Research Article |
Corresponding author: Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves ( hector.ramirez@ucaldas.edu.co ) Academic editor: DeeAnn Reeder
© 2023 Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves, Alexandra Cardona-Giraldo, Paula A. Ossa-López, Héctor Fabio Arias Monsalve, Fredy A. Rivera-Páez, Darwin M. Morales-Martínez.
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Ramírez-Chaves HE, Cardona-Giraldo A, Ossa-López PA, Arias Monsalve HF, Rivera-Páez FA, Morales-Martínez DM (2023) Confirming the presence of Lasiurus frantzii (Peters, 1870) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in South America: more questions than answers. ZooKeys 1180: 145-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1180.105497
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The western or desert red bat, Lasiurus frantzii, is a cryptic insectivore species distributed in the Neotropics from Mexico south through Central America to Panama. L. frantzii was long considered a subspecies of the red bat, Lasiurus blossevillii, but recently it was elevated to full-species status based on genetic information. Here we present evidence of the presence of L. frantzii in the Andean Region of Colombia, confirming the species’ presence in South America; the new record, from 3836 m a.s.l., is also the highest elevation known for the species. We suggest that L. frantzii might be widely distributed in trans-Andean areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and perhaps Peru and Bolivia. However, a review and exploration of additional morphological traits to identify the species are necessary because of the uncertainty of the distribution of L. frantzii.
Andes, bats, Colombia, cryptic, distribution, morphology
The genus Lasiurus Gray, 1831 (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) comprises 20 species of insectivorous bats distributed in the Americas (
In South America, six of the 11 species belonging to the nominotypical subgenus Lasiurus have been historically documented: L. arequipae Málaga, Díaz, Arias & Medina, 2020; L. atratus Handley, 1996; L. blossevillii (Lesson & Garnot, 1826); L. castaneus Handley, 1960; L. ebenus Fazzolari-Corrêa, 1994; and L. varius Poeppig, 1835. Of these, L. blossevillii is considered widely distributed in South America, with records in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador (including the Galápagos), Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay (
A recent study (i.e.
Here, we confirm the presence of L. frantzii in Colombia supported by genetic evidence, extend the elevational distribution of this species, and suggest hypotheses on the distribution of L. frantzii and L. blossevillii in South America.
The new record is based on a single female specimen found near a páramo ecosystem, a grassland-shrubland area found at elevations between ~3000 and 5000 m in northern South America to northern Peru (Fig.
We collected and deposited the specimen in the Mammal Collection of the Museo de Historia Natural of the Universidad de Caldas (
To confirm the identification of the specimen of Lasiurus collected, we extracted genomic DNA from muscle tissues preserved in 96% ethanol. DNA was extracted with a Wizard Genomic DNA Purification kit (Promega Corporation) following the manufacturer’s protocol. We obtained a sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b (cyt-b) gene (896 bp) using the primers LGL765F (
We aligned all the sequences of each gene using the default parameters of the Clustal W algorithm in BioEdit v. 7.2.6 software (
Based on information available in the literature (e.g. Handley 1960; Gardner and Handley 2008;
The specimen (
External and cranial measurements (mm) and weight (g) of the confirmed record of Lasiurus frantzii in South America. Measurements of L. varius and L. blossevillii taken from
Measurement |
L. frantzii |
L. varius | L. blossevillii |
---|---|---|---|
Total length (TL) | 112 | 108.6 ± 4.87 (105.0–118.0) 7 | 100.6 ± 5.65 (92.0–112.0) 10 |
Tail length (tail) | 55.5 | 52.1 ± 4.67 (44.0–58.0) 7 | 47.9 ± 2.77 (44.5–52.0) 10 |
Hindfoot | 8.5 | 7.3 ± 1.44 (6.0–10.0) 7 | 8.0 ± 0.75 (7.0–9.0) 8 |
Ear length (ear) | 11.55 | 11.8 ± 1.84 (9.0–13.9) 7 | 10.3 ± 1.16 (8.0–11.6) 10 |
Forearm | 42.91 | 40.6 ± 0.88 (39.9–42.1) 7 | 39.3 ± 1.22 (37.7–41.3) 12 |
W | 11 g | 0.2 ± 1.06 (9.5–11.0) 2 | 8.2 ± 1.36 (6.0–10.0) 6 |
GLS | 12.66 | 13.0 ± 0.21 (12.8–13.4) 7 | 11.8 ± 0.38 (11.3–12.5) 10 |
PC | 4.44 | 4.5 ± 0.13 (4.3–4.7) 7 | 4.2 ± 0.14 (4.1–4.5) 11 |
LIB | 5.64 | 6.0 ± 0.08 (5.9–6.1) 7 | 5.3 ± 0.18 (4.9–5.5) 11 |
ZB | 9.24 | 9.7 ± 0.10 (9.6–9.8) 7 | 8.7 ± 0.38 (8.3–9.4) 7 |
BB | 7.59 | 7.7 ± 0.19 (7.5–8.0) 7 | 7.3 ± 0.38 (6.6–7.8) 11 |
PL | 4.07 | 5.5 ± 0.20 (5.3–5.9) 6 | 4.8 ± 0.26 (4.4–5.0) 7 |
CBL | 12.07 | 12.6 ± 0.24 (12.2–12.9) 7 | 11.1 ± 0.47 (10.3–11.8) 10 |
MB | 7.75 | 7.8 ± 0.39 (7.0–8.2) 7 | 7.4 ± 0.22 (7.1–7.9) 10 |
C-C | 5.29 | 5.2 ± 0.16 (5.0–5.4) 7 | 4.4 ± 0.18 (4.1–4.7) 10 |
M-M | 5.79 | 6.3 ± 0.13 (6.1–6.5) 7 | 5.3 ± 0.28 (4.9–5.7) 11 |
LM | 9.39 | 9.8 ± 0.09 (9.7–10.0) 7 | 8.7 ± 0.29 (8.4–9.4) 9 |
LMxT | 4.22 | 4.6 ± 0.07 (4.5–4.7) 7 | 3.9 ± 0.14 (3.6–4.1) 11 |
LMdT | 5.13 | 5.3 ± 0.05 (5.3–5.4) 7 | 4.6 ± 0.10 (4.5–4.8) 10 |
Results of the molecular identification based on cyt-b showed that our specimen is in the same clade as the sequence of L. frantzii from Mexico with strong support (SH-aLRT = 100; UFBoot = 100). This clade is sister to L. blossevillii (SH-aLRT = 100; UFBoot = 100); the clade is recovered with strong support (SH-aLRT = 100; UFBoot = 100; Fig.
Uncorrected p-distances in % for the cyt-b gene between species of Lasiurus (sensu lato, including taxa of the (sub)genera Aeorestes and Dasypterus). Bold values in the diagonal represent the distances within taxa.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. L. arequipae | 0.78 | |||||||||||||||
2. L. atratus | 15.59 | NA | ||||||||||||||
3. L. blossevillii | 16.12 | 15.38 | 3.5 | |||||||||||||
4. L. borealis | 14.40 | 14.34 | 14.63 | 0.79 | ||||||||||||
5. L. cinereus | 18.23 | 18.02 | 19.14 | 17.23 | 0.52 | |||||||||||
6. L. ega | 20.49 | 19.23 | 20.92 | 19.08 | 18.54 | 7.20 | ||||||||||
7. L. egregius | 18.97 | 18.38 | 18.75 | 17.70 | 15.64 | 16.65 | 0.25 | |||||||||
8. L. frantzii | 16.06 | 14.50 | 12.71 | 15.41 | 19.86 | 21.34 | 20.24 | 1.85 | ||||||||
9. L. insularis | 18.33 | 17.88 | 18.33 | 19.05 | 18.42 | 15.35 | 16.75 | 18.70 | NA | |||||||
10. L. intermedius | 19.61 | 19.06 | 19.69 | 20.10 | 18.00 | 13.51 | 15.69 | 19.82 | 10.19 | 0.50 | ||||||
11. L. pfeifferi | 15.97 | 15.55 | 13.21 | 8.58 | 18.39 | 19.06 | 17.88 | 15.67 | 18.24 | 19.30 | 0.27 | |||||
12. L. seminolus | 16.30 | 15.35 | 14.66 | 9.21 | 17.58 | 18.15 | 18.48 | 15.77 | 18.55 | 19.34 | 4.79 | 0.53 | ||||
13. L. semotus | 19.70 | 17.68 | 19.88 | 18.30 | 4.52 | 17.98 | 16.45 | 20.16 | 17.83 | 17.99 | 19.22 | 17.98 | 0.15 | |||
14. L. varius | 15.27 | 14.63 | 12.79 | 13.29 | 17.36 | 18.90 | 18.13 | 14.65 | 18.63 | 19.69 | 13.94 | 13.68 | 17.15 | NA | ||
15. L. villosissimus | 18.72 | 17.50 | 16.63 | 16.51 | 9.36 | 18.33 | 14.50 | 18.42 | 17.63 | 17.69 | 17.81 | 17.75 | 9.83 | 15.88 | NA | |
16. L. xanthinus | 19.33 | 18.89 | 18.80 | 18.41 | 16.79 | 15.79 | 15.89 | 20.07 | 14.68 | 15.33 | 18.67 | 18.98 | 16.60 | 18.54 | 16.32 | 0.25 |
Based on information available in the literature (e.g. Handley 1960; Gardner and Handley 2008;
Our results corroborate the presence of Lasiurus frantzii in South America, as has been previously suggested (Gardner and Handley 2008;
Genetic analyses can help to clarify the identification of eastern Andean populations of L. blossevillii, but the geographic coverage is still partial. All genetic samples of L. blossevillii available in GenBank come from localities south of the Amazon Basin (Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil) and represent the nominal L. blossevillii (type locality: “la rivière de la Plata,” Buenos Aires, Argentina). No sequences are available from north of the Amazon Basin. Therefore, further studies using genetics (
To the best of our knowledge, the new record of L. frantzii from Colombia, at 3836 m a.s.l., is the highest documented for any Lasiurus (sensu stricto) species and is likely the highest elevation record for any red bat in Colombia. Other high-elevation records of bats in South America belong to vespertilionid species such as Histiotus in Ecuador and Peru; the highest elevational records reach 4000 m (
Finally, the taxonomy of vespertilionid bats has been assessed recently for all the Neotropical genera (
We thank The Fundación Ecológica Cafetera and the Central Hidroeléctrica the Caldas (CHEC Grupo EPM) allowed access to the properties. HERC thanks Fulbright Colombia: Investigador Visitante Colombiano cohort 2023 scholarship. We thank DeeAnn Reeder and Amy Baird for the useful comments that improved the manuscript and for the editorial support.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
The Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones y Posgrados - Universidad de Caldas and the projects “Morfología interna y marcadores moleculares en garrapatas (Acari: Ixodidae): una aproximación a las interacciones con pequeños mamíferos y sus patógenos” (code: 0318322) and Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación of Colombia - Minciencias “Convocatoria del Fondo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Sistema General de Regalías para la conformación de una lista de proyectos elegibles para ser viabilizados, priorizados y aprobados por el OCAD dentro del Programa de Becas de Excelencia cohorte 1–2019” - Código BPIN 2019000100035, Resolución No. 488 with the project—“Garrapatas (Acari: Ixodidae) de mamíferos en Arauca - Colombia: una aproximación a las interacciones vector, patógeno y hospedero” and the Program “Relación, distribución, taxonomía de especies de garrapatas asociadas a mamíferos silvestres en zonas endémicas de rickettsiosis en Colombia. Un acercamiento a la comprensión de la relación vectores patógenos-reservorios” (code: 120385270267 and CTO 80740-200-2021) – Project “Garrapatas asociadas a mamíferos silvestres en el departamento de Caldas: Diversidad, detección de patógenos y distribución [Code:71717]”. Alexandra Cardona-Giraldo thanks the Programa Jóvenes Investigadores under project codes: 120385270267 and CTO 80740-200-2021. DMM thanks the Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación and the Fulbright-Colombia commission to support the doctoral studies through the Fulbright-MinCiencias 2022 scholarship, and NSF DEB 1754393: Rates of lineage, phenotypic, and genomic diversification in replicated radiations of murine rodents.
HERC, ACG, HFAM collected the specimen, perfomed morphological comparissons and prepared figures. PAOL and FARP obtained genetic data. DMMM performed phylogenetic analyses. All authors analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.
Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2454-9482
Alexandra Cardona-Giraldo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-994X
Paula A. Ossa-López https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9079-4988
Héctor Fabio Arias Monsalve https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-2611
Fredy A. Rivera-Páez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8048-5818
Darwin M. Morales-Martínez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5786-4107
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.
Voucher number and Genbank accession codes of the sequences of Lasiurus used in this study
Data type: docx
Explanation note: The new sequence from Colombia is highlighted in bold. MHN-UCa: Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de Caldas, Colombia.