Research Article |
Corresponding author: Chuncai Yan ( flyfish113@163.com ) Academic editor: Fabio Laurindo da Silva
© 2016 Chuncai Yan, Qin Guo, Ting Liu, Wei Guo, Xin-Hua Wang, Bao-Ping Pan.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yan C-C, Guo Q, Liu T, Guo W, Wang X-H, Pan B-P (2016) Review of the genus Harnischia Kieffer from China (Diptera, Chironomidae), with description of one new species. ZooKeys 634: 79-99. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.634.10323
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The genus Harnischia Kieffer, 1921 from China is reviewed and one new species, Harnischia parallela Yan & Wang, sp. n., is described and illustrated as adult male. Harnischia okilurida Sasa is recognized as a new synonym of H. longispuria Wang & Zheng. The pupae of H. fuscimana Kieffer and H. curtilamellata Malloch are redescribed from material collected in China, and an unplaced pupa is described. Key to male adults and pupae of known species of Harnischia from China is given.
Harnischia , Chironomidae , China, new species, key
The genus Harnischia is characterized by the morphology of the hypopygium, which is bearing a vestigial superior and inferior volsella. Previously erected by
In this paper the genus Harnischia from China is reviewed and a description of the male adult of Harnischia parallela Yan & Wang, sp. n., is given. Harnischia okilurida Sasa is recognized as a new synonym of H. longispuria Wang & Zheng. The pupae of H. fuscimana Kieffer and H. curtilamellata Malloch are redescribed from China, and an unplaced pupa is described. Key to male adults and pupae of known species of Harnischia from China is provided.
Morphology and terminology follow
Harnischia
:
Harnischia fuscimana Kieffer, 1921.
Adult male. The characters of superior and inferior volsellae vestigial and gonostylus broad and short, not attenuated from junction with gonocoxite will easily differentiate Harnischia adults from other genera in the subfamily Chironominae. Pupae. The medially interrupted hook row, pattern of armature on the tergites, absence of posterolateral comb on segment VIII and brush-like thoracic horn will differentiate the pupae from all the other chironomids.
Harnischia
angularis
:
Harnischia
hamata
:
Romania.
China: 1♂, Yunnan Province, Huaping Country, Xinzhuang Town, Liangma River, 30.05.1996, sweep net, X. Wang; 1♂, Ningxia, Yinchuan City, 26.07.1987, Wang; 2♂♂, Xinjiang, Buerjin Hotel, 1.09.2002, light trap, H. Tang.
Frontal tubercles absent. R1 without microtrichia. Tibia of front leg with a subapical seta; posterior margin of tergite IX narrowed, anal point elongated, swollen medially, sharp and slender, without lateral setae. Anal tergite bands V-shaped, abruptly interrupted medially; gonocoxite with a projection in inner distal parts, bearing 5 strong setae and covered with microtrichia. Gonostylus slightly swollen distally, with hook-like apical teeth at the apex.
China (Yunnan, Ningxia, Xinjiang); Russian Far-East; Germany, Yugoslavia, Romania, Italy.
The species can be easily distinguished by gonostylus with strong hook-like apical teeth. We agree with
Harnischia
cultriata
China (Gansu).
Holotype: ♂, (BDN no. 03438), China: Gansu Province, Tianshui City, Dangchuan Country, 1450 m, 8. viii. 1993, sweeping net. W. Bu.
Frontal tubercles absent. R1 without microtrichia. Tergite IX with shoulder-like posterior margin. Anal point slightly swollen in the distal 1/3, sharp at the apex, with median ridges but without lateral setae. Anal tergite bands Y-shaped, slightly flat at the bottom. Superior volsella present, bearing 4 strong setae and microtrichia. Gonocoxite with an obvious projection in distal portion of inner margin, bearing 2–3 strong setae and microtrichia; Gonostylus swollen- to knife-like at the middle, with sharp teeth at the apex.
China (Gansu).
Chironomus
curtilamellata
Chironomus
pseudosimplex
Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) monilis
Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) atrofasciatus
Harnischia
pseudosimplex
Harnischia
curtilamellata
:
America (Michigan).
China: 3♂♂, Tianjin City, Xian River, 12.06.1985, Xinhua Wang; 1 ♂, Jiangxi Province, Poyang Lake, Nanjishan Natural Conservation area, 12.06.2004, sweep net, Chuncai Yan. 2 ♂♂, Hubei Province, Hefeng Watershed, 1200 m, 17.07.1999, light trap, Bingchun Ji; 1 ♂, Hunan Province, Zhuzhou City, Central South Forestry University, 17.07.1995, Winjun Bu; 1 ♂, Guangxi Province, Jinxiu County, 1.06.1990, Xinhua Wang; 1 ♂, Hainan Province, Ledong Li Autonomous County, Jianfengling, 17.04.1985, light trap, Leyi Zheng; 2 ♂♂, Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, Huaxi area, 1050 m, 23.07.1995, light trap,Wenjun Bu; 1 ♂, Guizhou Province, Daozhen County, Dashahe Natural Conservation area, Fairy Cave, 600 m, 30.05.2004, light trap, Hongqu Tang; 1 ♂, Guizhou Province, Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan Natural Conservation area, Black Creek, 3.06.2002, light trap, Bingchun Ji; 9 ♂♂, Yunnan Province, Dalier Seaside, 2000 m, 23.05.1996, light trap, Xinhua Wang; 3 ♂♂, Yunnan Province, Eryuan County, Niujie Town, Futian, Meici River, 2262–2332 m, 14.5°C, 24.05.1996, light trap, Changfa Zhou and Beixin Wang; 1 ♂, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Shigu Town, Chongjiang River, 25.05.1996, light trap, Changfa Zhou; 1 ♂, Yunnan Province, Wuding County, Mashan Stream, 1.06.1996, Xinhua Wang; 1 ♂, Yunnan Province, Zhongdian Martyr Cemetery, 3150 m, 14.07.2001, Ruilei Zhang; 28 ♂♂, Taiwan, Taibei City, Kuandu Wetland, 20.10.1988, Kanjin Ma.
Male.
(Fig.
China: 1P, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin City, Dingjiang County, Yangjiangtou town 6.04.2015. Wenbin Liu. 1P, China: Shandong Province, Jining City, Weishan County, Weishan Island 4.10.2015. Wenbin Liu. 5P, China: Guangdong Province, Maoming City, Linchen River 27.11.2013. Jun Liu.
Pupa [n = 8] Total length 3.2–4.9 mm. Cephalothorax brown; abdomen pale brownish.
Cephalothorax (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Anal lobe (Fig.
China (Tianjin, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan); Japan; Thailand; India; Russian Far–East; Europe; North America; Africa region (South Africa, Sudan, Sebegal, Zaire); Australian Region (Australia).
The Chinese specimens mainly agree with the description of
Harnischia
fuscimana
:
Poland
Male.
Body pale green. Anal point taper-shaped and tapering towards the sharp apex, bearing lateral setae and microtrichia. Gonostylus thick, blade-shaped projection. Superior and inferior volsellae absent. The conjunction of gonostylus and gonocoxite shrunken and obviously tapered. Gonostylus short, with a weak projection at base, almost as long as gonocoxite. Pupa. (Fig.
China: 1P, Guangdong Province, Maoming City, Baowei town 10.12.2012. Hongqu Tang.
Pupa [n = 1] Total length 6.55 mm. Cephalothorax brown; abdomen pale brownish.
Cephalothorax (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Anal lobe (Fig.
China (Hubei), Russian Far East; Afghanistan; Lebanon; Europe (Gemary, Poland, Yugosiavia, Romania, France, Belgium, Spain, Italy).
The species was recorded in China by Wang S. (1977). The Chinese specimens of pupal stages mainly agree with the description of
Harnischia
japonica
:
Japan.
China: 1 ♂, Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain Natural Conservation area, 24.04.1993, light trap, Xinhua Wang; 3 ♂♂, Shandong Province, Yantai City, Mouping, Kunyu Mountain, Dianhou, 24.08.1987, Hongyang Li; 2 ♂♂, Guangxi Province, Longsheng County, Sanmen Town, 27.05.1990, Xinhua Wang. Korea: 1 ♂, 20.05.2000, Dr. T.S. Chon.
Ventral tergites I-IV each terminal with brown band. R1 without microtrichia. Tergite IX with shoulder-like posterior margin. Anal point slightly swollen in the distal 1/3, round and blunt at the apical and with median ridges, bearing lateral setae and microtrichia, stretching to the middle of tergite IX. Anal Tergite bands Y-shaped. Inner margin of gonocoxite with a small protrusion in distal, bearing setae and microtrichia. Gonostylus slender at the base, swollen and truncated apically.
China (Fujian, Shandong, Guangxi); Korea; Japan; Russian Far East.
Harnischia
longispuria
:
Harnischia
okilurida
:
China (Hainan).
China: Holotype, ♂ (BDN No. 05224), Hainan Province, Ledong Li Autonomous County, Jianfeng town, 17.05.1988, light trap, Leyi Zheng.Japan: Holotype (Harnischia okilurida Sasa), ♂ (No. 246: 10), at the side of a dam of Yona River, Lake Nawagaike, 20.05.1993, insect net.
Thorax yellow with dark brown spots; AR 0.98, frontal tubercles absent; postrior margin of tergite IX triangular and cone-like; anal point constricted at base and swollen distally, with median ridges, bearing setae and microtrichia; anal tergite bands V-shaped, slightly flat at bottom; a fusion of gonostylus and gonocoxite obviously constricted, gonostylus straight, rod-like, both sides almost parallel, round and blunt at apex, without conspicuous short setae in inner margin.
China (Hainan); Japan.
The new species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: R1 without microtrichia; front tibia with a subapical seta; tergite IX broadly triangular, with 26 setae (13 on each side); anal point parallel-sided, distinctly extended basally as a V-shaped form; without lateral and dorsal setae; phallapodeme wide and large; gonocoxite blunt and rounded apically, with 2 broad dorsal lobes; gonostylus with a small dorsal basal lobe bearing setae.
Holotypes: ♂ (BDN No. 24949), China: Xinjiang burqin hotel (49.41°N, 86.59°E), 1.09.2002, Light trap, H. Tang; Paratype: 3 ♂♂ (BDN No. 24900, 24915, 24968), as holotypes.
The specific name, from Latin parallela, refers to anal point parallel-sided.
Male imago [n = 4, unless otherwise stated] Total length 3.55–3.68, 3.63 mm; wing length 1.83–1.98, 1.93 mm; total length / wing length 1.86–1.94, 1.88; wing length /length of profemur 2.38–2.54, 2.47.
Coloration. Thorax yellow brown, with dark brown spots. Femora of front legs yellow green, tibia dark brown, tarsus 1 dark brown except for yellow brown in basal 1/2 yellow brown, tarsi 2–4 dark brown; femora and tibiae of mid and hind legs yellow green, tarsi 1–4 yellow brown to dark brown, tarsi 5 black brown. Abdomen. Tergites I–IV yellow brown, each terminal with light brown, tergites V–VIII; hypopygium dark brown.
Head. AR: 2.06–2.24, 2.17. Ultimate flagellomere 660–740, 710 mm. Frontal tubercles absent. Temporal setae 12–16, 14, including 3–4, 3 inner verticals; 4–5, 5 outer verticals; and 5–7, 6 postorbitals. Clypeus with 13–16, 15 setae. Tentorium 100–130, 117 mm long, 28–33, 31 mm wide. Palpomere lengths (µm): 40–45, 43(3); 42–50, 47 (3); 122–150, 137(3); 163–170, 165(3); 235–245(2); palp segment 5th / 3rd: 1.57–1.69 (2).
Thorax. Antepronotum with 2–5, 4 setae, acrostichals 7–7, 7, dorsocentrals 9–11, 10, prealars 4–4, 4. Scutellum with 6–9, 7 setae.
Wing (Fig.
Legs. Front tibia with a subapical seta, 82–90, 87 mm. Mid legs with 2 spur, 15–20, 18 mm and 22–28, 26 mm, comb with 20–28, 25 teeth, 8–10, 9 mm long. Spurs of hind tibia 18–22, 20 mm and 25–32, 29 mm long, comb with 50–60, 54 teeth, 9–10, 10 mm long. Tarsus I of mid leg with 2–4, 3 sensilla chaetica. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of thoracic legs as in Table
Lengths (in µm) and proportions of adult male legs in H. parallela Yan & Wang, sp. n. (n=4).
fe | ti | ta1 | ta2 | ta3 | ta4 | ta5 | LR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p1 | 730–820, 783 | 440–480, 460 | 1000–1020 1010 (3) | 530–550, 540 (3) | 370–390, 383 (3) | 270–270, 270 (3) | 130–150, 140 (3) | 2.13–2.27, 2.18 (3) |
p2 | 700–770, 745 | 580–650, 625 | 390–430, 413 | 190–200, 198 | 140–160, 150 | 100–110, 103 | 80–90, 85 | 0.63–0.67, 0.66 |
p3 | 800–900, 858 | 760–830, 810 | 580–640, 617 (3) | 300–320, 313 (3) | 260–280, 273 (3) | 150–170, 160 (3) | 110–110, 110 (3) | 0.76–0.77, 0.77 (3) |
Hypopygium (Fig.
China (Xinjiang).
H. parallela Yan & Wang, sp. n. can be easily be separated from all other members of the Harnischia genus the morphological characters of: anal tergite band (transversally concave medially); anal point (parallel-sided); gonocoxite (bearing two broad dorsal lobes: 1 basal and 1 distal); gonostylus (with a small dorsal lobe at base).
Harnischia
turgidula
:
China (Guangdong).
China: 4 ♂♂, Hunan Province, Yizhang County, Mang Mountain Natural Conservation area, Elevation 1200 m, 22.07.2004, Light trap, C. Yan; 4 ♂♂, Hunan Province, Yizhang County, Mang Mountain Natural Conservation area, Elevation 1280 m, 22.07.2004, Sweep net, Yan; 1 ♂, Guangdong Province, Fengkai County, Heishiding Mountain Natural Conservation area, 20.04.1988, Sweep net, Wang; 1 ♂, Guangxi Province, Longsheng, 26.05.1990, Wang; 1 ♂, Yunnan Province, Dali City, Yinqiao Town, Elevation 2000 m, 21.05.1996, Water net, Wang.
AR 1.73–2.09. Frontal tubercles absent or small. R1 without microtrichia. Front tibia with a subapical long seta; tergite IX shoulder-like at the posterior margin. Anal point constricted in the middle and swollen at the apex, with median ridges; anal tergite bands “V” shaped, no fusion in the middle; gonocoxite with a degenerated and small projection in inner distal, bearing setae and microtrichia; gonostylus with a swelling bubble-like protrusion at base and carry microtrichia.
China (Hunan, Guangdong, Yunnan); Russian Far East.
Pupal stage: sternite I with a pair of spinose anterolateral tubercles, dark and developed; tergites III-VI with narrow, posterior robust spines; hook row medially interrupted; segment II-IV with 2 L setae situated on tubercles; segment VIII without comb or spur.
China: 2P, Jiangxi Province, Shangrao City, Poyang County, Poyang Lake 12.05.2015. W. Liu.
Description. Pupa [n = 2] Total length 5.8–6.0 mm. Exuviae brown.
Cephalothorax (Figs
Abdomen (Fig.
Anal lobe (Fig.
This species can easily be separated from other known pupa of Harnischia species by the following characters: sternite I with a pair of spinose anterolateral tubercles, dark and well developed; tergites III-VI with narrow posterior robust spines; hook row medially interrupted; segment II-IV with 2 L setae situated on tubercles; anal lobe with complete fringe of 68–72 lamelliform setae.
1 | Gonostylus with apical tooth | 2 |
– | Gonostylus without apical tooth | 3 |
2 | Inner margin of gonocoxite with obvious projection; gonostylus longer than gonocoxite, swollen and knife-like at the middle; apical teeth straight | H. curltriata Wang |
– | Inner margin of gonocoxite with inconspicuous projection; gonostylus shorter than gonocoxite, not swollen at the middle; apical teeth hooked | H. angularis Albu & Botnariuc |
3 | Gonostylus with inner basal projection | 4 |
– | Gonostylus without inner basal projection | 6 |
4 | Gonocoxite protrudes into vesicular-shape at base | H. turgidula Wang & Zheng |
– | Gonocoxite slightly protruding, not bulb-like | 5 |
5 | Anal point taper-shaped, and the apex of anal point sharp H. fuscimana Kieffer | |
– | Anal point parallel-sided, the apex of anal point broad and blunt | H. parallela Yan & Wang, sp. n. |
6 | Gonostylus with swollen in the apex | H. japonica Hashimoto |
– | Gonostylus parallel-sided or moderately slender apically | 7 |
7 | Junction of the gonostylus and gonocoxites not as above; anal point swollen in the middle, with median ridges | H. curtilamellata (Malloch) |
– | Junction of the gonostylus and gonocoxite shrunken; anal point not swollen in the middle | H. longispuria Wang & Zheng |
1 | Sternite I with 1 pair of spinose anterolateral tubercles (Fig. |
2 |
– | Sternite I with 2 pairs of spinose tubercules on each side, 1 anterolateral and 1 anteromedian (Figs |
H. curtilamellata (Malloch) |
2 | Pairs of spinose anterolateral tubercles on sternite I brown; segment II-IV with 3 strong L setae | H. fuscimana Kieffer |
– | Pairs of spinose anterolateral tubercles on sternite I dark and well-developed; segment II-IV with 2 L setae situated on tubercles | Harnischia sp.1 |
We are grateful to Prof. P. K. Chaudhuri and Dr. A. Mazumdar (Department of Zoology, Burdwan University, India) for kindly providing important information. We also thank the assistance of Dr. A. Shinohara (Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan), who kindly enabled us to examine Sasa type specimens, Dr. P. Cranston, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, USA; Dr. G. Maheshwari, School of Entomology, St. John’s College, Agra, India for informations and helpful comments; Dr. Leonard Ferrington (University of Minnesota, U.S.A.) provided valuable comments on a previous version of this manuscript; Mr. Bingchun Ji and Mrs. Yufen Li made the slide preparations. Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China granted No. 31672324, 31101653, 31272284, Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (14JCQNJC14600), Tianjin City High School Science & Technology Fund Planning Project (20090608), Tianjin City Excellent Young Teachers Fund Planning Project (2013), Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (201610065017), and the Tianjin Normal University Talent Introduction Foundation (5RL104) are acknowledged with thanks.