Allomicythus kamurai Ono, 2009, from Vietnam.

See Ono (2009).

This genus belongs to the subfamily Echeminae Simon, 1893, includes two species: Allomicythus kamurai and A. suochao sp. nov.

China and Vietnam.

Holotype : ♀ (NSMT-Ar8351), Vietnam: Phu Quoc Island, Duong Dong, 40 m, 19.III.2009, H. Ono leg., not examined.

3♂1♀ (IZCAS-Ar44427–Ar44430), China, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden, 21.910767°N, 101.2709°E, ca 572 m, 1–15.V.2007, rubber-tea plantation, fogging. Guo Zheng leg.

The male can be distinguished from Allomicythus suochao sp. nov. by the absence of tegular apophysis and conductor (Fig. 1B, C) [vs present (Fig. 2B, C)]. The female can be distinguished from A. suochao sp. nov. by the absence of a pair of lateral pockets of epigyne and spermatheca as long as the diameter of the bursa (see Ono 2009: figs 18, 19) [vs lateral pockets present and spermatheca almost twice as long as the diameter of bursa (Fig. 3)].

Figure 1. 

Allomicythus kamurai, male A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E = embolus, RPO = retro-proximal cymbial outgrowth, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum.

Figure 2. 

Allomicythus suochao sp. nov., holotype male A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, E = embolus, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum, TA = tegular apophysis.

Figure 3. 

Allomicythus suochao sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: B = bursa, CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, P = pocket, S = spermatheca.

Male (IZCAS-Ar44427) (Fig. 4A). Total length 3.40; carapace 1.04 long, 1.22 wide, opisthosoma 1.86 long, 1.03 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.07, PME 0.06, PLE 0.06, AME–AME 0.01, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.02, AME–PME 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Anterior eye row slightly recurved, posterior eye row procurved. Chelicerae with three promarginal teeth. Tarsus and metatarsus in Leg I and II with scopula ventrally. Leg measurements: I 3.15 (0.96, 1.14, 0.60, 0.45), II 3.07 (0.93, 1.10, 0.60, 0.44), III 2.65 (0.72, 0.89, 0.60, 0.44), IV 3.76 (0.96, 1.28, 0.97, 0.55). Opisthosoma oval, with dorsal scutum 1/5 the length of the opisthosoma, venter brown. Spinnerets yellow-brown.

Figure 4. 

Allomicythus kamurai (A) and A. suochao sp. nov., habitus (B, C), dorsal view. A male B male holotype C female paratype.

Palp (Fig. 1A–C). Tibia almost as long as patella. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) long and straight, almost as long as tibia, terminal slightly curved. Cymbium almost 3× longer than wide, with retro-proximal cymbial outgrowth (RPO). Subtegulum (ST) almost oval in prolateral view and unobvious in ventral view. Tegulum almost oblong. Tegular apophysis (TA) and conductor (C) absent. Embolus (E) helically twisted, almost coiled two turns.

Female. See Ono (2009).

Vietnam, China (Yunnan).

The male is described here for the first time.

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44431), China, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna, Tropical Botanical Garden, 21.9033°N, 101.2820°E, ca 608 m, 16–30.IV.2007, Paramichelia baillonii plantation, pitfall traps, Guo Zheng leg. Paratypes: 2♂3♀ (IZCAS-Ar44432–Ar44436), same data as holotype.

The male can be distinguished from Allomicythus kamurai Ono, 2009 by the presence of tegular apophysis and conductor (Fig. 2B, C) [vs absent (Fig. 1B, C)]. The female can be distinguished from A. kamurai by the presence of a pair of lateral pockets of epigyne and spermatheca twice as long as the diameter of the bursa (Fig. 3) [vs lateral pocket absent and spermatheca almost as long as the diameter of bursa (see Ono 2009: figs 18, 19)].

Male holotype (Fig. 4B). Total length 2.58; carapace 1.19 long, 0.97 wide, opisthosoma 1.32 long, 0.94 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.06, PME 0.06, PLE 0.06, AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0, PME–PME 0.04, PME–PLE 0.02, AME–PME 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.01. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior eye row procurved. Chelicerae with three promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Tarsus and metatarsus in leg I and II with scopula ventrally. Leg measurements: I 2.54 (0.81, 0.97, 0.39, 0.37), II 2.55 (0.79, 0.93, 0.46, 0.37), III 2.23 (0.63, 0.76, 0.49, 0.35), IV 3.22 (0.90, 1.12, 0.74, 0.46). Opisthosoma oval, with dorsal scutum 1/2 the length of the opisthosoma, venter brown. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Palp (Fig. 2A–C). Tibia almost as long as patella, with a triangular apophysis anteriorly, obtuse, dorsal part lighter in color. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) long, slightly curved, almost as long as tibia, terminal folded. Cymbium almost 2× longer than wide. Subtegulum (ST) almost oval in prolateral view and unobvious in ventral view. Tegulum teardrop-shaped. Sperm duct (SD) with S-shaped turn in retrolateral view. Tegular apophysis (TA) membranous. Conductor (C) almost spherical. Embolus (E) helically twisted, coiled almost 2.5 turns.

Female paratype (IZCAS-Ar44436) (Fig. 4C). Total length 3.04; carapace 1.30 long, 1.06 wide, opisthosoma 1.51 long, 1.02 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.10, PME 0.09, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.02, AME–PME 0.08, ALE–PLE 0.01. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior eye row procurved Chelicerae with three promarginal teeth. Tarsus and metatarsus in Leg I and II with scopula. Leg measurements: I 2.80 (0.85, 1.07, 0.49, 0.39), II 2.91 (0.94, 1.06, 0.53, 0.38), III 2.51 (0.74, 0.89, 0.47, 0.41), IV 3.36 (0.91, 1.19, 0.76, 0.50). Opisthosoma oval, venter yellow-brown, without scutum. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Epigyne (Fig. 3A, B). Epigynal plate as long as wide, with pair of lateral pockets (P) medially, the lateral pocket almost triangle shaped. Copulatory openings (CO) obvious, strongly sclerotized. Beginning of copulatory duct with bursa (B), strongly sclerotized, oval, then becoming elongated, coiled twice around the copulatory openings and connect the middle of spermatheca. Spermathecae (S) transversally oval (ratio 1:2). Fertilization ducts (FD) directed at 11 o’clock position from spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.

The species is named after Suo Chao, one of the 108 outlaws in the classical Chinese novel ‘Outlaws of the Marsh’; noun in apposition.

Hongkongia wuae Song & Zhu, 1998, from China.

See Song and Zhu (1998).

This genus belongs to the subfamily Echeminae Simon, 1893, includes six species: Hongkongia caeca Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001, H. incincta (Simon, 1907), H. liutang sp. nov., H. reptrix Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001, H. songi Zhang, Zhu & Tso, 2009 and H. wuae Song & Zhu, 1998.

Africa and Asia.

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44437), China, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna, Tropical Botanical Garden, 21.9238°N, 101.2740°E, ca 598 m, 1–15.VII.2007, secondary tropical seasonal rain forest, Guo Zheng leg. Paratypes: 5♂6♀ (IZCAS-Ar44438–Ar44448), same data as holotype.

The male of Hongkongia liutang sp. nov. is similar to these of H. wuae Song & Zhu, 1998 and H. reptrix Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 by the helical conductor (Fig. 5B). Females of the new species are similar to those of H. reptrix by having copulatory ducts subparallel in the middle and close to each other (Fig. 6B). However, the new species can be distinguished from H. wuae by having retrolateral tibial apophysis as long as tibia (Fig. 5C) [vs retrolateral tibial apophysis longer than tibia (see Kamura 2019: fig. 2G) and with an outgrowth pointing dorsally (see Song and Zhu 1998: fig. 4E)] and tip of conductor with serrations (Fig. 5B) (vs serrations absent in other congeners). The female of new species can be distinguished from those of H. reptrix by the having two hoods (Fig. 6B, C) [vs only one hood (see Zhang et al. 2009: figs 12, 13)].

Figure 5. 

Hongkongia liutang sp. nov., holotype male A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, E = embolus, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum.

Figure 6. 

Hongkongia liutang sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, H = hood, S = spermatheca.

Male holotype (Fig. 8A). Total length 2.84; carapace 1.45 long, 1.06 wide, opisthosoma 1.42 long, 0.90 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.04, ALE 0.05, PME 0.05, PLE 0.04, AME–AME 0.01, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.02, PME–PLE 0.01, AME–PME 0.02, ALE–PLE 0.02. Anterior eye row almost straight, posterior eye row recurved. Chelicerae with three promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: I 4.60 (1.23, 1.80, 0.89, 0.68), II 3.60 (0.98, 1.31, 0.68, 0.63), III 3.10 (0.89, 0.95, 0.73, 0.53), IV 4.15 (1.07, 1.37, 1.00, 0.71). Opisthosoma oval, without scutum, venter dark brown. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Palp (Fig. 2A–C). Femur unmodified. Tibia slightly shorter than patella. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) 2× shorter than tibia, tip blunt. Cymbium almost 2×longer than wide. Subtegulum absent. Tegulum (T) obvious, almost 1.5× wider than long in ventral view. Conductor (C) and embolus (E) have the same base. Conductor helically twisted, middle with an apophysis, terminal serrated, slightly curved. Embolus directed at 5 o’clock position, whiplike.

Female paratype (IZCAS-Ar44444) (Fig. 8B). Total length 4.07; carapace 1.68 long, 1.28 wide, opisthosoma 2.48 long, 1.53 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.12, PME 0.12, PLE 0.11, AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.04, PME–PLE 0.02, AME–PME 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.02. Chelicerae with three promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: I 4.27 (1.24, 1.54, 0.83, 0.66), II 3.55 (1.08, 1.21, 0.70, 0.56), III 3.32 (1.00, 1.08, 0.74, 0.50), IV 4.68 (1.23, 1.58, 1.21, 0.66). Opisthosoma oval, without scutum, venter yellow-brown. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Epigyne (Fig. 6A, B). Epigynal plate 1.5× longer than wide, with a pair of hoods (H) anteriorly, hoods almost triangle shaped. Copulatory openings (CO) strongly sclerotized. Copulatory ducts (CD) intertwined. Spermathecae (S) oval. Fertilization ducts (FD) sickle-shaped, directed at 4 o’clock position from spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.

The species is named after Liu Tang, one of the 108 outlaws in the classical Chinese novel ‘Outlaws of the Marsh’; noun in apposition.

Holotype : ♂, China, Hongkong: New Territories, Duong Dong, 40 m, 19.III.2009, K.-Y. Wu, not examined.

3♂4♀ (IZCAS-Ar44449–Ar44455), China, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna, Tropical Botanical Garden, 21.9033°N, 101.2820°E, ca 608 m, 16–30.IV.2007, Paramichelia baillonii plantation, pitfall traps, Guo Zheng leg.

Females of this species can be easily distinguished from the congeners by the absence of epigynal hood and presence of a long, obvious glandular appendage of spermatheca (Fig. 7A, B). Diagnosis of males see Zhang et al. (2009).

Figure 7. 

Hongkongia wuae, female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, GA = glandular appendage, PS = primary spermatheca, SS = secondary spermathecae.

Female (IZCAS-Ar44449) (Fig. 8C). Total length 5.25; carapace 1.85 long, 1.52 wide, opisthosoma 3.17 long, 1.95 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.14, PME 0.17, PLE 0.16, AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0, PME–PLE 0.01, AME–PME 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.02. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Chelicerae with three promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: I 5.45 (1.57, 2.02, 1.01, 0.85), II 5.64 (1.59, 2.17, 1.03, 0.85), III 3.98 (1.13, 1.33, 0.91, 0.61), IV 5.87 (1.57, 1.97, 1.37, 0.96). Opisthosoma oval, venter dark brown, without scutum. Spinnerets dark brown.

Figure 8. 

Hongkongia liutang sp. nov. (A, B) and H. wuae, habitus (C), dorsal view A male holotype B female paratype C female.

Epigyne (Fig. 7A, B). Epigynal plate almost 1.5× longer than wide. Copulatory opening (CO) wide, ~ 1/2 epigynal plate width, copulatory openings converging slanting at angle ca 45°, with almost right angle. Copulatory ducts (CD) translucent, n-shaped, median part of copulatory duct with wrinkles. Glandular appendage (GA) straight, directed anteriorly. Secondary spermathecae (SS) oval. Primary spermatheca (PS) elongate, with a 90° bent at two-thirds, terminal parts inflated. Fertilization ducts (FD) sickle-shaped, directed at 2:30 o’clock position from spermathecae.

Male. See Song and Zhu (1998).

Indonesia (Sulawesi), China (Yunnan, Hongkong).

The female is described here for the first time.

Meizhelan muhong sp. nov.

Meizhelan gen. nov. resemble the Apodrassodes Vellard, 1924 (see Platnick and Shadab 1983) by the long, slender embolus (Fig. 9D), membranous conductor (Fig. 9A, B), sperm duct with S-shaped turn (Fig. 9B, C), copulatory duct membranous (Fig. 10B) and spermathecae located posteriorly (Fig. 10B). But it differs in the following: retrolateral tibial apophysis longer than tibia (Fig. 9C) (vs shorter or as long as tibia), absence of tegular apophysis (Fig. 9B) (vs present) and embolus start at the middle of bulb (Fig. 9B) (vs start at posterior of bulb), in the female, spermathecae with two chambers (Fig. 10B) (vs spermathecae oval) and absent of scape and primary spermatheca (Fig. 10A, B) (vs present).

Figure 9. 

Meizhelan muhong sp. nov., holotype male A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view D embolus. Abbreviations: C = conductor, E embolus, PP = paraembolic process, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum.

Figure 10. 

Meizhelan muhong sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, GA = glandular appendage, MS = median septum, P = pocket, S = spermatheca.

Male (Fig. 11A, C, E–H). Total length 3.19. Carapace yellow brown, covered with brown setae. Fovea longitudinal. Clypeus brown, covered with several plumose setae. Chelicerae yellow-brown, with two promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Endites pale yellow. Labium pale yellow, covered with brown setae. Sternum colored as endites, covered with brown setae. Legs yellow, without preening comb on metatarsi III and IV, with scopula under claw. Opisthosoma oval, venter pale brown with setae, dorsal scutum almost 1/2 the length of the opisthosoma. Spinnerets pale brown.

Figure 11. 

Meizhelan muhong sp. nov., male holotype (A, C, E–H) and female paratype (B, D) A, B habitus, dorsal view C, D eye area E chelicerae F spinnerets G metatarsus IV H shallow indentation on trochanter.

Palp as in Fig. 9A–D. Palpal femur almost 4× longer than patella. Tibia 0.6× shorter than patella. Retrolateral tibial apophysis almost 3× longer than tibia. Cymbium almost 3× longer than wide, with fold for retrolateral tibial apophysis. Subtegulum (ST) almost oval in prolateral view. Tegulum almost oval. Sperm duct (SD) with S-shaped turns in ventral and retrolateral view. Tegular apophysis (TA) absent. Conductor (C) membranous, huge, with serrations. Embolus (E) long and slender, with a paraembolic process.

Female (Fig. 11B, D). Total length 2.70. Habitus similar to those of male.

Epigynal plate (Fig. 10A, B) with pair of lateral pockets (P), almost triangle shape. Copulatory openings (CO) hidden under anterior edge of epigynal plate, separated by median septum (MS). Copulatory duct (CD) membranous, connect the middle of spermatheca. Spermathecae (S) located posteriorly, with two chambers. Fertilization ducts (FD) start at posterior of spermathecae.

The genus is named after Meizhelan, nickname for one of the 108 outlaws in the classical Chinese novel ‘Outlaws of the Marsh’; masculine in gender.

The new genus currently includes only one species: Meizhelan muhong sp. nov.

China (Yunnan).

This genus belongs to the subfamily Echeminae Simon, 1893.

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44456), China, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, 21.9117°N, 101.2816°E, ca 656 m, 13.11.2009, Lùshilin tropical rain forest, fogging, Guo Zheng leg. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar44457), same data as holotype.

Same as for the genus diagnosis.

Male holotype (Fig. 11A, C, E–H). Total length 3.19; carapace 1.61 long, 1.23 wide, opisthosoma 1.47 long, 1.10 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.11, PME 0.10, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.01, AME–ALE 0, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.02, AME–PME 0.10, ALE–PLE 0.02. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Chelicerae with two promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Legs with long brown hairs, with scopula under claw. Leg measurements: I 2.80 (0.91, 1.13, 0.45, 0.31), II 2.80 (0.90, 1.07, 0.46, 0.37), III 2.52 (0.78, 0.83, 0.54, 0.37), IV 3.59 (1.08, 1.24, 0.87, 0.40). Opisthosoma oval, venter brown with long brown setae, dorsal scutum almost 1/2 the length of the opisthosoma. Spinnerets yellow brown.

Palp (Fig. 9A–D). Tibia much shorter than patella. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) long, tip slightly curved, almost 3× longer than tibia and more than 1/2 of cymbial length. Cymbium almost 3× longer than wide, with fold for retrolateral tibial apophysis. Subtegulum (ST) almost oval in prolateral view. Tegulum almost oval. Sperm duct (SD) with S-shaped turn in retrolateral view. Tegular apophysis (TA) absent. Conductor (C) leaf-shaped, huge, with serrations. Embolus (E) whip-like, with a paraembolic process.

Female paratype (IZCAS-Ar44457) (Fig. 11B, D). Total length 2.70; carapace 1.54 long, 1.18 wide, opisthosoma 1.71 long, 1.14 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, PME 0.11, PLE 0.12, AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.02, AME–PME 0.10, ALE–PLE 0.02. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Chelicerae as in male. Legs with long brown hairs, with scopula under claw. Leg measurements: I 2.45 (0.82, 0.96, 0.36, 0.31), II 2.69 (0.87, 1.13, 0.36, 0.33), III 2.51 (0.74, 0.85, 0.54, 0.38), IV 3.53 (1.01, 1.23, 0.82, 0.47). Opisthosoma oval, venter yellow-brown with long brown hair. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Epigyne (Fig. 10A, B). Epigynal plate longer than wide, with pair of lateral pockets (P), almost triangle shape. Copulatory openings (CO) indistinct, hidden under edge of epigynal plate, separated by median septum (MS). Copulatory duct (CD) membranous, connected each other with a sclerotized lamella, connect the middle of spermatheca. Spermathecae (S) with two chambers, one large, oval, and other small, globular, the length of the larger one is 3× the diameter of the smaller one. Fertilization ducts (FD) directed at 2.30 o’clock position from spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.

The species is named after Mu Hong, one of the 108 outlaws in the classical Chinese literature ‘Outlaws of the Marsh’; noun in apposition.

Prosthesima pallidipatellis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906, from Japan.

See Gallé-Szpisjak et al. (2023).

This genus belongs to the subfamily Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, includes five species: Sernokorba betyar Gallé-Szpisjak, Gallé & Szűts, 2023, S. fanjing Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004, S. pallidipatellis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906), S. ruanxiaoer sp. nov. and S. tescorum (Simon, 1914).

Europe and Asia.

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44498), China, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden, 21.910767°N, 101.2709°E, ca 572 m, 15–31.II.2007, rubber-tea plantation, fogging. Guo Zheng leg. Paratypes: 2♂1♀ (IZCAS-Ar44499–Ar44501), same data as holotype.

The male of Sernokorba ruanxiaoer sp. nov. is similar to these of S. fanjing Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 and S. pallidipatellis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) by the conductor without serration (Figs 12B, 13B). Females of the new species are similar to those of S. pallidipatellis by unobvious copulatory openings (Fig. 14A). However, the new species can be distinguished from S. fanjing by the tip of the conductor blunt (Figs 12B, 13B) [vs sharped (see Wang et al. 2023: fig. 1B)] and can be distinguished from S. pallidipatellis by the tip of the embolus straight (Fig. 13A) [vs curved (see Gallé-Szpisjak et al. 2023: figs 23, 33)]. The female can be distinguished from those of S. pallidipatellis by the ratio of the length of the spermathecae to the diameter of the copulatory duct is almost 1:1 and the diameter of the glandular appendage is longer than the diameter of the copulatory duct (Fig. 14B) [vs 2:3 and shorter than the diameter of the copulatory duct (see Kamura 1992: fig. 7)].

Figure 12. 

Sernokorba ruanxiaoer sp. nov., holotype male A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, E = embolus, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum, T = tegulum.

Figure 13. 

Sernokorba ruanxiaoer sp. nov., paratype male A embolus, ventral view B conductor, ventral view.

Figure 14. 

Sernokorba ruanxiaoer sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, GA = glandular appendage, S = spermatheca.

Male holotype (Fig. 15A). Total length 5.02; carapace 2.41 long, 1.72 wide, opisthosoma 2.48 long, 1.64 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.10, PME 0.09, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.06, AME–PME 0.09, ALE–PLE 0.09. Anterior eye row and posterior eye row recurved. Chelicerae with eight promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: I 5.56 (1.63, 1.85, 1.14, 0.94), II 5.45 (1.49, 1.79, 1.21, 0.96), III 5.65 (1.58, 1.75, 1.37, 0.95), IV 8.29 (2.09, 2.32, 2.27, 1.61). Opisthosoma elongate-oval, venter dark brown, with four transverse white bands of setae, dorsal scutum almost 1/2 the length of the opisthosoma. Spinnerets dark brown.

Figure 15. 

Sernokorba ruanxiaoer sp. nov., habitus, dorsal view A male holotype B female paratype.

Palp (Figs 12A–C, 13A, B). Femur unmodified. Tibia slightly longer than patella. Retrolateral tibial apophysis 1.5× longer than tibia, bent in its middle and with an apical hook. Cymbium almost two× longer than wide. Subtegulum (ST) obvious in prolateral and ventral view. Tegulum obvious, almost 2.5× wider than long in ventral view, with long and U-shaped sperm duct (SD). Conductor (C) membranous, 1/2 the bulb length, encircled embolus distally. Embolus (E) short, originated from the apical portion of bulb, straight.

Female paratype (IZCAS-Ar44501) (Fig. 15B). Total length 5.68; carapace 2.53 long, 1.86 wide, opisthosoma 3.13 long, 2.14 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.11, PME 0.09, PLE 0.11, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.06, AME–PME 0.11, ALE–PLE 0.08. Chelicerae with eight promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: I 5.46 (1.67, 1.93, 0.97, 0.89), II 5.65 (1.72, 1.84, 1.13, 0.96), III 5.79 (1.54, 1.83, 1.27, 1.15), IV 7.93 (2.06, 2.39, 2.27, 1.21). Opisthosoma as in male but without dorsal scutum. Spinnerets dark brown.

Epigyne (Fig. 14A, B). Epigynal plate almost as long as wide. Copulatory openings (CO) unobvious, the edge of the copulatory openings strongly sclerotized. Copulatory ducts (CD) slightly curved, with glandular appendage (GA) anteriorly. Spermathecae (S) pear-shaped. Fertilization ducts (FD) sickle-shaped, directed at 2 o’clock position from spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.

The species is named after Ruan Xiaoer, one of the 108 outlaws in the classical Chinese novel ‘Outlaws of the Marsh’; noun in apposition.

Nodocion syntheticus Chamberlin, 1924, from USA.

See Marusik and Omelko (2018).

This genus remains unassigned to any subfamily or tribe of Gnaphosidae, belonging only to the informal Echemus group of genera, includes 37 species, see World Spider Catalog, 2023.

Five species groups: the syntheticus group, the gracillimus group, the kakamega group and the femininis group. Here, we report a new group: the dubius-group with two species: Synaphosus dubius Marusik & Omelko, 2018 and S. lijun sp. nov. This group can be distinguished by the male embolus originating at 9 o’clock position and females have long, stick-like and inflexible scape and spermathecae with 6–10 turns.

Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44458), China, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, 21.9611°N, 101.1982°E, ca 790 m, 16–24.2006, Guo Zheng leg. Paratypes: 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar44459), same data as holotype; 11♀ (IZCAS-Ar44460–Ar44470), China, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden, 21.8970°N, 101.2845°E, ca 613 m, 1–15.II.2007, Guo Zheng leg.

The new species similar to S. evertsi Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 by the male with a retrolateral tibial hood (Fig. 16B) and lake of retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 16B) and females by the deep, separated, anterior copulatory opening (Fig. 17A). However, the new species can be distinguished by the hook-shaped conductor (Fig. 16B) [vs conductor long and slender (see Marusik and Omelko 2018: fig. 42)], an apophysis at the base of embolus (Fig. 16A) (vs absent) and only one apophysis on conductor (Fig. 16B) [vs two apophyses (see Marusik and Omelko 2018: fig. 42)]. The female can be distinguished by the absence of anterior pockets (Fig. 17A) [vs present (see Ovtsharenko et al. 1994: fig. 51)] and the copulatory ducts connected directly to the anterior part of spermatheca (Fig. 17B) [vs copulatory ducts wrap around spermatheca and then connect to the middle of spermatheca (see Ovtsharenko et al. 1994: fig. 52)].

Figure 16. 

Synaphosus leiheng sp. nov., holotype male A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, E = embolus, RTH = retrolateral tibial hood, SD = sperm duct. Red arrow shows the apophysis at the base of embolus.

Figure 17. 

Synaphosus leiheng sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, GA = glandular appendage, MS = median septum, S spermatheca.

Male holotype (Fig. 20A). Total length 3.13; carapace 1.38 long, 1.05 wide, opisthosoma 1.67 long, 0.92 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.04, ALE 0.04, PME 0.03, PLE 0.04, AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0, PME–PME 0.01, PME–PLE 0.01, AME–PME 0.03, ALE–PLE 0.02. Anterior eye row slightly recurved, posterior eye row straight. Chelicerae with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Legs with long brown hair. Leg measurements: I 4.51 (1.20, 1.83, 0.83, 0.65), II 3.20 (0.90, 1.19, 0.62, 0.49), III 3.53 (1.05, 1.19, 0.62, 0.49), IV 3.21 (0.71, 0.83, 1.11, 0.56). Opisthosoma oval, venter brown with long hair, dorsal scutum absent. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Palp (Fig. 16A–C). Femur and patellar without apophysis. Tibia almost as long as patella. Retrolateral tibial hood (RTH) almost 2× wider than long, terminal part slightly curved. Cymbium almost 1.5× longer than wide. Subtegulum (ST) indistinct, hidden between cymbium and tegulum. Tegulum round. Conductor (C) tip strongly curved, without serration, basal with an apophysis, triangle shaped. Embolus (E) whip-like, basal part with an apophysis, originates at 6 o’clock position.

Female paratype (IZCAS-Ar44460) (Fig. 20B). Total length 2.75; carapace 1.26 long, 0.88 wide, opisthosoma 1.54 long, 0.97 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.04, ALE 0.04, PME 0.05, PLE 0.04, AME–AME 0.01, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.02, PME–PLE 0.01, AME–PME 0.03, ALE–PLE 0.01. Anterior eye row almost straight, posterior eye row recurved. Chelicerae as in male. Leg measurements: I 2.71 (0.83, 1.02, 0.46, 0.40), II 2.33 (0.71, 0.82, 0.44, 0.36), III 2.03 (0.65, 0.61, 0.42, 0.35), IV 3.07 (0.85, 1.11, 0.69, 0.42). Opisthosoma oval, venter yellow-brown with long brown hair. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Epigyne (Fig. 17A, B). Epigynal plate almost as long as wide. Copulatory openings (CO) located anteriorly, separated by median septum (MS). Copulatory duct (CD) short, connected to anterior part of spermatheca. Glandular appendage (GA) distinct, anteriorly. Spermathecae (S) kidney-shaped, almost 2× wider than long. Fertilization ducts (FD) directed at 2 o’clock position from spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.

The species is named after Lei Heng, one of the 108 outlaws in the classical Chinese novel ‘Outlaws of the Marsh’; noun in apposition.

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44471), China, Yunnan: Mengla County: Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, Xiaolongha biodiversity preservation corridor, 21.9129°N, 101.2674°E, ca 556 m, 5–12.X.2006, Paramichelia baillonii plantation, Guo Zheng leg. Paratypes: 7♂8♀ (IZCAS-Ar44472–Ar44486), same data as holotype.

Male of the new species can be distinguished from all other congeners by the embolus originating at 9 o’clock position (Fig. 18B) (vs at 5–6 o’clock position). Females resemble those of S. dubius Marusik & Omelko, 2018 by the long, stick-like and inflexible scape (Fig. 19B), but can be distinguished from S. dubius by the presence of epigynal fold (Fig. 19A) [vs absent in S. dubius (see Marusik and Omelko 2018: fig. 46)], copulatory ducts separated (Fig. 19B) [vs copulatory ducts touching in S. dubius (see Marusik and Omelko 2018: fig. 48)] and spermathecae with ten turns (Fig. 19B) [vs six turns in S. dubius (see Marusik and Omelko 2018: fig. 48)].

Figure 18. 

Synaphosus lijun sp. nov., holotype male A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, E = embolus, EA = embolic apophysis, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis. Red arrows show the outgrowths on the retrolateral tibial apophysis.

Figure 19. 

Synaphosus lijun sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, EF = epigynal fold, FD = fertilization duct, SC = scape, S = spermatheca.

Male holotype (Fig. 20C). Total length 2.56; carapace 1.19 long, 0.94 wide, opisthosoma 1.36 long, 0.84 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.04, ALE 0.05, PME 0.05, PLE 0.04, AME–AME 0.01, AME–ALE 0, PME–PME 0.01, PME–PLE 0.04, AME–PME 0.02, ALE–PLE 0.01. Anterior eye row almost straight, posterior eye row recurved. Chelicerae with three promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: I 3.56 (0.98, 1.40, 0.63, 0.55), II 2.61 (0.74, 0.96, 0.48, 0.43), III 2.16 (0.61, 0.67, 0.47, 0.41), IV 3.16 (0.86, 1.03, 0.73, 0.54). Opisthosoma oval, venter dark brown, dorsal scutum almost 1/2 the length of the opisthosoma. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Figure 20. 

Synaphosus leiheng sp. nov. (A, B) and S. lijun sp. nov., habitus (C, D), dorsal view A male holotype B female paratype C male holotype D female paratype.

Palp (Fig. 18A–C). Tibia almost as long as patella. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) as long as tibia, tip with three outgrowths. Cymbium almost as long as wide. Subtegulum (ST) unobvious. Tegulum oval. Conductor (C) helically twisted, straight, basal with an apophysis, triangle shaped, tip of conductor directed prolaterally at 9 o’clock position. Embolus (E) whip-like, start at ca 9 o’clock position, basal part of embolus with serration and an embolic apophysis (EA), embolus terminates at 8:30 o’clock position.

Female paratype (IZCAS-Ar44472) (Fig. 20D). Total length 2.36; carapace 1.12 long, 0.83 wide, opisthosoma 1.13 long, 0.77 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.03, ALE 0.04, PME 0.04, PLE 0.04, AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0.04, PME–PME 0.02, PME–PLE 0.01, AME–PME 0.02, ALE–PLE 0.01. Chelicerae as in male. Leg measurements: I 2.76 (0.81, 1.06, 0.45, 0.44), II 2.20 (0.64, 0.83, 0.35, 0.38), III 1.97 (0.55, 0.62, 0.40, 0.40), IV 2.75 (0.71, 0.95, 0.63, 0.46). Opisthosoma oval, venter yellow-brown, dorsal scutum absent. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Epigyne (Fig. 19A, B). Epigynal plate ~ 2× longer than wide, fovea absent, with long, thin inflexible scape (SC), bearing small dorsal pit at the tip, length/width = 10/1. Copulatory openings (CO) almost oval, located in anterior part, separated by ~ 2× width. Copulatory ducts (CD) spaced by diameter anteriorly, adjoining near anterior margin of copulatory opening, and turning to tubular spermatheca (S) with ten loops. Fertilization ducts (FD) directed at 5 o’clock position from spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.

The species is named after Li Jun, one of the 108 outlaws in the classical Chinese novel ‘Outlaws of the Marsh’; noun in apposition.

Yuqilin lujunyi sp. nov.

Females of Yuqilin gen. nov. resemble the fallens group in Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922 (see Platnick and Shadab 1982: figs 9, 17) morphologically by the epigynal plate with a large scape anteriorly (Fig. 23A), wide copulatory ducts subparallel (Fig. 23B) and spermathecae subglobular, located posteriorly (Fig. 23B), but it differs in the following: epigynal plate without atrium (Fig. 23A) (vs present) and copulatory ducts with anterior incision (Fig. 23B) (vs absent). Males can be distinguished by the following characters: embolus as wide as bulb, wider than tegulum, with few apophyses, retro-proximal cymbial outgrowth present and condoctor absent (Figs 21B, 22A).

Figure 21. 

Yuqilin lujunyi sp. nov., holotype male A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E = embolus, EA1–6 = embolic apophysis 1–6, EP = embolus proper, RPO = retro-proximal cymbial outgrowth, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum, TA = tegular apophysis.

Figure 22. 

Yuqilin lujunyi sp. nov., paratype male A embolus, dorsal view B retrolateral tibial apophysis, dorsal view. Abbreviations: E = embolus, EA1–6 = embolic apophysis 1–6, EP = embolus proper, H = hood, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis.

Figure 23. 

Yuqilin lujunyi sp. nov., paratype female A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CDi = copulatory duct anterior incision, CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization duct, S = spermatheca, SC = scape.

Male (Fig. 24A, C, E, G, I). Total length 3.96–5.21 (n = 6). Carapace red brown, with dark brown pattern, covered with few brown setae. Fovea longitudinal. Clypeus brown, covered with several setae. Chelicerae red-brown, with four promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Endites pale brown. Labium pale brown, covered with brown setae. Sternum colored as endites, covered with brown setae. Legs brown, with a preening brush on metatarsi III and IV. Opisthosoma oval, venter brown with setae, dorsal scutum almost 1/3 the length of the opisthosoma. Spinnerets yellow brown.

Figure 24. 

Yuqilin lujunyi sp. nov., male holotype (A, C, E, G, I) and female paratype (B, D, F, H, J) A, B habitus, dorsal view C, D eye area E, F chelicerae G, H spinnerets I, J metatarsi IV.

Palp and palpal structures as in Figs 21A–C, 22A, B. Palpal femur almost 5× longer than patella, curved, tip with spines. Tibia with stout retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA). Cymbium longer than wide, with retro-proximal cymbial outgrowing (RPO). Subtegulum (ST) obvious. Tegular apophysis (TA) present. Conductor (C) absent. Embolus (E) complex, almost triangle shaped, as wide as bulb. Embolus proper (EP) straight, directed anteriorly, with large retrolateral lamina with spine-like apophyses.

Female (Fig. 24B, D, F, H, J). Total length 4.01–5.51(n = 5). Habitus similar to those of male.

Epigynal plate (Fig. 23A, B) longer than wide, with scape (SC) located anteriorly. Copulatory openings (CO) located anteriorly, slit-like, slightly arched, almost touching each other. Copulatory duct (CD) wide, laminar, with anterior incision (CDi). Spermathecae (S) small, subglobular, located posteriorly.

The genus is named after Yuqilin, nickname for one of the 108 outlaws in the classical Chinese novel ‘Outlaws of the Marsh’; masculine in gender.

The new genus currently includes only one species: Yuqilin lujunyi sp. nov.

China (Yunnan).

This genus is not assigned to any of the known subfamilies.

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar44487), China, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, 21.9611°N, 101.1982°E, ca 790 m, 16–24.2006, Guo Zheng leg. Paratypes: 5♂5♀ (IZCAS-Ar44488–Ar44497), same data as holotype.

Same as for the genus diagnosis.

Male holotype (Fig. 24A, C, E, G, I). Total length 4.33; carapace 2.18 long, 1.64 wide, opisthosoma 2.04 long, 1.36 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.10, PME 0.08, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.06, AME–PME 0.10, ALE–PLE 0.04. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row straight. Chelicerae with four promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Legs with long brown hair. Leg measurements: I 5.84 (1.66, 2.09, 1.22, 0.87), II 4.62 (1.34, 1.63, 0.93, 0.72), III 3.87 (1.11, 1.21, 0.93, 0.62), IV 6.47 (1.71, 2.22, 1.69, 0.85). Opisthosoma oval, venter brown with setae, dorsal scutum almost 1/3 the length of the opisthosoma. Spinnerets yellow brown.

Palp (Figs 21A–C, 22A, B). Femur almost 5× longer than patella, curved, tip with spines. Tibia almost 0.7 of patella length. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) almost 1.5× wider than long, tip with kind of hood (H). Cymbium almost 1.5× longer than wide, with retro-proximal cymbial outgrowing. Subtegulum (ST) large, almost 0.5 length of the cymbial length (prolateral view). Tegulum small. Tegular apophysis (TA) with wide base, ~ 2/3 of its length, tip claw-like. Conductor (C) absent. Embolus (E) complex, almost triangle shaped, as wide as bulb. Embolus proper (EP) straight, directed anteriorly, with large retrolateral lamina with six spine-like apophyses: one anterior (EA2), one dorsal (EA1), two retrolateral (EA3, 4) and two posteriors (EA5, 6).

Female paratype (IZCAS-Ar44488) (Fig. 24B, D, F, H, J). Total length 4.07; carapace 1.68 long, 1.28 wide, opisthosoma 2.48 long, 1.53 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.12, PME 0.12, PLE 0.11, AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.04, PME–PLE 0.02, AME–PME 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.02. Anterior eye row almost straight, posterior eye row recurved. Chelicerae with four promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: I 4.27 (1.24, 1.54, 0.83, 0.66), II 3.55 (1.08, 1.21, 0.70, 0.56), III 3.32 (1.00, 1.21, 0.70, 0.56), IV 4.68 (1.23, 1.58, 1.21, 0.66). Opisthosoma oval, without dorsal scutum, venter yellow-brown with long brown setae. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Epigyne (Fig. 23A, B). Epigynal plate 1.5× longer than wide, with short scape (SC) located anteriorly. Copulatory openings (CO) located anteriorly, slit-like, slightly arched, each 0.5 of plate width. Copulatory duct (CD) wide, laminar (0.5 of plate width), with anterior incision (CDi). Spermathecae (S) small, subglobular, slightly wider than long, separated by ~ 1/5 of their width, located posteriorly. Fertilization ducts directed at 2 o’clock position from spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.

The species is named after Lu Junyi, one of the 108 outlaws in the classical Chinese novel ‘Outlaws of the Marsh’; noun in apposition.