Research Article |
Corresponding author: Jian-Kun Long ( longjiankun123@163.com ) Academic editor: Christopher H. Dietrich
© 2023 Xiu-Dong Huang, Lin Yang, Xiang-Sheng Chen, Jian-Kun Long.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Huang X-D, Yang L, Chen X-S, Long J-K (2023) Two new species of the planthopper genus Usana Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Achilidae) from China. ZooKeys 1184: 361-375. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1184.103943
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Two new species of the achilid planthopper genus Usana Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Achilidae, Myconinae, Plectoderini), U. tongmaiensis Long & Huang, sp. nov. and U. rotalarius Long & Huang, sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Xizang and Chongqing. A key to all known species and a map of geographic distributions for Chinese taxa is provided.
Achilidae, distribution, Fulgoromorpha, taxonomy
Achilidae Stål, 1866 constitutes one of the moderate-sized families within planthoppers (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) with 521 described species in 162 genera and three subfamilies: Apatesoninae Metcalf, 1938, Achilinae Stål, 1866, and Myconinae Fennah, 1950 (
Usana was first described by Distant, with U. lineolalis Distant, 1906 from Burma as its type species (
Recent study of some Chinese Usana specimens has revealed two new species, described here as U. tongmaiensis Long & Huang, sp. nov. and U. rotalarius Long & Huang, sp. nov. Including these new species, the genus currently now has 12 species distributed in the Palaearctic, Oriental, and Sino-Japanese realms.
Type materials are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province China (IEGU).
The colour photographs were taken using a Canon 5D Mark IV camera in conjunction with a Canon EF 100 mm F/5.6L IS USM macro lens, and a Godox MF12 macro flash 2-light kit was used as light source. Zerene Stacker v. 1.04 was used for focus stacking. External morphology was observed under an Olympus SZX7 stereoscopic microscope. Measurements were made with the aid of a Keyence VHX-1000E system. The genital segments of the examined specimens were macerated in 10% KOH, then transferred to glycerol for examination. Drawings and external morphology were done with the aid of a Leica MZ 12.5 stereo microscope. Illustrations were scanned by a Canon CanoScan LiDE100 and imported into Adobe Photoshop CS6 for labeling and plate composition.
Body length length of specimen from apex of vertex to fore wing apex (in dorsal view);
A/B width of vertex at posterior margin / length of vertex at midline;
C/D length of frons at midline / maximum width of frons;
D/E maximum width of frons / width of frons at apex;
F/C length of postclypeus at midline / length of frons at midline;
G/H length of apical / length of subapical;
I/B length of pronotum at midline / length of vertex at midline;
J/I length of mesonotum at midline / length of pronotum at midline;
J/B+I length of mesonotum at midline / cumulative length of vertex and pronotum at midline;
K/L length of fore wing from the base to the apical margin in median portion / width of fore wing at the widest part;
M/N length of hind wing from the base to the apical margin in median portion / width of hind wing at the widest part.
The nomenclature of the wing veins follows the interpretation proposed by
Family Achilidae Stål, 1866
Subfamily Myconinae Fennah, 1950
Usana
Distant, 1906: 293;
Usana lineolalis Distant, 1906, by original designation.
Head. Width of head at eyes 0.8–0.9 times wider than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader at base than long in middle line, median carina distinct, anterior margin carinate, triangular areolets at lateroapical angles of head distinct, posterior margin broadly concave. Frons longer at mid-line than at widest part, basal margin truncate, median carina distinct, lateral margins carinate. Rostrum almost or just reaching post-trochanter, with subapical segment shorter than apex.
Thorax. Pronotum lateral lobe not inclined anteroventrally, with a small longitudinal carina between eye and tegula. Mesonotum length at midline longer than vertex and pronotum combined. Fore-wing longer than widest part by ~2.7–3.3: 1; vein ScP+R with fork distally or as level of CuA fork; vein MP with fork clearly after CuA fork, with 3 terminals. Hind wing with MP with 3 terminals (MP1, MP2 and MP3+4), vein CuA with 2 terminals. Post-tibiae with a lateral spine between basal 1/3 to near basal 1/2, spinal formula 7–7 (6)–7 (6).
Male terminalia. Length of anal segment in dorsal view at least equal to its width; apical margin of anal segment distinctly excavated at midline; pygofer in lateral view with dorsal margin distinctly shorter than ventral margin, medioventral process entire or with apex divided into 2 branches. Genital style with 3 processes arising from its dorsal margin, inner surface near anterior margin with a long, outwardly directed process. Phallobase sheathed, generally asymmetrical, with apical 1/2 divided into a dorsal, 2 lateral, and a ventral lobe: dorsal lobe relatively short, lateral lobes valviform, and ventral lobe with apical margin incised at midline and with subapical surface in middle giving rise to a long process, directed basad. Each phallic appendage generally not exceeding apical margin of phallobase, with a protrusion between basal 1/4 to 1/3.
Palaearctic, Oriental, and Sino-Japanese realms.
U. abdominalis Distant, 1916; Sikkim.
U. aspergilliformis Long, Yang & Chen, 2015; China (Guizhou).
U. concava Long, Yang & Chen, 2015; China (Yunnan).
U. congjiangensis Long, Yang & Chen, 2015; China (Guizhou).
U. demochares Fennah, 1978; Vietnam (Ninh Binh).
U. fissura Long, Yang & Chen, 2015; China (Guizhou).
U. lineolalis Distant, 1906; China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Guizhou), Burma (Tenasserim and Myitta).
U. oblongincisa Long, Yang & Chen, 2015; China (Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hainan).
U. rotalarius Long & Huang, sp. nov.; China (Chongqing).
U. tongmaiensis Long & Huang, sp. nov.; China (Xizang).
U. unispina Long, Yang & Chen, 2015; China (Fujian, Sichuan, and Guizhou).
U. yanonis Matsumura, 1914; China (Taiwan), Japan and Korea.
Based on
1 | Frons with marking(s) | 2 |
– | Frons without marking | 5 |
2 | Frons with 2 rounded dark brown markings near the apex ( |
U. concava |
– | Frons with dark brown transverse, pronotum and mesonotum not as above | 3 |
3 | Frons with 1 dark brown transverse at the end | 4 |
– | Frons with 1 dark brown straight band at the proximal base and end (Fig. |
U. tongmaiensis sp. nov. |
4 | Fore-wing with several small, transverse, dark-brown stripes especially in area of clavus ( |
U. aspergilliformis |
– | Forewing without transverse stripes in area of clavus ( |
U. fissura |
5 | Vertex with 1 or 2 longitudinal brown stripes | 6 |
– | Vertex without brown stripes | 8 |
6 | Discs of vertex and pronotum with 2 longitudinal stripes between lateral carinae respectively | 7 |
– | Discs of vertex and pronotum with only 1 longitudinal stripe between lateral carinae respectively ( |
U. unispina |
7 | Genae with a brown spot below antenna ( |
U. yanonis |
– | Genae without a spot below antenna ( |
U. lineolalis |
8 | Genae with a brown spot below antenna | 9 |
– | Genae without spot below antenna | 10 |
9 | Pronotum and mesonotum with a broad longitudinal brown stripe behind each eye ( |
U. congjiangensis |
– | Pronotum and mesonotum behind eyes without stripe ( |
U. demochares |
10 | Ventral lobe of pronotum with a dark brown spot ( |
U. oblongincisa |
– | Ventral lobe of pronotum with without a spot and without a longitudinal stripe in clavus | 11 |
11 | Fore-wing pale, yellowish brown, without a marking at base ( |
U. abdominalis |
– | Tegmen light yellowish brown to dark brown (Figs |
U. rotalarius sp. nov. |
Holotype : ♂, China: Xizang, Bomi, Tongmai (30°6'N, 95°4'E), 20 August 2020, light trap, Y.-J. Sui leg.; IEGU. Paratypes: 3 ♂; Tongmai; 30°6'N, 95°4'E; light trap, 20 August 2020, Y.-J. Sui leg.; 2 ♂; Tongmai; 30°6'N, 95°4'E; light trap, 12 August 2017, B. Yan leg.; IEGU.
This species is similar to U. fissura in appearance, but differs from that species in the following: frons with 1 dark-brown, straight band at the proximal base and end; end part of postclypeus dark brown (with a brown marking at each side of median carina in U. fissura); length of anal segment in dorsal view (Fig.
Body length (from apex of vertex to fore-wing apex): male 5.6–6.2 mm (n = 5); fore-wing length: male 4.8–5.2 mm (n = 5).
Colouration. Generally yellowish white to dark brown (Figs
Head, thorax and pygofer of Usana new species 9–14 U. tongmaiensis sp. nov., male 15–20 U. rotalarius sp. nov., male 9, 15 head and thorax, dorsal view 10, 16 face 11, 17 head, lateral view 12, 18 pygofer and genital style, ventral view 13, 19 anal segment, dorsal view 14, 20 male genitalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (9–11, 15–17); 0.5 mm (12–14, 18–20).
Head and thorax. Vertex not concave, slightly declivous; triangular areolets at lateroapical angles of head distinct; anterior margins carinate; arcus convex forward; lateral margins carinate, relatively straight, and diverging basad; posterior margin broadly concave (Figs
Tegmen with costal margin slightly convex; apical margin roundly convex; distinctly concave on postclaval margin (Figs
Legs. Post-tibiae with a lateral spine at basal 1/4. Metatibia with 6 or 7 apical teeth; rightmost apical teeth obviously larger, arrangement slightly slanting; basimetatarsomere with row of 7 apical teeth, their arrangement slightly slanting; midmetarsomere with 5 or 6 apical teeth, their arrangement slightly slanting, each tooth with platellae except for marginal ones, internal spines; metatibio-tarsal formula 7(6)–7–6 (5) (Fig.
Head. Vertex: A/B = 2.3. Frons: C/D = 1.2; D/E = 1.5; F/C = 0.5. Rostrum: G/H = 1.5.
Thorax. Pronotum: I/B = 0.7. Mesonotum: J/I = 9.1; J/B+I = 3.8. Fore-wing: K/L = 3.1. Hind wing: M/N = 1.9.
Male terminalia. Anal segment in dorsal view (Fig.
Genital, genital style and post tibiae of Usana new species 21–23, 28, 29 U. tongmaiensis sp. nov. 24–27, 30, 31 U. rotalarius sp. nov. 28, 30 left genital style, inner surface view 29, 31 left genital style, ventral view 21, 26 aedeagus, dorsal view 22, 27 aedeagus, ventral view 23, 24 inner penis rods in dorsal view 25 post tibiae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
The species name refers to the type locality, Tongmai, Xizang, China.
Unknown.
China (Xizang).
Holotype : China • ♂; Chongqing Municipality, Wuxi County, Yintiaoling National Natural Reserve; 31°27'N, 109°56'E; sweeping, 11 August 2022, W.-J. Cao leg.; IEGU. Paratypes China • 4 ♂; Yintiaoling National Natural Reserve; 31°27'N, 109°56'E; sweeping, 11 August 2022, W.-J. Cao leg.; IEGU.
The salient features of this new species different from other species in Usana are as follows: 1) anal segment in lateral view (Fig.
Body length (from apex of vertex to fore-wing apex): male 5.6–6.1 mm (n = 5); fore-wing length: male 4.8–5.2 mm (n = 5).
Colouration. Generally light, yellowish brown to dark brown (Figs
Head and thorax. Vertex not concave, slightly declivous; triangular areolets at lateroapical angles of head distinct; anterior margins carinate; arcus convex forward; lateral margins carinate, relatively straight, and diverging basad; posterior margin broadly concave (Figs
Tegmen with costal margin slightly convex; apical margin roundly convex; distinctly concave on postclaval margin (Figs
Legs. Post-tibiae with a lateral spine at basal 2/5. Metatibia with 7 or 8 apical teeth; rightmost apical teeth obviously larger, arrangement slightly slanting; basimetatarsomere with row of 7 apical teeth, their arrangement in arcuate; midmetarsomere with 6 or 7 apical teeth in U-shaped arrangement; metatibio-tarsal formula 8(7)–7–7 (6) (Fig.
Head. Vertex: A/B = 2.4. Frons: C/D = 1.4; D/E = 1.5; F/C = 0.4. Rostrum: G/H = 1.7.
Thorax. Pronotum: I/B = 0.7. Mesonotum: J/I = 8.2; J/B+I = 3.4. Fore-wing: K/L = 3.1. Hind wing: M/N = 2.1.
Male terminalia. Anal segment in dorsal view (Fig.
The species name is derived from the Latin word “rotalarius”, which refers to the medioventral process of pygofer in ventral view (Fig.
Unknown.
China (Chongqing).
The genus Usana appears mainly distributed in the Sino-Japanese realm but six species are distributed in the tropics: U. concava, U. lineolalis, U. oblongincisa, U. yanonis, U. abdominalis and U. demochares. Among these, U. yanonis is the most widely distributed, since it also occurs in the Palaearctic and Oriental realms. Ten species (Fig.
At present, the biology of Usana species is very poorly known. Only one host-plant, Alangium platanifolium (Sieb. et Zucc.). Harms is known for the genus, but for several species, including U. aspergilliformis, U. fissura, U. lineolalis, U. oblongincisa, and U. unispina, no other etho-ecological data are known.
We are grateful to all collectors of specimens.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 32360131, 310601886, 81460576), the Program of Science and Technology Innovation Talents Team, Guizhou Province (no. 20144001), the Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province (no. Qiankehejichu [2018]1031, no. Qiankehepingtairencai [2017]5788), and the Program of Scientific Research Foundation for Introduced Talent of Guizhou University (no. Guidarenjihezi (2017)18).
Conceptualization: XDH. Data curation: XSC. Formal analysis: LY. Funding acquisition: JKL.
Xiu-Dong Huang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-4811
Lin Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7841-5156
Xiang-Sheng Chen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9801-0343
Jian-Kun Long https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4576-9919
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.