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Research Article
Ophiclypeus, a new genus of Cardiochilinae Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from the Oriental region with descriptions of three new species
expand article infoIlgoo Kang‡§, Mostafa Ghafouri Moghaddam|, Michael J. Sharkey, Donald L. J. Quicke|, Buntika A. Butcher|, Christopher E. Carlton‡
‡ Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, United States of America
§ Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
¶ The Hymenoptera Institute, Forest Falls, United States of America

Corresponding author: Ilgoo Kang ( ikang@knu.ac.kr )

Academic editor: Kees van Achterberg
© 2023 Ilgoo Kang, Mostafa Ghafouri Moghaddam, Michael J. Sharkey, Donald L. J. Quicke, Buntika A. Butcher, Christopher E. Carlton.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Kang I, Ghafouri Moghaddam M, Sharkey MJ, Quicke DLJ, Butcher BA, Carlton CE (2023) Ophiclypeus, a new genus of Cardiochilinae Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from the Oriental region with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 1180: 67-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1180.100106
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:95E3D414-50F4-4022-93D5-BC851E68BF85
Open Access

Abstract

A new genus of the braconid subfamily Cardiochilinae, Ophiclypeus gen. nov., is described and illustrated based on three new species: O. chiangmaiensis Kang, sp. nov. type species (type locality: Chiang Mai, Thailand), O. dvaravati Ghafouri Moghaddam, Quicke & Butcher, sp. nov. (type locality: Saraburi, Thailand), and O. junyani Kang, sp. nov. (type locality: Dalin, Taiwan). We provide morphological diagnostic characters to separate the new genus from other cardiochiline genera. A modified key couplet (couplet 5) and a new key couplet (couplet 16) are provided with detailed images for Dangerfield’s key to the world cardiochiline genera to facilitate recognition of Ophiclypeus gen. nov.

Key words

Ichneumonoidea, microgastroid complex, old world, parasitoid wasp, taxonomy

Introduction

The Cardiochilinae Ashmead, 1900 is a small braconid subfamily with 237 described species in 18 genera (Kang 2022). Approximately half of all cardiochiline species were included in the two largest genera Cardiochiles Nees, 1819 and Schoenlandella Cameron, 1905, and most genera contain fewer than 10 species (Yu et al. 2016). In the Oriental region, 55 species in nine genera are recorded, which represents the highest species diversity and second highest generic diversity of Cardiochilinae in the world (Yu et al. 2016; Kang et al. 2020). Since 2000, seven genera and 22 new species have been described: one species of Asiacardiochiles Telenga, 1955 by Ahmad (2004); five species of Austerocardiochiles Dangerfield, Austin & Whitfield, 1999 by Ahmad (2004), Chen et al. (2004), and Long et al. (2019); one species of Cardiochiles by Ahmad (2004), three species of Eurycardiochiles Dangerfield, Austin & Whitfield, 1999 by Chen et al. (2004); nine species of Hartemita Cameron, 1910 by Ahmad (2004) and Long and van Achterberg (2011a, 2011b); two species of Orientocardiochiles Kang & Long, 2020 by Kang et al. (2020); and one species of Schoenlandella by Ahmad (2004).

Taiwan and Thailand are particularly poorly studied with regard to cardiochiline taxonomy. In Taiwan, six species in three genera of Cardiochilinae were recorded prior to the current study: Cardiochiles albopilosus Szépligeti, 1902; C. laevifossa Enderlein, 1906; C. philippensis Ashmead, 1905; Hartemita latipes Cameron, 1910; H. townesi Dangerfield & Austin, 1990, and Schoenlandella szepligetii (Enderlein, 1906) (Dangerfield and Austin 1990; Chou 1995; Dangerfield et al. 1999; Yu et al. 2016). From Thailand, only one species, C. philippensis was recorded prior to the current study (Dangerfield and Austin 1995; Yu et al. 2016).

To contribute to the growing body of knowledge of Cardiochilinae in the Oriental region, we describe here a new genus, Ophiclypeus gen. nov., collected in Taiwan and Thailand, with three new species. We provide information based on morphology to diagnose the new taxa, as well as an identification key.

Materials and methods

Specimens collected in Taiwan were borrowed from the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM; Budapest, Hungary). The Thai specimen was borrowed from the Hymenoptera Institute (Forest Falls, CA, USA). Specimens were examined using stereomicroscopes (Leica® MZ75 and Fisher Scientific Model 420). Morphological terminology mainly follows Sharkey and Wharton (1997) and partly follows Dangerfield and Austin (1995). Terms for body sculpture follow Harris (1979). The following acronyms are used for morphological terms throughout: POL: distance between posterior ocelli, T1 (first metasomal tergum), T2 (second metasomal tergum), and T3 (third metasomal tergum).

Digital images were taken using a Visionary Digital BK Plus imaging system (Dun, Inc.) equipped with a Canon® EOS 5DS DSLR and were stacked using Zerene Stacker™ v. 1.04 (Zerene Systems LLC.). Adobe Photoshop® CS 6 and Photoshop® CC 2022 v. 23.0 (Adobe Systems, Inc.) were used to edit images and measure body characters. All measurements are given in millimeters, and numbers in parentheses in genus and species descriptions indicate the actual size of each body character. A distribution map of three species was generated using SimpleMappr (Shorthouse 2010) and was edited in the Adobe Photoshop® CC 2022 (Fig. 4).

Results

Taxonomic accounts

Ophiclypeus Kang, gen. nov.

https://zoobank.org/F1AB0281-3DEA-42F6-A9DF-55CC8F7F0401

Type species

Ophiclypeus chiangmaiensis Kang, sp. nov.

Diagnosis

Members of Ophiclypeus gen. nov. are similar to members of Bohayella Belokobylskij, 1987, Hartemita Cameron, 1910, Hymenicis Dangerfield, Austin & Whitfield, 1999, Pseudcardiochilus Hedwig, 1957, and Retusigaster Dangerfield, Austin & Whitfield, 1999 based on the following shared characters: ovipositor short, thick, and sharply downcurved; hypopygium short and not pointed apically. However, members of Ophiclypeus gen. nov. can be distinguished from the members of the other five genera by the following combination of characters: a narrow face (Figs 1E, 2D, 3E); long, dense interommatidial setae present (Figs 1E, 2D, 3E); clypeus with two sharp apical teeth (Figs 1E, 2D, 3E); hind tibia without expanded apex (Figs 2A, 3F); hind tarsus laterally expanded, but not enlarged as much as Hartemita (Figs 2A, 3F); claws pectinate; absence of 2–1A of hind wing (Figs 2A, 3F); propodeal areola completely developed (Fig. 3D); T1 1.1–1.3× longer than apical width (Figs 1D, 2H, 3D); short ovipositor sheath 0.3–0.6× longer than length of hind basitarsus; >0.2× longer than hind tibia (Figs 1G, 2C, 3F).

Figure 1. 

Ophiclypeus chiangmaiensis sp. nov. A lateral habitus B wings C dorsal head and mesoscutum D dorsal propodeum and metasoma E anterior head F lateral mesosoma G lateral metasoma.

Figure 2. 

Ophiclypeus dvaravati sp. nov. A lateral habitus B lateral mesosoma C lateral metasoma D anterior head E dorsal head F lateral head G mesoscutum H dorsal propodeum and metasoma.

Figure 3. 

Ophiclypeus junyani sp. nov. A lateral habitus B lateral mesosoma C dorsal head and mesoscutum D dorsal propodeum and metasoma E anterior head F lateral metasoma; arrows show ovipositor length.

Description

Body length 4.6–7.3 mm.

Head. Antenna with 38–40 segments. Interantennal space with median carina. Eye densely setose, setae long. Gena extended ventro-posteriorly into moderate prominence. Clypeus with two sharp apical tubercles. Mandible bidentate. Maxillary palpus with 6 segments. Apical maxillary palpomere longer than fifth palpomere. Labial palpus with 4 segments. Galea short. Glossa short. Occipital carina absent.

Mesosoma. Notauli entirely crenulate. Scutellar sulcus present, with five or six carinae. Postscutellar depression crenulate. Pronotum sculptured over most of its surface. Precoxal sulcus strongly crenulate and not reaching posterior margin. Epicnemial carina absent. Episternal scrobe straight. Metapleuron strongly sculptured.

Legs. Basal spur on fore tibia 0.8–0.9× longer than length of basitarsus. Hind tibia without apical cup-like projection. Claws pectinate. Hind tarsus laterally expanded.

Wings. Fore wing second submarginal cell trapezoid, longer than height; vein 1r absent; 3r present basally; 3RSb angled at basal third; stigma about 3.0× longer than wide medially. Hind wing 2r-m absent; 2–1A absent.

Metasoma. T1 1.1–1.3× longer than its posterior width, posteriorly combined with laterotergite; area near Y-shaped suture anteriorly or entirely crenulate. T2 0.2–0.3× longer than its posterior width, with curved posterior margin. Hypopygium without median longitudinal fold. Protruded ovipositor sheath short and downcurved, 0.3–0.6× longer than length of hind basitarsus with long setae in apical half.

Male. Unknown.

Biology

Unknown.

Distribution

Oriental region (Taiwan, Thailand) (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. 

Distribution map of Ophiclypeus species.

Etymology

The name for the genus refers to “shield with snake fangs”. From “ophi” (Greek for “snake”) and “clypeus” (Latin for “shield”). Gender: masculine.

Notes

We modified the key to world genera of Cardiochilinae by Dangerfield et al. (1999) as follows:

5(4) a. T1 >3.0× longer than its posterior width 6
– b. T1 1.1–2.0× longer than its posterior width 16
16(5) a. Eyes seemingly without interommatidial setae. aa. clypeus >2.5× longer than its height and without clypeal tubercles. aaa. 2–1A of hind wing present and extending halfway to wing margin Retusigaster Dangerfield, Austin, & Whitfield, 1999
– b. Eyes with long and dense interommatidial setae; clypeus <2.0× longer than its height and with clypeal tubercles. bb. 2–1A of hind wing absent Ophiclypeus gen. nov.

Illustrated key to Ophiclypeus species

1 A. Fore femur entirely dark O. junyani sp. nov.
– B. Fore femur apically pale 2
2(1) A. Mesoscutum with stronger punctures. AA. Y-shaped suture entirely crenulate O. chiangmaiensis sp. nov.
– B. Mesoscutum with weaker punctures. BB. Y-shaped suture entirely smooth O. dvaravati sp. nov.

Ophiclypeus chiangmaiensis Kang, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/21A46417-2184-4469-8150-53DC9D32E5D5
Fig. 1A–G

Type material

Holotype. Thailand • ♀; Don Phao, Mae Wang, Pa Huay Kho, Chiang Mai, Thailand; 18.692°N, 98.807°E; iv.1997; Saowapa Sonthichai; collected in an edge of mixed deciduous lowland forest using Malaise trap. Will be deposited in Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden Entomology Collection (Chiang Mai, Thailand, QSBG).

Diagnosis

Adult body size smaller than that of O. junyani sp. nov. Face with stronger punctures (Fig. 1E). Malar space 1.2× longer than basal width of mandible (Fig. 1E). Mesoscutum with stronger and larger punctures (Fig. 1C). Mesopleuron with stronger punctures (Fig. 1C). Fore femur apically pale. Apical fourth of fore wing infuscate (Fig. 1B). 3r of hind wing present basally (Fig. 1B). The ratio of propodeum (median length to width) = 0.7 (Fig. 1D). Propodeal areola narrow and spindle-shaped (Fig. 1D). Inner space of Y-shaped suture entirely smooth (Fig. 1D). Y-shaped suture entirely crenulate (Fig. 1D).

Description

Body 5.5 mm.

Head. Antenna with 38 segments. Face width 1.2× longer than its height (1.02:0.83). Width of anterior ocellus 0.8× longer than POL (0.15:0.18). Median width of eye about 0.8× longer than the median width of gena in lateral view (0.29:0.36). Clypeus 1.9× longer than its height (0.67:0.35). Malar space 1.2× longer than basal width of mandible (0.24:0.20).

Mesosoma. Scutellar sulcus with five carinae. Pronotum ventrally carinate, posteriorly crenulate. Mesopleuron dorsally rugulose, medially smooth, ventrally punctate (evenly punctured entirely). Metapleuron crenulate medially and rugulose anteriorly and posteriorly. Propodeum 0.7× longer than its median width (0.67:0.96), strongly rugulose; median areola 2.1× longer than its maximum width (0.53:0.25) and spindle-shaped.

Legs. Basal spur on fore tibia 0.9× longer than length of basitarsus (not measured using images). Basal spur on mid tibia 0.9× longer than length of basitarsus (0.59:0.64). Basal spur on the hind tibia 0.7× longer than length of basitarsus (0.62:0.88).

Wings. Fore wing 5.5 mm; second submarginal cell trapezoid, 2.8× longer than height (1.05:0.38); pterostigma about 2.8× longer than wide medially (1.08:0.38).

Metasoma. T1 1.2× longer than its posterior width (0.79:0.64), separated with lateral tergum by suture anteriorly and by color posteriorly; Y-shaped suture entirely crenulate; inner space of Y-shaped suture entirely smooth. T2 0.3× longer than its posterior width (0.33:1.34), with curved posterior margin, 0.7× longer than T3 (0.33:0.50). T3 0.3× longer than its posterior width (0.50:1.48). Protruded ovipositor sheath 0.5× longer than length of hind basitarsus (0.47:0.88), with long setae at apical half.

Color. Body mostly black or dark brown except for the following, which are pale ivory or white: area between lateral clypeus and dorsal mandible; apical and penultimate maxillary palpomeres; glossa; apical fore femur; entire fore tibia, fore tarsus, and mid tarsus; basal mid tibia and hind tibia; tibial spurs; T1 laterally; ovipositor. Wings hyaline basally and infuscate at apical fourth. Pterostigma mostly dark except for base and apex. Body color is similar to a pattern of O. dvaravati sp. nov. but possessing brighter metasoma and several whitish leg parts.

Male. Unknown.

Biology

Unknown.

Distribution

Ophiclypeus chiangmaiensis sp. nov. is known from Don Pao, Mae Wang, Chiang Mai, Thailand (Fig. 4).

Etymology

This species is named after the collecting site, “Chiang Mai Province”.

Notes

The first author attempted to obtain molecular data from a specimen of O. chiangmaiensis sp. nov. collected in 1997 but failed, and there was no attempt to acquire molecular data from a specimen of O. dvaravati sp. nov. collected in 2016. In the future research, molecular analyses based on newly collected specimens and portions of existing museum specimens will be helpful in placing Ophiclypeus gen. nov. into a broader phylogenetic context with other cardiochilines.

Ophiclypeus dvaravati Ghafouri Moghaddam, Quicke & Butcher, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/1705521A-4233-4AE2-A781-C32F4D481247
Fig. 2A–H

Type material

Holotype. Thailand • ♀; Chulalongkorn University campus, Cham Phak Phaeo, Kaeng Khoi District, Saraburi, Thailand; 14°31’44.72”N, 101°1’57.25”E; 25.vi.2016; P. Kerkig; collected in an edge of secondary forest near to a large reservoir using Malaise Trap. The type is deposited in the Collection of the Insect Museum, Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History (Bangkok, Thailand, CUMZ).

Diagnosis

Face with weaker punctures than O. chiangmaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 2D). Malar space 0.9× longer than basal width of mandible (Fig. 2D). Mesoscutum with weak punctures (Fig. 2G). Mesopleuron dorsally smooth, ventrally weakly punctate (Fig. 2B). Fore femur apically pale orange. Apical quarter of fore wing infuscate (Fig. 2A). 3r of hind wing absent (Fig. 2A). Propodeal areola nearly a rhombus and its ratio (median length to width) = 0.4 (Fig. 2H). Y-shaped suture of T1 entirely smooth; inner space of Y-shaped suture of T1 slightly sculptured entirely (Fig. 2H).

Description

Body length 4.6 mm.

Head. Antenna with 38 segments. Face width slightly less than its height. Malar space 0.9× longer than basal width of mandible. Width of anterior ocellus 0.7× longer than POL. Median width of eye about 1.0× longer than the median width of gena in lateral view. Clypeus 1.5× longer than its height.

Mesosoma. Scutellar sulcus bearing five or six carinae. Pronotum medially crenulate, postero-dorsally carinate. Mesopleuron dorsally smooth with sparse setae, medially smooth without setae, ventrally finely punctate. Propodeum 0.4× longer than its median width, strongly rugulose; median areola 1.5× longer than its maximum width.

Legs. Basal spur on the fore tibia 0.8× longer than length of basitarsus. Basal spur on the mid tibia 0.9× longer than length of basitarsus. Hind tibia without apical cup-like projection; basal spur on the hind tibia 0.7× longer than length of basitarsus; hind claw with four teeth.

Wings. Fore wing 4.2 mm; second submarginal cell 3.0× longer than height; pterostigma about 2.8× longer than wide medially. 3r of hind wing basally absent.

Metasoma. T1 1.1× longer than its posterior width, separated with lateral tergum by weakly different color; Y-shaped suture entirely smooth; inner space of Y-shaped suture entirely slightly sculptured. T2 0.2× longer than its posterior width, with curved posterior margin, 0.6× longer than T3. T3 0.4× longer than its posterior width. Protruded ovipositor sheath 0.6× longer than length of hind basitarsus.

Color. Body mostly black or dark brown except for the following, which are pale orange or yellow: area between lateral clypeus and dorsal mandible; apical and penultimate maxillary palpomeres; glossa; apical fore femur; entire fore tibia, fore tarsus, and mid tarsus; basal mid tibia and hind tibia; tibial spurs; T1 laterally; ovipositor. Wings hyaline basally and infuscate at apical fourth. Stigma mostly dark except for base and apex. The color pattern is similar to a pattern of O. chiangmaiensis sp. nov., but much darker metasoma and without whitish leg parts.

Male. Unknown.

Biology

Unknown.

Distribution

Ophiclypeus dvaravati sp. nov. is known from Saraburi, Thailand (Fig. 4).

Etymology

This species is named after Dvaravati, an ancient Mon kingdom from the 7th to 11th century, which was located in what is now central Thailand.

Ophiclypeus junyani Kang, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/C967E257-A3AB-4D32-88A1-4EFBF786AEDC
Fig. 3A–F

Type materials

Holotype. Formosa (Taiwan) • ♀; Taihorinsho (Dalin, Chiayi); xi.1909; H. Sauter. Paratype Same as holotype except for Takao (Kaohsiung); 1907. Both specimens are deposited in HNHM.

Diagnosis

Adult body size larger than that of O. chiangmaiensis sp. nov. Face with weaker punctures than O. chiangmaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 3E). Malar space 1.8× longer than basal width of mandible (Fig. 3E). Mesoscutum with weak punctures (Fig. 3C). Mesopleuron dorsally with weaker punctures than O. chiangmaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 3B). Fore femur entirely darker (Fig. 3A). Apical half of fore wing infuscate (Fig. 3A). The ratio of propodeum (median length to width) = 0.6 (Fig. 3D). Propodeal areola broad and nearly a rhombus (Fig. 3D). Inner space of Y-shaped suture sculptured anteriorly (Fig. 3D). Y-shaped suture anteriorly crenulate and posteriorly smooth (Fig. 3D).

Description

Body length 7.3 mm.

Head. Antenna with 40 segments. Face width 1.1× longer than its height (1.05:0.93). Width of anterior ocellus 0.8× longer than POL (0.15:0.18). Median width of eye about 0.7× longer than the median width of gena in lateral view (0.44:0.58). Clypeus 1.9× longer than its height (0.70:0.36). Malar space 1.8× longer than basal width of mandible (0.29:0.16).

Mesosoma. Scutellar sulcus bearing five or six carinae. Pronotum medially carinate, posteriorly crenulate. Mesopleuron dorsally rugulose, medially smooth, ventrally punctate (anteriorly with stronger punctures). Propodeum 0.6× longer than its median width (0.79:1.44), strongly rugulose; median areola 1.8× longer than its maximum width (0.66:0.37) and nearly rhombus-shaped.

Legs. Basal spur on the fore tibia 0.8× longer than length of basitarsus (0.48:0.60). Basal spur on the mid tibia 0.9× longer than length of basitarsus (0.68:0.80). Hind tibia without apical cup-like projection; basal spur on the hind tibia 0.6× longer than length of basitarsus (0.74:1.18); hind claw with four teeth.

Wings. Fore wing 6.5 mm; second submarginal cell 2.8× longer than height (1.21:0.43); stigma about 3.1× longer than wide medially (1.33:0.43).

Metasoma. T1 1.3× longer than its posterior width (1.00:0.79), separated with lateral tergum by color; Y-shaped suture anteriorly crenulate and posteriorly smooth; inner space of Y-shaped suture anteriorly sculptured. T2 0.2× longer than its posterior width (0.36:1.58), with curved posterior margin, 0.6× longer than T3 (0.36:0.61). T3 0.4× longer than its posterior width (0.61:1.65). Protruded ovipositor sheath 0.3× longer than length of hind basitarsus (0.38:1.18).

Color. Body mostly black or dark brown except for the following, which are pale yellow or white: apical mandible, basal tibiae, fore and mid tarsi, fore and mid tibial spurs. Wings mostly clear at basal half and mostly infuscate at apical half. Pterostigma entirely dark.

Male. Unknown.

Biology

Unknown.

Distribution

Ophiclypeus junyani sp. nov. is known from Dalin and Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Fig. 4).

Etymology

Named in honor of Mr Junyan Chen, PhD candidate in the Department of Entomology at LSU AgCenter, for his help with the first author’s research. Mr Chen has fond memories of a trip to Dalin, Taiwan.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr Zoltan Vas, a curator at HNHM for specimen loans, and we thank previous coworkers involved in the Thailand Inventory Group for Entomological Research (TIGER) project for collecting and sorting a great many specimens. We also thank Dr Rodrigo Diaz for supporting the first author’s research in a stable environment and Ms Victoria Bayless for her encouragement and advice to the first author during his PhD program. M.G.M and D.L.J.Q were supported by Rachadaphisek Somphot Fund, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. B.A.B. acknowledges the support from National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) (N42A650262) and Chulalongkorn University and RSPG-Chula.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest was declared.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

No funding was reported.

Author contributions

Ilgoo Kang: Project design, Obtaining data, Data analysis, manuscript review and edit. Mostafa Ghafouri Moghaddam: Obtaining data, Data analysis, manuscript review and edit. Michael Sharkey: Data analysis, manuscript review and edit. Donald L. J. Quicke: manuscript review and edit. Buntika A. Butcher: manuscript review and edit. Christopher Carlton: writing an original draft, manuscript review

Author ORCIDs

Ilgoo Kang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8501-1758

Mostafa Ghafouri Moghaddam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1942-9689

Michael J. Sharkey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6201-7340

Donald L. J. Quicke https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4471-6775

Buntika A. Butcher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0541-0709

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.

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