Research Article |
Corresponding author: Feng Zhang ( dudu06042001@163.com ) Academic editor: Jason Dunlop
© 2023 Yanmeng Hou, Lingchen Zhao, Feng Zhang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Hou Y, Zhao L, Zhang F (2023) First record of the genus Catatemnus Beier, 1932 from China, with the description of six new species (Pseudoscorpiones, Atemnidae). ZooKeys 1168: 295-327. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1168.100798
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The genus Catatemnus Beier, 1932 is reported for the first time from China and includes six new species: C. huae sp. nov. from Hainan Island, C. laminosus sp. nov., C. ramus sp. nov., C. scaber sp. nov., and C. tengchongensis sp. nov. all from Yunnan Province, and C. tibetanus sp. nov. from Xizang Autonomous Region. Descriptions and illustrations of all the new species are provided.
morphology, new species, pseudoscorpion, taxonomy
The pseudoscorpion family Atemnidae Kishida, 1929 comprises two subfamilies, 20 extant genera and one fossil genus (Progonatemnus Beier, 1955;
Catatemnus Beier, 1932, one of the genera within the family Atemnidae, is currently represented by 13 species, which are widespread in Africa (Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Kenya, Mayotte, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe), south Asia (India), and southeast Asia (Indonesia and Myanmar); none are recorded in China (
The genus Catatemnus can be diagnosed as follows: carapace longer than broad, with two eyespots or no eyes, surface smooth and with a median furrow; tergites XI incompletely divided in some species and other tergites undivided; galea present and with dentations or branchlets apically; rallum composed of four blades and with one or two dentated blades; pedipalp stout, surface smooth or with granulations on prolateral surface; palpal trochanter with two well-developed granular tubercles; trichobothrium it away from fixed chelal fingertip, but distance between it and fingertip shorter to distance between ist and isb; st closer to sb than to t generally; legs moderately stout, a long tactile setae of leg IV situated near the base of tarsal segment (
During the identification of atemnid pseudoscorpion specimens collected from 2011 to 2018, six new species belonging to Catatemnus were found, which are presented with detailed diagnoses, descriptions, and illustrations.
The specimens are preserved in 75% ethanol and deposited in the Museum of Hebei University (MHBU) (Baoding, China) and the Museum of Southwest University (MSWU) (Chongqing, China). Photographs were taken with a Leica M205A stereomicroscope equipped with a Leica DFC550 camera and the LAS software v. 4.6, and the Leica M205A stereomicroscope with a drawing tube was used for drawings and measurements. The chela and the chelal hand were measured in ventral view. Detailed examination was carried out with an Olympus BX53 compound light microscope. Temporary slide mounts were made in glycerol.
Terminology and measurements mostly follow
The following abbreviations are used for the trichobothria: b = basal; sb = sub-basal; st = sub-terminal; t = terminal; ib = interior basal; isb = interior sub-basal; ist = interior sub-terminal; it = interior terminal; eb = exterior basal; esb = exterior sub-basal; est = exterior sub-terminal; et = exterior terminal. Cheliceral setae: es = exterior seta; is = interior seta; ls = laminal seta; bs = basal seta. Male genitalia: br = hooked branch; c = sclerotized bar; d = longitudinal fold of medial diverticulum; e = ejaculatory canal atrium; f = lateral rods; g = dorsal apodeme; h = ventral diverticulum; l = lateral lip of lateral apodeme.
Chelifer birmanicus Thorell, 1889, by original designation.
Holotype : China • ♂; Hainan Province, Lingshui County, Xincun Town, Tonghai Village; 18°26.084'N, 110°0.495'E; 10 m a.s.l.; 19 May. 2011; Junfang Hu leg.; Ps.–MHBU–HA11051901. Paratype: • 1♀; same data as the holotype; Ps.–MSWU–HA11051902.
This new species is characterized by carapace smooth but with a faint medial furrow; with two faint eyespots situated near anterior margin of carapace. Palpal stout, femur (♂) 2.48×, (♀) 2.52×, chela with pedicel (♂) 3.05×, (♀) 2.93×, without pedicel (♂) 2.81×, (♀) 2.74× longer than broad; the retrolateral surface of trochanter, the prolateral surface of femur, patella and hand granular; male genitalia: the hooked branch (br) relatively small.
Adult male (Figs
Catatemnus huae sp. nov., holotype male (A–E, G–I), paratype female (F) A carapace (dorsal view) B left chela (lateral view) C left chelal fingers (lateral view) D left pedipalp (dorsal view) E male genital area (ventral view) F female genital area (ventral view) G tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view) H left leg I (lateral view) I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.20 mm (B, D, H, I); 0.10 mm (A, C, E–G).
Catatemnus huae sp. nov., holotype male (A–C, E–H, J–L), paratype female (D, I) A carapace (dorsal view) B left chelicera (dorsal view) C male galea D female galea E rallum F left pedipalp (dorsal view) G left leg I (lateral view) H left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern I female genital area (ventral view) J male genital area (ventral view) K left leg IV (lateral view) L male genital organ. Scale bars: 0.20 mm (F, G, K); 0.10 mm (A–E, H–J, L). Abbreviations: b = basal; sb = sub-basal; st = sub-terminal; t = terminal; ib = interior basal; isb = interior sub-basal; ist = interior sub-terminal; it = interior terminal; eb = exterior basal; esb = exterior sub-basal; est = exterior sub-terminal; et = exterior terminal; a = lateral apodeme; br = hooked branch; c = sclerotized bar; d = longitudinal fold of medial diverticulum; e = ejaculatory canal atrium; f = lateral rods; g = dorsal apodeme; h = ventral diverticulum; l = lateral lip of lateral apodeme.
Adult Female (Figs
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm). Male (female in parentheses): body length 3.19 (3.21). Carapace 0.87/0.66 (0.87/0.69). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.48/0.26 (0.49/0.26), femur 0.72/0.29 (0.78/0.31), patella 0.77/0.36 (0.77/0.35), chela (with pedicel) 1.28/0.42 (1.35/0.46), chela (without pedicel) 1.18 (1.26), hand (with pedicel) 0.75 (0.82), hand (without pedicel) 0.65 (0.73), movable finger length 0.53 (0.55). Leg I: trochanter 0.17/0.14 (0.16/0.15), femur 0.28/0.18 (0.27/0.19), patella 0.40/0.16 (0.40/0.16), tibia 0.40/0.12 (0.42/0.12), tarsus 0.38/0.08 (0.41/0.09). Leg IV: trochanter 0.30/0.16 (0.30/0.17), femoropatella 0.75/0.24 (0.79/0.25), tibia 0.59/0.15 (0.62/0.16), tarsus 0.45/0.10 (0.48/0.11).
Prior to this study, 13 species of Catatemnus have been recorded around the world, of which five come from Asia, but none have been recorded in China. The medial furrow on the carapace of Catatemnus huae sp. nov. was a little faint (but still visible) probably due to the pale body color.
Catatemnus huae sp. nov. can be distinguished from C. birmanicus (Thorell, 1889) by the stouter pedipalps (e.g., palpal femur (♀) 2.52× vs 2.36× longer than broad, length 0.78 mm vs 0.92 mm) and the traits of pedipalps (distinctly granular vs minutely granular); from C. concavus (With, 1906) by the stouter pedipalps (♀) (e.g., palpal femur 2.52× vs 2.29× longer than broad, length 0.78 mm vs 0.90 mm), the trait of galea (galea well-developed and with six branchlets vs galea undeveloped and partly lost) and the color of the tergites (pale yellow vs darker brown); from C. monitor (With, 1906) by stouter pedipalps (e.g., palpal femur (♂) 2.48× vs 2.25×, (♀) 2.52× vs 2.27× longer than broad, length (♂) 0.72 mm vs 1.01 mm, (♀) 0.78 mm vs 0.95 mm), the trait of eyespots (with two faint eyespots vs no eyespots visible) and the color of the dorsal surface of the body (pale yellow vs dark brown); from C. nicobarensis (With, 1906) by the stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g., palpal femur 2.48× vs 2.14× longer than broad, length 0.72 mm vs 0.97 mm) and the traits of the palpal trochanter (anterior surface granular vs smooth or almost smooth); from C. thorelli (Balzan, 1892) by the trait of eyespots (with two faint eyespots vs with two distinct eyespots) and the traits of pedipalps (surface of all segments (except chelal fingers) granular vs surface of palps smooth) (
Known only from the type locality.
The new species is named after Junfang Hu, who collected the specimen for this study.
Holotype : China • ♂; Yunnan Province, Menghai County, Mengsong Township, Nabanhe River National Nature Reserve; 22°6.779'N, 100°35.109'E; 1813 m a.s.l.; 23 Jul. 2018; Chi Jin and Chen Zhang leg.; Ps.–MHBU–YNBN181701. Paratypes: • 2♀; same data as the holotype; Ps.–MSWU–YNBN181702–181703.
This new species is characterized by carapace smooth but with a medial furrow; with two distinct developed eyespots situated near anterior margin of carapace. Palpal femur (♂) 2.46×, (♀) 2.39–2.51×, chela with pedicel (♂) 2.68×, (♀) 2.54–2.57×, chela without pedicel (♂) 2.43×, (♀) 2.29–2.35× longer than broad; distance between est and esb farther or nearly equal to that of ist and isb; serrula exterior with 27 or 29 lamellae; male genitalia: the longitudinal fold of medial diverticula (d) with a projection midway along its length, forming a digitiform bulge.
Adult male (Figs
Catatemnus laminosus sp. nov., holotype male (A–E, G–I), paratype female (F) A carapace (dorsal view) B left chela (lateral view) C left chelal fingers (lateral view) D left pedipalp (dorsal view) E male genital area (ventral view) F female genital area (ventral view) G tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view) H left leg I (lateral view) I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, C, D, F, I); 0.20 mm (B, E, G, H).
Catatemnus laminosus sp. nov., holotype male (A, B, D–G, I–K), paratype female (C, H) A carapace (dorsal view) B male galea C female galea D rallum E left leg I (lateral view) F left leg IV (lateral view) G left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern H female genital area (ventral view) I male genital area (ventral view) J male genital organ K left pedipalp (dorsal view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (E, F, K); 0.25 mm (A, G–J); 0.10 mm (B–D). Abbreviations: b = basal; sb = sub-basal; st = sub-terminal; t = terminal; ib = interior basal; isb = interior sub-basal; ist = interior sub-terminal; it = interior terminal; eb = exterior basal; esb = exterior sub-basal; est = exterior sub-terminal; et = exterior terminal; a = lateral apodeme; br = hooked branch; c = sclerotized bar; d = longitudinal fold of medial diverticulum; e = ejaculatory canal atrium; f = lateral rods; g = dorsal apodeme; h = ventral diverticulum; l = lateral lip of lateral apodeme.
Adult females (Figs
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm). Male (females in parentheses): body length 4.00 (5.72–5.86). Carapace 1.13/0.91 (1.23–1.29/1.05). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.63/0.35 (0.57–0.58/0.34–0.36), femur 1.01/0.41 (0.98/0.39–0.41), patella 1.01/0.50 (0.97–0.99/0.46), chela (with pedicel) 1.69/0.63 (1.73–1.75/0.68), chela (without pedicel) 1.53 (1.56–1.60), hand (with pedicel) 1.08 (1.12–1.15), hand (without pedicel) 0.92 (0.95–1.00), movable finger length 0.62 (0.63–0.65). Leg I: trochanter 0.21/0.20 (0.23–0.24/0.19–0.20), femur 0.33/0.26 (0.34–0.35/0.26), patella 0.54/0.24 (0.55–0.57/0.22–0.23), tibia 0.57/0.17 (0.58–0.59/0.17–0.18), tarsus 0.50/0.12 (0.51–0.52/0.11–0.12). Leg IV: trochanter 0.40/0.25 (0.41–0.42/0.27–0.28), femoropatella 0.96/0.35 (0.99–1.01/0.36–0.37), tibia 0.72/0.21 (0.76–0.78/0.21–0.23), tarsus 0.55/0.13 (0.59–0.62/0.14).
Catatemnus laminosus sp. nov. can be distinguished from C. birmanicus by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots) and the traits of tergites (e.g., tergite III incompletely divided vs with trace of a division); from C. concavus by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots) and the traits of pedipalps (the dorsal surface of femur and hand almost smooth vs with minute and low granules everywhere except on fingers); from C. monitor by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs no eyespots visible) and the shorter legs (♂) (e.g., tibia of leg IV 3.43× vs 3.88× longer than broad, length 0.72 mm vs 0.84 mm; tarsus of leg IV 4.23× vs 5.00×, length 0.55 mm vs 0.63 mm); from C. nicobarensis by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two indistinct eyespots) and the traits of the palpal trochanter (anterior surface granular vs smooth or almost smooth); from C. thorelli by the trait of furrow on the carapace (distinctly curved vs almost straight) and the traits of pedipalps (surface of all segments (except chelal fingers) more or less granular vs surface of palps smooth; chelal hand (with pedicel) 1.71× vs 1.68× longer than broad, length 1.08 mm vs 1.25 mm) (
Known only from the type locality.
The specific name is derived from a Latin word laminosus (lamellar) and refers to the characters of serrula exterior with many lamellae.
Holotype : China • ♂; Yunnan Province, Longchuan County, Huguo Township; 24°33.682'N, 98°3.735'E; 1820 m a.s.l.; 09 Aug. 2013; Guanglin Xie leg.; Ps.–MHBU–YNLC13080901. Paratypes: • 2♂5♀; same data as the holotype; Ps.–MSWU–YNLC13080902–13080908.
This new species is characterized by the rallum with two dentated blades instead of the usual one; with small body size (♂) 2.94–3.23 mm, (♀) 3.13–3.69 mm; carapace smooth but with a medial furrow; with two distinct, developed, eyespots situated near anterior margin of carapace. Palpal femur (♂) 2.59–2.76×, (♀) 2.50–2.51×, chela with pedicel (♂) 2.49–2.66×, (♀) 2.37–2.49×, chela without pedicel (♂) 2.31–2.45×, (♀) 2.25–2.35× longer than broad.
Adult males (Figs
Catatemnus ramus sp. nov., holotype male (A–E, G–I), paratype female (F) A carapace (dorsal view) B left pedipalp (dorsal view) C left chela (lateral view) D left chelal fingers (lateral view) E male genital area (ventral view) F female genital area (ventral view) G left leg I (lateral view) H left leg IV (lateral view) I tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (B); 0.20 mm (A, C–H); 0.10 mm (I).
Catatemnus ramus sp. nov., holotype male (A–C, E–I, K, M), paratype female (D, J, L) A carapace (dorsal view) B left chelicera (dorsal view) C male galea D female galea E rallum F left pedipalp (dorsal view) G left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern H left leg I (lateral view) I left leg IV (lateral view) J female genital area (ventral view) K male genital area (ventral view) L spermatheca M male genital organ. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (F); 0.20 mm (A, H–K); 0.10 mm (B–E, G, L, M). Abbreviations: b = basal; sb = sub-basal; st = sub-terminal; t = terminal; ib = interior basal; isb = interior sub-basal; ist = interior sub-terminal; it = interior terminal; eb = exterior basal; esb = exterior sub-basal; est = exterior sub-terminal; et = exterior terminal; a = lateral apodeme; br = hooked branch; c = sclerotized bar; d = longitudinal fold of medial diverticulum; e = ejaculatory canal atrium; f = lateral rods; g = dorsal apodeme; h = ventral diverticulum; l = lateral lip of lateral apodeme.
Adult females (Figs
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm). Males (females in parentheses): body length 2.94–3.23 (3.13–3.69). Carapace 1.09–1.14/0.87–0.91 (1.16–1.20/0.91–0.95). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.50–0.54/0.33–0.34 (0.56–0.61/0.35–0.36), femur 0.96–1.02/0.37 (1.00–1.03/0.40–0.41), patella 0.87–0.93/0.45–0.48 (0.90–0.99/0.46–0.48), chela (with pedicel) 1.52–1.65/0.61–0.62 (1.68–1.72/0.69–0.71), chela (without pedicel) 1.41–1.52 (1.60–1.62), hand (with pedicel) 0.98–0.99 (1.13–1.19), hand (without pedicel) 0.85–0.88 (1.03–1.11), movable finger length 0.55–0.60 (0.63–0.66). Leg I: trochanter 0.21–0.22/0.19–0.20 (0.41–0.43/0.27–0.29), femur 0.31–0.35/0.24 (0.33–0.36/0.19–0.22), patella 0.50–0.56/0.21–0.24 (0.53–0.56/0.21–0.23), tibia 0.53–0.59/0.16–0.17 (0.51–0.61/0.15–0.17), tarsus 0.51–0.53/0.11 (0.46–0.53/0.10–0.12). Leg IV: trochanter 0.39–0.48/0.22–0.26 (0.44–0.45/0.24–0.29), femoropatella 0.96–1.02/0.34–0.36 (1.00–1.02/0.36–0.37), tibia 0.76–0.78/0.20–0.22 (0.80–0.83/0.21–0.22), tarsus 0.54–0.58/0.13–0.14 (0.56–0.57/0.14).
Catatemnus ramus sp. nov. can be distinguished from C. birmanicus by the smaller body size (e.g., body length (♂) 2.94–3.23 mm vs 4.27 mm, (♀) 3.13–3.69 mm vs 4.62 mm; palpal femur (♂) 2.59–2.76× vs 2.44×, (♀) 2.50–2.51× vs 2.36× longer than broad, length (♂) 0.96–1.02 mm vs 1.09 mm, (♀) 1.00–1.03 mm vs 0.92 mm) and the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots); from C. concavus by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots) and the slender pedipalps (♀) (e.g., palpal femur 2.50–2.51× vs 2.29× longer than broad); from C. monitor by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs no eyespots visible), the trait of rallum (rallum with two dentated blades vs with one dentated blade only) and the traits of pedipalps (distinctly granular vs minutely granular); from C. nicobarensis by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two indistinct eyespots) and the traits of the palpal trochanter (anterior surface granular vs smooth or almost smooth); from C. thorelli by the trait of furrow on the carapace (distinctly curved vs almost straight) and the traits of pedipalps (surface of all segments (except chelal fingers) granular vs surface of palps smooth; palpal femur 2.59–2.76× vs 2.40× longer than broad, length 0.96–1.02 mm vs 1.15 mm; movable finger teeth length 0.55–0.60 mm vs 0.70 mm) (
Known only from the type locality.
The specific name is derived from a Latin word ramus (branched) and refers to the characters of the rallum with two dentate blades.
Holotype : China • ♂; Yunnan Province, Longyang District, Lujiang Town, Bawan Village; 24°56.871'N, 98°49.969'E; 1025 m a.s.l.; 29 May. 2017; Chi Jin, Beibei Zhou and Xiao Zang leg.; Ps.–MHBU–YNBS170101. Paratypes: • 8♂10♀; same data as the holotype; Ps.–MSWU–YNBS170102–19.
This new species is characteristic by: palpal femur (♂) 2.38–2.65×, (♀) 2.44–2.50×, chela with pedicel (♂) 2.76–2.83×, (♀) 2.61×, without pedicel (♂) 2.51–2.60×, (♀) 1.57–1.65× longer than broad; distance between est and esb farther to that of ist and isb, st midway between sb and t; male genitalia: the longitudinal fold of medial diverticula (d) with a projection midway along its length, forming a lobe bulge.
Adult males (Figs
Catatemnus scaber sp. nov., holotype male (A–E, G–I), paratype female (F) A carapace (dorsal view) B left chelal fingers (lateral view) C left chela (lateral view) D left pedipalp (dorsal view) E male genital area (ventral view) F female genital area (ventral view) G tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view) H left leg I (lateral view) I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, C, D); 0.20 mm (B, E–I).
Catatemnus scaber sp. nov., holotype male (A–C, E, F, H, I, K–M), paratype female (D, G, J) A carapace (dorsal view) B left chelicera (dorsal view) C male galea D female galea E rallum F male genital area (ventral view) G female genital area (ventral view) H left leg I (lateral view) I left leg IV (lateral view) J spermatheca K left pedipalp (dorsal view) L male genital organ M left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (I, K); 0.25 mm (A, F–H, J, L, M); 0.10 mm (B–E). Abbreviations: b = basal; sb = sub-basal; st = sub-terminal; t = terminal; ib = interior basal; isb = interior sub-basal; ist = interior sub-terminal; it = interior terminal; eb = exterior basal; esb = exterior sub-basal; est = exterior sub-terminal; et = exterior terminal; a = lateral apodeme; br = hooked branch; c = sclerotized bar; d = longitudinal fold of medial diverticulum; e = ejaculatory canal atrium; f = lateral rods; g = dorsal apodeme; h = ventral diverticulum; l = lateral lip of lateral apodeme.
Adult females (Figs
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm). Males (females in parentheses): body length 2.99–3.35 (4.11–4.64). Carapace 0.93–0.96/0.72–0.80 (0.95–1.00/0.80–0.82). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.47–0.52/0.29 (0.44–0.47/0.28–0.29), femur 0.76–0.82/0.31–0.32 (0.75–0.78/0.30–0.32), patella 0.80–0.83/0.38–0.40 (0.77–0.78/0.36–0.37), chela (with pedicel) 1.35–1.36/0.48–0.49 (1.33–1.41/0.51–0.54), chela (without pedicel) 1.23–1.25 (1.23–1.31), hand (with pedicel) 0.81–0.83 (0.84–0.85), hand (without pedicel) 0.69–0.72 (0.74–0.75), movable finger length 0.53–0.54 (0.50–0.55). Leg I: trochanter 0.17–0.19/0.14–0.16 (0.16–0.18/0.14–0.15), femur 0.28–0.29/0.20–0.21 (0.25–0.26/0.20), patella 0.42–0.43/0.18–0.19 (0.41/0.18), tibia 0.42–0.45/0.13 (0.42–0.43/0.12–0.13), tarsus 0.40–0.42/0.09 (0.35–0.38/0.10–0.11). Leg IV: trochanter 0.32–0.33/0.19–0.22 (0.34/0.21), femoropatella 0.80–0.83/0.27–0.28 (0.81/0.28–0.29), tibia 0.59–0.63/0.17 (0.59–0.60/0.17–0.18), tarsus 0.45–0.46/0.11 (0.44–0.45/0.11–0.12).
Catatemnus scaber sp. nov. can be distinguished from C. birmanicus by the smaller body size (♂) (e.g., body length 2.99–3.35 mm vs 4.27 mm; palpal femur length 0.76–0.82 mm vs 1.09 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.53–0.54 mm vs 0.78 mm) and the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots); from C. concavus by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots), the stouter pedipalps (♀) (palpal femur 2.44–2.50× vs 2.29× longer than broad, length 0.75–0.78 mm vs 0.90 mm) and the traits of the three first tergites (regularly convex from the one side to the other vs with a descending lateral portion, perpendicular on the dorsal part); from C. monitor by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs no eyespots visible) and the stouter pedipalps (e.g., palpal femur (♂) 2.38–2.65× vs 2.25×, (♀) 2.44–2.50× vs 2.27× longer than broad, length (♂) 0.76–0.82 mm vs 1.01 mm, (♀) 0.75–0.78 mm vs 0.95 mm); from C. nicobarensis by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two indistinct eyespots) and the traits of the palpal trochanter (anterior surface granular vs smooth or almost smooth); from C. thorelli by the traits of pedipalps (surface of all segments except chelal fingers granular vs surface of palps smooth; palpal femur 2.38–2.65× vs 2.40× longer than broad, length 0.76–0.82 mm vs 1.15 mm; movable finger teeth length 0.53–0.54 mm vs 0.70 mm) (
Known only from the type locality.
The specific name is derived from the Latin word scaber (rough) and refers to the large number of granulations present on the surface of the pedipalp.
Holotype : China • ♂; Yunnan Province, Tengchong City, Houqiao Town, Yangjiatian Village; 25°21.413'N, 98°15.308'E; 1824 m a.s.l.; 07 Jun. 2017; Chi Jin, Beibei Zhou and Xiao Zang leg.; Ps.–MHBU–YNTC171201. Paratypes: • 3♀; same data as the holotype; Ps.–MSWU–YNTC171202–04.
This new species is characterized by: the serrula exterior with 25 lamellae; movable chelal finger with 28 teeth; palpal femur (♂) 2.59×, (♀) 2.42–2.52×, chela with pedicel (♂) 2.72×, (♀) 2.57–2.67×, chela without pedicel (♂) 2.51×, (♀) 2.37–2.42× longer than broad; distance between est and esb farther to that of ist and isb.
Adult male (Figs
Catatemnus tengchongensis sp. nov., holotype male (A–D, F–I), paratype female (E) A carapace (dorsal view) B left chelal fingers (lateral view) C left chela (lateral view) D left pedipalp (dorsal view) E female genital area (ventral view) F male genital area (ventral view) G tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view) H left leg I (lateral view) I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, C, D); 0.20 mm (B, E–I).
Catatemnus tengchongensis sp. nov., holotype male (A, B, D–H, J), paratype female (C, I) A carapace (dorsal view) B male galea C female galea D rallum E left leg I (lateral view) F left leg IV (lateral view) G left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern H male genital area (ventral view) I female genital area (ventral view) J left pedipalp (dorsal view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (F, J); 0.25 mm (A, E, G–I); 0.10 mm (B–D). Abbreviations: b = basal; sb = sub-basal; st = sub-terminal; t = terminal; ib = interior basal; isb = interior sub-basal; ist = interior sub-terminal; it = interior terminal; eb = exterior basal; esb = exterior sub-basal; est = exterior sub-terminal; et = exterior terminal.
Adult females (Figs
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm). Male (females in parentheses): body length 2.73 (4.25–4.40). Carapace 0.85/0.71 (0.93–1.01/0.80–0.84). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.46/0.26 (0.45–0.48/0.27), femur 0.75/0.29 (0.75–0.78/0.31), patella 0.72/0.37 (0.72–0.81/0.36), chela (with pedicel) 1.28/0.47 (1.39/0.52–0.54), chela (without pedicel) 1.18 (1.26–1.28), hand (with pedicel) 0.78 (0.87–0.88), hand (without pedicel) 0.68 (0.75–0.76), movable finger length 0.50 (0.51–0.52). Leg I: trochanter 0.18/0.15 (0.17–0.20/0.14–0.17), femur 0.25/0.19 (0.24–0.26/0.20–0.21), patella 0.37/0.17 (0.41/0.18), tibia 0.39/0.12 (0.42–0.44/0.12), tarsus 0.38/0.09 (0.40–0.42/0.08–0.09). Leg IV: trochanter 0.29/0.16 (0.32–0.33/0.21), femoropatella 0.70/0.25 (0.76–0.79/0.27), tibia 0.54/0.15 (0.58–0.59/0.17–0.18), tarsus 0.39/0.11 (0.44–0.45/0.11–0.12).
Catatemnus tengchongensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from C. birmanicus by the smaller body size (♂) (e.g., body length 2.73 mm vs 4.27 mm; palpal femur 2.59× vs 2.44× longer than broad, length 0.75 mm vs 1.09 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.50 mm vs 0.78 mm) and the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots); from C. concavus by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots), the stouter pedipalps (♀) (e.g., palpal femur 2.42–2.52× vs 2.29× longer than broad, length 0.75–0.78 mm vs 0.90 mm) and the traits of the three first tergites (regularly convex from the one side to the other vs with a descending lateral portion, perpendicular on the dorsal part); from C. monitor by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs no eyespots visible) and the stouter pedipalps (e.g., palpal femur (♂) 2.59× vs 2.25×, (♀) 2.42–2.52× vs 2.27× longer than broad, length (♂) 0.75 mm vs 1.01 mm, (♀) 0.75–0.78 mm vs 0.95 mm); from C. nicobarensis by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two indistinct eyespots) and the traits of the palpal trochanter (anterior surface granular vs smooth or almost smooth); from C. thorelli by the trait of furrow on the carapace (distinctly curved vs almost straight) and the traits of pedipalps (surface of all segments except chelal fingers granular vs surface of palps smooth; palpal femur 2.59× vs 2.40× longer than broad, length 0.75 mm vs 1.15 mm; movable chelal finger teeth length 0.50 mm vs 0.70 mm) (
Known only from the type locality.
Named after the type locality, Tengchong (Yunnan).
Holotype : China • ♂; Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet), Motuo County, Beibeng Township, Jiangxin Village; 29°14.199'N, 95°10.740'E; 850 m a.s.l.; 09 Aug. 2015; Yejie Lin leg.; Ps.–MHBU–XZ15080901.
Diagnosis (♂). This new species is characterized by: two distinct developed eyespots, 1.32× longer than broad; palpal slightly stout, femur 2.44×, chela with pedicel 2.82×, chela without pedicel 2.62× longer than broad; distance between ist and isb farther to distance between est and esb; retrolateral surface of trochanter, prolateral surface of patella, femur and hand and base of chelal fingers granular.
Adult male (female unknown) (Figs
Catatemnus tibetanus sp. nov., holotype male A habitus (dorsal view) B carapace (dorsal view) C left pedipalp (dorsal view) D left chela (lateral view) E left chela fingers (lateral view) F genital area (ventral view) G tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view) H left leg I (lateral view) I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 1.00 mm (A); 0.20 mm (B–I).
Catatemnus tibetanus sp. nov., holotype male A carapace (dorsal view) B left chelicera (dorsal view) C galea D rallum E left pedipalp (dorsal view) F left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern G genital area (ventral view) H left leg I (lateral view) I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.20 mm (A, E, G–I); 0.10 mm (B–D, F). Abbreviations: b = basal; sb = sub-basal; st = sub-terminal; t = terminal; ib = interior basal; isb = interior sub-basal; ist = interior sub-terminal; it = interior terminal; eb = exterior basal; esb = exterior sub-basal; est = exterior sub-terminal; et = exterior terminal.
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm). Male: body length 3.34. Carapace 0.99/0.75. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.47/0.27, femur 0.83/0.34, patella 0.81/0.41, chela (with pedicel) 1.41/0.50, chela (without pedicel) 1.31/0.50, hand (with pedicel) 0.85/0.50, hand (without pedicel) 0.75/0.50, movable chelal finger length 0.56. Leg I: trochanter 0.20/0.16, femur 0.26/0.20, patella 0.42/0.19, tibia 0.44/0.13, tarsus 0.38/0.09. Leg IV: femoropatella 0.80/0.30, tibia 0.60/0.17, tarsus 0.42/0.11.
Catatemnus tibetanus sp. nov. can be distinguished from C. birmanicus by the smaller body size (♂) (e.g., body length 3.34 mm vs 4.27 mm; palpal femur length 0.83 mm vs 1.09 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.56 mm vs 0.78 mm) and the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots); from C. concavus by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two faint eyespots) and the traits of pedipalps (the dorsal surfaces of femur and hand almost smooth vs with minute low granules everywhere except on fingers); from C. monitor by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs no eyespots visible) and the stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g., palpal femur 2.44× vs 2.25× longer than broad, length 0.83 mm vs 1.01 mm); from C. nicobarensis by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs with two indistinct eyespots) and the traits of the palpal trochanter (anterior surface granular vs smooth or almost smooth); from C. thorelli by the trait of furrow on the carapace (distinctly curved vs almost straight) and the stouter pedipalps (e.g., palpal femur 2.44× vs 2.82× longer than broad, length 0.83 mm vs 0.96 mm; movable chelal finger teeth length 0.56 mm vs 0.70 mm) (
Known only from the type locality.
Named after the type locality, Tibet (China).
1 | Carapace with two well-developed eyespots | 2 |
– | Carapace with two faint eyespots | C. huae sp. nov. |
2 | The distal two rallum blades dentated anteriorly | C. ramus sp. nov. |
– | The distal one rallum blade dentated anteriorly | 3 |
3 | Distance between est and esb shorter to that of ist and isb | C. tibetanus sp. nov. |
– | Distance between est and esb equal or farther to that of ist and isb | 4 |
4 | Serrula exterior with 27 or 29 lamellae and length of chelal hand (with pedicel) > 1.00 mm | C. laminosus sp. nov. |
– | Serrula exterior with 24 or 25 lamellae and length of chelal hand (with pedicel) < 1.00 mm | 5 |
5 | Movable chelal finger with 28 teeth; chelal hand with abundant granulation | C. tengchongensis sp. nov. |
– | Movable chelal finger with 32 teeth; chelal hand with granulation only laterally | C. scaber sp. nov. |
We are grateful to Chi Jin, Guanglin Xie, Junfang Hu, Yannan Mu, Yejie Lin, Chen Zhang, Xiao Zang and Beibei Zhou for their assistance in the field, to Dr. Jason Dunlop, Dr. Nathalie Yonow and the anonymous reviewer for their helpful suggestions that greatly improved this paper.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. C2021201030).
Conceptualization: Feng Zhang. Illustrations and measurements: Lingchen Zhao. Species identification: Lingchen Zhao, Yanmeng Hou. Original draft writing: Yanmeng Hou. Review and editing: Feng Zhang, Yanmeng Hou.
Yanmeng Hou https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0059-3419
Lingchen Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8477-836X
Feng Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3347-1031
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.