 557); 1 male, G. Puorto col., December 1996 (IBSP 8578); Fazenda Taperinha, 1 female, EPA col., 1–11 February 1968 (MZUSP 10859); 1 female, 1–11 February 1968, E.P.A. col. [handwritten label], or Manaus, Lenko col., 12 September 1962, forest [museum label] (MZUSP 10858); Santo Antônio do Tauá [1°09'S, 48°07'W], Uxitena, 1 male, R. F. da Silva col., 07 April 1977 (MPEG 3076); Tomé-Açu [2°25'S, 48°09'W], Roda D’Água (capoeira), 1 female, J. Dias col., 19 June 1994 (MEPG 143); UHE Tucuruí [3°46'S, 49°40'W], Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col.: 2 males, 1 female, ERF col., 1984, IBA 243 (IBSP 7898); 1 female, ERF col., ref. 48286 (IBSP 8845); 1 female, ERF col., 1984, ref. IBA 383 (IBSP 7880); 1 male, ERF col.,1984, ref. IBA 1002 (IBSP 7879); 1 female, ERF col., 1984, ref. 47607 (IBSP 7882); 2 females, ERF col., 1984, ref. IBA 283 (IBSP 7887); 1 female, ERF col., ref. IBA 600 (IBSP 8851); 1 female, ERF col., ref. CB-1 (IBSP 8568); 1 female, ERF col., (IBSP IBA 380); 1 female, born in capitivity, died in 06 July 1993 (IBSP IBA 083-43); 1 female, ERF col., IBA 599 (IBSP 8850); 1 female, ERF col., 12 December 1984 (IBSP 4832); 1 female, ERF col., ref. 34C XXXV (IBSP 8857); 1 male, ERF col., ref. 48286 (IBSP 8848); 1 male, ERF col., ref. 47607 (IBSP 8573); 1 male, ERF col., 18 November 1986, IBA 860 (IBSP 4925-B); 2 males, ERF col., ref. CB-1 (IBSP 8579); 1 male, ERF col.(IBSP 8575); 2 females, ERF col. (IBSP 8843); 1 male, ERF col., ref. B5677 (IBSP 8580); 1 male, ERF col., 4 June 1987, IBA 277 (IBSP 8566); 1 female, ERF col., 1984, ref. IBA 283 (IBSP 7888); 1 female, ERF col., August 1984, ref. IBA 734 (IBSP 7877); 1 female, ERF col., ref. IBA 283 (IBSP 8862); 1 male, in bromeliad in a tree (21 m from the soil), C. Pantoja col., 28 June 1984 (IBSP 7916); 1 male, Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col., 1984, IBA 292 (IBSP 7885); 1 male, Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col., 1984, ref. 47607 (IBSP 7881); picada do Inajá, A3, lote 8, 1 female, B. Mascarenhas col., 20 June 1980 (MZUSP 9480); Base 4, Bravo, 1 female, Operação Resgate Faunístico col., 12 December 1984 (IBSP 4832); Vila Bravo, 1 female, Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col., ref. XXXVII-87 base 4 (IBSP 8844); Vila Cisipé, 1 male, Equipe Resgate de Fauna col., ref. 47607 (IBSP 8572); Ilha de Tocantins, Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col.: 1 female, ref. IBA 389 (IBSP 8861); 1 female, ERF col., ref. IBA 599 (IBSP 8569); 1 female, 2 June 1986, ERF col., ref. IBA 1013 (IBSP 8852); 1 female (IBSP ref. IBA 283); Breu Branco [3°45'S, 49°33'W], 1 male, died 20 February 1986 (IBSP CB1 - XV); 1 male, Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col., ref CBI V (IBSP 8565); Vigia [0°51'S, 48°08'W] (Vigia de Nazaré [sic]), Hospital UBSO IV, 1 male, 03 July 2005 (MPEG 5189); UBS V, 1 male, J. F. Maia col., 30 August 2005 (MPEG 5144); Maranhão: São Luís [2°31'S, 44°18'W], 1 female, G. R. Ristan Filho col., 29 February 1996, ref. 78226 (IBSP 8244); 1 female, ref. 78226 (IBSP unnumbered); Bacabal [4°13'S, 44°47'W], Lago Verde, 1 female, R. Neto col., 03 February 1983 (MPEG 5106); Palmeirândia [2°40'S, 44°54'W], 1 female, Dr. Hoge, Pedro and Joaquim col., 7–30 May 1962 (IBSP 3622); Fazenda São Luís, 1 female, 1 immature male, Dr. Hoge, Pedro & Joaquim col., 7–30 May 1962 (IBSP 3621); São Bento [2°41'S, 44°49'W], 1 immature male, 1 female, Dr. Hoge, Pedro & Joaquim col., 7–30 May 1962 (IBSP 3623, IBPS 3618); Mato Grosso: Alta Floresta [9°52'S, 56°05'W], 1 male, F. Palinger col. (IBSP 8768); PERU: Madre de Dios: Cuenca Rio Los Amigos [12°34'S, 70°06'W], 1 male (UA 003/2005); 1 female (UA 042/2006); 1 female (UA 007/2005); Aguajal [12°15'S, 69°16'S], CICRA, 1 female, 21 March 2006 (UA 041/2006); 1 male (UA 005/2005); 1 male (UA 002/2005); Puerto Maldonado [12°36'S, 69°41'W], 15 km East, Rio Madre de Dios, Albergue Lodge Cuzco Amazônico, 200 m, 1 female, G. C. Hunter col, 8 June 1983 (CAS10); La Cachuela (12°33'S, 69°11'W), 1 male and 2 females, H.–W. Auer col., September–October 2013 (MUSM–ENT 0506819); Tambopata [12°34'S, 69°11'W], 1 female, R. Bennett col., August 1994, in silk retreat on palm trees (AMNH RW47); Reserva Tambopata–Candamo [12°59'S, 69°36'W], Albergue Explorer’s Inn, 1 male and 1 female, K. J. N. Villa leg., 2005 (MZUSP 70948); BOLIVIA: Beni: Yucumo [15°08'S, 67°02'W], Aserradero Chaparina, 7 km from Yucumo, path to San Borja, prov. J. Ballivian, 1 male, J. Peñaranda col., 9 July 1991 (MNRJ 06918); 1 female, same data (MNRJ 06919); Pando: Manuripi, Camalho 15 km northwest Puesto Castañero, Chivé [12°23'S, 68°34'W], bosque alto, 1 female, F. Guerra col., 30 September 1991 (MNRJ 06916); La Paz: Iturralde [12°54'S, 67°45'W], Estância El Dorado, UMSA, Instituto de Ecologia, 1 immature male, S. Beck col., 28 February 1984 (MNRJ 06917); Santa Cruz: San Antonio del Parapeti [20°01'S, 63°13'W], 1 male, B. Malkin col., 24–25 May 1985 (AMNH Bo01).
Redescription.MNRJ 13995. Carapace: 19.39 long, 17.68 wide, 5.5 high. Chelicera: 8.40 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 14.66, 8.55, 11.65, 10.56, 8.25, 53.67. II: 14.04, 8.15, 10.56, 10.22, 3.55, 46.55. III: 13.55, 8.20, 10.55, 10.66, 3.11, 46.01. IV: 17.56, 8.65, 14.65, 13.66, 8.12, 62.64. Palp: 10.42, 8.65, 8.76, -, 8.62, 36.45. Midwidth: femora I–IV= 3.45, 3.21, 4.05, 3.50, palp= 2.56; patellae I–IV= 3.66, 3.55, 3.15, 3.50, palp= 3.05; tibiae I–IV= 3.37, 2.56, 3.26, 3.17, palp= 2.62; metatarsi I–IV= 2.45, 2.35, 2.40, 2.35; tarsi I–IV= 2.61, 2.65, 2.53, 2.30, palp= 2.55. Abdomen: 26.37 long, 17.56 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.99 long, 1.62 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 2.04 basal, 1.71 middle, 4.07 distal; width 2.73, 2.3, 1.72, respectively.
Carapace: 1.10 times longer than wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: deep, straight, 2.27 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.30 high, 2.62 long, 3.52 wide. Clipeus: 0.53. Anterior eye row procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.73, ALE 0.85, PME 0.26, PLE 0.74, AME–AME 0.57, AME–ALE 0.48, AME–PME 0.27, ALE–ALE 2.35, ALE–PME 0.58, PME–PME 2.15, PME–PLE 0.14, PLE–PLE 2.86, ALE–PLE 0.38; AME–PLE 0.60.
Maxilla: length to width 1.86. Cuspules: 164 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.07 long, 3.46 wide, with 82 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labio-sternal groove swallow, flat, with two slightly separate, large sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segment with 11 teeth in row and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 9.07 long, 8.08 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, posterior and middle rounded, anterior small, all less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Formula: IV I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.16. Clavate trichobothria: 2/3 distal tarsi I–IV. Scopulae: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate; IV with a few sparse setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 2/3 distal; IV 1/3 distal. IV divided by rows of setae.
Type II urticating hairs: 0.62–0.69 long, 0.017–0.019 wide.
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern (Fig.
Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758), spermathecae variation. 21 morphotype 1, Altamira, state of Pará, Brazil (MNRJ 13995) 22 morphotype 2, UHE Tucuruí, state of Pará, Brazil (IBSP 4885) 23 morphotype 3, Puerto Cabello, state of Carabobo, Venezuela (MNHN–AR 4883) 24 morphotype 4, Cuenca Rio Los Amigos, department of Madre de Dios, Peru (UA 0042/2006) 25 morphotype 5, Yucumo, department of Beni, Bolivia (MNRJ 06919) 26 morphotype 6, Paramaribo, district of Paramaribo, Suriname (AMNH Su59) 27 morphotype 7, Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil (MPEG 15640). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Redescription. MNRJ 13659A. Carapace: 17.23 long, 16.81 wide, 4.9 high. Chelicera: 7.2 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 15.4, 8.6, 11.8, 11.7, 6.9, 54.4. II: 14.8, 7.7, 11.7, 11.5, 6.7, 52.4. III: 13.2, 6.7, 10.2, 11.5, 6.6, 48.2. IV: 16.2, 7.9, 14.7, 15.6, 6.9, 61.3. Palp: 9.4, 5.3, 7.0, –, 2.9, 24.6. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 3.0, 2.8, 3.4, 3.1, palp= 2.2; patellae I–IV= 3.1, 3.1, 2.8, 3.2, palp= 2.3; tibiae I–IV= 2.3, 2.2, 2.2, 2.6, palp= 2.2; metatarsi I–IV=1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.8; tarsi I–IV= 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.6, palp= 2.2. Abdomen: 19.83 long, 13.39 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.75 long, 0.80 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 2.82 basal, 2.04 middle, 3.56 distal; width: 1.88, 1.55, 1.15, respectively.
As in female, except:
Carapace: 1.03 times longer than wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: deep, straight, 1.70 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.60 high, 2.23 long, 3.33 wide. Clypeus 0.22 wide. Eyes size and interdistances: AME 0.71, ALE 0.77, PME 0.27, PLE 0.700, AME–AME 0.62, AME–ALE 0.48, AME–PME 0.22, ALE–ALE 2.24, ALE–PME 0.78, PME–PME 1.99, PME–PLE 0.12, PLE–PLE 2.58, ALE–PLE 0.46, AME–PLE 0.51.
Maxilla: length to width: 2.13. Cuspules: 157 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.73 long, 2.40 wide, with 94 cuspules.
Chelicerae: basal segment with 10 teeth in row and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 8.58 long, 7.35 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, all rounded and large, less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.13. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate, III scopulate in distal 2/3; IV, in distal 1/3. IV divided by wide row of setae.
Type II urticating hairs: 0.94–1.09 long, 0.020–0.025 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis (Figs
Color pattern: carapace brown with brown short body setae with green and golden sheen. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae brown, slightly darker than ventral femora. Legs and palps with brown short body setae with green sheen and reddish brown guard-setae with homogeneous dark coloration on anterior legs and guard-setae with darker base and contrasting whitish apex on posterior legs. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen dorsum with long reddish brown guard-setae with pink sheen and dark short body setae. Ventral abdomen brown.
Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758), male (MNRJ 13659A). 28–31 right palpal bulb (mirrored) 28 prolateral 29 retrolateral 30 frontal 31 dorsal 32 right cymbium, dorsal view (mirrored) 33–35 right tibial apophysis of leg I (mirrored) 33 prolateral 34 ventral 35 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758) morphotypes. 36–37 morphotype 1 36 female from Castanhal, state of Pará, Brazil 37 immature from Santarém, state of Pará, Brazil 38 morphotype 2, female from Tucuruí, state of Pará, Brazil 39 morphotype 3, female from Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela 40 morphotype 4, female from Tambopata, department of Madre de Dios, Peru 41 morphotype 5, preserved female from Manuripi, department of Pando, Bolivia 42–43 morphotype 6 42 female from Montsinery, department of Cayenne, French Guiana 43 male from Georgetown, department of Demerara-Mahaica, Guyana. Photos: 36 R. Bertani; 37 M. Gamache, 38 W. Bokermann; 39–40, 42–43 R. C. West; 41 C. S. Fukushima.
Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles and abdomen dorsum reddish, with dorsal central longitudinal black stripe disconnected from transversal black stripes (Figs
Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil (states of Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Amazonas, Mato Grosso), and populations in Peru and Bolivia (Fig.
F. O.
Specimens of A. avicularia show different patterns of coloration which seems to be correlated with their geographical distribution. However, genitalic and somatic characters are very homogeneous along the distribution of the species. Variations among different populations concerning color patterns are, herein, discussed. We do not consider the detected differences sufficient to elevate each morphotype to species status. Nonetheless, we do not discard the possibility of they corresponding to criptic species. In order to establish more accurate limits in A. avicularia, it is necessary to employ multiple approaches, considering molecular, ecological, behavioral and geographic data.
Besides body coloration, there is urticating setae variation. Females of morphotype 5 have urticating setae with developed barbs along almost all lengths (Fig.
Avicularia avicularia morphotypes: characteristics and geographical distribution.
Morpho 1 (Fig. |
Morpho 2 (Fig. |
Morpho 3 (Fig. |
Morpho 4 (Fig. |
Morpho 5 (Fig. |
Morpho 6 (Figs |
Morpho 7 (Figs |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occurrence area (Fig. |
Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago | Brazil: states of Pará, Maranhão and Mato Grosso | Venezuela | Peru: department of Madre de Dios. | Bolivia: departments of Santa Cruz, La Paz and Beni. | Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago | Brazil: states of Pará and Amapá. |
Overall aspect | brownish | brownish | brownish | brown reddish | greyish | greyish | light brownish |
Legs and palps guard-setae | discrete grizzled or not grizzled | discrete grizzled or not grizzled | discrete grizzled or not grizzled | not grizzled | discrete grizzled or not grizzled | very grizzled | very grizzled |
Legs and palps short body setae | brown with very intense green sheen | brown with discrete golden sheen | brown with golden sheen | brown with green and pink sheen | brown with very intense green sheen | brown with very intense green sheen | brown with discrete golden sheen |
Leg rings | whitish | whitish | whitish | whitish | pale yellowish | whitish | whitish |
Females: abdomen, guard-setae, color | reddish with pink sheen | reddish brown | reddish brown | reddish brown | reddish | brown, gradually lightening from base to tip | orange brownish, with whitish tip |
Females: posterior legs, guard-setae color | vivid red | vivid red | reddish | vivid red | greyish | greyish | vivid orange |
Males: abdomen, guard-setae, color | dark brownish | dark brownish | dark brownish | dark brownish | dark brownish | dark brownish, some with whitish tip | dark brownish, some with whitish tip |
Avicularia
glauca
Simon, 1891: 312 (holotype female, Panama, MNHN–AR 4897, examined); F. O.
The examined specimen is not labeled as holotype. However, it is the only specimen in Simon’s collection in which locality and size are compatible with the description (Simon 1891). Therefore, we consider it as the holoype.
The small specimen (carapace length 9.7 mm) has tarsal and metatarsal scopulae expanded, giving a spatulated aspect, characteristic of Aviculariinae (Fig.
Avicularia
avicularia
variegata
F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896: 743, pl. 33, fig. 12 (lectotype female, here designated, Brazil, Amazonas, Itacoatiara [3°07'S, 58°26'W], Lower Amazon, January 1896, BMNH 1896.12.13.16; and paralectotype female, here designated, Brazil, Amazonas, Itacoatiara [3°07'S, 58°26'W], in banana tree, 7 February 1896, BMNH 1896.12.13.17; examined);
Avicularia
bicegoi
Mello-Leitão, 1923: 329, figs 187, 189 (holotype subadult female, Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus [03°06'S, 60°01'W], Bicego col., MZUSP 133, examined);
Avicularia bicegoi holotype has spermatheca midwidth expanded, about 1.5 times its basal and apical portion widths (Fig.
Females of A. variegata stat. n. resemble A. juruensis and A. taunayi by the spermatheca midwidth expanded, about 1.5 times its basal and apical portion widths (Figs
Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n., spermathecae variation. 54 morphotype 1, Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil (INPA 4894) 55 holotype, Itacoatiara, state of Amazonas, Brazil (BMNH 1896.12.13.16) 56 morphotype 2, Alto Alegre, state of Roraima, Brazil (MZUSP 70946) 57 holotype of Avicularia bicegoi Mello-Leitão, 1923, Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil (MZUSP 133). Scale bars = 1 mm.
1 female, Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus [03°06'S, 60°01'W], Parquejo, R. Oliveira-Filho col., 27 May 2008 (INPA 4894); 1 male, Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus [03°06'S, 60°01'W], Praça 14, M. P. Sena col., 27 March 1980 (INPA 4897).
VENEZUELA: 1 juvenile female, D. Grimaldi col., March 1989 (AMNH Ve21); Distrito Capital: Caracas [10°29'N, 66°54'W], Avila Mountains, 1 juvenile female and 1 immature, on trees, C. Siederman col., August 1991, (AMNH Ve18); Monagas: Caripito [10°06'N, 63°06'W], 1 male, 15–31 March 1942, Venezuela Expedition, Dept. Tropical Research, N. Y. Zool. Society, W. Beebe col., high and low jungle trails (AMNH Ve31); Amazonas: Puerto Ayacucho [5°39'N, 67°38'W], reg. 22, 2 males, in trees, C. Siederman col., May 1993 (AMNH Ve29); BRAZIL: Roraima: Alto Alegre [2°53'N, 61°29'W], 1 female, C. M. Moraes ded., April 2013, (MZUSP 70946); Amajari, Vila Tepequém (03°47'54"N, 61°44'57"W), 1 male, 17 November 2008, Yamaguti & Pinto da Rocha col. (MZUSP 70945); Boa Vista [2°49'N, 60°40'W], Balneário Água Boa, 1 male, 6h00, S. M. B. Lima col., 02 January 2002 (MNRJ 12968); Caracaraí, Estação Ecológica Niquiá [1°49'N, 61°07'W], Hotel Ecotur, 1 immature male, 07 October 2001 (IBSP 11270); Ilha de Maracá [3°25'N, 61°39'W], 2 males, A. B. Bonaldo col., 31 January to 14 February 1992 (MCP 1969); 2 males, A. Lise leg., 13 January to 14 February 1992 (MCP 1968); Amapá: Macapá, 4 km from Pacoval [0°02'N, 51°04'W], 1 female, Dr. Hoge col., 4 August 1965 (IBSP 3837); [0°03'S, 49°33'W], 1 female, 4 August 1965, Dr. Hoge col., died 26 June 1968 (IBSP 3873); Amazonas: Coari, Porto Urucu, Base de Operações Geólogo Pedro de Moura, (4°45'47"S, 65°02'41"W), 1 male, Dias et al. col., 2006 (MPEG 15633); (4°48'45"S, 65°02'01"W), 1 male, L. T. Miglio col., 09 July 2006 (MPEG 15641); Itacoatiara [3°07'S, 58°26'W], 1 female, Dirings col., March 1961 (IBSP 4265); Itapiranga [2°44'S, 58°01W], 1 immature male, EPA col., 11 September 1968 (MZUSP 10.860); Manaus [03°06'S, 60°01'W], 2 males, T. Gasnier col. (INPA 4952, INPA 4948); 1 male, H. Höfer leg., 28 March 1988 (INPA 4891); 1 female, 2 February 1948 (AMNH 1.13); 1 juvenile female, February 1943 (AMNH 1.26); Balneário do SESC, 1 female, R. Freitas col., 07 December 1975 (INPA 4896); conjunto Suframa, 1 juvenile female, Larissa col., 13 November 1997 (INPA 4893); conjunto Acariquara, 1 male, D. M. M. Mendes col., 18 March 2005 (INPA 4895); campusINPA, 1 male, Albuquerque col., May 1995 (INPA 4887); Estação Ecológica Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical, INPA, 1 female, A. L. R. Barreto col., 29 July 1980 (ZUEC 015); Estrada Manaus–Caracaraí, km 45, 2 immature males, J. Vasconcellos Neto col., July 1978 (ZUEC 019); INPA, Mata do Laguinho, 1 male and 1 female, 25 April 1959 (IBSP 3503); INPA, campus Peralta, 1 female, F. J. A. col., 13 January 1988 (INPA 4881); Manaus Airport, 1 male, A. Barros col., 27 April 1980 (INPA 4892); Peralta, 1 male, F. J. A. col., 05 June 1993 (INPA 4889); 1 female, F. J. A. col., 03 December 1990 (INPA 4883); Prédio do INPA, V8, 3°andar, Silvicultura, 1 male, P. A. Celeste col., 19 May 1986 (INPA 4888); Rio Tarumá, off Rio Negro, Manaus [03°06'S, 60°01'W], 1 juvenile female, N. Gordon col., June 1995, in house (AMNH RW32); Terra Nova [Manaus neighborhood or Amazonas’s town?], 1 male, Mancelu col., 07 September 1975 (INPA 4890); Vivenda Verde [Manaus neighborhood?], 1 male, H. Brandão col., 29 March 2002 (INPA 4885); Maraã [2°17'S, 65°00'W], Rio Japurá, Maguari, 1 male, R. Constantino col., 02 December 1998 (MPEG 5182); 1 juvenile female (MPEG 5504); Presidente Figueiredo [02°01'S, 60°01'W], UHE Balbina, 1 female, 2 juvenile females, faunal rescue team col., February 1988, ref. 56112 (IBSP 7872, IBSP 7871, IBSP 7875, respectively); 2 immatures, November 1987, collection Bokermann no. 886 (MZUSP 32173); 1 female, 1987, ref. 55569-12 (IBSP 7900); 2 juvenile females, 1 immature male, 1987, ref. 56681 (IBSP 7901); 1 juvenile female, November 1987, ref. IB34 (IBSP 7876); 1 male, 20 November 1987, ref. 55569-20 (IBSP 7873); 1 male, ref. 55854-2 (IBSP 7878); 3 females, 1 male, 2 immatures, 1987, ref. 56681 (IBSP 7902, IBSP 7903); 1 male, 1988, ref. 56572-7 (IBSP 7874); 3 juvenile females, 2 immature males, Eletronorte col., April 1988 (MNRJ 13818); Cachoeira do Tucumã, Rio Uatumã [2°36'S, 58°05'W], 1 immature (IBSP 7934); Margens do Rio Uatumã [2°36'S, 58°05'W], 1 female, 1 juvenile female, C. F. Alvarenga col., October 1987 (MNRJ 13652); Pará: Belém [1°26'S, 48°28'W] 1 female, Dr. Hoge & João col., September 1952 (IBSP 3119).
Redescription.INPA 4894. Carapace: 19.27 long, 19.06 wide, 4.20 high. Chelicera: 7.25 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 16.22, 10.06, 12.58, 10.94, 7.27, 57.07. II: 15.21, 9.21, 11.43, 10.37, 6.93, 53.15. III: 13.91, 8.39, 11.34, 10.72, 6.95, 51.31. IV: 16.89, 9.04, 14.17, 14.00, 6.94, 61.04. Palp: 11.19, 7.10, 7.84, –, 8.88, 35.01. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 3.40, 3.67, 3.63, 3.78, palp= 3.08; patellae I–IV= 3.68, 3.86, 4.03, 3.89, palp= 3.18; tibiae I–IV= 3.41, 3.21, 3.24, 3.38, palp= 2.98; metatarsi I–IV= 2.28, 2.52, 2.29, 2.58; tarsi I–IV= 3.20, 3.00, 2.97, 2.97, palp= 3.03. Abdomen: 24.77 long, 16.94 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.34 long, 0.93 wide, 0.31 apart; PLS, 2.70 basal, 1.59 middle, 3.50 distal; midwidths 2.22, 1.83, 1.43, respectively.
Carapace: 1.01 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: deep, slightly recurve, 2.35 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 0.95 high, 2.70 long, 3.71 wide. Clypeus 0.67. Anterior row of eyes procurve. Posterior row of eyes recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.86, ALE 0.89, PME 0.39, PLE 0.58, AME–AME 0.71, AME–ALE 0.64, AME–PME 0.22, ALE–ALE 2.35, ALE–PME 0.91, PME–PME 2.45, PME–PLE 0.08, PLE–PLE 3.10, ALE–PLE 0.55, AME–PLE 0.68.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.84. Cuspules: 100–200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.68 long, 3.26 wide, with 103 cuspules spaced by one diameter in third distal area. Labium-sternal groove shallow, flattened, with two sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segment with 15 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 9.99 long, 8.39 wide. Sigilla: only posterior pair evident, rounded, less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.07. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 tarsi I–IV. Scopulae: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 2/3; IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by a wide row of setae.
Type II urticating setae (Fig.
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern (Fig.
Description.INPA 4897. Carapace: 19.38 long, 19.08 wide, 5.27 high. Chelicera: 6.69 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus and total): I: 19.21, 10.36, 14.03, 14.46, 7.62, 65.68. II: 18.52, 9.55, 14.57, 14.15, 7.94, 64.73. III: 16.41, 8.40, 13.17, 13.82, 7.60, 59.40. IV: 19.64, 8.88, 16.32, 18.13, 7.72, 70.69. Palp: 11.53, 6.64, 9.10, –, 3.78, 31.05. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 3.92, 3.90, 4.09, 3.60, palp= 2.85; patellae I–IV= 3.87, 4.03, 3.86, 3.83, palp= 3.03; tibiae I–IV= 3.06, 3.31, 2.85, 3.18, palp= 2.71; metatarsi I–IV= 2.28, 2.12, 2.00, 1.95; tarsi I–IV= 2.49, 2.45, 2.25 2.31, palp= 2.61. Abdomen: 22.45 long, 14.42 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.31 long, 0.79 wide, 0.16 apart; PLS, 2.35 basal, 1.20 middle, 3.56 distal; midwidths 1.95, 1.63, 1.25, respectively.
As in female, except:
Carapace: 1.02 times longer than wide.
Fovea: 2.59 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.59 high, 2.67 long, 3.48 wide. Clypeus 0.44. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.84, ALE 0.79, PME 0.29, PLE 0.68, AME–AME 0.45, AME–ALE 0.52, AME–PME 0.27, ALE–ALE 2.53, ALE–PME 0.70, PME–PME 2.23, PME–PLE 0.20, PLE–PLE 2.68, ALE–PLE 0.52, AME–PLE 0.72.
Maxilla: length to width: 2.05. Labium: 2.19 long, 3.19 wide, with 100 cuspules spaced by one diameter in third area. Labio-sternal groove with no evident sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 9.93 long, 7.45 wide. Sigilla: only posterior evident, rounded, less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.08. Scopula: Metatarsi III 1/2 distal scopulate.
Type II urticating setae: 0.91–1.00 long, 0.019–0.020 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis (Figs
Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles and abdomen dorsum reddish, with dorsal central longitudinal black stripe disconnected from transversal black stripes (Fig.
Venezuela and Brazil (states of Roraima, Amapá, Amazonas and Pará) (Fig.
All examined specimens of A. variegata stat. n. have grizzled setae on palps and legs (except those found in Venezuela), but with slight differences in body coloration. We detected three morphotypes. Morphotype 1 is found especially near Manaus (Fig.
In his expedition on Lower Amazonas, F. O.
Avicularia
minatrix
Pocock, 1903: 81 (holotype female, Venezuela, Lara, Duaca [10°17'N, 69°09'W], BMNH 1903.7.1.120, examined);
Females and males of A. minatrix can be distinguished from all other Avicularia species by the abdominal pattern, vivid orange lateral spots over black background (Figs
VENEZUELA: 1 female, M. Baumgarten leg. 1994, ref. 73485 (IBSP 12886); 1 male, pet trade (MZUSP 70949); 1 male, L. Koschorreck col., 1991 (IBSP 11596).
Redescription.IBSP 12886. Carapace 12.85 long, 12.30 wide, 4.50 high. Chelicera: 4.09 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 9.38, 6.10, 6.91, 6.39, 4.24, 33.02. II: 8.84, 5.85, 6.56, 6.27, 4.26, 31.78. III: 7.82, 5.15, 5.23, 6.05, 3.49, 27.74. IV: 9.99, 5.07, 7.79, 7.42, 3.93, 34.20. Palp: 6.87, 4.31, 4.08, –, 5.00, 20.26. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 1.99, 2.00, 1.62, 2.13, palp= 2.11; patellae I–IV= 2.39, 2.24, 2.48, 2.59, palp= 2.26; tibiae I–IV= 2.01, 2.25, 2.01, 2.32, palp= 2.05; metatarsi I–IV= 1.95, 1.58, 1.59, 1.92; tarsi I–IV= 2.05, 2.02, 1.76, 2.02, palp= 2.12. Abdomen 14.10 long, 8.91 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.72 long, 0.95 wide, 0.15 apart; PLS 2.57 basal, 1.68 middle, 2.34 distal; midwidths 1.57, 1.18, 0.93, respectively.
Carapace: 1.05 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Carapace covered by long setae.
Fovea: deep, slightly recurve, 2.46 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle: 0.90 high, 1.97 long, 2.77 wide. Clypeus 0.46. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior row of eyes slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.64, ALE 0.59, PME 0.24, PLE 0.58, AME–AME 0.27, AME–ALE 0.36, AME–PME 0.14, ALE–ALE 1.70, ALE–PME 0.55, PME–PME 1.58, PME–PLE 0.15, PLE–PLE 2.02, ALE–PLE 0.40, AME–PLE 0.47.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.48. Cuspules: 190 spread over inner heel. Labium: 1.87 long, 2.31 wide, with about 50 cuspules spaced by one diamenter of each other on anterior half (malformed). Labium sternal groove shallow, flat, with two separate, large sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segment with 8 teeth and some small teeth on promargin.
Sternum: 7.27 long, 4.32 wide. Sigilla: only posterior evident, rounded, very close to margin.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.04. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 of tarsi I–II; distal 1/2 of tarsi II–IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate, III 2/3, IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by row of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.38–0.51 long and 0.011–0.013 wide (measured in holotype BMNH 1903.7.1.120).
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern (Fig.
Redescription.IBSP 11596. Carapace 10.08 long, 9.49 wide, 2.32 high. Chelicera 2.84 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 9.40, 5.29, 7.46, 6.76, 3.97, 32.88. II: 8.97, 4.76, 5.73, 5.92, 3.55, 28.93. III: 7.30, 3.89, 5.08, 5.92, 3.58, 25.77. IV: 9.76, 4.66, 7.98, 8.61, 4.00, 35.01. Palp: 5.83, 3.43, 4.17, –, 2.47, 15.9. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.02, 1.77, 2.04, 1.60, palp= 1.61; patellae I–IV= 1.85, 1.76, 1.82, 1.87, palp= 1.48; tibiae I–IV= 1.73, 1.65, 1.72, 1.70, palp= 1.48; metatarsi I–IV= 1.25, 1.19, 1.19, 1.18; tarsi I–IV= 1.54, 1.33, 1.42, 1.21, palp= 1.75. Abdomen 9.78 long, 5.73 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.06 long, 0.59 wide, 0.18 apart; PLS, 1.66 basal, 0.69 middle, 1.58 distal; midwidths 0.73, 0.59, 0.49, respectively.
As in female, except:
Carapace: 1.06 times longer than wide.
Fovea: 1.56 wide.
Eye: eye tubercle: 1.51 long, 2.24 wide, 0.71 high. Clypeus: 0.20 wide. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.58, ALE 0.60, PME 0.26, PLE 0.54, AME–AME 0.25, AME–ALE 0.18, AME–PME 0.16, ALE–ALE 1.25, ALE–PME 0.45, PME–PME 1.33, PME–PLE 0.13, PLE–PLE 1.69, ALE–PLE 0.10, AME–PLE 0.42.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.98. Cuspules: 100–115 spread over inner heel. Labium: 1.04 long, 1.58 wide, with about 80 cuspules spaced by two diameters from each other on anterior half.
Chelicera: basal segment with 10 teeth decreasing in size from distal area. Sternum: 4.95 long, 3.72 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, posterior oval.
Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.07. Scopula: tarsi IV with some sparse setae.
Type II urticating setae: not seen due to abdomen in poor conditions.
Palp (Figs
Tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Figs
Color pattern (Fig.
Adults maintain the same coloration pattern of immatures. There is no drastic ontogenetic changes in this species.
Known only from Venezuela (Fig.
Silken tubes are built by specimens inside tree bark and hollow branches and in the center of large bromeliads, which are in xenophyte bush grassland clearings of tropical forest (
Ancylochiros
taunayi
Mello-Leitão, 1920: 142 (holotype immature male, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Mariana [20°22'S, 43°25'W], J. P. Fonseca leg., MZUSP 327, examined); 1923: 319, 376, figs 41–44, 160;
Anchylochiros
taunayi
:
Avicularia
taunayi
:
Females of A. taunayi resemble those of A. juruensis and A. variegata stat. n. by the spermathecae with midwidth expanded; about 1.5 times its basal and apical portions widths (Fig.
Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitão, 1920), male (DZUB 1675; except cymbium, DZUB 4542). 93–96 left palpal bulb 93 prolateral 94 retrolateral 95 frontal 96 dorsal 97 left cymbium, dorsal 98–100 right tibial apophysis of leg I (mirrored) 98 prolateral 99 ventral 100 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Female, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Barão de Cocais [19°56'S, 43°28'W], J. P. Couto col., 5 February 1971, ref. 4336 (IBSP 199); male, Brazil, Brasília D.F. [15°46'S, 47°55'W], Gláucia & Reuber col., 14 May 2002 (DZUB 1675).
BRAZIL: Pará: Tucuruí [3°46'S, 49°40'W], 1 male, Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col., IBA 285 (IBSP 8570); 1 male, 3 immatures, 27 January 1986 (IBSP ref. 48014); Mato Grosso: Barra do Bugres [15°03'S, 57°10'W], Serra das Araras, 1 juvenile female, C. Strusman col., September 1992 (MCP 2293); Chapada dos Guimarães [15°27'S, 55°45'W], 1 female, M. Acuarensa col., November 1963 (AMNH 1.7); Barra do Tapirapé [10°38'S, 50°36'W] (Barro do Tapirapé [sic]), 2 females, B. Malkin col., 1962 (AMNH 1.5); Goiás: Ipameri [17°43'S, 48°09'W], 1 male, 1 female, F. R. Alves col., February 1996, ref. 78206 (IBSP 14397); Distrito Federal: Brasília [15°47'S, 47°53'W], 1 female, 15 November 2002, F. Brasil leg. (DZUB 1979); Paranoá [15°43'S, 47°44'W], 1 female, 1 immature, R. Bertani, C. S. Fukushima, R. H. Nagahama, P. C. Motta, P. Jotta, 12 July 2007 (DZUB 4707); Sobradinho [Colorado, Córrego do Urubu, 15°42'S, 47°51'W], 1 female, 1 January 1999, J. Marinho-Filho leg. (DZUB 352); Minas Gerais: Santa Vitória [18°51'S, 50°07'W], 1 female, M. Rosa col., 28 July 1981 (ZUEC 018); Monte Alegre de Minas [18°52'S, 48°52'W] (Monte Alegre [sic]), 1 male, A. Lourenço col., June 2005, ref. 95480 (IBSP 12780).
See
Spermathecae (Figs
Palp (Fig.
Tibial apophysis (Figs
Type II urticating setae: 0.362–0.407 long, 0.009–0.013 wide in females; 0.840–0.968 long, 0.014–0.020 wide in males.
Color pattern (Figs
Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles, and abdomen dorsum reddish, with dorsal central longitudinal black stripe connected with first two pairs of transversal black stripes (Fig.
Brazil, states of Tocantins, Goiás, Pará, São Paulo, Mato Grosso, west of Bahia, Minas Gerais and in Brasília (Distrito Federal), in savannah areas (Fig.
A small population of A. taunayi was found at Distrito Federal, in a mountain area that had savannah areas mixed with anthropized areas with houses and farms (
Avicularia
juruensis
Mello-Leitão, 1923: 321, 377, figs 156, 188 (syntypes 4 females and 1 male, Brazil, Amazonas, Juruá [4°47'S, 68°38'W], Garbe col., 1902, MZUSP 125A–D, examined; lectotype male (MZUSP 125C) and paralectotype female (MZUSP 125B), here designated);
Avicularia
urticans
Schmidt, 1994: 5, figs 1–2 (holotype female, from Peru, Krasa leg., 1989, SMF 38035 and spermathecae in microslides, SMF 58243-84 21/11, SMF 58243-84, examined), 1995c: 2, figs 1–2;
Avicularia urticans holotype is in poor conditions since the specimen died during moulting process. Its spermatheca is preserved in slides, but unfortunately it lost most of its natural shape. Despite this, it was possible to observe that spermatheca have midwidth expanded, about 1.5 times its basal and apical portion widths. Spermatheca morphology and overall body coloration match with large specimens found in Peru and Ecuador. Well-preserved material were examined and despite some differences in color features, A. urticans is indistinguishable from A. juruensis. Thus, we consider A. urticans Schmidt, 1994 as junior synonym of A. juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923.
Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923, spermathecae variation. 106 paralectotype, Rio Juruá, state of Amazonas, Brazil (MZUSP 125C) 107 paralectotype, Rio Juruá, state of Amazonas, Brazil (MZUSP 125A) 108 morphotype 3, Pebas, department of Loreto, Peru (MNHN–AR 4902). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Females of A. juruensis resemble those of A. variegata stat. n. and A. taunayi by the spermathecae having midwidth expanded, about 1.5 times its basal and apical portion widths (Fig.
COLOMBIA: Vaupés: Vaupés [0°5'N, 70°48'W], low Río Apaporis, Lago Toraima, Estación Biológica Caparu, 200 m asl, 1 male, Col. Jaime Pinzól (AP3-5) (ICN–Ar-2006); Putumayo: Puerto Leguízamo, Parque Nacional Natural La Paya [0°28'N, 75°49'W], Mamansoyá (Mamangaya [sic]), 1 male, 21 September 2001, D. Campos col. (ICN–Ar-1972); Amazonas: Letícia, km 2 Via Taparaca (trapaca [sic]), (4°12'19.25'S, 69°55'58.07"W), 100 m asl, 1 male, Col. Est. Sist. Anim. I-2002, 25 April 2002 (13001) (ICN–Ar-1970); [4°12'S, 69°56'W], km 11, Carretera a Tarapaca, bosque en interior de hija enrollada con casulo de seda a 50 m del suelo, coleta manual, 100 m asl, 1 immature, E. Flórez col., 27 October 1997 (ICN–Ar-1978); km 10, via Terapacos, Finca La Arerosa, 95 m asl, 1 immature, Col. Est. Sist. Animal II.03, 06 November 2003 (ICN–Ar-2369); La Pedrera, Resguardo Indígena Curaril–Los Ingleses, colectada em el interior de una vivenda, em horas nocturnas, 1 male, Z. Cordero col., 24 April 2004 (ICN–Ar-6819); cerca de Letícia [4°12'S, 69°56'W], 100 m asl, D. Campos col., August 1997 (ICN–Ar-5002); BRAZIL: Amazonas: between Benjamin Constant [4°22'S, 70°01'W] and São Paulo de Olivença [3°22'S, 68°52'W], 1 male, P. L. Conti col., 3 August 1972, ref. 9971 (IBSP 2829); Alto Solimões, 2 males, 31 August 1972 (IBSP 3389); Igarapé Belém, near confluence with Rio Solimões [3°05'S, 60°08'W], 1 male, B. Malkin col., 5–30 April 1966 (AMNH 1.29); Rio Negro [3°09'S, 59°57'W], 1 female, J. Coffey col., September 1994 (AMNH RW31); Carauari, left margin of Rio Juruá, Comunidade Esperança, RESEX Médio Juruá (05°05'31"S, 67°10'03"W), 1 male, F. F. Xavier Filho & A. L. Henriques col., 27 June to 16 July 2005 (INPA 4886); Pará: Breves [1°40'S, 50°28'W], margem W, Área 2, 1 male, J. Dias col., 2 February 1988 (MPEG 5398); Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul [7°37'S, 72°40'W], 1 female, S. Albuquerque (by photo); ECUADOR: 1 female, M. Baumgarten leg., 1994 (IBSP 12887); Napo: Parque Nacional Yasuní, Catholica Field Station (0°40'54"S, 76°23'9.33"W), 2 males, A. I. Ognato col., 15 July 1996 (CAS 6, CAS 4); Puerto Napo, 20 km east, Aliñahuí (1°0'S, 77°25'W), 450 m, 1 immature male, V. D. & B. Roth col., January 1994 (CAS 11A); 1 immature male, A. urticans det. R. West in August 94, V. D. & B. Roth col. (CAS 8); 1 male, A. urticans det. R. West in August 94, V. D. & B. Roth col., June 1994 (CAS 5); Puerto Napo, 25 km East, Selva Aliñahuí [1°0'S, 77°25'W], 450 m, 2 immature males, E. Ross col., January–February 1991; Avicularia sp. near juruensis det. J. Ledford 1997 (CAS); Pastaza: Tiguino [1°12'S, 7°51'W], 1 female, W. Lamar col., September 1990 (AMNH RW53); Morona-Santiago: Los Tayos, (3°05'S, 78°02'W), 1 female, in grass area near mil. camp, in afternoon, 5 July 1976 (IBSP 12884); same locality, in hole in tree trunk live but part rotten c.1 m from base, 1 male (IBSP 12888); PERU: spermathecae in microslides, no further information (SMF 58257-84); Rio Bombo, alto Tapiche, 1 female, 2 immatures, H. Bassler col, January 1928 (AMNH Pe55); R. Marañon [6°24'S, 76°05'W], 1 female, Bristol [col.?], October 1927 (AMNH Pe5); Marañón (Marauon [sic]),1 female,1 immature male, Bristol [col.?], October 1927 (AMNH Pe96); no data, probably Loreto, INRENA confiscation, 1 female (UA 088/2004); Peruvian jungle, confiscation, 1 male (UA 098/2004); Loreto: no further information, 1 female, Collection Bluntschili-Peyes, 1912 (AMNH Pe115); Cashiboya [7°39'S, 74°55'W], 1 female, February 1927 (AMNH Pe111); Estirón [4°07'S, 70°43'W], Rio Ampiacu, 3 females, 1 male, 2 juveniles, B. Malkin col., 15–22 May 1966 (AMNH Pe58); Iquitos [3°44'S, 73°15'W], 1 female, J. Huff col., November 1995 (AMNH RW51); Iquitos, Rio Momon, Amazon Camp (3°41'13.00"S, 73°16'48'00"W), 2 females, 1 male, R. C. West col., 9 November 1993 (AMNH RW35, AMNH RW36, AMNH RW37, respectively); 1 male, T. Mason col., March 1993 (AMNH RW39); 2 females, R. C. West col., 6 November 1993 (AMNH RW40, AMNH RW41); 1 male, E. Cooper col., May 1993 (AMNH RW43); Pebas [3°19'S, 71°51'W], 1 female, De Mathan col. (MNHN–AR 4902); Rio Tahuayo [4°53'S, 73°08'W], 1 male, W. Lamar col., September 1990, found parasite on forest floor (AMNH RW46); San Martín: Tarapoto [06°07'S, 75°57'W], 1 female, (UA 668/2005); Valley of Cainarachi, 40 miles east of Tarapoto, 1 female, 700–1500 m a.s.l., December 1925 (AMNH Pe54); Ucayali: Pampa Hermosa, Rio Ucayali [7°34'S, 74°19'W], 1 male, 1 female, January or June 1927 (AMNH Pe34); (Pompa Hermosa [sic]; Ucayoli [sic]), 8 females, February 1927 (AMNH Pe116); Rio Utiquinea [8°131'S, 74°32'W] (Upper Utoguinia [sic]), La frontera, 1 juvenile female, H. Bassler col., 1928 (AMNH Pe113); (Rio Utuguinea [sic]), Peru–Brazil frontier, 1 immature, August 1927 (AMNH Pe109); Crenze Zwischen Peru und Brazil, sud Crenze, Beim Uberer Utoquinia, 1 immature male, “Scolopenda”, 10 February 1928 (AMNH 1.10); Río Ucayali [7°34'S, 74°19'W], Suhuaya + Rean Rean [?], 2 juvenile females, 1 immature male, 12–16 December 1926 (AMNH Pe122).
Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923, male lectotype (MZUSP 125B). 109–112 left palpal bulb 109 prolateral 110 retrolateral 111 frontal 112 dorsal 113 left cymbium, dorsal 114–116 right tibial apophysis of leg I (mirrored) 114 prolateral 115 ventral 116 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923, habitus. 117–118 morphotype 2 117 immature 118 juvenile 119 female with yellowish leg ring, department of Napo, Ecuador 120 female with whitish leg ring, department of Loreto, Peru 121 male, department of Loreto, Peru 122 morphotype 1, female, Peru. Photos: 117 Tanya Stewart; 118 W. Lamar; 119–122 R. C. West.
Description.MZUSP 125C. Carapace: 15.23 long, 15.31 wide, 4.67 high. Chelicera: 5.60 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 15.92, 8.47, 12.61, 11.81, 7.31, 56.12. II: lost. III: lost. IV: 16.63, 6.87, 14.78, 15.72, 6.16, 60.16. Palp: 9.11, 6.03, 8.09, –, 3.51, 26.74. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 3.21, –, –, 3.08, palp= 2.23; patellae I–IV= 2.74, –, –, 2.60, palp= 1.91; tibiae I–IV= 2.34, –, –, 2.43, palp= 2.18; metatarsi I–IV= 1.54, –, –, 1.70; tarsi I–IV= 1.67, –, –, 1.93, palp= 2.06. Abdomen: 16.66 long, 12.25 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.20 long, 0.54 wide, 0.23 apart; PLS, 1.83 basal, 1.79 middle, 2.96 distal; midwidths 1.41, 1.41, 0.93, respectively.
Carapace: as long as wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae conspicuous.
Fovea: deep, slightly recurve, 2.27 wide.
Eyes: ocular tubercle 1.05 high, 2.19 long, 3.22 wide. Clypeus 0.56. Anterior eye row procurve. Posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.69, ALE 0.77, PME 0.25, PLE 0.65, AME–AME 0.59, AME–ALE 0.51, AME–PME 0.22, ALE–ALE 2.14, ALE–PME 0.95, PME–PME 1.97, PME–PLE 0.21, PLE–PLE 2.47, ALE–PLE 0.54, AME–PLE 0.56.
Maxilla: length to width: 2.31. Cuspules: 100–200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.51 long, 2.75 wide, with 87 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, with no visible sigilla.
Sternum: 7.18 long, 6.71 wide. Sigilla: not evident.
Legs: Formula: IV=I – –. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.07. Clavate trichobothria: 2/3 distal on tarsi I, IV. Scopulae: Tarsi I and IV fully scopulate. IV lacking sparse setae. Metatarsi I fully scopulate, II–III ?; IV on distal 1/3. IV divided by a row of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.94–1.01 long, 0.017–0.021 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis (Figs
Color pattern: carapace brown with golden short body setae. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae brown, slightly darker than ventral femora. Legs and palps with golden brown short body setae and brown long dark guard-setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen dorsum with reddish brown guard-setae and black short body setae. Ventral abdomen brown.
Redescription.MZUSP 125B. Carapace: 19.26 long, 16.94 wide, 5.22 high. Chelicera: 8.77 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 15.30, 9.13, 11.53, 9.92, 6.66, 52.54. II: 14.21, 8.26, 10.39, 10.37, 6.25, 49.48. III: 12.99, 7.49, 9.86, 9.68, 6.43, 46.45. IV: 15.75, 8.48, 13.59, 13.19, 6.62, 57.63. Palp: 10.61, 6.74, 7.07, –, 8.34, 32.76. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 3.64, 3.71, 3.84, 3.45, palp= 2.84; patellae I–IV= 3.55, 3.68, 3.69, 3.62, palp= 2.90; tibiae I–IV= 2.97, 3.13, 3.00, 2.72, palp= 2.88; metatarsi I–IV= 2.34, 2.67, 2.21, 2.20; tarsi I–IV= 2.89, 2.44, 2.80, 2.62, palp= 2.78. Abdomen: 24.29 long, 16.59 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.32 long, 1.54 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 3.43 basal, 2.14 middle, 2.86 distal; widths 1.82, 1.45, 1.28, respectively.
As in male, except:
Carapace: 1.14 times longer than wide.
Fovea: 2.19 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.15 high, 2.76 long, 3.56 wide. Clypeus 0.48. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.78, ALE 0.80, PME 0.34, PLE 0.75, AME–AME 0.64, AME–ALE 0.56, AME–PME 0.29, ALE–ALE 2.53, ALE–PME 0.91, PME–PME 2.13, PME–PLE 0.14, PLE–PLE 2.95 ALE–PLE 0.66, AME–PLE 0.66.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.70. Cuspules: 100–200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.00 long, 2.71 wide, with 88 cuspules spaced by one diameter on anterior third.
Chelicera: basal segment with 10 teeth. Sternum: 8.69 long, 7.79 wide.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.10. Clavate trichobothria: 2/3 distal on tarsi I–IV. Scopulae: Tarsi I and IV fully scopulate. IV lacking sparse setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate, III on distal 2/3; IV on distal 1/3. III divided by a bald area, IV divided by a row of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.54–0.66 long, 0.014–0.018 wide (measured MZUSP 125A).
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern: dorsal abdomen with long brown guard-setae grouped on lateral and dorsal anterior areas, and dark short body setae.
We found two different morphotypes. Morphotype 1 is found near Rio Juruá, state of Amazonas and Acre, Brazil, and in some areas of Peru (Fig.
Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923, retreat, habitus and behavior. 123 morphotype 2, retreat 124 morphotype 1, female from Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil, habitus 125 female swimming on Rio Momon, Peru 126 female swimming on Rio Marañon, Peru. Photos: 123, 125–126 R. C. West; 124 S. Albuquerque.
For many years the name A. juruensis has been applied to specimens that have vivid yellow leg rings and grizzled setae on legs and palps, that are commonly found in the states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia, Brazil. They have spermathecae with midwidth not expanded, developed prominence on palpal bulb and leg IV longer than leg I. However, A. juruenesis syntypes have whitish leg rings and lack setae with conspicuous whitish apex on legs, spermathecae with midwidth expanded, palpal bulb with well-developed prominence, and leg IV as long as leg I. The characters found in these specimens formerly known as A. juruensis match, in fact, with those of A. rufa. Thus, we conclude the name A. juruensis is being mistakenly applied to specimens of A. rufa.
Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles and abdomen dorsum reddish, with dorsal central longitudinal black stripe disconnected from transversal black stripes (Fig.
Brazil (states of Amazonas, Acre and Pará), Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (Fig.
Silken retreats of A. juruensis are similar to other Avicularia species (Fig.
Avicularia
rufa
Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945: 190, pls. XV–XVI, XXV (holotype female, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Alto Ji Paraná [10°52'N, 61°55'W] (Gy Paraná [sic]), Dr. Vellard col., December 1938, MACN–Ar 845, examined,);
Avicularia
juruensis
(misidentification):
males and females of A. rufa resemble A. avicularia and female of A. hirschii by the leg IV longer than leg I. Females of A. rufa can be distinguished from those of A. hirschii by the non-twisted spermathecae. Females and males of A. rufa differ from those of A. avicularia by having vivid yellow rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi combined with legs and palps with very grizzled guard-setae (Fig.
1 female, Brazil, Mato Grosso, between Vale de São Domingos [15°17'S, 59°03'W] (Vale de São Lourenço [sic]) and Pontes & Lacerda [15°12'S, 59°19'W], Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 14 December 2002, RGI 1963 (IBSP 10264) and 2 males and 1 immature female, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Operação Coatá col., 1–20 July 2002 (MCP 13592).
Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, spermathecae variation. 128 between vale de São Domingos and Pontes & Lacerda, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (IBSP 10264) 129 Rio Negro, state of Amazonas, Brazil (AMNH RW29) 130 Tomé-Assu, state of Pará, Brazil (IBSP 3105). Scale bars = 1 mm.
BRAZIL: no further data: 1 female, 1 immature (IBSP 2157); 1 female (IBSP 3170); 7 immatures, G. Raidar col., 14 May 1951 (IBSP 2620); 1 female (IBSP 4368); 2 males (MZUSP 22501); 2 females (IBSP 1393); Amapá: Serra do Navio [1°38'N, 52°12'W], 2 immature males (IBSP 3703); Amazonas: Rodovia Transamazônica, km 530, 1 male, 23 October 1975 (IBSP 7895); Transamazônica Humaitá–Porto Velho, 1 immature, Dr. A. H. Hoge col., ref. 4102, July 1972 (IBSP 4102); Barcelos [0°57'S, 62°55'W], Parque Nacional do Jaú, Lago do Miratuca, 1 female, R. Andriazze, W. L. S. Costa & L. Aquino col., 14 July 1993 (INPA 4884); Boca do Jacaré [5°45'S, 63°41'W], Rio Solimões, 1 female (IBSP 3110); Boca do Tefé [3°19'S, 64°43'W], Rio Solimões, 1 female (IBSP 3104); 2 females, 1 immature male (IBSP 3099); 1 female, 3 immatures (IBSP ref.189); 1 male (IBSP 3101); 1 female (IBSP 3103); 1 immature male (IBSP 3102); 2 immatures (IBSP 3100); Boca do Tefé [3°19'S, 64°43'W], Rio Solimões, 5 females, 1 male, 2 immatures males, 5 immatures (IBSP 3104, IBSP 3099, IBSP ref. 189, IBSP 3103, IBSP 3101, IBSP 3102, IBSP 3100); Cucuí [1°11'N, 66°49'W], 1 juvenile female, P. Serveira col., November 1975, ref.17.595 (IBSP 2569); Humaitá [7°30'S, 63°01'W], 1 female, in silk retreat in a palm tree (IBSP 7932); 1 male, 4 females, L. R. Latorre col., November 1981, ref. 40348 (IBSP 4686, IBSP 4687); pottery and pineapple crop, 1 male, 1 juvenile female, 1 immature male, 2 immatures, Dr. A. R. Hoge col., July 1972, IB 24.8.72 (IBSP 4099); Transamazônica, km 86, 1 male, 23 July 1972 (IBSP 4100); Puruzinho, Rio Madeira [6°52'S, 62°05'W], 1 female, EPA col., 4 December 1975 (MZUSP 27610); Rio Negro [3°09'S, 59°57'W], 2 males, 1 female, A. McKee col., 19 April 1989 (AMNH RW67, AMNH RW25, AMNH RW27); 2 females, A. McKee col., 29 June 1988 (AMNH RW29, AMNH RW28); 1 immature male, R. Mascarino col., 18 September 1996 (AMNH RW30); Tapera [0°55'N, 67°26'W], Rio Negro, 1 immature male, EPA col., 4 November 1972, P. E. Vanzolini col., 722574 (MZUSP unnumbered); Tefé [3°20'S, 64°43'W], 1 male, 1 female, De Mathan col. (MNHN–AR 4903); 3 females, 1 immature (IBSP 193); 2 immature females, 2 immatures (IBSP 184); Pará: Belém [1°27'S, 48°30'W], IAN, 1 immature male (IBSP 3123); Belterra [3°07'S, 55°03'W], 1 female, 15 March 2003 (MPEG 4800); Itaituba [4°16'S, 55°59'W], Rio Maropa, 1 male, W. G. Ravem col., ref. 41844 (IBSP 8576); 1 female, dead 25 April 1990 (IBSP ref. 41.844); Óbidos [1°54'S, 55°31'W], Igarapé Jaramacaru, Campos do Ariramba, 1 immature male, EPA col., 24 January 1960 (MZUSP 14873); São Félix do Xingu [6°37'S, 51°58'W], 1 male, 1 female, G. Whitaker col., July 1980, ref. 28300 (IBSP 4562); Tomé-Assu [2°25'S, 48°09'W] (Thomé Assu [sic]), Rio Acará Mirim, 1 female (IBSP 3105); Tucuruí [3°46'S, 49°40'W], 1 female, Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col., Ref. IBA 218 (IBSP 8574); Vila Bravo, 1 female, Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col., ref. B410-12C (IBSP 8577); Acre: Rio Branco [9°58'S, 67°48'W], Catuaba, 1 immature male, A03, April 1996 (IBSP unnumbered); Marechal Thaumaturgo, Terra Indígena Jaminawa-Arara, Rio Bagé, Aldeia Buritizal, [8°56'S, 72°47'W], 1 immature, 02 September 2000, 9AM, Coleção de Simone Ladeia Andrade (MZUSP 70947); Rondônia: Candeias do Jamari, UHE Samuel [8°45'S, 63°27'W], 1 female, W. Bokerman col., June 1989 (AMNH RW24); Jaru [10°26'S, 62°28'W], Santa Cruz da Serra, 2 females, Expedição Polo Noroeste col., 23–27 December 1964 (MZUSP 11065); Monte Negro [10°14'S, 63°17'W], 1 immature male, 1 female, 1 juvenile female, R. Bertani & P. I. da Silva Junior col., 22 July to 03 August 2002 (IBSP 10042, IBSP 10218, IBSP 10945, respectively); Núcleo Avançado de Pesquisa de Monte Negro, 1 male, L. M. A. Camargo col., June 2002, ref. 89431 (IBSP 1028); 1 juvenile female, L. M. A. Camargo col., 06 April 2002, ref. 89430 (IBSP 10205); Porto Velho [8°43'S, 63°53'W], 1 male, G. Insley col., 31 August 1973, ref. 12732 (IBSP 2454); 1 male, G. Insley col., 9 October 1973, ref. 12922 (IBSP 2483); Santa Luzia d’Oeste [11°54'S, 61°46'W], 1 immature female, R. Moterani col., July 1999 (IBSP 9538); Mato Grosso: Alto Xingu [7°16'S, 52°36'W], 1 male, H. Schulze col., 21 October 1964 (IBSP 3693); Barra do Bugres [15°03'S, 57°10'W], Cia Paulista de Ferro Ligas, 1 immature, 26 July 1971, ref. 7624 (IBSP 4103); 1 immature, A. Cerrutti col., November 1984 (MNRJ 12942); Chapada dos Guimarães [15°26'S, 55°44'W], UHE Rio Manso, 1 female, Faunal Rescue Team of Furnas col., 2000 (IBSP 9087); 1 female, H. N. da Cunha col., December 1976 (IBSP 13805); Rio Kuluene (Koluene [sic]) [13°22'S, 52°59'W], 1 immature male, J. M. C. Carvalho col., 1947 (MNRJ 13.773); Lagoa Ipavu [12°7'S, 53°26'W] (Lagoa Ipavi [sic]), 1 immature male, 1 juvenile female, P. Vanzolini col., 1965 (MZUSP E3474 C3918); Nova Mutum [13°49'S, 56°05'W], 1 female, R. K. Ribeiro col., 06–15 July 2001 (IBSP 10929); Parque Nacional Xingu [11°59'S, 54°00'W], 1 male, C. Andreatta col., March 1968 (IBSP 39A); 2 immatures, Alvarenga & Werner col., November 1961 (AMNH 1.19); São José do Rio Claro [13°25'S, 56°42'W], 2 males, M. Caleffo col., June 1997 (IBSP 10309); Sinop [11°52'S, 55°29'W], 1 immature, 4 March 1977, ref. 20109 (IBSP 4455); Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade [15°00'S, 59°57'W] (Villebela [sic]), Rio Serra Azul, 1 male, Dr. Hoge col., 27 June 1962 (IBSP 3614); Maloca Feia, 1 female, Dr. Hoge, Pedro & Joaquim col., 27 June 1962 (IBSP 3615); Between Vale de São Domingos [15°17'S, 59°03'W] ([sic] Vale de São Lourenço) and Pontes & Lacerda [15°14'S, 59°19'W], UHE Guaporé, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col.: 1 juvenile female, 17 May 2002, RGI 074 (IBSP 10274); 1 juvenile female, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 18 May 2002, RGI 086 (IBSP 10253); 1 juvenile female, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 14 September 2002, RGI 1871 (IBSP 10262); 2 females, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col.,1 October 2002, RGI 2527, RGI 2528 (IBSP 10241, IBSP10242, respectively); 2 females, 5 juvenile females, 3 immature males, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 03 October 2002, RGI 2299, RGI 2516, RGI 2313, RGI 2518, RGI 2300, RGI 2314, RGI 2517, RGI 2315, RGI 2316, RGI 2302 (IBSP 10232, IBSP 10224, IBSP 10246, IBSP 10226, IBSP 10233, IBSP 10247, IBSP 10225, IBSP 10248, IBSP 10249, IBSP 10235, respectively); 1 female, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 05 October 2002, RGI 1871 (IBSP 10220); 1 immature female, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 7 October 2002, RGI 1871 (IBSP 10230); 1 female, 2 juvenile females, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 08 October 2002, RGI 1773, RGI 1774, RGI 1775 (IBSP 10275, IBSP 10279, IBSP 10278, respectively); 1 immature, S2, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 8 October 2002 (IBSP unnumbered); 2 females, 1 juvenile female, 1 immature male, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 14 October 2002, RGI-, RGI 1962, RGI 1964, RGI 1966 (IBSP 10256, IBSP 10263, IBSP 10255, IBSP 10257, respectively); 1 female, Operação Coatá, I. Knysak col., 01 December 2002, RGI 2526 (IBSP 10240); 1 immature male, 03 December 2002, RGI 2301 (IBSP 10234); U.H.E. Guaporé [15°16'S, 59°04'W], Operação Coatá, 2 females, 1 juvenile female, 4–14 October 2002 (MCP 13595); 1 immature male, 2 immatures, Operação Coatá, 14 October 2002 (MCP 13598); 4 immatures, Operação Coatá, 10 June 2002 (MCP 13593); 3 females,1 immature female, Operação Coatá, 14 February 2002 (MCP 13596, MCP 13599); 1 immature, Operação Coatá, 01–07 September 2002 (MCP 13555); 2 immature males, 1 female, Operação Coatá, 4–14 December 2002 (MCP 13594); 1 female, 1 immature, Operação Coatá, 14 December 2002 (MCP 13597); Xingu, Suia-Missu [11°39'S, 51°25'W] (Tuiã Missu [sic]), 5 immatures, Whytaker col., 05 February 1980, ref. 27055 (IBSP 4523); ECUADOR: Napo: Puerto Napo [1°01'S, 77°43'W], 25 km east, Selva Aliñahuí, 450 m, 1 juvenile female, E. S. Ross col., March 1992 (CAS 9); PERU: Madre de Dios: Iñapari [10°57'S, 69°34'W], Esperanza, 2 females, 4 immature males, 245 m a.s.l., average temperature 32.4°C, J. Morant Araque col., 22 September 1992 (MUSM); Junin: Rio Tambo [11°10'S, 74°14'W], Shevaja, in short palm trees, 3 females, P. Hocking col., 12 October 2011 (MUSM); 300 m a.s.l., in palm trees, 1 female, P. Hocking col., 23 October 2010 (MUSM); 1 female, P. Hocking col., October 2010 (MUSM–ENTO 504260); 1 female, H. Bassler col., February 1928 (AMNH Pe121); Cusco: Cashiriari (11°52'S, 72°39'W), 1 female, S. Córdova col., 25 November 1997 (MUSM–ENTO); Cusco [department or city?], Timpia Rio Urubamba [12°28'S, 72°29'W], 1 female, P. Hocking & L. Campos col., March 2009 (MUSM–ENTO 500676); BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: San Ignácio de Velasco [16°22'S, 60°55'W], 1 female (IBSP 3552).
Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, male (MCP 13592). 131–134 right palpal bulb (mirrored) 131 prolateral 132 retrolateral 133 frontal 134 dorsal 135 right cymbium, dorsal (mirrored) 136–138 right tibial apophysis of leg I (mirrored) 136 prolateral 137 ventral 138 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Redescription.IBSP 10264. Carapace: 17.53 long, 17.69 wide, 4.26 high. Chelicera: 7.70 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 15.59, 8.80, 11.42, 9.78, 6.41, 51.63. II: 14.52, 8.76, 10.23, 9.58, 6.86, 49.95. III: 13.61, 7.99, 10.21, 10.37, 6.14, 48.32. IV: 17.59, 8.68, 15.93, 14.81, 6.67, 63.68. Palp: 10.20, 6.51, 7.18, –, 7.48. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 3.69, 3.18, 3.42, 3.68, palp= 2.85; patellae I–IV= 3.44, 3.41, 3.36, 3.78, palp= 2.96; tibiae I–IV= 2.89, 3.18, 3.02, 3.24, palp= 2.80; metatarsi I–IV= 2.61, 2.51, 2.82, 2.73; tarsi I–IV= 2.89, 2.93, 2.95, 3.05, palp= 2.95. Abdomen: 24.70 long, 17.11 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.73 long, 1.44 wide, 0.4 apart; PLS, 3.31 basal, 1.56 middle, 3.78 distal; midwidths 2.44, 2.06, 1.61, respectively.
Carapace: 0.99 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: deep, slightly recurved, 3.52 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.61 high, 2.71 long, 3.39 wide. Clypeus 0.18. Anteriore eye row procurve. Posterior eye row slightly recurve. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.78, ALE 0.87, PME 0.32, PLE 0.76, AME–AME 0.56, AME–ALE 0.42, AME–PME 0.22, ALE–ALE 2.13, ALE–PME 0.56, PME–PME 2.15, PME–PLE 0.18, PLE–PLE 2.90, ALE–PLE 0.28, AME–PLE 0.64.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.69 longer than wide. Cuspules: 100–200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.02 long, 3.41 wide, with 133 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flattened, without evident sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segment with 10 teeth in a row and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 7.75 long, 7.45 wide. Sigilla: rounded posterior, less than one diameter from margin; other sigilla not evident.
Leg: Formula: IV I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.23. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 tarsi I–IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I fully scopulate; II 4/5; III 1/3 and IV 1/2 distal scopulate. IV divided by a row of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.50–0.58 long, 0.013–0.019 wide (measured from IBSP 10233).
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern (Fig.
Description.
MCP 13592 (larger specimen). Carapace: 14.15 long, 14.45 wide, 3.3 high. Chelicera: 6.6 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 13.56, 7.50, 11.67, 11.46, 7.55, 51.74. II: 13.02, 7.16, 11.14, 11.15, 6.45, 48.92. III: 13.44, 6.45, 10.55, 11.46, 6.66, 48.59. IV: 18.14, 7.35, 14.16, 13.55, 8.15, 61.65. Palp: 3.62, 3.45, 8.51, –, 3.54, 19.12. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.62, 3.07, 2.65, 5.56; palp= 2.16; patellae I–IV= 3.50, 3.15, 2.56, 2.66, palp= 2.42; tibiae I–IV= 2.66, 2.25, 2.26, 2.46, palp= 2.15; metatarsi I–IV= 1.67, 1.75, 1.70, 1.13; tarsi I–IV= 2.12, 2.15, 2.26, 2.33. palp= 2.16. Abdomen: 19.07 long, 13.05 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.90 long, 0.98 wide, 0.2 apart; PLS, 2.70 basal, 1.40 middle, 2.95 distal; midwidths 1.50, 1.40, 1.16 respectively.
As in female, except:
Carapace: 0.98 times longer than wide.
Fovea: 2.55 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.3 high, 2.56 long, 3.00 wide. Clypeus 0.34. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.75, ALE 0.80, PME 0.28, PLE 0.50, AME–AME 0.58, AME–ALE 0.37, AME–PME 0.19, ALE–ALE 1.92, ALE–PME 0.63, PME–PME 1.92, PME–PLE 0.11, PLE–PLE 2.39, ALE–PLE 0.31, AME–PLE 0.52. Ratio of the eye group width to length 1.84.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.94. Labium: 1.79 long, 2.45 wide, with 109 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third.
Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth in a row and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 7.72 long, 6.44 wide. Sigilla: anterior rounded, middle fusiform, both less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.19. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I–II 3/4; III 1/2, IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by a bald area.
Type II urticating setae: 1.01–1.11 long, 0.021–0.023 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis (Figs
Coloration (Fig.
Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles (Fig.
Brazil (states of Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, Acre, Rondônia and Mato Grosso), Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia (Fig.
In northern region of Brazil, such as in state of Rondônia, specimens are commonly found in babaçu palms (Fig.
Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, habitat and retreats. 148 Babaçu palms, a common habitat of A. rufa in state of Rondônia, Brazil 149 retreat of immature on a palm tree 150 detail of retreat 151 retreat over a tree bark 152 use of intern side of babaçu palm to build retreat 153 in human buildings. Photos: 148–152 R. Bertani; 153 C. S. Fukushima.
Avicularia
purpurea
Kirk, 1990: 15, figs 1–5 (holotype female, Ecuador, Tena [0°58'S, 77°48'W], approximately 500 m a.s.l., H. Hirschi col., 1989, BMNH 1990.5.22.1 and paratype female, Peru, H. Hirschi col., 1990, BMNH 1990.5.22.2; examined);
Females of A. purpurea resemble those of A. merianae sp. n. by the spermathecae with weakly-sclerotized area at least same length of well-sclerotized area (Figs
1 female, Ecuador, Napo, 20 km East of Puerto Napo, Aliñahuí (1°0'S, 77°25'O), 450 m, V. D. & B. Roth col., January 1994 (CAS 11); 1 male, Ecuador, Napo, 25 km East of Puerto Napo [1°01'S, 77°43'W], jungle Aliñahuí, 450 m, E. S. Ross col, January–February 1991 (CAS 3).
COLOMBIA: Putumayo: Mocoa [1°09'N, 76°39'W], Vda. Pepino, 500 m asl, 1 female, T. Sanjuan col., 30 April 1997 (ICN–Ar-1990); ECUADOR: Napo: Puerto Napo, 20 km East, Aliñahuí (1°0'S, 77°25'W), 450 m, 1 male, V. D. & B. Roth col., June 1994 (CAS 7); [1°01'S, 77°43'W], 1 male, V. Roth col., June 1994 (AMNH RW52); Río Napo [2°00'S, 74°20'W], 1 female, Gerhard col., 1994 (IBSP 11597); Tena, Cabañas Aliñahui (1°02'54.00"S, 77°36'05.00"W), 1 female, R. Baxter col., August 1994, in silk retreat on side of tree (AMNH RW54); PERU: Loreto: Iquitos, Rio Momon, Amazon Camp (3°41'16.00"S, 73°16'48"W), T. Mason col., May 1994 (AMNH RW33); 1 male, W. Lamar col., 20 August 1997 (MNRJ 06913); Río Yarapa [4°31'S, 73°22'W], 1 female, R. C. West col., 16 November 1993, in a palm tree at night (AMNH RW44); Río Nanay [3°48'S, 73°23'W], 1 female, R. C. West col., 5 November 1993 (AMNH RW45); Ucayali Río Ucayali [7°34'S, 74°20'W], 1 female, R. C. West col., 14 November 1993, in silk retreat on a citrus tree (AMNH RW48).
Redescription.CAS. Carapace: 15.4 long, 14.02 wide, 3.98 high. Chelicera: 5.38 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.69, 7.20, 8.54, 7.25, 5.15, 39.83. II: 10.74, 6.84, 7.99, 7.13, 4.89, 37.59. III: 9.75, 5.93, 7.33, 7.15, 4.42, 34.58. IV: 12.08, 6.47, 10.14, 9.51, 4.31, 42.51. Palp: 8.10, 5.10, 4.72, –, 5.41, 23.33. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.81, 3.08, 3.07, 2.90, palp= 2.38; patellae I–IV= 2.95, 2.70, 2.87, 2.98, palp= 2.57; tibiae I–IV= 2.39, 2.30, 2.56, 2.82, palp= 2.49; metatarsi I–IV= 1.92, 1.72, 1.86, 1.71; tarsi I–IV= 2.18, 2.19, 2.01, 2.13, palp= 2.36. Abdomen: 19.26 long, 13.62 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.81 long, 1.19 wide, 1.07 apart; PLS, 2.28 basal, 1.09 middle, 2.74 distal; midwidths 2.38, 1.78, 1.41, respectively.
Carapace: 1.10 times longer than wide; cephalic region moderately raised, thoracic striae conspicuous.
Fovea: deep, recurve, 2.03 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.17 high, 2.21 long, 3.43 wide. Clypeus 0.12. Anterior row of eye procurve. Posterior row of eyes slightly recurve. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.75, ALE 0.72, PME 0.27, PLE 0.62, AME–AME 0.6, AME–ALE 0.47, AME–PME 0.25, ALE–ALE 2.19, ALE–PME 0.63, PME–PME 2.06, PME–PLE 0.23, PLE–PLE 2.67, ALE–PLE 0.48, AME–PLE 0.67.
Maxilla length to width: 1.89. Cuspules: 100–200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.03 long, 2.46 wide, with 108 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow and flattened, sigilla not evident.
Chelicera: basal segment with 14 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 7.56 long, 6.27 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, elipsoidal posterior, in 45°angle, less than one diameter from margin; fusiform median, less than one diameter from margin; anterior not evident.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.07. Clavate trichobothria: distal 1/2 of tarsi I–IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, IV divided by a wide band of setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III on distal 2/3; IV, on distal 1/3. IV divided by wide band of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.53–0.58 long, 0.011–0.014 wide.
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern (Figs
Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, spermathecae variation. 154 Puerto Napo, department of Napo, Ecuador (CAS 11) 155 Tena, department of Napo, Ecuador (AMNH RW54) 156 holotype, Tena, department of Napo, Ecuador (BMNH 1990.5.22.1) 157 Iquitos, department of Loreto, Peru (AMNH RW33). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, male (CAS 3; except palpal bulb in prolateral view, CAS 7). 158–161 left palpal bulb 158 prolateral 159 retrolateral 160 frontal 161 dorsal 162 left cymbium, dorsal 163–165 left tibial apophysis of leg I 163 prolateral 164 ventral 165 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Description.
CAS. Carapace: 11.98 long, 10.74 wide, 2.85 high. Chelicera: 3.79 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 12.59, 6.43, 9.70, 9.13, 5.68, 43.53. II: 11.82, 5.86, 9.35, 8.78, 5.18, 40.99. III: 10.47, 5.26, 8.36, 8.54, 4.77, 37.40. IV: 13.16, 5.27, 11.04, 11.25, 4.68, 45.40. Palp: 6.97, 4.35, 5.55, –, 2.32, 19.15. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.08, 2.49, 2.18, 2.20, palp= 1.71; patellae I–IV= 2.22, 2.21, 2.15, 2.28, palp= 1.68; tibiae I–IV= 1.64, 1.73, 1.86, 1.89, palp= 1.65; metatarsi I–IV= 1.35, 1.31, 1.25, 1.23; tarsi I–IV= 1.63, 1.58, 1.65, 1.53, palp= 1.69. Abdomen: 13.09 long, 7.88 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.57 long, 0.79 wide, 0.29 apart; PLS, 2.00 basal, 1.12 middle, 2.78 distal; midwidths 1.42, 1.29, 0.92, respectively.
As in female, except:
Carapace: 1.12 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: straight, 1.14 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 0.60 high, 1.73 long, 2.54 wide. Clypeus 0.30. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.58, ALE 0.67, PME 0.22, PLE 0.42, AME–AME 0.48, AME–ALE 0.36, AME–PME 0.20, ALE–ALE 1.66, ALE–PME 0.74, PME–PME 1.52, PME–PLE 0.07, PLE–PLE 1.95, ALE–PLE 0.40, AME–PLE 0.43.
Maxilla: length to width: 2.07. Labium: 1.33 long, 1.92 wide, with 120 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior half.
Chelicera: basal segment with 11 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 5.78 long, 4.81 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, posterior and median rounded, large, less than one diameter from margin; anterior not evident.
Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.04. Scopula: Metatarsi IV scopulate in distal 1/4. IV divided by band of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.78–0.83 long, 0.015–0.017 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis (Figs
Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, habitus and retreat. 166 silken retreat over tree bark 167 immature 168–169 northern form, from Tena, Ecuador 168 female 169 male 170–171 southern form, from Rio Momon, Peru 170 female 171 male. Photos: 166, 168, 170 R. C. West; 167 R. Bertani; 169 R. Baxter; 171 W. Lamar.
Juveniles present green metallic sheen, all articles with blackish color and abdomen dorsum with central longitudinal black stripe connected with all transversal black stripes of each side (Fig.
We found two different morphotypes among the examined material (Fig.
Specimens were found in anthrophized areas, such as cultivated areas and cattle pastures with dispersed trees, near Tena, Ecuador (
Avicularia
hirschii
Females of A. hirschii resemble those of A. avicularia and A. rufa by the leg IV longer than leg I. They can be distinguished from them by twisted spermatheca (Fig.
BRAZIL: Acre: Senador Guiomard [10°08'S, 67°44'W], 1 female, C. Alexandre col., 12–17 July 2013 (MNRJ 06912); Estação Ecológica Rio Acre [10°59'S, 70°13'W], M. A. de Freitas col., 4–18 February 2016 (MNRJ 06911); ECUADOR: Pastaza: 25 km east of Puerto Napo [1°01'S, 77°43'W], selva Aliñahuí, 450 m, I–II, 1 female, 1 immature, E. S. Ross col., 1991 (CAS 1, CAS 2); PERU: Loreto: confluence of Rio Zumun and Rio Yaguasyacu [3°21'S, 71°58'W] (Rio Yahnasyacu [sic]), 2 juvenile females, J. Becker col. (MNRJ 13759); Iquitos, Rio Nanay [3°48'S, 73°23'W], 1 juvenile female, R. C. West col., 5 November 1993 (AMNH RW50); 1 juvenile female, Rio Tigre, Cristo Rey village [3°58'S, 74°16'W], W. Lamar col., 19 July 1998, in light silken retreat between broad leaves 1.5 m above ground in forest behind village (MNRJ 06910).
Redescription. SMF 57125. Carapace: 10.83 long, 9.32 wide, 2.50 high. Chelicera: 2.65 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 10.02, 5.63, 7.80, 7.72, 4.51, 35.68. II: 9.66, 4.99, 7.44, 6.88, 4.48, 33.45. III: 8.44, 4.27, 6.17, 6.94, 3.66, 29.48. IV: 10.20, 4.64, 8.79, 9.30, 3.68, 36.61. Palp: 6.08, 3.63, 4.57, –, 1.78, 16.06. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 1.94, 1.77, 2.14, 2.15, palp= 1.45; patellae I–IV= 2.9, 1.87, 1.97, 1.76, palp= 1.56; tibiae I–IV= 1.53, 1.66, 1.53, 1.60, palp= 1.67; metatarsi I–IV= 1.02, 1.22, 1.04, 1.17; tarsi I–IV= 1.24, 1.47, 1.38, 1.50, palp= 1.57. Abdomen: 10.95 long, 6.04 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.02 long, 0.46 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 1.82 basal, 0.93 middle, 2.21 distal; midwidths 1.04, 0.82, 0.60, respectively.
Carapace: 1.16 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised.
Fovea: deep, straight, 1.29 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 0.66 high, 1.59 long, 2.30 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.69, ALE 0.72, PME 0.30, PLE 0.44, AME–AME 0.34, AME–ALE 0.16, AME–PME 0.10, ALE–ALE 1.45, ALE–PME 0.55, PME–PME 1.50, PME–PLE 0.03, PLE–PLE 1.75, ALE–PLE 0.23, AME–PLE 0.43.
Maxilla: length to width: 2.53. Cuspules: 112 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.00 long, 1.64 wide, with 54 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labium sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident.
Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 5.01 long, 3.93 wide. Sigilla: only posterior pair evident, rounded, less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.03. Clavate trichobothria: 2/3 distal tarsi I–IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. IV with some sparse setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 2/3; IV 1/2 distal scopulate. IV divided by a wide row of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.10–0.11 long (according to original description, since holotype abdomen is bald).
Palp (Figs
Tibia I with discrete elevation covered by cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Figs
Color pattern: carapace brown with golden short body setae with pink sheen. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae light brown, same color of ventral femora. Legs and palps with brown short body setae with golden sheen and reddish brown long guard-setae. Posterior legs darker, blackish. Tarsi III and IV with reddish central well-developed tufts (not detected, but informed on original description). Tarsi with “U” shaped orange stripe. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen dorsum with long reddish guard-setae and dark short body setae. Ventral abdomen light brown.
Avicularia hirschii
Avicularia hirschii
Redescription.SMF 57126. Carapace: 11.92 long, 11.37 wide, 3.46 high. Chelicera: 3.84 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus and total): I: 9.69, 5.45, 6.78, 6.43, 4.81, 33.16. II: 9.11, 5.39, 6.69, 6.05, 4.38, 31.62. III: 8.23, 4.90, 5.49, 6.53, 3.94, 29.09. IV: 10.19, 5.64, 8.73, 9.22, 4.57, 38.35. Palp: 6.99, 4.14, 4.40, –, 5.08, 20.61. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.00, 1.97, 2.49, 2.21, palp= 1.93; patellae I–IV= 2.10, 1.92, 2.27, 2.47, palp= 1.74; tibiae I–IV= 1.90, 1.83, 2.09, 2.27, palp= 1.73; metatarsi I–IV= 1.60, 1.39, 1.58, 1.82; tarsi I–IV= 1.91, 1.71, 1.81, 1.96, palp= 1.79. Abdomen: 12.61 long, 10.24 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.38 long, 1.07 wide, 0.07 apart; PLS damaged.
As in male, except:
Carapace: 1.05 times longer than wide; thoracic striae conspicuous.
Fovae: recurve, 1.46 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 0.94 high, 2.02 long, 2.88 wide. Clypeus 0.08. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.65, ALE 0.67, PME 0.22, PLE 0 .68, AME–AME 0.41, AME–ALE 0.40, AME–PME 0.14, ALE–ALE 1.74, ALE–PME 0.75, PME–PME 1.57, PME–PLE 0.03, PLE–PLE 1.99, ALE–PLE 0.24, AME–PLE 0.50.
Maxilla: length to width: 2.03. Cuspules: 146. Labium: 1.50 long, 2.40 wide, with 64 cuspules spaced by one diameter. Labio-sternal groove with two separate, large sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segmente with 12 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 6.66 long, 4.30 wide. Sigilla: only posterior pair evident, elipsoidal, less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Formula: IV I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.16. Scopula: Tarsi IV divided by some setae on base; metatarsi IV scopulate on distal 1/4.
Type II urticating setae: 0.38–0.50 long, 0.011–0.014 wide
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern: dorsal abdomen with vivid reddish guard-setae grouped on lateral area and black short body setae (Fig.
Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles and black central longitudinal stripe on abdomen dorsum (Fig.
Brazil (state of Acre), Ecuador and Peru (Fig.
Types were collected in trees in an old pasture, in different trees about 5 m from each other, surrounding by grass (
Females of A. merianae sp. n. resemble those of A. purpurea by the spermathecae with weakly-sclerotized area at least same length of well-sclerotized area (Fig.
It was named after Maria Sybilla Merian, the German-born naturalist who drew the famous engraving of a specimen of Avicularia eating a bird, in recognition to her importance for Natural Sciences. This extraordinary woman was one of the pioneering female scientists and a remarkable artist. This name is considered feminine in gender.
Holotype male, 1 female and 3 immatures paratypes, Peru, department of San Martín, Hara, 20 miles SE from Moyobamba [6°01'S, 76°58'W], F. Woytkowski col., 1–30 June 1947 (AMNH Pe102).
PERU: San Martín: Tarapoto [6°07'S, 75°57'W], 830 m a.s.l., 7 females, 1 juvenile female, 2 immature males, 15 immatures, 1 spiderling, F. Woytkowski col., 10–18 February 1947 (AMNH Pe106, Pe105, Pe108); Ekin, west of Tarapoto, 1 young female, under fallen tree, 890 m a.s.l., F. Woytkowski col., 9–21 March 1947 (AMNH Pe104); 1 immature male, under fallen bark, same collector and date (AMNH Pe107); Moyobamba [6°01'S, 76°58'W], Hara, 20 miles southeast of Moyobamba, 4 males, 12 females, 3 juvenile females, 22 immatures, 1 spiderling, F. Woytkowski, 1–30 June 1947 (AMNH Pe98, Pe103, Pe100, Pe53, Pe99, Pe101, AMNH tube, AMNH tube); Rio Huallaga [7°47'S, 76°11'W], 1 immature male, J. C. Pallister col., 15 December 1946 (AMNH Pe112).
Description.
AMNH Pe102. Carapace: 13.49 long, 12.80 wide, 3.48 high. Chelicera: 3.46 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus and total): I: 13.41, 7.59, 10.39, 9.96, 6.21, 47.56. II: 12.75, 7.14, 9.89, 9.44, 5.48, 44.70. III: 11.01, 5.86, 8.57, 9.13, 5.46, 40.03. IV: 14.15, 7.03, 12.05, 11.85, 5.54, 50.62. Palp: 7.98, 4.78, 5.87, –, 2.45, 21.08. Midwidths: femora I–IV=2.45, 2.51, 2.39, 2.55, palp= 1.85; patellae I–IV= 2.58, 2.90, 2.51, 2.89, palp= 1.99; tibiae I–IV= 2.09, 2.05, 2.06, 2.16, palp= 1.69; metatarsi I–IV= 1.68, 1.57, 1.53, 1.33; tarsi I–IV= 1.56, 1.70, 1.67, 1.51, palp= 1.88. Abdomen: 16.35 long, 10.45 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.15 long, 0.94 wide, 0.44 apart; PLS, 2.38 basal, 1.88 middle, 3.00 distal; midwidths 1.30, 1.26, 1.17, respectively.
Carapace: 1.06 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: deep, recurve, 1.78 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.16 high, 1.97 long, 2.61 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior eye row procurve. Posterior eye row slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.72, ALE 0.72, PME 0.21, PLE 0.54, AME–AME 0.32, AME–ALE 0.37, AME–PME 0.12, ALE–ALE 1.78, ALE–PME 0.90, PME–PME 1.71, PME–PLE 0.07, PLE–PLE 2.07, ALE–PLE 0.39, AME–PLE 0.40.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.96. Cuspules: 236 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.62 long, 1.89 wide, with 101 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other, on anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, with no evident sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 7.04 long, 6.04 wide. Sigilla: anterior pair not evident, middle fusiform, posterior ellipsoidal, in a 45°angle, both less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.06. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 of tarsi I–IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I fully scopulate, II–III 2/3; IV 1/4 distal scopulate. IV divided by a row of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.82–0.92 long, 0.016–0.019 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis (Figs
Color pattern: carapace brown with golden short body setae with pink sheen. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae light brown, same color of ventral femora. Legs and palps with golden brown short body setae with pink sheen and brown long guard-setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen with orange brown guard-setae homogeneously distributed and dark brown body setae. Abdomen venter brown.
Description.
AMNH Pe102. Carapace: 14.57 long, 13.15 wide, 3.83 high. Chelicera: 6.14 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 10.75, 6.90, 7.99, 6.72, 5.15, 37.51. II: 9.99, 6.52, 7.31, 6.41, 4.67, 34.90. III: 9.04, 5.59, 6.88, 6.54, 4.88, 32.93. IV: 11.37, 6.50, 9.66, 8.82, 4.38, 40.73. Palp: 7.95, 4.77, 4.70, –, 5.35, 22.77. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.68, 3.02, 3.05, 2.88, palp= 2.09; patellae I–IV= 2.82, 2.79, 2.77, 2.90, palp= 2.34; tibiae I–IV= 2.29, 2.35, 2.59, 3.11, palp= 2.29; metatarsi I–IV= 2.07, 2.05, 1.90, 2.05; tarsi I–IV= 2.24, 2.27, 2.09, 2.12, palp= 2.37. Abdomen: 17.49 long, 11.96 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.08 long, 1.01 wide, 0.16 apart; PLS, 2.37 basal, 1.11 middle, 2.65 distal; midwidths 1.78, 1.49, 1.21, respectively.
As in male, except:
Carapace: 1.11 times longer than wide.
Fovea: slightly recurve, 1.77 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 0.70 high, 2.07 long, 2.91 wide. Clypeus 0.30. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.72, ALE 0.70, PME 0.28, PLE 0.55, AME–AME 0.50, AME–ALE 0.47, AME–PME 0.19, ALE–ALE 2.03, ALE–PME 0.71, PME–PME 1.64, PME–PLE 0.16, PLE–PLE 2.11, ALE–PLE 0.49, AME–PLE 0.52.
Maxilla: length to width: 2.02. Labium: 1.77 long, 2.41 wide, with 96 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other, on anterior half.
Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 7.17 long, 5.92 wide.
Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.09 Clavate trichobothria: on distal 1/2 tarsi I–IV. Scopula: Tarsus IV with sparse setae. Metatarsi II fully scopulate; III 1/2, IV 1/3 distal scopulate.
Type II urticating setae: 0.49–0.60 long, 0.014–0.017 wide.
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern (Fig.
Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles and abdomen dorsum reddish, with dorsal central longitudinal black stripe connected only with anterior pair of transversal black stripes. When mature, both males and females lose this pattern.
Peru, department of San Martín (Fig.
Unknown.
Males of A. lynnae sp. n. resemble those of A. minatrix, A. hirschii and A. caei sp. n. by tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Fig.
It was named after Lynn West, wife of mygalomorph expert Rick West. This name is considered feminine in gender.
Holotype male, Peru, Loreto, Rio Tigre, Cristo Rey village [3°58'S, 74°16'W] near Iquitos, R. C. West col., 21 November 1993, crossing trail by day (AMNH RW49); paratype male, Peru, Loreto, Brillo Nuevo [3°09'S, 71°46'W] (Brillo Neuvo [sic]), Rio Yaguasyacu, B. Lamar col. (AMNH–RCW).
ECUADOR: Pastaza: Tigüino [1°10'S, 76°57'W], 1 male, B. Lamar col., September 1990, found in a bird capture net (AMNH–RCW); PERU: Marañón (Marauon [sic] [river or province?]), 1 male, Bristol, October 1927 (AMNH Pe96); Madre de Dios: Zona Reservada Pakitza [11°56'S, 71°17'W], 356 m asl, 1 male, Igidio & D. Silva col., 13 August 1992 (MUSM-ENTO 500685).
Description.AMNH RW49. Carapace: 10.87 long, 10.25 wide, 2.40 high. Chelicera: 3.07 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.9, 5.4, 9.2, 9.3, 5.0, 40.8. II: 11.1, 5.2, 8.9, 8.6, 4.7, 38.5. III: 10.0, 4.6, 8.0, 8.6, 4.6, 35.8. IV: 12.2, 4.9, 10.6, 12.6, 4.0, 44.3; Palp: 6.8, 3.7, 5.5, –, 2.1, 18.1; Midwidths: femora I–IV= 1.18, 1.7, 2.14, 1.9, palp= 1.6; patellae I–IV= 1.9, 2.2, 2.0, 2.1, palp= 1.8; tibiae I–IV= 1.7, 1.6, 1.4, 1.5, palp= 1.4; metatarsi I–IV= 1.1, 1.2, 1.1, 1.2; tarsi I–IV= 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.2, palp= 1.3. Abdomen: 10.77 long, 8.49 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.05 long, 0.46 wide, 0.13 apart; PLS, 1.50 basal, 0.85 middle, 2.17 distal; midwidths 0.96, 0.76, 0.68, respectively.
Carapace: 1.06 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: shallow, straight, 0.64 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 0.91 high, 1.80 long, 2.41 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior row of eyes slightly procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.62, ALE 0.61, PME 0.19, PLE 0.55, AME–AME 0.41, AME–ALE 0.27, AME–PME 0.14, ALE–ALE 1.54, ALE–PME 0.39, PME–PME 1.50, PME–PLE 0.04, PLE–PLE 1.96, ALE–PLE 0.19, AME–PLE 0.34.
Maxilla: length to width: 2.57. Cuspules: about 85 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.08 long, 1.72 wide, with 54 cuspules spaced by more than one diameter from each other, on anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, two slightly separate, large sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 6.0 long, 3.91 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, anterior rounded, middle fusiform, posterior rounded, set at 45°angle, all close to margin.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.09. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 tarsi I–IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 1/2, IV 1/5 distal scopulate. IV divided by a bald area.
Type II urticating setae: 0.73–0.87 long, 0.013–0.019 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibial I with a discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Figs
Color pattern (Fig.
Immatures are unknown.
Ecuador and Peru (Fig.
Specimens were found in a silken retreat in a curled living leaf (W. Lamar, pers. comm. to R. C. West).
Female unknown.
Aviculariinae diversity in Ecuador, Peru and Colombia is poorly known, and certainly underestimated; specimens are rare in arachnological collections. Thus, the identity of some specimens collected in these countries should be analyzed carefully. Avicularia lynnae sp. n. specimens were collected in Peru and Ecuador, and its female is unknown. The species is sympatric with A. hirschii and resembles it by having tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion on prolateral side, and by having cymbium with thin setae covering the process on retrolateral lobe. The difference lies in embolus length, much greater in A. lynnae sp. n. (Fig.
Males of A. caei sp. n. resemble those of A. minatrix, A. hirschii and A. lynnae sp. n. by tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Fig.
This species is named after Carlos Eduardo Gurgel Paiola, aka Caê, in honor to his continuous support to one of the authors (CSF). This name is masculine in gender.
Holotype male, Brazil, Pará, Juruti, Acampamento Mutum (01°36'44.7"S, 56°11'39.2"W), L. T. Miglio col., 08 August 2008, ref. JURU 009 0043 (MPEG 15637).
Description.
MPEG 15637. Carapace: 10.44 long, 9.96 wide, 3.08 high. Chelicera: 3.45 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.01, 5.79, 8.44, 8.21, 4.47, 37.92. II: 10.37, 5.18, 8.05, 8.30, 4.35, 36.25. III: 9.19, 4.34, 7.17, 7.92, 4.02, 32.64. IV: 10.85, 5.26, 10.26, 10.66, 4.59, 41.62. Palp: 6.39, 3.96, 5.29, –, 2.62, 18.26. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.08, 2.08, 2.44, 1.89, palp= 1.44; patellae I–IV= 1.98, 2.10, 2.17, 1.90, palp= 1.48; tibiae I–IV= 1.25, 1.50, 1.47, 1.45, palp= 1.57; metatarsi I–IV= 1.10, 1.46, 1.02, 1.01; tarsi I–IV= 1.15, 1.37, 1.33, 1.15, palp= 1.64. Abdomen: 12.51 long, 7.59 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.32 long, 0.63 wide, 0.19 apart; PLS, 2.31 basal, 1.16 middle, 2.04 distal; midwidths 1.17, 0.93, 0.76, respectively.
Carapace: 1.05 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: shallow, recurve, 1.14 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 0.76 high, 1.72 long, 2.16 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.50, ALE 0.57, PME 0.20, PLE 0.49, AME–AME 0.37, AME–ALE 0.20, AME–PME 0.07, ALE–ALE 1.41, ALE–PME 0.34, PME–PME 1.35, PME–PLE 0.02, PLE–PLE 1.70, ALE–PLE 0.29, AME–PLE 0.28.
Maxilla: length to width: 2.14. Cuspules: about 101 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.23 long, 1.65 wide, with 64 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior half. Labium sternal groove shallow, flat, with two slightly separate, slim sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 5.57 long, 4.49 wide. Sigilla: only posterior pair evident, oval, set at 45°angle, one diameter from margin.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.10. Clavate trichobothria: distal 1/2 tarsi I–II; 2/3 tarsus III, 1/2 tarsus IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, IV with few sparse setae. Metatarsi I–II scopulate in distal 3/4; III 1/2; IV 1/4 distal scopulate. IV divided by row of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.99–1.05 long, 0.018–0.024 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibia I with discrete elevation covered by cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Figs
Color pattern (Fig.
Female is unknown.
Immatures are unknown.
Brazil, known only from type locality (Fig.
Unknown. A single specimen was found walking on forest ground (L. Miglio, pers. comm.).
Aranea
vestiaria
De Geer, 1778: 313; F. O.
Avicularia
vestiaria
:
As stated by F. O.
Mygale
leporina
C. L. Koch, 1841: 55 tab. CCCVI, fig. 726 (syntypes 4 dry, pinned immatures, Bahia, Brazil, Freir leg., ZMB 2028, examined,);
Eurypelma
leporina
: C. L.
Avicularia
leporina
:
The syntypes are specimens of subfamily Aviculariinae because they have tarsi with well-developed scopulae, with a spatulated aspect (Fig.
Species formerly included in Avicularia. 219 syntype of Mygale leporina C. L. Koch, 1841, immature, from state of Bahia, Brazil, (ZMB 2028), habitus 220 syntype of Mygale plantaris C. L. Koch, 1842, immature, from Brazil (ZMB 2026), habitus 221 Euathlus affinis (Nicolet, 1849) comb. n., lectotype female, from Santiago, Chile (MNHN–AR 4871B), habitus 222 Avicularia arabica (Strand, 1908) nomen dubium, holotype juvenile female, from El-Tor, Egypt (SMF 2660), spermathecae 223–224 Thrixopelma aymara (Chamberlin, 1916) comb. n., holotype female, from Aymara, Peru (MCZ 145) 223 spermatheca 224 habitus.
Mygale plantaris C. L. Koch, 1842; 71 tab. CCCXII, fig. 736 (syntypes 2 immatures, Brazil, ZMB 2026, examined). Syn. n.
Eurypelma
plantaris
: C. L.
Avicularia
plantaris
:
C. L.
Mygale affinis Nicolet, 1849: 333, pl. 1, fig. 6 (female lectotype and immature paralectotype designated, herein, from Chile, Santiago [33°28'S, 70°38'W]), MNHN–AR 4871B, examined).
Brachypelma
affinis
: Mello-Leitão 1936d: 118;
Eurypelma
affine
:
Avicularia
affinis
:
The lectotype female designated, herein, is a small specimen, with carapace 5.3 mm long (Fig.
Ischnocolus hirsutus Ausserer, 1875: 170 (syntypes 11 small specimens from Cuba, BMNH 1890.7.1.347, and 2 small specimens from Bogota, Colombia [4°35'N, 74°04'W], in another vial, BMNH 1890.7.1.339+347, examined).
Eurypelma
hirsutum
:
Avicularia
hirsuta
:
Avicularia
metallica
Ausserer, 1875: 185;
The type was not found in Vienna collection where it should be deposited according to description. Thus, we consider Avicularia metallica Ausserer, 1875 as nomen dubium.
Ischnocolus gracilis Keyserling, 1891: 11 (holotype immature male, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Monte Verde [21°27'S, 41°55'W], BMNH 90.7.1.346, examined).
Eurypelma
gracile
:
Avicularia
gracilis
:
The specimen is very small, the epigastric area is dissected, but there are no spermathecae. Abdomen dorsum is bald. Since the description mentions spines on posterior articles, we, herein, remove the species from the genus Avicularia. As the specimen is immature, damaged, and lacking diagnostic characters, therefore we consider, herein, Ischnocolus gracilis Keyserling, 1891 a nomen dubium.
Avicularia
subvulpina
Strand, 1906a: 22 (holotype male, no further information, MWNH 362, examined by photo); 1907j: 233;
A specimen that fits Strand’s (1906a) description was found in Wiesbaden collection and is, herein, considered as the holotype. The male resembles a characteristic Grammostola Simon, 1892 species from Brazil. Thus, we transfer Avicularia subvulpina to Grammostola, making the new combination Grammostola subvulpina (Strand, 1906) comb. n.
Avicuscodra
arabica
Strand, 1908: 771 (holotype female, Egypt, El-Tor [28°14'N, 33°37'E] (Tor, Arabien [sic]), Rüppell, SMF 2660, examined); 1916: 20;
Chaetopelma
arabica
:
Avicularia
arabica
:
The holotype of Avicuscodra arabica was recently rediscovered by
Even though it is possible to identify the specimen as belonging to the genus Avicularia, it is a small female in poor condition, without evident color pattern and no other diagnostic characteristic. It is not possible to assure the specimen identity since spermathecae morphology is similar in most Avicularia species (Fig.
Eurypelma
aymara
Chamberlin, 1916: 201 (holotype female, Peru, Aymara, Dr. W. H. Jones col., MCZ 145, examined);
Eurypelma
aymarum
:
Avicularia
aymara
:
The specimen is not an aviculariine since it has no spatulate scopulae, bears two rounded spermathecae, and has no type II urticating setae (Fig.
Avicularia
aurantiaca
Bauer, 1996: 2, figs 1–4;
Female spermathecae exuvia in microscope slide, Peru, G. Schmidt ded. (SMF 58271-84).
The original description (
The following types have been unsuccessfully searched for within many arachnological collections and their descriptions do not allow for reliable identification. Thus, we consider the following species all nomina dubia: Araneus hirtipes Fabricius, 1793 nomen dubium; Avicularia testacea (C. L. Koch, 1841) nomen dubium; Avicularia detrita (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Avicularia hirsutissima (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Avicularia holmbergi Thorell, 1890 nomen dubium; Ischnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871 nomen dubium; Avicularia rapax (
Aranea
hirtipes
Fabricius, 1787: 346, 1793: 428;
Mygale
hirtipes
: C. L.
Eurypelma
hirtipes
: C. L.
Avicularia
hirtipes
:
Considered synonym of Mygale avicularia by
Mygale
testacea
C. L. Koch, 1841: 45, Tab. CCCIII, fig. 719; F. O.
F. O.
Mygale
detrita
C. L. Koch, 1842: 86, Tab. CCCXVIII, fig. 746; F. O.
Avicularia
detrita
:
Analyzing Koch’s drawing, it is possible to note the absence of spatulated scopula, typical of Aviculariinae. Male palpal bulb also seems different from Aviculariinae species. Thus, it is probable that this species belongs to another subfamily, such as Theraphosinae.
Mygale
hirsutissima
C. L. Koch, 1842: 76, fig. 738;
The drawn probably represents a specimen of Avicularia since it has well-developed scopula and the anterior row of eyes procurve. However, it is not possible to establish its identity without examining the type. Herein, we removed it from the synonymy with A. avicularia established by
Avicularia
holmbergi
Thorell, 1890: 399; F. O.
This species was described in a work on the Indonesian fauna, but type locality was considered uncertain (
We consulted the curator of Arachnoidea Collection in the Natural History Museum of Vienna, where Ausserer’s specimens below were likely deposited. Unfortunately, the types are not there and descriptions do not allow reliable identification of the species.
Ischnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871: 189.
Eurypelma doleschalli Roewer 1942: 239.
Avicularia
doleschalli
:
Eurypelma
rapax
Ausserer, 1875: 200, pl. 7, fig. 45;
Avicularia
rapax
:
We failed to find holotypes of both Perty’s species below. However,
Mygale
ochracea
Perty, 1833: 191, pl. XXXVIII, fig. 2;
Eurypelma
ochracea
:
Eurypelma
ochraceum
:
Avicularia
ochracea
:
Mygale ochracea was described as having an overall ocher coloration and a reddish abdomen. The specimen was found around Rio Negro River, in the province of the same name. At this time, the Rio Negro Province comprised the cities Barcelos and Vila da Barra do Rio Negro, now the city of Manaus, capital of the state of Amazonas (Instituto Histório e Geográfico Brasileiro in Spix and Martius 1823). The aviculariine species that fit Perty’s illustration and that occur in that area are A. avicularia and A. juruensis. However, based in Perty’s description it is not possible to determine A. ochracea identity. Thus, we considered Avicularia ochracea (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium.
Mygale
walckenaerii
Perty, 1833: 191, pl. XXXVIII, fig. 3;
Avicularia
walckenaeri
:
Mygale walckenaerii was found in equatorial Brazil by Spix and Martius. The equatorial part of Brazil they explored were the states of Amazonas, Maranhão and Pará. Mygale walckenaerii was described as having an overall dark coloration, with greyish setae covering its body and “scarlet feet” (
The holotypes of the species described by
Avicularia
azuraklaasi
Tesmoingt, 1996a: 8, figs 1–8;
Avicularia
braunshauseni
Tesmoingt, 1999a: 14, figs 1–5;
Avicularia
geroldi
Tesmoingt, 1999b: 17, figs 1–8;
Avicularia
huriana
Tesmoingt, 1996b: 6, figs 1–18; 1996c: 2, figs 1A, 2–7,
Avicularia sp. Tesmoingt, 1996b: 6, fig. unnumbered.
Avicularia
ulrichea
Tesmoingt, 1996c: 2, fig. 1B;
Avicularia
soratae
Strand, 1907d: 556; 1907e: 260;
Avicularia
soratensis
:
The three species below were deposited in Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMF). Its arachnological collection was destroyed in World War II and contained at least 169 types of Strand, 9 types of C. Koch and 3 types of Keyserling (
Avicularia
fasciculata
Strand, 1907b: 92; 1907c: 465;
Avicularia
fasciculata
clara
Strand, 1907c: 467;
Avicularia
surinamensis
Strand, 1907b: 90; 1907b: 465;
The Avicularia species considered nomina dubia and nomina nuda by
Females and males differ from those of all Aviculariinae genera by having type II urticating setae longer (more than 1 mm long) and slender (less than 0.009 mm wide) (Figs
From the Spanish word “caribeña”, meaning “from Caribbean”, the occurrence area of this genus, and is considered feminine in gender.
Carapace longer than wide, cephalic region slightly raised. Cephalic and thoracic striae inconspicuous or evident. Fovea deep, straight or recurve. Chelicera without rastelum. Eye tubercle distinct, slightly raised to raised, wider than long. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Clypeus narrow or absent. Labium subquadrate, longer than wide, with 95–115 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third center. Maxillary lyra absent. Maxilla subretangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into conical process, inner angle bearing 100–200 cuspules. Sternum longer than wide, with posterior angle acute, not separating coxae IV. Anterior pair of sigilla not evident, middle fusiform, posterior rounded or ellipsoidal; all less than one diameter from margin. Leg formula: I=IV II III. Clavate trichobothria on distal 2/3 or 1/2 of tarsi I–IV. Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, IV divided or not by a band of setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate, III 1/2 to 2/3 distal scopulate, IV 1/2 to 1/3 distal scopulate. Metatarsi IV divided by row of setae. Scopulae of tarsi and metatarsi I–II extended very laterally giving them spatulate appearance. Femora IV without retrolateral scopulae. Stridulatory setae absent. Leg aspinose. ITC absent; STC without denticles. Posterior lateral spinneret distally elongating, digitiform. Type II urticating setae very slender on dorsal abdomen, with barbs along entire length in both sexes (Figs
Mygale laeta C. L. Koch, 1842, herein, designated.
Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n. and Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837) comb. n.
1 | Embolus with proximal part slightly curved in frontal view (Fig. |
C. laeta comb. n. |
– | Embolus with proximal part very curved in frontal view (Fig. |
C. versicolor comb. n. |
1 | Spermathecae almost straight, with intumescence on its apex (Fig. |
C. laeta comb. n. |
– | Spermathecae with accentuated outwards curvature medially, lacking intumescence on its apex (Fig. |
C. versicolor comb. n. |
Mygale
laeta
C. L. Koch, 1842: 66, pl. CCCX, fig. 732 (lectotype female and paralectotype immature, here designated, Puerto Rico, Moritz leg., ZMB 2045, examined);
Mygale
caesia
C. L. Koch, 1842: 83, tab. CCCXVII, fig. 744 (syntypes 4 immatures, Puerto Rico, ZMB 2034, examined); F. O.
Avicularia
caesia
:
Avicularia
laeta
: F. O.
Females can be distinguished from females of C. versicolor comb. n. by almost straight spermathecae with intumescence on their apex (Figs
Puerto Rico, Corozal [18°18'N, 66°19'W], 1 female, M. Martinez col., 19 September 1994 (MNRJ 06909); Puerto Rico. Bayamon [18°22'N, 66°09'W], 1 male, 19 November 1932 (AMNH PR).
CUBA: 1 female (ZMB 30732); PUERTO RICO: 1 female (ZMB 30757); Road 10, km 21, 1 female, V. Roth col., 12 July 1977, in foliage of Cecropia tree (AMNH RW05); Aibonito [18°08'N, 66°15'W], 1 juvenile female, 1–3 June 1915, ref. 3553 (AMNH PR); 1 immature male (AMNH 1.15); Bayamon [18°22'N, 66°09'W], 1 male, T. Fuentes col., 12 September 1989 (AMNH RW04); Corozal [18°18'N, 66°19'W], 1 male, M. Martinez col., 26 September 1994 (MNRJ 06908); 1 male, same collector, 17 September 1991 (MNRJ 06906); 1 male, same collector, 21 September 1991 (MNRJ 06907); Mayaguez [18°12'N, 67°08'W], Tela: Ninguna, 1 female, A. Ruiz col., 15 February 1962 (AMNH PR); Rio Grande, El Yunque [18°20'N, 65°45'W], 1 female, J. Coffey col., 11 October 1993, in silk retreat in bromeliad (AMNH RW03); 1 male, north slope of Turquillo mountains near El Yunque National Forest [18°17'N, 65°48'W], A. Sanchez col., 29 September 1997 (MNRJ 06905); VIRGIN ISLANDS: Saint John [18°20'N, 64°47'W], 1 female, A. Sanchez col., April 1999, in silken retreat in bromeliad (AMNH RW02); Cinnamon Bay [18°21'N, 64°45'W] trail, about 700 m, 1 immature male, R. Zueifel col., in forest, in a bark, during night, 9 July 1980 (AMNH VI); 1 male, 1 female, Island Project staff col., 18 December 1965 (AMNH VI).
The syntypic series of Mygale laeta is constituted by specimens poorly conserved: a specimen without spermatheca (thereafter considered immature) and female with characteristic spermathecae, as reason why it was chosen to be lectotype.
The syntypic series of Mygale caesia is composed of four very small specimens, with central dark longitudinal stripe and dark transversal stripes on each side of abdomen. They retain the green-blue sheen illustrated on the drawings of C. L.
Caribena gen. n., spermathecae 227–229 Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n., spermathecae variation. 227 Corozal, Puerto Rico (MNRJ 06909) 228 syntype, Puerto Rico (ZMB 2045) 229 Saint John, Virgin Islands (AMNH VI) 230 Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837) comb. n., Martinique (MNHN–AR 4904). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Redescription.AMNH RCW. Carapace: 16.98 long, 14.82 wide, 5.01 high. Chelicera: 7.55 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 13.84, 8.48, 11.16, 9.24, 5.44, 48.16. II: 12.68, 7.52, 9.63, 8.80, 4.84, 43.47. III: 11.87, 6.85, 8.75, 8.73, 4.51, 40.71. IV: 13.88, 7.54, 11.18, 10.89, 3.92, 47.41. Palp: 9.55, 5.71, 6.27, –, 5.97, 27.50. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 3.13, 2.62, 3.08, 3.08, palp= 2.58; patellae I–IV= 3.16, 2.99, 3.18, 3.01, palp= 2.50; tibiae I–IV= 2.45, 2.56, 2.43, 2.73, palp= 2.01; metatarsi I–IV= 1.98, 1.94, 1.89, 1.87; tarsi I–IV= 2.24, 2.07, 2.14, 2.15, palp= 2.28. Abdomen: 23.50 long, 17.64 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.73 long, 0.90 wide, 0.43 apart; PLS, 1.87 basal, 1.67 middle, 2.80 distal; midwidths 1.30, 1.17, 0.76, respectively.
Carapace: 1.15 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: deep, straight, 2.06 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.07 high, 2.43 long, 3.51 wide. Clypeus 0.20. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior row slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.80, ALE 0.86, PME 0.39, PLE 0.65, AME–AME 0.60, AME–ALE 0.51, AME–PME 0.17, ALE–ALE 2.00, ALE–PME 0.96, PME–PME 1.86, PME–PLE 0.28, PLE–PLE 2.38, ALE–PLE 0.49, AME–PLE 0.57.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.68. Cuspules: 100–200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.28 long, 2.73 wide, with 97 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident.
Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 8.34 long, 6.71 wide. Sigilla: anterior pair not evident, median fusiform, posterior elipsoidal, both less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 0.98. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 tarsi I–IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. IV divided by row of setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III–IV 1/2 distal scopulate. IV divided by row of setae.
Type II urticating setae (Fig.
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern (Fig.
Description.AMNH. Carapace: 10.22 long, 8.86 wide, 3.05 high. Chelicera: 2.96 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.12, 5.80, 9.30, 8.75, 4.43, 39.40. II: 10.20, 5.03, 8.86, 8.01, 4.77, 36.87. III: 9.20, 4.14, 7.14, 7.91, 4.06, 32.45. IV: 10.57, 4.85, 9.54, 9.48, 4.30, 38.74. Palp: 6.68, 3.90, 5.01, –, 1.76, 17.35. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 1.94, 1.80, 1.77, 1.90, palp= 1.53; patellae I–IV= 1.69, 1.75, 1.72, 1.70, palp= 1.38; tibiae I–IV= 1.53, 1.35, 1.41, 1.40, palp= 1.42; metatarsi I–IV= 1.16, 1.01, 1.02, 1.08; tarsi I–IV= 1.16, 1.07, 1.27, 1.27, palp= 1.29. Abdomen: 9.79 long, 6.92 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.92 long, 0.41 wide, 0.18 apart; PLS, 1.47 basal, 0.80 middle, 1.56 distal; midwidths 0.78, 0.68, 0.48, respectively.
As in female, except:
Carapace: 1.15 times longer than wide.
Fovea: 1.02 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 0.73 high, 1.65 long, 2.16 wide. Clypeus absent. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.61, ALE 0.61, PME 0.27, PLE 0.48, AME–AME 0.31, AME–ALE 0.25, AME–PME 0.11, ALE–ALE 1.27, ALE–PME 0.72, PME–PME 1.17, PME–PLE 0.07, PLE–PLE 1.67, ALE–PLE 0.24, AME–PLE 0.37.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.90. Cuspules: 174. Labium: 1.22 long, 1.45 wide, with 112 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior half.
Chelicera: basal segment with 8 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 4.94 long, 3.73 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, posterior rounded, less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 0.98. Metatarsus III scopulate in distal 2/3; IV, in distal 1/2.
Type II urticating setae: 1.41–1.71 long and 0.007–0.009 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis (Figs
Juveniles with metallic sheen, all articles with same blackish color (Fig.
Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Island (Lesser Antilles) (Fig.
Mygale versicolor Walckenaer, 1837: 211 (holotype considered lost).
Avicularia
rutilans
Ausserer, 1875: 184, t. 7, fig. 34 (holotype male, N. Granada, Keyserling collection, BMNH 1890.7.1.359, examined); F. O.
Avicularia
versicolor
:
Avicularia rutilans holotype has same morphology of palpal bulb, tibial apophysis and urticating setae II and the characteristic intense green sheen found in specimens from Martinique. Despite labeled as coming from N. Granada (Colombia, see discussion below), it is undoubtedly a specimen of C. versicolor comb. n. Thus, we consider A. rutilans Ausserer, 1875 as junior synonym of C. versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837) comb. nov.
Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837) comb. n., male neotype (MNHN–AR 4904). 244–247 left palpal bulb 244 prolateral 245 retrolateral 246 frontal 247 dorsal 248 left cymbium, dorsal 249–251 left tibial apophysis of leg I 249 prolateral 250 ventral 251 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Females can be distinguished from those of C. laeta comb. n. by spermathecae with accentuated outwards curvature medially and by lacking intumescence on apex (Fig.
Holotype considered, herein, lost since it is not in MNHN–AR where it should be deposited according to description (
Martinique, 6 females, 2 males (one male established here as neotype), 1 immature male, Gambey col., (MNHN–AR 4904, Box 314).
CUBA: 1 male, 2 females (MNHN–AR); MARTINIQUE: Le Carbet [14°42'N, 61°10'W], Morne Carbet, 1500 m, forest, 2 males, 18 March 1967 (AMNH); 1 male, Beatty col., 1967 (AMNH), from trees, 1 female (AMNH); Absalon [14°41'N, 61°6'W], 1 immature male, Vaunes, 16 June 1960 (AMNH Ma); Anse Céron [14°50'N, 61°13'W], 1 km SE, 1 male, J. Paterson col., 7 July 1998 (AMNH RW07), same data, 1 male (AMNH RW06); 1 male, Le Prêcheur, west of Mountain Pelée, P. Charbonnet col., 21 August 1998, on side of tree (MNRJ 06914).
In order to describe Mygale versicolor,
C. L.
In 1871,
He described a new species, Homoeomma stradlingi O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881, based on the concept of Mygale versicolor used by C. L. Koch, and in a female and two males from Brazil (O.
A problem lies with the identity of Mygale versicolor Walckenaer, 1837. This name is constantly applied to aviculariine species found in Martinique. However, as mentioned before, the type series consists of two different species: one aviculariine; and the other a theraphosine. As the description is vague and syntype series is here considered lost, we decide to establish a neotype in order to preserve the name’s stability and its usage.
Redescription. AR 4904. Carapace: 19.07 long, 16.75 wide, 5.33 high. Chelicera: 6.90 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 14.29, 8.76, 10.86, 9.49, 6.12, 49.52. II: 13.16, 7.74, 10.32, 9.23, 5.92, 46.37. III: 11.96, 7.64, 9.49, 9.40, 5.18, 43.67. IV: 14.86, 7.98, 12.21, 13.25, 5.99, 54.29. Palp: 10.16, 6.58, 6.79, –, 7.42, 30.95. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 3.61, 3.74, 3.80, 3.59, palp= 2.90; patellae I–IV= 3.67, 3.62, 3.30, 3.48, palp= 3.06; tibiae I–IV= 3.08, 2.69, 2.91, 3.06, palp= 2.83; metatarsi I–IV= 2.37, 2.27, 2.60, 2.03; tarsi I–IV= 2.86, 2.58, 2.75, 2.89, palp= 2.92. Abdomen: 22.09 long, 17.02 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.45 long, 1.01 wide, 0.10 apart; PLS, 2.56 basal, 0.77 middle, 3.04 distal; midwidths 2.10, 1.75, 1.52, respectively.
Carapace: 1.14 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, carapace striae inconspicuous.
Fovea: deep, slightly recurve, 2.33 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.11 high, 2.20 long, 3.18 wide. Clypeus 0.64. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.78, ALE0.83, PME 0.36, PLE 0.82, AME–AME 0.47, AME–ALE 0.51, AME–PME 0.22, ALE–ALE 1.83, ALE–PME 0.75, PME–PME 1.78, PME–PLE 0.12, PLE–PLE 2.38, ALE–PLE 0.43, AME–PLE 0.67.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.84. Cuspules: 100–200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.07 long, 3.19 wide, with 115 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labium sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident.
Chelicera: basal segment with 11 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 10.21 long, 6.83 wide. Sigilla: only posterior pair evident, rounded, less than one diameter from margin.
Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.10. Clavate trichobothria: distal 1/2 tarsi I–IV. Scopulae: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate, III 1/2, IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by a row of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 1.33–1.58 long, 0.006–0.009 wide.
Spermathecae (Fig.
Color pattern (Fig.
Description. AR 4904. Carapace: 16.01 long, 15.05 wide, 4.50 high. Chelicera: 6.16 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 14.39, 8.80, 11.38, 10.76, 6.18, 51.51. II: 13.64, 8.34, 11.03, 10.31, 5.80, 49.12. III: 12.28, 6.97, 9.43, 10.27, 5.57, 44.52. IV: 15.01, 7.65, 12.92, 13.89, 5.41, 54.88. Palp: 9.26, 5.83, 7.00, –, 2.93, 25.02. Midwidths: femora I –IV= 3.08, 3.13, 3.20, 2.92, palp= 2.24; patellae I–IV= 3.27, 2.88, 2.92, 3.06, palp= 2.30; tibiae I–IV= 2.59, 2.43, 2.32, 2.59, palp= 2.17; metatarsi I–IV= 1.61, 1.76, 1.85, 1.71; tarsi I–IV= 2.02, 2.01, 2.06, 2.07, palp= 2.23. Abdomen: 18.41 long, 13.01 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.94 long, 0.92 wide, 0.30 apart; PLS, 2.40 basal, 1.14 middle, 2.64 distal; midwidths 1.52, 1.36, 1.14, respectively.
As in female, except:
Carapace: 1.06 times longer than wide.
Fovea: 1.27 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 1.14 high, 2.30 long, 3.01 wide. Clypeus 0.54. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.78, ALE 0.70, PME 0.31, PLE 0.62, AME–AME 0.41, AME–ALE 0.51, AME–PME 0.13, ALE–ALE 1.94, ALE–PME 0.68, PME–PME 1.73, PME–PLE 0.16, PLE–PLE 2.14, ALE–PLE 0.18, AME–PLE 0.55.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.77. Labium: 1.89 long, 2.73 wide, with 95 cuspules. Labium sternal groove with two large separate sigilla.
Chelicera: basal segment with 10 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 7.49 long, 6.41 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, large posterior.
Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.07. Scopula: tarsus IV with few, sparse setae. Metatarsus IV divided by a row of setae.
Type II urticating setae (Fig.
Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis (Fig.
Juveniles with metallic sheen, all articles with same blackish color (Fig.
Martinique (Fig.
Contrasting with Walckenaer’s description (
Occurrence of C. versicolor comb. n. in Cuba is still doubtful since the specimens here analyzed are very old and the only ones known from Cuba in the entirety of arachnological collections examined. The record of A. rutilans, junior synonym of C. versicolor comb. n. in Nova Granada, former name of Colombia, is also doubtful. There is no other record of this species in Colombia nor in any other continental territory. An explanation could be that this specimen was dispatched from Bogota, an important South Amercian commercial center in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which is near the Antilles.
It was poorly known until a few years ago. The situation changed since an extensive and detailed ecological and populational study was carried out by
Two color forms are known, one with specimens having leg and palp hairs in bright red and the other with specimens with darker hairs on legs and palps.
Ybyrapora gen. n. can be distinguished from all other aviculariine genera, except Avicularia, Caribena gen. n., Iridopelma and Typhochlaena by procurve anterior row of eyes. It can be distinguished from Typhochlaena by digitiform apical article of PLS. From Iridopelma by males lacking tibial apophysis on tibiae II and females by long spermathecae, with accentuated outwards curvature medially. It differs from Caribena gen. n. by stout urticating setae on abdomen dorsum of male and female, and by lacking sharp process bearing thin setae on retrolateral lobe of cymbium in males. From Avicularia females it can be distinguished by having virtually non-sclerotized spermathecae (Figs
From the ancient Tupi, the classic indigenous language from Brazil, “ybyrá”, meaning “tree”; and “pora”, meaning “those that lives in”. Thus, Ybyrapora means “those that lives in trees”, regarding the arboreal habit of the three species of the genus.
Carapace slightly longer than wide, cephalic region slightly raised. Cephalic and thoracic striae inconspicuous or conspicuous. Fovea shallow and straight. Chelicera without rastelum. Eye tubercle distinct, slightly raised, wider than long. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve or recurve. Clypeus absent or narrow. Labium subquadrate, wider than long, with 35–130 cuspules on anterior third center, spaced by more than one diameter from each other on anterior third. Maxillary lyra absent. Maxilla subretangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into conical process, inner angle bearing 80–200 cuspules. Sternum longer than wide, posterior angle acute, not separating coxae IV. Sigilla anterior not evident, middle fusiform, posterior ellipsoidal, one to 1.5 diameter from margin. Leg formula: I=IV II III (most species) or IV I II III (Y. sooretama comb. n. female). Clavate trichobothria on the distal 2/3 to 1/2 of tarsi I–IV. Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, IV divided or not by band of setae. Metatarsi I–II 4/5 to fully scopulate, III 2/3, IV 2/3 to 1/3 distal scopulate. Metatarsi IV divided by row of setae. Scopulae of tarsi and metatarsi I–II extended very laterally giving them spatulate appearance. Femora IV without retrolateral scopulae. Stridulatory setae absent. Spiniform setae absent. ITC absent; STC without denticles. Posterior lateral spinneret distally elongating, digitiform. Typical type II urticating setae on dorsal abdomen. Tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Y. diversipes comb. n.) (Fig.
Avicularia sooretama Bertani & Fukushima, 2009, here designated.
Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n. and Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n.
Brazil, in Atlantic rainforest from Bahia to southern Rio de Janeiro (see
Males
1 | Embolus length more than 4 times tegulum’s length (Fig. |
Y. diversipes comb. n. |
– | Embolus length from 3.0 to 3.5 times tegulum’s length (Figs |
2 |
2 | Abdomen dorsum with dark central longitudinal stripe, tegulum with developed prominence, embolus with basal part very curved in frontal view (Fig. |
Y. sooretama comb. n. |
– | Abdomen dorsum with red central longitudinal stripe (Fig. |
Y. gamba comb. n. |
Females
1 | Spermathecae extremely long, with distal apex reaching base (Fig. |
Y. diversipes comb. n. |
– | Short spermathecae, distal apex not reaching base | 2 |
2 | Spermathecae with multilobular apex (Fig. |
Y. sooretama comb. n. |
– | Spermathecae lacking lobes on apex (Fig. |
Y. gamba comb. n. |
Avicularia
sooretama
Bertani & Fukushima, 2009: 29, figs 5–8, 17, Appendix II, figs B1–B4 (holotype male, Brazil, state of Espírito Santo, Reserva Biológica de Sooretama [18°59'S, 40°07'W], at night, AMNRJ, 18 April 2006, MNRJ 18435 and paratype female, Brazil, state of Espírito Santo, Pinheiros, Reserva Biológica Córrego do Veado (18°37'0.16"S, 40°14'1.60"W), 71 m a.s.l., AMNRJ, 22 October 2005, MNRJ 12930, examined); Bertani 2102: 5, 79; 80, 88;
(amended from
See
Male: Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis in leg I absent (Figs
Type II urticating setae: 0.633–0.681 long; 0.012–0.016 wide in male; 0.422–0.490 long; 0.009–0.012 wide in female.
Female: Spermathecae (Fig.
Avicularia
gamba
Bertani & Fukushima, 2009: 32, figs 9–12, 16–17, Appendix III, figs C1–C6 (holotype male, Brazil, state of Bahia, Elísio Medrado, RPPN Jequitibá, (12°52'3.20"S, 39°28'9.09"W), R. Bertani, C. S. Fukushima and R. H. Nagahama col., 7 October 2007, collected at night, found immature inside a retreat made with silk and leaves, matured in captivity on June 2009, MZUSP 31115, and paratype, female, Brazil, state of Bahia, Elísio Medrado, RPPN Jequitibá, (12°52'3.20"S, 39°28'9.09"W), R. Bertani, C. S. Fukushima and R. H. Nagahama col., 7 October 2007, collected at night, found immature inside a retreat made with silk and leaves, MZUSP 31116, examined);
(amended from
Ybyrapora gen. n., spermathecae variation. 257 Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, paratype (MNRJ 12930) 258 Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., RPPN Jequitibá, Elísio Medrado, state of Bahia, Brazil, paratype (MZUSP 31116) 259 Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n., Ilhéus, state of Bahia, Brazil (IBSP 11754). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., male holotype (MNRJ 18435). 260–263 right palpal bulb (mirrored) 260 prolateral 261 retrolateral 262 frontal 263 dorsal 264 right cymbium, dorsal (mirrored) 265–267 left tibia I 265 prolateral 266 ventral 267 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm.
See
Male: Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis in leg I absent (Figs
Type II urticating setae: 0.605–0.750 long; 0.012–0.017 wide in male; 0.301–0.352 long; 0.006–0.009 wide in female (ecdise).
Female: Spermathecae (Fig.
Mygale diversipes C. L. Koch, 1841: 65, pl. CCCX, fig. 731 (lectotype female, Brazil, Bahia, Freir. leg., ZMB 2943, examined).
Eurypelma
diversipes
: C. L.
Avicularia
diversipes
: F. O.
(amended from
Female, Brazil, state of Bahia, Ilhéus, CEPLAC [14°46'S, 39°13'W], R. Bertani & G. Puorto col., March 1991 (IBSP 11754); male, same locality, collectors and date (IBSP 119271 ref. 64.583).
See
Male: Palp (Figs
Tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Figs
Type II urticating setae: 0.791–0.860 long; 0.017–0.020 wide in male; 0.427–0.520 long; 0.012–0.016 wide in female.
Female: Spermathecae (Fig.
Avicularia
rickwesti
Bertani & Huff, 2013: 333, figs 2–19 (holotype female, Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Parque Nacional Jaragua, track into park (unmarked) between Manuel Goya (Manuell Goa [sic]) and Oviedo (17°48'41.5"N, 71°26'35.9"W), 83.3 m a.s.l., 09 July 2004, J. Huff and E. S. Volschenk leg., (collecting permit #01496), AMNH, and paratype female, Dominican Republic, Independencia Province: Parque Nacional Sierra de Baoruco, Rabo de Gato (18°18'39.1"N, 71°34'54.4"W), 408 m a.s.l., 10 July 2004, J. Huff & E. S. Volschenk leg., collection permit #01496, AMNH, examined); Kaderka 2016: 121, figs 2–11;
Named after the type locality, the Antilles, where Dominican Republic is located, and is considered feminine in gender.
Avicularia rickwesti Bertani & Huff 2013, by monotypy.
Antillena rickwesti (Bertani & Huff 2013) comb. n.
Female differs from those of other Aviculariinae species by having two very short and broad spermathecae, with distal half strongly sclerotized (Fig.
see species description.
1 male, Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Jaragua National Park, Los Tres Charcos, road to Fondo Paradi (17°48'7.45"N, 71°26'5.41"W), R. C. West and J. Huff col., 20 February 2012, matured in captivity 10 April 2014 (AMNH).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Pedernales: 5 km south of Manuel Goya [17°52'N, 71°29'W], 1 female, R. C. West col., 20 February 2012, in silk retreat of scrub tree (AMNH RW01); Jaragua National Park, Los Tres Charcos, road to Fondo Paradi (17°48'7.45"N, 71°26'5.41"W), 1 female, R. C. West and J. Huff col., 20 February 2012 (AMNH).
See
Legs and abdominal characters. 299–300 leg rings coloration on metatarsi and tibiae, and guard-setae coloration on legs 299 Avicularia avicularia, female, whitish leg rings and homogeneous coloration along guard-setae on legs 300 Avicularia rufa, female, yellow leg rings and guard-setae with darker base and contrasting whitish apex on legs 301 Psalmopoeus irminia, male, longer setae laterally projected on legs 302 Avicularia rufa, female, abdominal setae covering heterogeneously 303 Avicularia avicularia, female, abdominal setae covering heterogeneously 304 Avicularia purpurea, female, abdominal setae covering homogeneously. Photos: 299–301 R. Bertani; 302–303 C. S. Fukushima, 304 R. C. West.
Aviculariine characters. 305–307 cymbium process, dorsal 305 Ybyrapora gamba comb. n., holotype (MZUSP 31115), absent 306–307 well-developed process 306 Caribena versicolor comb. n. (MNHN–AR 4904), sharp and bearing thin setae 307 Avicularia juruensis (CAS 6), rounded and bearing thick setae 308–311 tibia I, retrolateral 308 Ybyrapora sooretama comb. n., holotype (MNRJ 18435), lacking modifications 309 Avicularia hirschii, paratype (SMF 57125), thicker setae on a discrete elevation 310 Caribena laeta comb. n. (AMNH PR), developed branch 311 Avicularia avicularia (MNHN–AR 4894), well-developed branch. Scale bars = 1 mm. Arrow indicates discrete elevation.
Description.AMNH. Carapace: 10.4 long, 9.9 wide, 2.98 high. Chelicera: 6.7 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 9.9, 5.9, 7.7, 8.2, 4.8, 35.0. II: 9.6, 5.5, 7.6, 7.9, 4.6, 33.8. III: 8.1, 4.6, 6.6, 7.1, 4.1, 30.1. IV: 10.2, 5.2, 8.7, 8.4, 3.8, 36.3. Palp: 6.2, 3.6, 4.6, –, 2.5, 21.1. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.1, 1.9, 2.2, 2.1, palp=1.6; patellae I–IV=2.0, 2.0, 1.9, 2.0, palp=1.6; tibiae I–IV=1.8, 1.6, 1.6, 1.9, palp=1.7; metatarsi I–IV=1.1, 1.1, 1.0, 1.1; tarsi I–IV=1.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, palp=1.3. Abdomen 14.9 long, 10.7 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.9 long, 0.3 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 1.7 basal, 1.0 middle, 2.0 distal; midwidths 1.1, 0.8, 0.6, respectively.
Carapace: 1.24 times longer than wide; cephalic region raised. Fovea: deep, recurved, 1.6 wide.
Eyes: eye tubercle 0.6 high, 1.8 long, 2.5 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior eye row procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.60, ALE 0.43, PME 0.28, PLE 0.30, AME–AME 0.34, AME–ALE 0.32, AME–PME 0.16, ALE–ALE 1.78, ALE–PME 0.65, PME–PME 1.49, PME–PLE 0.07, PLE–PLE 1.94, ALE–PLE 0.54, AME–PLE 0.42.
Maxilla: length to width: 1.76. Cuspules: 128 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.3 long, 1.8 wide, with 61 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident.
Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth, second, fourth and fifth the larger; parallel basal row of six tiny teeth on promargin.
Sternum: 5.5 long, 4.5 wide. Sigilla: anterior pair not evident, the other ellipsoidal, less than half diameter from margin; posterior one time and half the diameter of the middle.
Legs: Formula: I=IV II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.04. Clavate trichobothria: 2/3 distal tarsi I–IV. Leg coxae with spiniform setae; absent on leg I and prolateral leg II, poorly developed on retrolateral leg I, prolateral and retrolateral leg III and prolateral leg IV. Scopula: tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 4/5, IV 1/2 distal scopulate. IV divided by a row of setae.
Type II urticating setae: 0.77–0.88 long, 0.014–0.018 wide.
Palp (Figs
Tibial apophysis (Figs
Color pattern (Fig.
Male palpal bulb prominence in Avicularia, frontal. 312 Avicularia minatrix (MZUSP 70949), absent 313 Avicularia caei sp. n. holotype (MPEG 015637), weakly-developed 314 Avicularia avicularia (MPEG 2534), developed 315 Avicularia variegata stat. n. (INPA 4897), well-developed. Scale bars = 1 mm. Arrows indicate groove that forms bulb prominence.
Embolus tip of male palpal bulb. 316–317 tip narrowing abruptly 316 Avicularia avicularia (MNRJ 13659A), frontal view 317 Avicularia variegata stat. n. (INPA 4897), dorsal view 318–319 tip tapering 318 Caribena versicolor comb. n. (MNHN–AR 4904), frontal view 319 Ybyrapora diversipes comb. n. (IBSP 119271), dorsal view. Scale bar = 1mm. Arrow indicates point of abrupt narrowing.
See
Male palpal bulb characters. 320 Lasiodora sp., retrolateral, left palp 321–323 angle between medial portion of embolus and tegulum’s margin in retrolateral view 321 Pachistopelma bromelicola, right palp, very acute angle 322 Iridopelma hirsutum (IBSP 8077), right palp, obtuse angle 323 Avicularia avicularia, right palp, acute angle (MNRJ 13659A). Scale bars = 1 mm. Red bars show angle between tegulum’s margin and embolus medial portion.
Dominican Republic (Fig.
See
Searches using NONA (hold 10000, mult*500, hold/1000) resulted in 6 cladograms and their strict consensus (Nelsen, L= 229, CI = 41, RI= 67) is shown in Figure
With Piwe, we found one or two cladograms with each concavity used (Table
Length, fit and number of cladograms obtained using implied weights and different concavities on Piwe.
Concavity | Number of cladograms | Fit | Length |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 338.7 | 238 |
2 | 2 | 400.4 | 238 |
3 | 1 | 439.7 | 236 |
4 | 1 | 466.9 | 234 |
5 | 1 | 487.1 | 232 |
6 | 1 | 503.4 | 230 |
In topologies obtained using concavities 1 and 2, Aviculariinae is recovered as paraphyletic since A. rickwesti comb. n. is in a clade with Poecilotheria sp., Haplopelma sp. and Lasiodora sp., genera belonging to three different theraphosid subfamilies. The clade (Ephebopus (Psalmopoeus + Tapinauchenius)) was not recovered as basal group, but in a more derived group of Aviculariinae.
The genus Avicularia is recovered as polyphyletic, with Avicularia minatrix in a basal position as the sister group of most Aviculariinae genera. Avicularia purpurea and A. merianae sp. n. were recovered in a distinct clade in the middle of aviculariine, and the clade with A. hirschii, A. lynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n. is in a trichotomy with Caribena gen. n. and Pachistopelma + I. marcoi.
The topologies obtained using concavities 3 and 4 are very similar, differing in the position of A. rickwesti comb. n. and Poeciolotheria sp. In topology obtained with concavity 4, they form a clade inside Aviculariinae; in concavity 3, A. rickwesti comb. n. is in a clade with some genera of the outgroup, making Aviculariinae paraphyletic. Their topologies resemble those obtained with concavities 1 and 2, differing mainly in position of the clade Ephebopus (Tapinauchenius + Psalmopoeus), which is basal in Aviculariinae with concavities 3 and 4, and differing in A. minatrix position, which is basal in Aviculariinae with concavities 1 and 2.
The topology obtained with concavity 5 resembles the topology obtained using concavity 6. It differs mainly in Typhochlaena position, which is recovered as a inner group of Avicularia, as well as in A. rickwesti comb. n. position, which is the sister group of most aviculariine genera.
In agreement with other studies (
In the preferred cladogram, Avicularia is monophyletic (node 81 in Fig.
The species A. minatrix was retrieved as the most basal species in Avicularia. Avicularia purpurea and A. merianae sp. n. are very similar species regarding body dimensions, spermathecae and cymbium morphology as well as geographic distribution area, condition reflected in their close position on the cladogram, apart from most Avicularia species (node 76 in fig. 325).
Node 78 (Fig.
The clade defined by node 75 (Fig.
The sister group of Avicularia is formed of Caribbean and Brazilian Atlantic rainforest aviculariine species. The result obtained indicates three new genera in Aviculariinae (Fig.
Taxa or Node | Character | Change | Taxa or Node | Character | Change | Taxa or Node | Character | Change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H. rondoni | 33 | 0 → 1 | T. curumim (cont.) | 27 | 0 → 1 | Node 55 | 11 | 1 → 0 |
42 | 0 → 1 | 33 | 0 → 1 | Node 56 | 51 | 2 → 1 | ||
Pterinochilus sp. | 1 | 0 → 1 | 35 | 0 → 1 | Node 57 | 50 | 2 → 1 | |
15 | 0 → 1 | 68 | 1 → 0 | Node 58 | 4 | 0 → 1 | ||
57 | 0 → 1 | T. paschoali | 24 | 4 → 5 | 19 | 0 → 1 | ||
P. muticus | 1 | 0 → 1 | 27 | 0 → 1 | 70 | 0 → 2 | ||
7 | 0 → 1 | 33 | 0 → 1 | Node 59 | 0 | 0 → 1 | ||
13 | 0 → 1 | P. rufonigrum | 25 | 0 → 2 | 21 | 1 → 0 | ||
18 | 0 → 1 | I. hirsutum | 28 | 0 → 1 | 68 | 1 → 0 | ||
33 | 0 → 1 | I. zorodes | 46 | 2 → 0 | Node 60 | 62 | 0 → 1 | |
50 | 0 → 1 | I. katiae | 21 | 1 → 0 | Node 61 | 46 | 2 → 0 | |
Haplopelma sp. | 5 | 0 → 1 | 26 | 1 → 0 | 67 | 1 → 2 | ||
15 | 0 → 1 | 27 | 0 → 1 | Node 62 | 35 | 0 → 1 | ||
16 | 0 → 1 | 70 | 1 → 3 | Node 63 | 33 | 0 → 1 | ||
50 | 0 → 1 | I. marcoi | 33 | 0 → 1 | Node 64 | 59 | 0 → 1 | |
57 | 0 → 2 | 35 | 0 → 1 | Node 65 | 40 | 0 → 1 | ||
Phlogiellus sp. | 3 | 0 → 2 | A. minatrix | 49 | 0 → 1 | 63 | 0 → 1 | |
10 | 1 → 0 | A. lynnae sp. n. | 28 | 0 → 1 | Node 66 | 39 | 1 → 0 | |
17 | 0 → 1 | A. caei sp. n. | 45 | 1 → 0 | Node 67 | 28 | 0 → 1 | |
Lasiodora sp. | 14 | 0 → 1 | C. laeta comb. n. | 25 | 0 → 2 | 38 | 1 → 0 | |
18 | 0 → 1 | 50 | 2 → 1 | Node 68 | 36 | 0 → 2 | ||
24 | 1 → 0 | C. versicolor comb. n. | 21 | 1 → 0 | 37 | 0 → 1 | ||
32 | 2 → 1 | 37 | 0 → 1 | 56 | 0 → 1 | |||
41 | 1 → 0 | 44 | 0 → 1 | Node 69 | 70 | 0 → 1 | ||
46 | 0 → 1 | 51 | 2 → 1 | Node 70 | 23 | 0 → 1 | ||
60 | 0 → 1 | Y. sooretama comb. n. | 33 | 0 → 1 | 26 | 0 → 1 | ||
64 | 0 → 1 | 44 | 0 → 1 | 58 | 1 → 0 | |||
P. vulpinus | 3 | 0 → 1 | 49 | 0 → 1 | Node 71 | 38 | 0 → 1 | |
24 | 1 → 3 | 68 | 1 → 0 | Node 72 | 67 | 1 → 0 | ||
33 | 0 → 1 | Y. gamba comb. n. | 50 | 2 → 1 | 68 | 1 → 0 | ||
41 | 1 → 0 | Y. diversipes comb. n. | 21 | 1 → 2 | Node 73 | 45 | 1 → 2 | |
64 | 0 → 1 | 46 | 2 → 3 | Node 74 | 29 | 0 → 1 | ||
65 | 0 → 1 | 51 | 2 → 0 | 30 | 0 → 1 | |||
68 | 1 → 2 | A. rickwesti comb. n. | 46 | 2 → 1 | Node 75 | 49 | 0 → 1 | |
Poecilotheria sp. | 9 | 1 → 2 | 48 | 0 → 2 | Node 76 | 36 | 0 → 1 | |
11 | 0 → 1 | 50 | 2 → 1 | Node 77 | 46 | 2 → 3 | ||
16 | 0 → 1 | 52 | 0 → 1 | Node 78 | 39 | 1 → 0 | ||
17 | 0 → 1 | 53 | 0 → 1 | Node 79 | 38 | 0 → 1 | ||
24 | 1 → 2 | 54 | 0 → 1 | Node 80 | 23 | 0 → 1 | ||
46 | 0 → 1 | A. taunayi | 33 | 0 → 1 | 44 | 0 → 1 | ||
E. olivacea | 2 | 0 → 1 | A. purpurea | 26 | 0 → 1 | Node 81 | 27 | 0 → 1 |
3 | 0 → 1 | 27 | 1 → 0 | 37 | 0 → 1 | |||
13 | 0 → 1 | Node 46 | 1 | 0 → 1 | 51 | 2 → 1 | ||
21 | 1 → 0 | 55 | 0 → 1 | Node 82 | 46 | 0 → 2 | ||
31 | 0 → 1 | Node 47 | 56 | 0 → 1 | Node 83 | 0 | 1 → 0 | |
H. maculata | 68 | 1 → 0 | 69 | 3 → 1 | 50 | 0 → 2 | ||
Psalmopoeus sp. | 17 | 0 → 1 | Node 48 | 32 | 0 → 2 | 61 | 0 → 1 | |
33 | 0 → 1 | 47 | 0 → 1 | Node 84 | 11 | 0 → 1 | ||
Tapinauchenius sp. | 44 | 1 → 0 | 67 | 2 → 1 | 44 | 1 → 0 | ||
E. murinus | 20 | 0 → 1 | Node 49 | 52 | 0 → 1 | 69 | 3 → 1 | |
67 | 1 → 2 | 53 | 0 → 1 | Node 85 | 9 | 1 → 2 | ||
68 | 1 → 2 | Node 50 | 24 | 0 → 1 | Node 86 | 0 | 0 → 1 | |
E. uatuman | 21 | 1 → 2 | 67 | 0 → 2 | 45 | 0 → 1 | ||
T. seladonia | 21 | 1 → 0 | Node 51 | 2 | 0 → 1 | 67 | 0 → 1 | |
26 | 0 → 1 | 6 | 0 → 1 | Node 87 | 12 | 0 → 1 | ||
35 | 0 → 1 | 22 | 0 → 1 | 56 | 0 → 1 | |||
T. amma | 06 | 0 → 1 | Node 52 | 6 | 0 → 1 | Node 88 | 10 | 0 → 1 |
34 | 0 → 1 | 69 | 3 → 2 | 21 | 0 → 1 | |||
37 | 0 → 1 | Node 53 | 66 | 0 → 1 | 41 | 0 → 1 | ||
T. costae | 42 | 0 → 1 | Node 54 | 23 | 0 → 1 | Node 89 | 8 | 0 → 1 |
T. curumim | 06 | 0 → 1 | 27 | 0 → 1 | 46 | 2 → 0 | ||
25 | 0 → 2 | 56 | 1 → 0 | 69 | 0 → 3 |
The other new genus, Ybyrapora gen. n. (node 68 in Table
Since its description, the classification of A. rickwesti comb. n. has been a point of discussion. At first, it was included in Avicularia genus since its inclusion in other aviculariine genera has no support due to the combination of characters other than spermathecae. The completely aspinose legs, procurve first eye row, digitiform distal article of the posterior lateral spinnerets and presence of urticating setae type II on abdomen dorsum indicate the species should be included in either the Avicularia or Iridopelma genera (
Character | Fit | Steps | Extra Steps | Character | Fit | Steps | Extra Steps |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 | 36 | 10.0 | 2 | 0 |
1 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 | 37 | 6.6 | 4 | 3 |
2 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 | 38 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 |
3 | 8.5 | 3 | 1 | 39 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 |
4 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 | 40 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 |
5 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 | 41 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 |
6 | 6.6 | 4 | 3 | 42 | 6.6 | 4 | 3 |
7 | — | — | — | 43 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 |
8 | — | — | — | 44 | 4.6 | 8 | 7 |
9 | 8.5 | 3 | 1 | 45 | 7.5 | 4 | 2 |
10 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 | 46 | 4.0 | 12 | 9 |
11 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 | 47 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 |
12 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 | 48 | 7.5 | 4 | 2 |
13 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 | 49 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 |
14 | — | — | — | 50 | 5.4 | 7 | 5 |
15 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 | 51 | 6.0 | 6 | 4 |
16 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 | 52 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 |
17 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 | 53 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 |
18 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 | 54 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 |
19 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 | 55 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 |
20 | — | — | — | 56 | 5.0 | 7 | 6 |
21 | 4.6 | 9 | 7 | 57 | 8.5 | 3 | 1 |
22 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 | 58 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 |
23 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 | 59 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 |
24 | 5.4 | 12 | 5 | 60 | — | — | — |
25 | 6.0 | 6 | 4 | 61 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 |
26 | 6.6 | 4 | 3 | 62 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 |
27 | 5.4 | 6 | 5 | 63 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 |
28 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 | 64 | 8.5 | 2 | 1 |
29 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 | 65 | — | — | — |
30 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 | 66 | 10.0 | 1 | 0 |
31 | — | — | — | 67 | 5.4 | 7 | 5 |
32 | 10.0 | 2 | 0 | 68 | 4.2 | 10 | 8 |
33 | 4.0 | 10 | 9 | 69 | 8.5 | 4 | 1 |
34 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 | 70 | 8.5 | 4 | 1 |
35 | 6.0 | 5 | 4 |
The species I. marcoi is a problematic taxon. Since many important characters for cladistic analysis such as tibial apophysis, cymbium process and palpal morphology as well as presence of tibial apophysis in tibia II (an usual sinapomorphy for Iridopelma) are exclusive to males, it is expected that the species would not be retrieved as part of the genus since its male is unknown. Besides this, I. marcoi female does not have type II urticating setae on dorsal abdomen, a characteristic of most Aviculariinae species. Even though this type of setae is lacking in females, it could be present in males and immatures of this species, like in Pachistopelma species. Unfortunately, since males are unknown, this information is lacking in the analysis. On the other hand, as pointed out by
The composition of subfamily Aviculariinae (except A. rickwesti comb. n., see discussion above) is the same in all trees obtained with equal or different weights, except in the topology obtained with concavity 4, in which Poecilotheria sp. is inside Aviculariinae clade. In the chosen cladrogram (Fig.
The present analysis differs from the last available Aviculariinae cladogram (
In the analysis carried out here, the sister group of Aviculariinae is Phogiellus sp., a selenocosmiine species. They share presence of straight anterior row of eyes (character 0, state 1, with a reversion in a large internal clade and a posterior change to state 1 in Pachistopelma spp.) (Fig.
However, Phlogiellus sp. is a controversial taxon. It is recovered in distinct positions in different cladistic analysis. In
Many clades were recovered in all cladograms despite different approaches used. The clades that can be considered very stable are the genera Ybyrapora gen. n., Caribena gen. n., Pachistopelma and Iridopelma (excluding I. marcoi, discussed above), all recovered as monophyletic using both approaches. Other clades as Typhochlaena, (E. murinus + E. uatuman + (Psalmopoeus sp. + Tapinauchenius sp.)); (Stromatopelma sp. + Heteroscodra sp.); and (A. taunayi ((A. variegata st. n. + A. juruensis)(A. avicularia + A. rufa))) were also recovered using equal or implied weights. The clade ((A. hirschii (A. lynnae sp. n. + A. caei sp. n.)) is recovered in all topologies except in that obtained using concavity 5.
The decision of erecting new genera was done in order to preserve the taxonomic stability since these clades are recoverd as monophyletic in all topologies, although their relationship with other clades can change. Besides, the new genera have very distinct morphologic, geographic and ecologic characteristics from Pachistopelma and Iridopelma, which were recently revised and are well-stablished genera (
Mygalomorph species are one of the most problematic taxa among spiders for reliable species delimitation (
Morphologically cryptic species are an increasingly recurrent problem on traditional zoological taxonomy (
An accurate assessment of species-level diversity is essential not only to specialists; it plays an important role in studies of ecology and biodiversity and consequently in conservation decisions and policy (
We are especially grateful to Rick West for his continued support to our work in so many and important ways. We would like to thank collegues who kindly loaned specimens for study and/or allowed examination of collections under their care, as well as colleagues who helped with field data and specimens collected: Adriano Kury (MNRJ), Alexandre Bonaldo (MPEG), Augusto Henriques, Regiane Saturnino and Ana Lúcia Tourinho (INPA), Arno Lise (PUCRS), Artur Nishibe Furegatti (ZUEC), Charles Griswold (CAS), Christine Rollard (MNHN–AR), Diana Silva (UA), Eduardo Flórez (ICN–AR), Francisco Provenzano (MIZA), Gonzalo Giribet and Laura Leibensberger (MCZ), Janet Beccaloni (BMHN), Jason Dunlop and Anja Friederichs (MNHP), Mariajosé Deza Bouroncle (UA), Mats Eriksson (UUZM), Norman Platnick, Lorenzo Prendini and Lou Sorkin (AMNH), Paulo Motta (DZUB), Peter Jäger and Julia Altmann (SMF), Ricardo Pinto da Rocha (MZUSP), Carlos Víquez (UCR), Cléria Mendonça de Moraes, Fred Pallinger, César Alexandre and Marco Antônio de Freitas. We would also like to thank the many people whose photographs improved the paper: Saymon Albuquerque, Marlus Almeida, Marco Antônio de Freitas, Flávio Pimenta, Antonio Tosto, Jason Newland, Tanya Stewart, Willian Lamar, Hans-Werner Auer, Martin Gamache, Jeremy Huff, Rick C. West, Ronald N. Baxter, and the late Werner Bokermann. We thank Laboratório de Microscopia of Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, for SEM images. We thank all curators and collegues such as Fritz Geller-Grimm, Ingo Wendt, Volker von Wirth, Jorge Mendoza, Jorge M. Cañas, Laura Miglio, Ray Gabriel, Martin Huber, Dirk Weinmann, Jean Michel Verdéz, Chris Hamilton, Pascal de Bleeckere, Olivier Boilly, Patrick Maréchal, Dr. S. Füting, and Alex Zanotti who shared information about specimens and type locations and photographs or papers. We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Eduardo Navarro and Maria Beatriz Ribeiro for helping with Tupi language. We thank Abel Pérez González and Fernando Pérez-Miles for important comments on a previous draft of the manuscript as well as Brent Hendrixson, Rick C. West, Ingi Agnarsson and an anonymous reviewer for valuable suggestions on the manuscript. CSF would like to thank David Candiani and Nancy Lo for their hospitality at Belém; Wenddi P. Burger and Iara Fino for translations, FAPESP 06/58326-5 and CAPES for financial support and all other people named in her thesis acknowledgements, particularly Dr. Paulo Nogueira-Neto for his support on obtaining her doctorate degree. Support: Fapesp 2015/19976-3 and CNPq research fellow – Brazil for RB; CAPES no. 23038.00814/2011-83.
Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 1
Data type: molecular data
Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 2
Data type: molecular data
Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 3
Data type: molecular data
Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 4
Data type: molecular data
Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 5
Data type: molecular data