Catalogue |
Corresponding author: Colin Favret ( colinfavret@aphidnet.org ) Academic editor: James Zahniser
© 2016 Colin Favret, Roger Blackman, Gary Miller, Benjamin Victor.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Favret C, Blackman RL, Miller GL, Victor B (2016) Catalog of the phylloxerids of the world (Hemiptera, Phylloxeridae). ZooKeys 629: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.629.10709
|
A taxonomic and nomenclatural catalog of the phylloxerids (Hemiptera, Phylloxeridae) is presented. Six family-group names are listed, three being synonyms. Thirty-five genus-group names, of which six are subjectively valid, are presented with their type species, etymology, and grammatical gender. Ninety-four species-group names are listed, of which 73 are considered subjectively valid. This is the last group of Aphidomorpha to be catalogued, bringing the list of valid extant species to 5,218.
Aphidomorpha , nomenclature, Phylloxera , Sternorrhyncha , taxonomy
Phylloxeridae is a small family of Hemiptera, closely related to Adelgidae and Aphididae. Little is known of the biology of most of the family’s 69 species, although that of the economically important grape phylloxeran, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), has been studied in detail. Most species of phylloxerid feed on species of Juglandaceae or Fagaceae, with a large number forming galls on North American hickories (Carya spp.). Host alternation exists within the family (
Phylloxeridae is one of three extant families in the infraorder Aphidomorpha (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) (
In this catalog, we present six family-group, 35 genus-group, and 94 species-group names of extant phylloxerids. The family-group names include two valid subfamilies and two valid tribes and three subjective synonyms. The genus-group names include six valid names, 21 junior subjective synonyms, three junior objective synonyms, three junior homonyms, and two unavailable names. The species-group names include four subspecies (not including nominotypical subspecies), 14 subjective synonyms, one junior primary homonym, two nomina dubia, and four unavailable names.
The name Phylloxeridae in English is usually pronounced with the accent on the third syllable. However, the name of its type genus, Phylloxera, is often pronounced with an accent on the second. Because the e of xērós is an eta, the word made from it, once written in Roman letters and given Latin endings, must be considered to have a long e. The penultimate syllable of a Latin word must be accented when it contains such a long vowel and it is a fixed principle that the accentuation of Latin words is to be kept when they are borrowed into English. Therefore, strictly-speaking, only accentuation of the third syllable of Phylloxera is historically justified.
In any case,
Also as with other recent catalogs of groups of Aphidomorpha, the etymology and grammatical gender of genus-group names has been included (
PHYLLOXERIDAE
Subfamily PHYLLOXERINAE
Tribe ACANTHOCHERMESINI
Original spelling. Acanthochermesini
Type genus. Acanthochermes
ACANTHOCHERMES
Type species. Acanthochermes quercus
Etymology. Greek ákantha ‘thorn’ + Chermes [Hemiptera]
Gender. Masculine
quercus
=balbianii (
similiquercus
Tribe PHYLLOXERINI
Original spelling. Phylloxeriden
Type genus. Phylloxera
=DACTYLOSPHAER–
Original spelling. Dactylosphaeridae
Type genus. Dactylosphaera
=MORITZIELL–
Original spelling. Moritziellini
Type genus. Moritziella
=VACUN–
Original spelling. Vacuniden
Type genus. Vacuna
APHANOSTIGMA
Type species. Phylloxera piri
Etymology. Greek aphanḗs ‘invisible’ + -o + Greek stigma ‘spot’ [pterostigma]
Gender. Neuter
=CINACIUM
Type species. Cinacium iaksuiense
Etymology. Japanese Kinako ‘soybean flour’ + -ium
Gender. Neuter
iaksuiense (
piri (
DAKTULOSPHAIRA
Type species. Pemphigus vitifoliae
Etymology. Greek dáktylos ‘finger’ + Greek sphaîra ‘ball’
Gender. Feminine
=PERITYMBIA
Type species. Peritymbia vitisana
Etymology. Greek perí ‘around’ + Greek týmbos ‘tomb’ [“tomb-like gall”]
Gender. Feminine
Note. Some references cite
=RHIZAPHIS Planchon in
Type species. Rhizaphis vastatrix Planchon 1868, by original monotypy
Etymology. Greek ríza ‘root’ + Aphis [Hemiptera: Aphididae]
Gender. Feminine
=RHIZOCERA
Type species. None
Etymology. Greek ríza ‘root’ + Greek xērós ‘dry’ [“root drier” per
Gender. Feminine
Note. Unavailable, not proposed as a valid name. Often misattributed to
=VITEUS
Type species. Pemphigus vitifoliae
Etymology. Latin ‘of or pertaining to the vine’
Gender. Masculine
Note. Junior objective synonym of Daktulosphaira
=XERAMPELUS
Type species. Rhizaphis vastatrix Planchon 1868, by original monotypy
Etymology. Greek xērós ‘dry’ + Greek ámpelos ‘vine’
Gender. Masculine
Note. Junior objective synonym of Rhizaphis Planchon 1868
vitifoliae (
=pemphigoides (
=pervastatrix (
=vastatrix (Planchon in
=vitisana (
=vitis viniferae (
=vulpinae (
FOAIELLA
Type species. Phylloxera danesii
Etymology. (Anna) Foà [Italian entomologist] + -i + ella [diminutive suffix]
Gender. Feminine
Note. Replacement name for Boerneria
=BOERNERIA
Type species. Phylloxera danesii
Etymology. (Carl) Börner [German entomologist] + -ia
Gender. Feminine
Note. Junior homonym of Boerneria
danesii (
OLEGIA
Type species. Aphanostigma ulmifoliae
Etymology. Oleg (Vasilyevich Kovalev) [Russian entomologist] + -ia
Gender. Feminine
ulmifoliae (
PHYLLOXERA
Type species. Phylloxera quercus
Etymology. Greek phýllon ‘leaf’ + Greek xērós ‘dry’
Gender. Feminine
=ACANTHAPHIS
Type species. Phylloxera corticalis
Etymology. Greek ákantha ‘thorn’ + Aphis [Hemiptera: Aphididae]
Gender. Feminine
Note. Junior objective synonym of Moritziella
=DACTYLOSPHAERA
Type species. Dactylosphaera globosa
Etymology. Greek dáktylos ‘finger’ + Greek sphaîra ‘ball’
Gender. Feminine
=EUPHYLLOXERA
Type species. Phylloxera foveola
Etymology. Greek eû ‘truly’ + Phylloxera
Gender. Feminine
=HYSTRICHIELLA
Type species. Phylloxera spinulosa
Etymology. Greek hýstrix ‘porcupine’ + -i + -ella [diminutive suffix]
Gender. Feminine
Note. Described as subgenus of Phylloxera
=MICRACANTHAPHIS Grassi in
Type species. Vacuna coccinea
Etymology. Greek mikrós ‘small’ + Acanthaphis
Gender. Feminine
=MORITZIELLA
Type species. Phylloxera corticalis
Etymology. (Julius) Moritz [German entomologist] + -i + ella [diminutive suffix]
Gender. Feminine
=NOTABILIA
Type species. Phylloxera notabilis
Etymology. Latin notabilis ‘remarkable, sizeable’, inflected in the neuter plural
Gender. Neuter
=PARAMORITZIELLA Grassi in
Type species. Phylloxera caryaefoliae
Etymology. Greek pará ‘beside’ + Moritziella
Gender. Feminine
=PARAPERGANDEA
Type species. Phylloxera caryaevenae
Etymology. Greek pará ‘beside’ + Pergandea
Gender. Feminine
=PARAPHYLLOXERA Grassi in
Type species. Vacuna glabra
Etymology. Greek pará ‘beside’ + Phylloxera
Gender. Feminine
=PARTHENOPHYLLOXERA Grassi in
Type species. Parthenophylloxera ilicis
Etymology. Greek parthénos ‘girl, virgin’ + Phylloxera
Gender. Feminine
=PERGANDEA
Type species. Dactylosphaera conica
Etymology. (Theodore) Pergande [American entomologist] + -a
Gender. Feminine
Note. Junior homonym of Pergandea
=PHYLLOXERELLA Grassi in
Type species. Phylloxerella confusa
Etymology. Phylloxera + -ella [diminutive suffix]
Gender. Feminine
=PHYLLOXEROIDES Grassi in
Type species. Phylloxera italica
Etymology. Phylloxera + Greek –ō(i)dēs ‘resembling’
Gender. Masculine
=PSYLLOPTERA
Type species. Psylloptera quercina
Etymology. Psylla [Hemiptera: Psyllidae] + Greek pterá ‘wings’
Gender. Feminine
=RHANIS
Type species. None
Etymology. Greek rhanís ‘drop (of a liquid)’
Gender. Feminine
Note. Unavailable, described in synonymy with Vacuna
=TROITZKYA
Type species. Dactylosphaera caryaesemen
Etymology. (Nikolay Nikolaevich) Troitzky [Russian entomologist] + -a
Gender. Feminine
=VACUNA
Type species. Vacuna coccinea
Etymology. Latin Vacuna [minor goddess of ancient Italy]
Gender. Feminine
=XEROPHYLLA
Type species. Pemphigus caryaecaulis
Etymology. Greek xērós ‘dry’ + Greek phýllon ‘leaf’
Gender. Feminine
caryaeavellana
caryaecaulis (
=caryaemagna (
caryaefallax
caryaefoliae
caryaeglobuli
=hemisphericum (
caryaegummosa
caryaepilula (
caryaeren
caryaescissa
caryaesemen (
caryaesepta (
subspecies caryaesepta (
subspecies perforans
caryaevenae (
castaneae (
castaneivora (
coccinea (
=escorialensis
=globifera (
=rutila
confusa Grassi in
conica (
corticalis
=iberica
=lichtensteinii
davidsoni
deplanata
depressa (
devastatrix
foae
foveata (
foveola
fraxini
georgiana
glabra (
=punctata
globosa (
subspecies coniferum (
subspecies globosa (
ilicis (Grassi in
intermedia
italica (Grassi in
kunugi
minima (
notabilis
perniciosa
picta
pilosula
querceti
quercina (
=spinulosa
quercus
=florentina
=scutifera
=signoreti
reticulata
rileyi
rimosalis
russellae
similans
spinifera
spinosa (
spinuloides
stanfordiana
stellata
subelliptica (
symmetrica
subspecies purpurea
subspecies symmetrica
subspecies vasculosa
texana
tuberculifera
Subfamily PHYLLOXERININAE
Original spelling. Phylloxerinini
Type genus. Phylloxerina
PHYLLOXERINA
Type species. Phylloxera salicis
Etymology. Phylloxera + Latin -ina ‘in relation to’
Gender. Feminine
=GUERCIOJA
Type species. Chermes populi
Etymology. (Giacomo Del) Guercio [Italian entomologist] + -ja
Gender. Feminine
=LAUFFERELLA
Type species. Chermes populi
Etymology. (Jorge) Lauffer [German entomologist] + -ella [diminutive suffix]
Gender. Feminine
Note. Replacement name for Pseudochermes
=PSEUDOCHERMES
Type species. Chermes populi
Etymology. Greek pseudo- ‘untrue’ + Chermes [Hemiptera]
Gender. Masculine
Note. Junior homonym of Pseudochermes Nitsche in
capreae
daphnoidis
moniliferae (
=populi (
nyssae (
popularia (
populi (
prolifera (
salicis (
salicola (
ACANTHAPHIS
ACANTHOCHERMES
APHANOSTIGMA
balbianii
bipunctata
BOERNERIA
capreae
caryaeavellana
caryaecaulis
caryaefallax
caryaefoliae
caryaeglobuli
caryaegummosa
caryaemagna
caryaepilula
caryaeren
caryaereniformis
caryaescissa
caryaesemen
caryaesepta
caryaevenae
castaneae
castaneivora
CINACIUM
coccinea
confusa Grassi in
conica
coniferum
corticalis
DACTYLOSPHAERA
DAKTULOSPHAIRA
danesii
daphnoidis
davidsoni
deplanata
depressa
devastatrix
escorialensis
EUPHYLLOXERA
florentina
foae
FOAIELLA
foveata
foveola
fraxini
georgiana
glabra
globifera
globosa
GUERCIOJA
hemisphericum
HYSTRICHIELLA
iaksuiense
iberica
ilicis Grassi in
intermedia
italica Grassi in
kunugi
LAUFFERELLA
lichtensteinii
MICRACANTHAPHIS Grassi in
minima
moniliferae
MORITZIELLA
NOTABILIA
notabilis
nyssae
OLEGIA
PARAMORITZIELLA Grassi in
PARAPERGANDEA
PARAPHYLLOXERA Grassi in
PARTHENOPHYLLOXERA Grassi in
pemphigoides
perforans
PERGANDEA
PERITYMBIA
perniciosa
pervastatrix
PHYLLOXERA
PHYLLOXERELLA Grassi in
PHYLLOXERINA
PHYLLOXEROIDES Grassi in
picta
pilosula
piri
popularia
populi
populi
prolifera
PSEUDOCHERMES
PSYLLOPTERA
punctata
purpurea
querceti
quercina
quercus
quercus
reticulata
RHANIS
RHIZAPHIS Planchon in
RHIZOCERA
rileyi
rimosalis
russellae
rutila
salicis
salicola
scutifera
signoreti
similans
similiquercus
spinifera
spinosa
spinuloides
spinulosa
stanfordiana
stellata
subelliptica
symmetrica
texana
TROITZKYA
tuberculifera
ulmifoliae
VACUNA
vasculosa
vastatrix Planchon in
VITEUS
vitifoliae
vitis viniferae
vitisana
vulpinae
XERAMPELUS
XEROPHYLLA
We thank Andrew Carmichael (USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory) for literature research. Andrey V. Stekolshchikov (Russian Academy of Sciences) helped locate the