﻿New descriptions and new records of the braconid parasitoids subfamilies Doryctinae and Rhyssalinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) in the fauna of South Korea

﻿Abstract Five doryctine species, Aivalykuskseniaesp. nov., Dendrosotinusgajwadongussp. nov., Doryctes (Plyctes) jinjuensissp. nov., Neoheterospilus (Neoheterospilus) geochangussp. nov., and Spathiusfumipennissp. nov., are described as new for sciences from South Korea. Five doryctine genera, Aivalykus Nixon, Dendrosoter Wesmael, Dendrosotinus Telenga, Guaygata Marsh and Pareucorystes Tobias, and fifteen species are recorded in the fauna of the Korean Peninsula for the first time. Additionally, two genera from the subfamily Rhyssalinae, Proacrisis Tobias and Histeromerus Wesmael, and two species, Proacrisisorientalis Tobias, 1983 and Histeromerusorientalis Chou & Chou, 1991, are recorded in the fauna of Korea for the first time.


Introduction
The fauna of the parasitoid family Braconidae of the Eastern Palaearctic is considerably diverse and abundant with numerous taxa penetrating here from the Oriental region. Despite the number of publications dedicated to the braconid subfamily Doryctinae for this zoogeographic region (e.g., Belokobylskij 1996;Belokobylskij and Maetô 2009;Belokobylskij et al. 2013;Tang et al. 2013Tang et al. , 2015Belokobylskij and Ku 2021, etc.), the number of new records and species for this group continues increasing every year.
Information about the Doryctinae from the Korean Peninsula has been published in several survey and faunistic articles (Papp 1984;Belokobylskij 1998;Ku et al. 2001;Lee et al. 2020;Belokobylskij and Ku 2021, etc.).
In this article, five new doryctine species are described from Korea, seven genera and 17 species from subfamilies Doryctinae and Rhyssalinae are recorded for the first time for the Korean Peninsula. Sculpture and pubescence. Vertex almost entirely aciculate; frons mainly smooth with fine aciculation posteriorly or widely and finely aciculate; temple smooth; face mainly smooth with sparse punctation, finely aciculate submedially on narrow stripes and below. Sides of pronotum mainly smooth but striate marginally. Mesoscutum distinctly and densely coriaceous, sometimes sculpture situated in irregular transverse dense striae anteriorly; with two middle and strongly convergent posteriorly longitudinal carina in posterior 1/2. Scutellum almost entirely smooth. but finely coriaceous laterally. Mesopleuron and metapleuron mainly smooth. Propodeum mainly smooth, with coarse and short rugulosity along median carinae in basal 2/3, with distinctly delineated by carinae, short and relatively wide smooth areola in posterior 1/3 of propodeum. Hind coxa and femur smooth. First metasomal tergite with distinct, complete, and closely situated dorsal carinae, entirely densely and distinctly striate. Remaining tergites completely smooth. Hind tibia on dorsal surface with rather sparse and semi-erect pale setae, length of these setae 0.3-0.5× maximum width of hind tibia.
Colour. Head and anterior 1/2 of mesosoma pale reddish brown to yellowish brown; posterior 1/2 of mesosoma and first metasomal tergite dark brown to black, remaining part of metasoma reddish brown with yellowish margins. Antenna dark brown to black (including subapical and apical segments), three basal segments yellowish brown. Palpi pale yellow. Legs brownish yellow or yellow. Ovipositor sheath black. Wings faintly infuscate; pterostigma brown, but pale yellow in its basal quarter.
Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the daughter of the first author, Ksenia. Distribution. Korean Peninsula.

Genus Dendrosotinus Telenga, 1941
Type species. Dendrosoter ferrugineus Marshall, 1888. Notes. The genus Dendrosotinus Telenga, 1941 from the tribe Doryctini is recorded in the fauna of Korea for the first time.
Ridge on border of vertex and frons absent. Ocelli small, arranged in triangle with base 1.3× its sides. POL 1.5× Od, ~ 0.7× OOL. Eye bare, almost without emargination opposite antennal sockets, 1.1× as high as broad. Malar suture absent. Malar space 0.4× height of eye, 0.8× basal width of mandible. Face width 1.1× height of eye and 1.3× height of face and clypeus combined. Clypeus with distinct short lower flange. Clypeal suture distinct. Hypoclypeal depression subround, its width 0.6× distance from edge of depression to eye, 0.35× width of face. Occipital carina complete dorsally, obliterated ventrally at rather long distance and not fused with hypostomal carina.
Antenna. Antenna slender, filiform, 13-segmented, almost as long as body. Scape 1.6× longer than its maximum width, 1.4× longer than pedicel. First flagellar segment not widened, almost not curved, not convex and without sculpture on its outer side, weakly concave and smooth on inner side, ~ 5.0× longer than its maximum width, 0.8× as long as second segment. Penultimate segment 4.7× longer than wide, approximately as long as apical segment; the latter weakly acuminated.
Legs. Fore tibia with fine spines arranged in almost single row. Hind coxa practically without basoventral tubercle. Hind femur without dorsal protuberance, ~ 3.0× longer than wide. Hind tarsus 0.9× as long as hind tibia. Basitarsus widened distally, with long ventral thorn on its inner corner, 0.45× as long as second-fifth segments combined. Second tarsal segment 0.4× as long as basitarsus, 0.5× as long as fifth segment (without pretarsus).
Metasoma. Metasoma almost as long as head and mesosoma combined. First tergite with small dorsope, with distinct spiracular tubercles in its basal 1/3; tergite distinctly and almost linearly widened from base to basal 1/3, then very weakly and sublinearly widened towards apex. Maximum width of first tergite 1.8× its minimum width; length of tergite 1.2× its apical width. Second suture rather distinct, shallow, weakly curved and without sublateral breaks. Second tergite 0.8× as long as its basal width, 1.2× longer than third tergite. Medial length of second and third tergites combined 1.4× basal width of second tergite, almost as long as their maximum width.
Female. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the type locality of the new species in South Korea, Gajwa-dong, Jinju City.
Remarks. Despite the intensive study for the braconid fauna of the Korean Peninsula in the last period, only a single male of this species has been collected till now. However, the distinct diagnostic characters of this new species allow us to easily separate it from remaining described Asian species of Dendrosotinus.
A species of Dendrosotinus described in Chinese from Fujian Province (China), D. wuyiensis Shi, 2006(Shi 2006, perhaps belongs to the genera Ontsira Cameron, 1900or Neurocrassus Snoflak, 1945 according to the figures provided in the original description. However, only a study of the holotype of this species will allow to confirm its real taxonomic position.   Comparative diagnosis. This new species is very similar to Doryctes (Plyctes) diversus (Szépligeti, 1910) and D. (P.) malayensis Fullaway, 1919; the differences between these species are given in the key below.
Description. Female. Body length 6.5 mm; fore wing length 5.0 mm. Head. Head width (dorsal view) 1.3× its median length, 1.15× maximum width of mesoscutum. Head behind eyes (dorsal view) weakly convex in anterior 1/2, roundly narrowed in posterior 1/2. Transverse diameter of eye 1.4× longer than temple (dorsal view). Ocelli medium-sized, arranged in triangle with base 1.2-1.3× its side. POL 1.3× OD, 0.6× OOL. Eye glabrous, with very weak emargination opposite of antennal socket, 1.15× as high as broad. Malar space 0.3× height of eye, 0.6× as long as basal width of mandible. Malar suture very shallow. Face width ~ 0.8× height of eye, 1.2× height of face and clypeus combined. Hypoclypeal cavity round, its diameter equal to distance from margin of cavity to border of eye, 0.5× as long as width of face. Occipital carina complete dorsally, obliterated below at rather long distance and not fused with hypostomal carina.
Legs. Hind coxa with low and wide dorsal protuberance, with distinct basoventral tubercle. Hind femur 3.0× longer than its maximum width. Hind tarsus almost as long as hind tibia. Hind basitarsus 0.8× as long as second-fifth segments combined; second segment of hind tarsus 0.4× as long as basitarsus, 1.3× longer than fifth segment (without pretarsus).
Metasoma. Metasoma 1.3× longer than mesosoma and head combined. First tergite without distinct spiracular tubercles, weakly and almost linearly widened from subbase to apex. Maximum width of first tergite 1.7× its minimum basal width; its length 1.2× maximum subapical width. Second tergite with fine, almost straight, and subparallel sublateral furrows; median length of second tergite 0.45× its basal width, 0.8× length of third tergite. Suture between second and third tergites present, shallow, wide, and weakly concave medially, with not deep sublateral bends. Third tergite without depression. Ovipositor sheath almost as long as metasoma, 1.5× longer than mesosoma and 0.65× as long as fore wing. Sculpture and pubescence. Vertex, frons, and temple smooth; face medially widely rugulose-striate, sparsely punctate to smooth laterally. Mesoscutum and scutellum smooth, with weak and short transverse striation between notauli in posterior 1/3 of mesoscutum. Mesopleuron mainly smooth. Propodeum with areas delineated by relatively weak carinae; basolateral areas long, smooth medially, reticulate-rugulose along carinae; areola rather long and narrow, densely rugose-reticulate with transverse striation, almost twice longer than its maximum width; petiolate area not delineated; basal carina relatively short, 0.3× as long as propodeum. Hind coxae mainly rugose-reticulate, weakly reticulate-coriaceous laterally; hind femur finely coriaceous to smooth. First and second metasomal tergites entirely and third in basal 1/2 densely striate with dense reticulation between striae; basal halves of second-seventh tergites very densely granulate-reticulate, with fine transverse striations posteriorly becoming weaker to posterior tergites; distal halves of third to seventh tergites smooth. Vertex widely gla- brous medially, posteriorly, and laterally with sparse, long, curved and almost erect yellow setae. Mesoscutum mainly glabrous, with rather sparse, long, curved and erect to semi-erect yellow setae along notauli and laterally. Metapleuron medially widely glabrous. Hind tibia dorsally with rather sparse, long, and erect yellow setae, its length 0.8-1.2× maximum width of hind tibia.
Colour. Head and mesosoma yellow to brownish yellow; metasoma dark reddish brown in basal 2/3 and reddish brown in apical 1/3, with lateral yellow spots on second tergite. Antenna dark brown, scape reddish brown dorsally. Palpi yellow. Legs mainly yellow, hind coxa brownish yellow, hind tibia yellow basally, similar colour as remainder parts of tibia. Wings very faintly infuscate. Pterostigma dark brown in medioposterior 1/3, yellow in basal 1/2 and apical fifth.
Etymology. Named after the type locality of the new species in South Korea, Jinju City, in the environment of which the holotype of the new species was collected.
Distribution. Korean Peninsula. Hind coxa with low and wide dorsal protuberance (Fig. 4I). Pterostigma of fore wing widely yellow in basal 1/3 (Fig. 5A). Recurrent vein (m-cu) of hind wing curved toward base of wing (Fig. 5A). Mesosoma entirely yellow to brownish yellow (Fig. 4A). Hind leg entirely yellow (Fig. 4J) Belokobylskij, 2006(Belokobylskij, 2006 from Japan, China, Korea and Vietnam, but differs from the latter species by having the 14-segmented slender antenna with first flagellar segment 6.5× longer than its apical width and 0.9× as long as second segment (thick and 16-17-segmented, with first flagellar segment 4.0-4.7× longer than its apical width and as long as second segment in N. subtropicalis), scape long, almost 2.0× longer than its maximum width (short, 1.3-1.5× in N. subtropicalis), precoxal sulcus running along almost the entire length of lower part of mesopleuron (only in anterior 1/2 in N. subtropicalis), basolateral areas of propodeum mainly rugulose-reticulate (almost entirely smooth in N. subtropicalis), areola of propodeum wide (narrow in N. subtropicalis), radial vein (r) of fore wing arising from middle of pterostigma (before middle in N. subtropicalis), second radiomedial vein (r-m) of the fore wing absent (present in N. subtropicalis), hind tibia distinctly thickened (rather slender in N. subtropicalis), basal area of second tergite not delineated by furrow (weakly delineated in N. subtropicalis), median length of second tergite (with apical area) 1.3× its basal width (almost equal in N. subtropicalis), ovipositor sheath not widened apically (distinctly widened in N. subtropicalis), and ovipositor sheath with sparse and long setae (with rather short and dense setae in N. subtropicalis).
N. geochangus sp. nov. is also similar to Neoheterospilus (N.) curvicaudis (Belokobylskij, 1994) from Vietnam, but it differs from the latter by the antenna 14-segmented and with the scape not compressed and long (20-segmented, with a weakly compressed and short scape in N. curvicaudis), penultimate segment of antenna 6.0× longer than wide and 1.1× longer than apical segment (4.0× longer than wide and 0.9× as long as the apical segment in N. curvicaudis), precoxal sulcus running along almost the entire length of the lower part of mesopleuron (along anterior 1/2 in N. curvicaudis), basolateral areas of propodeum mainly rugulose-reticulate (almost entirely smooth in N. curvicaudis), second radiomedial vein (r-m) of fore wing absent (present in N. curvicaudis), basal area of the second tergite absent (finely delineated by shallow furrow in N. curvicaudis), second suture of metasoma smooth (crenulate in N. curvicaudis), ovipositor sheath not widened apically (distinctly widened in N. curvicaudis), ovipositor sheath with sparse and long setae (with rather short and dense setae in N. curvicaudis), and pterostigma entirely pale brown (brown in N. curvicaudis).
Description. Female. Body length 1.7 mm; fore wing length 1.3 mm. Head. Head width (dorsal view) 1.5× its median length. Occiput distinctly concave. Occipital carina mediodorsally straight, without medial break. Head behind eyes (dorsal view) distinctly and roundly narrowed. Transverse diameter of eye 1.5× longer than temple (dorsal view). POL 0.8× Od, 0.35× OOL. Eye 1.2× as high as broad. Malar space 0.35× eye height, 0.7× basal width of mandible. Face width 1.2× eye height and 1.5× height of face and clypeus combined. Hypoclypeal depression transverse and oval, its width 1.2× distance from edge of depression to eye, 0.5× width of face. Hypostomal flange narrow. Mandible medium size. Maxillary palpi almost as long as head height.
Antenna. Antenna slender, filiform, 14-segmented, weakly shorter than body. Scape relatively long, not compressed, straight apically, with sparse white setae on inner side; length of scape almost 2.0× its maximum width, 1.4× longer than enlarged pedicel. First flagellar segment 6.5× longer than its apical width, 0.9× as long as second segment. Penultimate segment 6.0× longer than wide, almost as long as first segment, 1.1× longer than apical segment; the latter acuminate apically.
Legs. Hind femur 3.4× longer than wide. Hind tarsus 0.9× as long as hind tibia. Hind tibia distinctly thickened; hind tarsus thickened basally and narrowed distally. Hind basitarsus 0.4× as long as second-fifth segments combined. Second segment of hind tarsus 0.6× as long as basitarsus, almost as long as fifth segment (without pretarsus).
Metasoma. Metasoma 1.2× longer than head and mesosoma combined. First tergite with weak spiracular tubercles in basal 1/3, weakly and linearly widened toward apex, its length 1.5× apical width; apical width almost 2.0× basal width. Basal area of second tergite not delineated by transverse furrow; apical area wide and delineated anteriorly by deep and almost straight crenulate furrow, medial length of this area 0.5× length of remaining tergite. Median length of second tergite (with apical area) 1.3× its basal width, approximately twice length of third tergite. Ovipositor sheath slender and not widened apically but with small ventral process in its subapical part; ~ 0.5× as long as metasoma, 0.8× as long as mesosoma, 0.3× as long as fore wing. Ovipositor slender and upcurved, its apex as on figures (Fig. 7G, H), with distinct subbasal ventral excise, its thickened apical part medium length.
Sculpture and pubescence. Head entirely (including face) smooth. Mesoscutum mainly smooth, finely coriaceous anteriorly and along notauli at short areas, with weak convergent carinae in posterior 1/2. Scutellum and mesopleuron smooth at most part. Metapleuron entirely rugulose, finely sculptured anteriorly. Basolateral areas of propodeum short and wide, mainly rugulose-reticulate; remaining part of propodeum distinctly and rather densely rugose-reticulate and partly with transverse striation; areola more or less distinctly delineated by carinae, irregular shape, wide, approximately as long as wide; petiolate area delineated; basal carina situated in basal quarter. Hind coxa and femur smooth. First metasomal tergite distinctly, relatively sparsely and distally weakly curvedly longitudinally striate, with fine reticulation between striae, dorsal carinae distinct, complete, and convergent towards posterior margin. Second tergite distinctly and densely striate, but its apical area smooth. Remaining tergites smooth. Suture between second and third tergites smooth. Vertex almost entirely with sparse long and semierect white setae directed forwards. Mesoscutum mainly glabrous, with long, erect, and sparse white setae arranged narrowly along notauli and marginally. Mesopleuron glabrous in most part. Hind tibia with rather short, semi-erect and sparse white setae, their length 0.5-0.8× maximum width of tibia. Ovipositor sheath with sparse and long setae.
The new species is also similar to S. clavator Tang, Belokobylskij & Chen, 2015(Tang et al. 2015 from China (Hainan), but differs from it by having the vertex almost entirely smooth (mainly rugulose-striate in S. clavator); malar space 0.6× eye height and almost equal to basal width of mandible (0.4× eye height and 0.7× basal width of mandible in S. clavator); occipital carina joined below with hypostomal carina (not joined and obliterated below in S. clavator); first flagellar segment 4.0× longer than its apical width (6.7× in S. clavator); mesoscutum entirely weakly granulate-coriaceous and without or with very short rugae (distinctly granulate and with long rugae in S. clavator); mesopleuron medially widely smooth, (entirely densely granulate with striation in S. clavator); hind femur slender, 4.1× longer than wide (thicker, its length 3.7× longer than wide in S. clavator); fore wing distinctly and evenly infuscate, pterostigma entirely brown (wing faintly infuscate, pterostigma pale in basal 1/3 in S. clavator); radial vein (r) of the fore wing arising distinctly behind the middle of the pterostigma, from its basal 2/3 (from middle in S. clavator); length of petiole 2.3× its apical width (2.7× in S. clavator); second tergite without separated laterotergites (with laterotergites separated in basal 1/2 in S. clavator).
Sculpture and pubescence. Vertex almost entirely smooth, only finely coriaceous near ocelli; frons almost entirely with distinct, dense, and curved transverse striae, with additional fine reticulation between striae. Face entirely or mainly (in upper 2/3) densely and coarsely striate, with rugulosity between striae below and laterally, finely reticulate-coriaceous to smooth in lower lateral 1/3. Temple entirely smooth. Mesoscutum entirely densely and weakly granulate-coriaceous, sometimes with short rugae near notauli and laterally, coarsely, and sparsely rugose in wide and short medioposterior area. Scutellum densely and finely to very finely coriaceous, with fine transverse aciculae anteriorly. Mesopleuron medially widely almost smooth, finely and densely rugulose-reticulate marginally. Propodeum with areas delineated by distinct carinae; basolateral areas entirely and densely granulate-rugulose; areola wide and rather long, transverse striae with rugulosity, almost as long as wide; petiolate area rather long and wide, distinctly separated from areola by curved carina; basal carina 0.7-1.0× as long as anterior fork of areola. Hind coxa dorsally partly densely transversely striate with dense rugosity in wide basal 1/2, laterally distinctly and densely rugulose-granulate. Hind femur mainly smooth, longitudinally striate dorsally. Petiole distinctly and sparsely striate, with dense to very dense rugulosity between striae, only densely rugose in basal 1/4. Second and following tergites entirely smooth. Vertex with sparse, short, and almost erect pale setae situated laterally and anteriorly, glabrous on wide medial part. Mesoscutum with sparse, long, and erect yellow setae laterally and along notauli, glabrous on wide medial parts of lobes. Mesopleuron widely glabrous. Setae of dorsal surface of hind tibia erect, rather dense, mainly long, their length 0.7-1.0× maximum width of tibia.
Colour. Body mainly dark reddish brown to almost black partly, metasoma posteriorly or already behind petiole and ventrally reddish brown. Antennae brown with dark brown apical quarter or mainly dark brown with two basal segments pale brown, without pale subapical segments. Palpi yellow or brownish yellow. Legs partly reddish brown or pale reddish brown, all trochanters and trochantelli, tibiae and tarsi yellow or yellowish brown, hind tibiae basally yellow on rather long distance. Ovipositor sheath mainly pale brown, almost black apically. Fore wing distinctly and evenly infuscate, faintly paler basally and apically. Pterostigma evenly brown or yellowish brown in basal third.

Discussion
The subfamily Doryctinae is rather well studied group of parasitoids in several East Asian countries. For example, on the basis of the last revision of the Japanese Doryctinae (Belokobylskij and Maetô 2009) totally 33 genera of this subfamily were recorded in the fauna of this Archipelago, including such rare for the Palaearctic region taxa as Arhaconotus Belokobylskij, 2001, Asiaheterospilus Belokobylskij & Konishi, 2001, Cryptontsira Belokobylskij, 2008, Mimipodoryctes Belokobylskij, 2001, Nipponecphylus Belokobylskij & Konishi, 2001, Rhacontsira Belokobylskij, 1998, Ryukyuspathius Belokobylskij, 2008, and Spathiostenus Belokobylskij, 1993. This subfamily is also abundant in China (32 genera) and rather similar to the Japanese fauna in its composition., which includes Palaearctic and Oriental elements. Already 26 doryctine genera were recorded in the fauna of Korean Peninsula, but this is clearly not complete information for the region. For example, at least some genera recorded already in Japan (Caenophanes Foerster, 1863, Cryptontsira, Ecphylus Foerster, 1863, Mimipodoryctes, Parallorhogas Marsh, 1993, and Rhacontsira) could be additionally found in the fauna of this peninsula. The less varied doryctine taxa are recorded in the Russian Far East, the northernmost Asian territory: only 20 genera were found here ) and basically without any Oriental components in its composition. The information about the discovery of the genera subfamily Rhyssalinae in the discussed region was usually much reduced. Such, only two rhyssaline genera (out of 11 worldwide known), Lysitermoides van Achterberg, 1995 and Oncophanes Foerster, 1863, were recorded in the fauna of Japan, and only single genus Histeromerus Wesmael, 1838 were found in China for now. On the other hand, already seven rhyssaline genera were recorded in the faunas of the Russian Far East and Korean Peninsula, but if in the first area the genera Histeromerus and Tobiason Belokobylskij, 2004 were not found till now, then on the latter territory the genera Pseudobathystomus Belokobylskij, 1986 and Rhyssalus Haliday, 1833 were not discovered yet; however both areas have five identical genera, namely Acrisis Foerster, 1863, Proacrisis Tobias, 1983, Dolopsidea Hincks, 1944, Lysitermoides van Achterberg, 1995, and Oncophanes Foerster, 1863