Corresponding author: Sarah C. Crews (
Academic editor: Ingi Agnarsson
Nineteen new species of
Crews SC (2023) But wait, there’s more! Descriptions of new species and undescribed sexes of flattie spiders (Araneae, Selenopidae,
The genus
Due to this diversity, species groups have been erected into which most species are placed. Diagnoses are provided below for: The Central Desert species group, the
Selenopids are known to have the fastest turning strike of any terrestrial animal (
Because the distributions are poorly known, it is difficult to comment on geographical patterns. However, there appears to be widespread species with pockets of different species that may or may not be closely related to the widespread taxon. Additionally, there are two species groups (
Many previously described
Rearing the spiders proved to be extremely important for obtaining adults. Of the new species/sexes, nearly all of them were able to be described from maturing in captivity. Ten of them wouldn’t be described at all, four would only be described from a single sex, and rearing increased the number of adult specimens for four described species. Many of the specimens have been photographed alive, and these photos can be compared with the images of the species in situ as well as to dead specimens. The fieldwork and rearing have also provided information on best practices for how and where to find the spiders in a timely manner, how to keep them alive, and a better idea of the ranges of some of the species. This is important for determining whether a species warrants short range endemic (
Suppl. material
In some cases, new illustrations were made of previously described species for convenience or because better-preserved specimens were found. Diagnoses and/or descriptions are emended where required. Not all of the types were able to be reviewed, so it is possible that further emendations will be necessary.
Australia has a long history of bioregionalization studies (discussed in
In previous descriptions of
Using the same terminology for the same characters across taxa is a best practice that is only sometimes followed, even by the same author, including the author of this paper. It can be difficult to do this if homology is unclear and the terminology changes as more data are obtained. However, having lots of data and working within a single genus or family can make this easier. In addition to using the same terminology within closely related taxa, it is also more prudent to try to use common terms and not conjure new, unnecessary terms if there are functional ones already in use.
To try to maintain uniformity of genitalia terminology within the family, the terms that are used are primarily from the Spider Anatomy Ontology on BioPortal (
On the epigyne, the following terms are used: copulatory openings, epigynal plate, epigynal pockets, epigynal windows, lateral lobes, median field, posterior excavation. Most are straightforward and used across many spider families. Selenopids typically have two copulatory openings, although in some cases, these can be located in a single atrium, as illustrated in the Kimberley species group of
The terms used for structures of the endogyne are copulatory ducts, accessory bulbs, fertilization ducts, posterodorsal fold, spermathecae, and uterus externus. The copulatory openings lead to the copulatory ducts. Copulatory ducts connect the copulatory openings to the sperm storage sites or accessory bulbs (Figs
For the male palp, the following terminology is used: cymbial chemosensory patch, conductor, conductor sheath, embolus, medial part of the conductor, median apophysis, retrobasal cymbial process, retrolateral tibial apophysis, spermophor, spinules, subtegulum, tegular lobe, tegular sheath, tegulum. The cymbial chemosensory patch in selenopids is straightforward. It is common in
Images of dead specimens were taken with a Leica dissecting microscope and stacked using AutoMontage. Images of live specimens were taken with a Nikon D810 or a Canon 7D. Outlines of illustrations were made by putting a piece of paper on a photograph displayed on a tablet and tracing with a pencil to obtain correct proportions. The illustration was then shaded with a pencil. It was then scanned and put in Adobe Photoshop for additional shading and so that details could be added. Maps were made using QGIS v. 3.26.3 (
The figures in this work are with resolution suitable for printing, which is reduced in comparison with the originals, but if you want to see them in full-resolution files, you could contact the author.
Because all species mentioned in this work are from Australia, the word “Australia” has been eliminated from the locality data and instead replaced with the state, and the state is not repeated for each entry, e.g.:
Because there are images of what some of the spiders looked like in life, the colors, patterns, and setal coverage of both live and preserved species are indicated if they differ from one another. They are separated by a slash, e.g.: “Color (in life/preserved): Abdomen: dorsally golden brown, darker medially, with a chevron medially, sides of chevron are angled anteriorly, darker posteriorly, laterally spotted/golden parts yellowish, darker parts orange-red, pattern inconspicuous, dark, thick stubby setae, giving the abdomen a spotted appearance from a distance, ventrally yellowish white.” Thus, the description of a character before the slash indicates how the spider appears in life, and the description of a character after the slash refers to the preserved specimen.
If material examined or new records indicate “reared in captivity”, detailed information can be found in the Supplementary files. Juveniles that have been assigned to species have been determined using molecular data (unpubl. data) or were collected at the exact same time and place as adults.
In
Australia excluding Tasmania.
With the new species described here, there are now a total of 54
An attempt has been made to use characters that remain after preservation and that are not variable, but there are so few specimens of some species, the key will likely need to be emended when additional specimens are collected (males of
1 | Females |
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– | Males |
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2(1) | With epigynal windows (Figs |
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– | Without epigynal windows (Figs |
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3(2) | Copulatory openings located within a central atrium, copulatory ducts indistinct from one another at their origins (Figs |
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– | Copulatory openings not located within a central atrium, copulatory ducts distinct at their origins (Figs |
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4(3) | Copulatory ducts with several tight coils ( |
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– | Copulatory ducts otherwise (Figs |
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5(4) | With unsclerotized median lobe, copulatory ducts short, with only one turn or coil (Fig. |
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– | Without unsclerotized median lobe, or if one is present, copulatory ducts long with several turns (Figs |
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6(5) | Leg I and II |
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– | Leg I and II |
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7(6) | Lateral lobes indistinct and copulatory openings difficult to discern (Fig. |
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– | Lateral lobes more distinct and copulatory openings easily discernable (Figs |
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8(6) | Copulatory openings located beneath m-shaped hoods (Fig. |
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– | Copulatory openings not located beneath m-shaped hoods |
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9(8) | Large, round accessory bulbs with no coiling of copulatory ducts (Figs |
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– | Accessory bulbs and copulatory ducts otherwise ( |
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10(9) | Copulatory openings beneath small, sclerotized lobe that does not reach epigynal plate margin (Fig. |
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– | Copulatory openings in small depression of median field (Figs |
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11(9) | Long, diamond-shaped to triangular median field and no epigynal pockets ( |
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– | Without well-defined median field, with epigynal pockets ( |
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12(1) | With unpaired spines ventrally on |
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– | With paired spines ventrally on |
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13(12) | Median apophysis with two conspicuous branches or a branch and a lobe (Fig. |
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– | Median apophysis with single branch or second branch very difficult to see (Figs |
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14(13) | Cheliceral promargin with more than 3 teeth, retromargin with more than 2 teeth |
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– | Promargin with 3 teeth, retromargin with 2 teeth |
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15(13) | With prominent cymbial chemosensory patch (Figs |
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– | Without prominent cymbial chemosensory patch |
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16(15) | Median apophysis shaped like a bird’s head distally (Fig. |
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– | Median apophysis not shaped like a bird’s head distally (Fig. |
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17(15) | Long palpal tibia, ratio of cymbium length to palpal tibia length > 0.60 (Figs |
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– | Ratio of cymbium length to palpal tibia length < 0.65 |
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18(17) | Median apophysis not distinctly separate from tegular lobe ( |
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– | Median apophysis distinctly separate from tegular lobe |
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19(18) | Cymbium round and rather flat dorsoventrally, with median apophysis at tip of large, unsclerotized retromedial extension of tegulum ( |
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– | Cymbium and median apophysis otherwise |
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20(19) | Conductor sheath curved to a point with terminus directed laterally across middle of bulb (Fig. |
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– | Conductor large, extended, twisted, curved, or arched, but terminus not directed laterally across middle of bulb (Figs |
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1 | Females |
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– | Males |
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2(1) | Round accessory bulbs connected by a short duct to smaller spermathecae (Fig. |
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– | Accessory bulbs more oval than round, nearly the same size as spermathecae (Fig. |
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3(2) | Accessory bulbs separated by less than one accessory bulb diameter (Fig. |
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– | Accessory bulbs separated by at least one accessory bulb diameter ( |
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4(3) | Accessory bulbs much larger than spermathecae, abutting edge of epigynal plate laterally ( |
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– | Accessory bulbs only slightly larger than spermathecae, not abutting edge of epigynal plate (Fig. |
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5(3) | Accessory bulbs and spermathecae nearly same distance from midline ( |
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– | Accessory bulbs closer to midline than spermathecae, known from only northern New South Wales ( |
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6(5) | Median lobe wider anteriorly than posteriorly ( |
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– | Median lobe nearly the same width throughout its length ( |
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7(6) | Median lobe extremely narrow, median field resembles a keyhole ( |
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– | Median lobe gradually narrows anteriorly to posteriorly ( |
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8(1) | One arm of median apophysis a stubby lobe (Fig. |
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– | Both arms of median apophysis long, well-defined ( |
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9(8) | Conductor narrow, nearly straight retrolaterally, slightly curving to a point apically ( |
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– | Conductor more pyramid shaped (Fig. |
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10(8) | Conductor sclerotized throughout ( |
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– | Conductor mostly unsclerotized except for a pointed distal process; known from only northern New South Wales ( |
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11(10) | Conductor with a basal retrolateral lobe nearly covering distal arm of median apophysis ( |
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– | Conductor and distal arm of median apophysis separated ( |
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1 | Females |
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– | Males |
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2(1) | Accessory bulbs do not extend further anteriorly than copulatory ducts ( |
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– | Accessory bulbs extend further anteriorly than copulatory ducts ( |
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3(2) | Lateral lobes distinct ( |
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– | Lateral lobes indistinct, large posterior excavation to margin of epigynal plate ( |
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4(3) | Lateral lobes frame a somewhat diamond-shaped median field ( |
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– | Lateral lobes only conspicuous posteriorly, do not frame the median field ( |
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5(1) | Embolus terminates at ~ 4 o’clock ( |
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– | Embolus terminates at ~ 1 o’clock ( |
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6(5) | dRTA longer than vRTA in lateral view ( |
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– | dRTA shorter or of equal length to vRTA in lateral view ( |
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1 | Females |
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– | Males |
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2(1) | Accessory bulbs separated by more than one accessory bulb diameter ( |
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– | Accessory bulbs separated by less than one accessory bulb diameter ( |
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3(2) | Four promarginal teeth, known from only the Sydney Basin, New South Wales |
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– | Three |
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4(1) | The dRTA is at least two times longer than the vRTA ( |
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– | The dRTA is not two times longer than vRTA (Figs |
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5(4) | The dRTA reaches branch of median apophysis in ventral and lateral views, known only from southwest Western Australia ( |
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– | The dRTA does not reach branch of median apophysis in ventral or lateral views, known from only the Sydney Basin, New South Wales (Figs |
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1 | Copulatory ducts wide, medial area where lateral lobes and windows abut diamond shaped (Figs |
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– | Copulatory ducts narrow, anterior margin of medial area where lateral lobes and windows abut shaped like an inverted triangle ( |
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2(1) | Posteriorly, sclerotized part of copulatory ducts is closer to the lateral edges of epigynal plate than anteriorly (Fig. |
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– | Posteriorly, sclerotized part of copulatory ducts is the same distance from or further from lateral edges of epigynal plate than anteriorly (Figs |
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1 | Females |
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– | Males |
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2(1) | Copulatory ducts long and accessory bulbs clearly distinct, internal structures generally occupy more than 1/2 of epigynal plate length ( |
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– | Copulatory ducts very short, internal structures occupy less than 1/2 of epigynal plate length ( |
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3(2) | Embolus follows perimeter of bulb ( |
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– | Embolus does not reach the edge of bulb ( |
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1 | Females |
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– | Males |
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2(1) | Accessory bulbs posterior to or almost even with anterior part of atrium (Figs |
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– | Accessory bulbs conspicuously anterior to anterior part of atrium (Fig. |
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3(2) | Sclerotized part of lateral lobes around atrium not u-shaped (Figs |
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– | Sclerotized part of lateral lobes around atrium u-shaped ( |
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4(3) | Sclerotized part of lateral lobes around atrium not forming a shape like a pendant droplet (Figs |
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– | Sclerotized part of lateral lobes around atrium shaped like a pendant droplet (Fig. |
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5(4) | Atrium leading to copulatory ducts more or less parallel sided (Fig. |
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– | Atrium leading to copulatory ducts narrowed then widened toward the posterior (Fig. |
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6(1) | Apical portion of conductor retrolaterally extends beyond medial part of the conductor (Figs |
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– | Apical portion of conductor does not retrolaterally extend beyond medial part of the conductor (Figs |
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7(6) | Apical portion of conductor retrolaterally extends to edge of bulb or beyond (Figs |
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– | Apical portion of conductor retrolaterally does not extend to edge of bulb, large |
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8(7) | Tegular lobe tiny, narrowed to embolus at ~ 5 o’clock, embolus follows cymbium perimeter ( |
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– | Tegular lobe not tiny, narrowed to embolus at ~ 6 o’clock, embolus closer to center of bulb, palpal tibia exceptionally long (Fig. |
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9(6) | C-shaped indentation between apical and medial part of conductor (Figs |
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– | No indentation between apical and medial part of conductor ( |
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10) | Medial part of conductor curved on retrolateral side (Figs |
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– | Medial part of conductor straight on retrolateral side, squarish (Figs |
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11(10) | Conductor curved along top (Fig. |
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– | Conductor flat along the top, spinules on base of median apophysis, small |
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12(11) | Medial part of conductor sinuous on retrolateral side, indentation between apical and middle portion small, spermophor curves do not touch (Fig. |
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– | Medial part of conductor curved on retrolateral side, indentation between apical and middle portion larger, spermophor curves abut one another ( |
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The males have large, elaborate conductors that are often coiled or twisted and extend ventrally beyond the cymbium (Figs
The Pilbara, especially the Chichester subregion, is very diverse and has many endemic species of several taxa (e.g., schizomids [
1 | Females |
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– | Males |
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2(1) | Copulatory ducts less sclerotized at origin than rest of duct (Figs |
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– | Copulatory ducts otherwise ( |
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3(2) | Copulatory openings beneath m-shaped hoods or margins (Figs |
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– | Copulatory openings beneath rounded margin (Fig. |
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4(3) | Accessory bulbs anterior to copulatory openings (Figs |
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– | Accessory bulbs not anterior to copulatory openings (Fig. |
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5(4) | Copulatory openings posterior to anteriormost part of spermathecae (Fig. |
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– | Copulatory openings anterior to or even with anteriormost part of spermathecae (Figs |
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6(5) | Copulatory ducts extend well beyond spermathecae (Fig. |
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– | Copulatory ducts do not extend beyond spermathecae ( |
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7(5) | Accessory bulbs located on copulatory ducts after first curve (Figs |
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– | Accessory bulbs located at top of first curve of copulatory ducts (Fig. |
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8(7) | At closest, copulatory ducts separated no more than 1 diameter of anteriormost part of spermathecae (Figs |
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– | At closest, copulatory ducts clearly separated by more than 1 diameter of anteriormost part of spermathecae (Fig. |
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9(8) | Copulatory openings located in depression with an arch-shaped anterior margin; first curve of copulatory ducts with space between curve (Fig. |
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– | No arch-shaped anterior margin; first curve of copulatory ducts tight with very little space between curve (Fig. |
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10(2) | Copulatory openings beneath m-shaped hood or margin ( |
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– | Copulatory openings not located beneath m-shaped hood or margin ( |
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11(10) | Copulatory openings in depression with m-shaped anterior margin ( |
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– | Copulatory openings beneath m-shaped hoods ( |
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12(11) | Copulatory openings in center of median field in heart-shaped depression ( |
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– | Copulatory openings in somewhat lemniscate depression in posterior of median field |
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13(10) | Median field with depression ( |
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– | Median field with large lobe ( |
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14(13) | Lateral lobes distinct ( |
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– | Lateral lobes indistinct, median field depression oval ( |
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15(13) | Copulatory openings close together in center of median field ( |
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– | Copulatory openings distant from one another at lateral edges of median field ( |
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16(1) | dRTA much longer than vRTA ( |
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– | dRTA shorter than or not much longer than vRTA (Figs |
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17(16) | With keel between vRTA and dRTA ( |
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– | Without keel between vRTA and dRTA ( |
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18(17) | In retrolateral view dRTA bent ventrally nearly 90° ( |
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– | In retrolateral view dRTA directed apically ( |
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19(17) | dRTA toothed along apical margin ( |
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– | dRTA not toothed along apical margin, ( |
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20(16) | Embolus close to bulb perimeter, broadly curved (Figs |
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– | Embolus short, closer to center of bulb, directed apically, small hook ( |
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21(20) | Tegular lobe large, covering most of the cymbium basally, lobe narrowed to embolus from 7–9 o’clock (Figs |
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– | Tegular lobe mostly on retrolateral side of palp, narrowed to embolus at ~ 6 o’clock (Figs |
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22(21) | Median apophysis broad, tongue-like (Figs |
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– | Median apophysis narrowed abruptly (Figs |
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23(22) | dRTA longer than palpal tibia, widened distally, truncate, longer than vRTA (Fig. |
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– | dRTA shorter than or of equal length to palpal tibia, uniform width throughout length, pointed distally, not longer than vRTA (Fig. |
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24(22) | Spermophor abuts bottom of tegular lobe (Figs |
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– | Spermophor does not abut bottom of tegular lobe ( |
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25(24) | Spermophor very wide in tegular lobe, part of conductor unpigmented, large retrobasal cymbial process (Fig. |
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– | Spermophor narrow in tegular lobe, conductor of uniform pigmentation, retrobasal cymbial process present, but not exceptionally large (Fig. |
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26(21) | Embolus comes to a point at tip (Figs |
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– | Embolus slightly broadened into a diamond shape at tip (Fig. |
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27 | When palp is expanded, median apophysis directed basally, conductor not hammer shaped (Fig. |
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– | When palp is expanded, median apophysis directed retrolaterally, conductor hammer shaped (Fig. |
|
The female of
Species of the Central Desert species group
The description of the male and female can be found in
Known only from two nearby localities, Mount Woodroffe and Womikata Bore Homeland, South Australia (Map
The description of the male and female can be found in
The male and female are known only from the vicinity of Alice Springs, Northern Territory (Map
The female (Fig.
The holotype male of
The male of
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species is known only from the Gammon and Flinders Ranges, South Australia (Map
The climate of the collection localities is semiarid to arid with erratic rainfall. Females and males have been collected in cooler, slightly wetter times of the year, with one male collected at a warmer, wetter time of year (Suppl. material
New South Wales • 1♀; Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, Yarrowitch River; -31.0759, 152.0563; 12 Nov. 2015; H.M. Smith leg.; (
The spermathecae of
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species has been collected in two adjacent subregions: the Macleay Hastings and Coffs Coast and Escarpment subregions of the New South Wales North Coast bioregion. While climate within the entire region ranges from subtropical to subhumid, the climate in the immediate area around Armidale is somewhat temperate (
The median lobe of the epigyne gradually narrows distally unlike other species of the group (
The description of the female can be found in
Species and habitats of the Central Desert species group
Map of Australia showing areas that are expanded in subsequent figures.
Species of the Central Desert species group; orange = juvenile from Morgan Range, light purple =
This species is known from a single female specimen collected in 1980 (Fig.
The species name is the indigenous word for the type locality in the Western Aranda language. Noun in apposition.
Known from only the type locality, Kwartatuma (Ormiston Gorge), Northern Territory (Map
This spider was collected by coaxing from cracks with a piece of grass in rocks on a cliff face during the day (Fig.
This species is part of a group of primarily Central Australian species comprising
Epigynes and endogynes of members of the Central Desert species group
Species from the Central Desert species group
The size of the paratype is 7.86.
The specific name is the indigenous word for the type locality, thought to be the world’s oldest river, in the Arrente language. Noun in apposition.
Known from only the type locality, Larapinta (Finke River), Northern Territory (Map
The region suffers from introduced species and grazing (
The female of
The species name is the indigenous word for the type locality in the Western Arranda language. Noun in apposition.
Known from only the type locality, Northern Territory (see Discussion) (Map
Nothing is known of this specimen other than it was collected in August; thus, adult females can be found in August, one of the cool, dry months in Alice Springs (Suppl. material
The label appears to say “Alice Springs, Ctrl. Sta?. VIII”. There is no collector given, and searching the database at
The female of
The description of the male and female can be found in
The name is a combination of two words: “Straya”, a term used by many Australians when referring to the country, and “mate”, meaning friend. The two terms together are quintessential Australian, which is appropriate since the name
Known from coastal Queensland (Map
Four of the five localities where
Species and habitats of the
Species of the
Fig.
The lateral lobes of the epigyne of
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species is only known from Amos Bay and in the vicinity of Cooktown, on the Cape York Peninsula, northeastern Queensland.
The type locality of Amos Bay occurs in the Daintree-Bloomfield subregion of the Wet Tropics Bioregion. The second locality where the species has been collected is Cooktown in the Starke Coastal Lowlands of the Cape York Peninsula bioregion. Both immediate areas are considered tropical lowland rainforest. Rainfall throughout the year is 1300–3500 mm. The area is threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, and phenomena associated with climate change, like more frequent and larger tropical cyclones and fluctuations in precipitation. The Cape York Peninsula bioregion consists of eucalypt and melaleuca woodlands. Approximately half of the Starke Coastal lowlands are pastoral and other parts of the subregion are used for mining. The hottest months of the year in both Cooktown and Amos Bay occur from November–February, with the coolest months being June–August. The wettest months are from December–April, with the driest May–November. The holotype and paratype male and female were collected in May, a cooler, drier part of the year. The female from Cooktown was collected in January, a time of transition from drier to wetter in the hottest part of the year (Suppl. material
Members from the
Western Australia • 1♂; Mount Cooke;
Like other members of the
The female has highly coiled ducts connecting the spermathecae and the accessory bulbs as in the other members of this species group; however, the epigyne is not indented along the bottom edge, there is no clear separation of the lateral lobes, and the accessory bulbs extend anteriorly beyond the coiled ducts, which they do not in the other species (
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species is found near the west coast of southwestern Western Australia, primarily west of the Darlington Escarpment (Map
The other three species known to belong to this species group occur on the Queensland coast, north to at least Coen. This distribution pattern also shows up in a species with which it overlaps,
Queensland • 1♀ (matured in captivity 22 May 2019), 5 imm.; 30 km S of Coen on PDR, left side of road heading south; -14.2931, 143.3269; 14 May 2019; S. Crews leg.; under rocks at top of hill in woodland with
The description of the female can be found in
This species is known only from the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland.
The type specimen was collected in the hottest, drier part of the year, while the other female and immatures were collected in the drier part of the year, but during a transition month from hot to cooler (Suppl. material
New South Wales • 1♂; Oxley Wild Rivers NP, East Kunderang Track “Raspberry Rd” Dam; -30.813417, 152.084026; ~ 800 m; 5 Nov. 2015; H.M. Smith leg.; night collecting, on tree trunk; (
The female of
The male of
Members from the
Species of the
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species occurs across many different subregions. The southernmost locality is in the Tinderry Range near the ACT, in the Kybeyan-Gourock subregion of the South Eastern Highlands bioregion, and the northernmost is the Burnett-Curtis Coastal Lowlands subregion of the South Eastern Queensland bioregion. The former has a temperate climate, and it does snow at the higher elevations; the northern bioregion is considered humid subtropical. The furthest inland that the species is known from is Warrumbungles National Park, of the Castlereach-Barwon subregion in the Darling Riverine Plains Bioregion. In Queensland, this species has been collected inside a house, by fogging trees with pyrethrum, and from under bark of
Western Australia • 1♂; Rivervale, 177 Knutsford Avenue;
The female of
The male of
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species is found in southwestern Western Australia (Map
The greatest number of specimens is known from the Northern Jarrah Forest subregion of the Jarrah Forest bioregion, with two localities near Perth, from the Perth subregion of the Swan Coastal Plain bioregion, a single locality in the Fitzgerald subregion of the Esperance Plains bioregion, and most recently from the Southern Cross subregion of the Coolgardie bioregion. The first three subregions have a warm to hot Mediterranean climate. Data indicate that adults are primarily found in the warmer to hotter times of the year with little rainfall. This species has been collected in a pitfall trap, in leaf litter, and on an overland conveyer at night.
New South Wales • 1 imm.; near Sydney, Ku-ring-gai Wildflower Garden;
The female of
The male of
Known only from the type locality and locality provided above, vicinity of Sydney, New South Wales, see Discussion (Map
There is ambiguity regarding the type locality of this species (
Northern Territory • 1 imm.; Kakadu National Park, Kapalga, north side of site E;
The description of the female can be found in
This species has been found at the northern part of the Top End, Northern Territory.
Females have been collected in November and January. In both months temperatures are at their highest, though they do not differ much throughout the year. The former is going into the wet season, and the latter is one of the wettest months of the year.
No collections of
Females of
Species of the
(
The species name is derived from the name of the type locality. Nitmiluk is the Jawoyn name for Katherine Gorge and means “Cicada Place”. Noun in apposition.
Known from only Nitmuluk National Park, Northern Territory.
The internal ducts and other features of the endogyne are transparent and thus very difficult to see. They were temporarily stained with chlorazol black. Despite the very small sample size, it is notable that the two adult females from Leliyn were penultimate and matured at nearly the exact same time, but there were more months in between the penultimate and adult stages in the specimens from Baruwei. The latter during hot, transitioning to wet, the others, cool, dry and hot, dry to penultimate, and hot and wet to adulthood. Most lived several months after reaching adulthood. The two populations are genetically distinct (Suppl. material
Females of
Jawayway is the name of a spring near the type locality in the Ngalakgan language of the Ngalakgan people that are the traditional owners of the area. Noun in apposition.
Known from only the type locality (Fig.
The internal ducts and other features of the endogyne are very difficult to see and were temporarily stained with chlorazol black. This species did extremely well in captivity, with sel_1350 molting 11 times and still not reaching adulthood or even penultimate stage (given the size, this was probably the antepenultimate molt). Other research indicates that
Western Australia • 2 imm.; vic. Hall’s Creek on Tanami Track;
The description of the male can be found in
Known from Sawpit Gorge (Fig.
Two males of
All specimens were collected as immatures and reared in captivity. They were collected in two different subregions of two different bioregions. Specimens from Browns Range and vicinity are from the Tanami Desert subregion of the Tanami bioregion. This area is characterized by sandplains, hills, and ranges with shrub steppe over soft spinifex and wattle scrub and hummock grass over soft spinifex on ranges (
In general, this species did well in captivity, only dying after adulthood or in the care of someone else, occasionally while molting. Two lived more than a year in captivity, 16 and 18 months, respectively, molting 6 and 7 times, respectively. January–March, when the holotype and paratypes were collected, is the wettest and hottest part of the year in the Tanami bioregion. In captivity, one reached adulthood in December, the wettest, hottest part of the year, and the other just prior, when it was beginning to get warm and rain more. This is the least known bioregion of the Kimberley (
Despite the search efforts and rearing, there are no female specimens of this species. The palp of this species is unique amongst all the
Western Australia • 1 imm; Cape Le Grand National Park, Lucky Bay camping area, site 4;
Males of
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species is found along the southern coast of Western Australia, including offshore islands (Maps
This species overlaps with two species,
Western Australia • 1 imm.; Stirling Range National Park, Bluff Knoll, track to summit; -34.37583, 118.2544; 15 Apr. 2015; M.S. Harvey, M.G. Rix, N.J. Tatarnik, A. Coles leg.; under rock montane heathland; (
See diagnosis for
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species is known only from the Stirling Ranges National Park (Maps
The Stirling Ranges are within the Fitzgerald subregion of the Esperance bioregion. There is more relief in this part of the subregion, with Bluff Knoll the highest peak in the south of Western Australia. It also has a slightly wetter and cooler climate, with rare ecosystems, like the Stirling Range Montane Thicket and Heath of the SW Botanical Province. This species has been collected under rocks.
Species of the
Western Australia • ♂ (reared in captivity), 6 imm.; Mitchell River National Park, Bujani (Little Merten’s Falls);
Given the number of the new, morphologically similar species described here, the diagnosis is updated, and new illustrations are provided for ease of identification. The male is similar to other members of the group but is most easily differentiated by the
Species of the Kimberley species group. Diamonds (juveniles): light purple = Mimbi Caves; blue = Geike Gorge, green = Adcock Gorge, teal = Augustus Island, pink = Little Mertens Falls, yellow = Emma Gorge, orange = Kelly’s Knob, red = Keep River National Park; Circles: green =
The description is updated here based on the recently collected additional male. The full description of the male can be found in
Members of the Kimberley species group
Members of the Kimberley species group
Members of the Kimberley species group
Known from Ngauwudu (Mitchell Plateau), Northern Kimberley, Western Australia (Map
Very little is known about the type other than it was collected from Drysdale River Station, late 1995. The precise locality, time of year, and microhabitat are unknown. The abdomen of the type is damaged (Fig.
This specimen and the penultimate female are quite large – the largest
The female of
The male can be distinguished from the other members of the group by the
Members of the Kimberley species group
This species is named after Jordan DeJong, world’s best selenopid finder/collector (and a darn good gecko spotter). Noun in the genitive case.
Known from only the type locality, RAAF Boab Quarry, Kimberley region, Western Australia (Map
According to
In light of the new species described here, a new diagnosis is provided. This species can be distinguished from all other members of the group by the genitalia. On the epigyne, the atrium where the copulatory openings are located is u-shaped. The copulatory ducts are directed posterolaterally and there is no larger receptacle between them. The accessory bulbs do not extend anteriorly past the small atrium leading to the ducts. In
The description of the female can be found in
Known from only the type locality, Irvine Island, in the Buccaneer Archipelago, Western Australia (Map
The specimen was collected in the cooler, drier time of the year, under rocks on boulder scree during the day. Irvine Island is located in the Mitchell subregion of the Northern Kimberley bioregion. It is savannah woodland with small patches of monsoonal rainforest in the region, and the climate is hot tropical with lots of rain in the wet season (Suppl. material
The holotype (Fig.
The female of
The male can be distinguished from the other members of the group except for
Males of
Members of the Kimberley species group
Members of the Kimberley species group
(
Members of the Kimberley species group
The species name is the Ungarinyin word for the type locality. Noun in apposition.
Known from only the type locality, Dalmanyi (Bell Gorge), in the Kimberley region, Western Australia (Fig.
Dalmanyi is located in the Pentecost subregion of the Central Kimberley bioregion. It is a mountainous area with a dry, hot tropical and sub-humid to semi-arid climate with summer rainfall and a total of 750–1000 mm/year. This subregion is largely sandstone. The vegetation is
Juveniles and four penultimate males and penultimate females were collected in May, a month when it is becoming drier and cooler. All adults matured in captivity from June–Sep., in the dry cool part of the year, the dry-getting warmer part of the year, and the dry, hot part of the year. None during what would be the wettest time of year. The female and a male lived for three months after maturity, whereas the other males died within a month of reaching maturity. Most specimens of this species were found on rock walls at night. This is one of the few localities where a spider (a single spider) from the Kimberley group was found on a tree rather than rocks (Suppl. material
In the bioregion and subregion, rainforest patches are areas of endemism for some invertebrate taxa, with dry ones acting as refugia during the dry season. Sandstone can also act as refugia to protect organisms from fire. There have been no systematic faunal surveys in the region.
Western Australia • 2 imm.; Devonian Reef Conservation Park, Oscar Range;
This species can be differentiated from other members of the group by the genitalia. The accessory bulbs are conspicuously anterior to the atrium in this species than they are in any of the others in the Kimberley group (Fig.
The description of the female can be found in
Known from only the type locality, Oscar Range, Western Australia (Map
The Oscar Range (Fig.
The description of the male can be found in
Known from only the type locality, Degerando Island, Champagny Islands, Western Australia (Map
Nimemba (Degerando Island) is a small island (1337 ha) of the Champagny Islands in the Bonaparte Archipelago. It is in the Mitchell subregion of the Northern Kimberley bioregion. The climate is tropical monsoonal. While there are plants and animals of special interest in the subregion, very little is known of the terrestrial arthropod fauna, and there have been no systematic surveys of flora or fauna in the area. Some of the islands are even free of invasive animal species and uninhabited by humans. Thus, they are likely to harbor unique species. The single adult male was collected in July, in the dry season (Suppl. material
The holotype (Fig.
In light of the new species described here, a new diagnosis is provided. This species can be distinguished from all other members of the group by the genitalia.
Members of the Kimberley species group
The description of the male can be found in
The name is taken from the type locality, Conilurus Island. Noun in apposition.
Known from only the type locality, Conilurus Island, Buccaneer Archipelago, Western Australia (Map
The species was collected in the cooler, drier time of the year, under rocks on boulder scree during the day. It is found in the Mitchell subregion of the Northern Kimberley bioregion (Suppl. material
The female of
The male of
The species name comes from the indigenous name for the area, Malumbu, in the Ngarinyin language. The Ngarinyin are one of three nations of the Wanjina Cultural Group whose Country is in the North West of the Kimberley Region of Western Australia.
Known from only the type locality, El Questro Gorge, Western Australia.
The type locality is in the Victoria Bonaparte I subregion of the Victoria Bonaparte bioregion. The dominant plant community is eucalypt woodlands (
According to
In light of the new species described here, a new diagnosis is provided for
The description of the male can be found in
Known only from the type locality, Larryoo, Drysdale River National Park, Western Australia (Map
The specimen was collected in the cooler, drier time of the year, under rocks. Larryoo is located in the Northern Kimberley bioregion in the Berkeley subregion; however, it is very close to the Mitchell subregion. The subregion is classified by medium summer rainfall with savannah woodland and high sorghum grasses and is less rugged than the Mitchell subregion (Suppl. material
This area is difficult to reach, which is both good and bad. It’s inaccessibility to humans has left it relatively free of grazing and introduced, invasive species, but very little is known about the subregion’s flora and fauna. The female remains unknown.
This species is most similar to
This species is named in memory of Gary O’Dwyer. It is a noun in the genitive case.
Known from only the type locality, Gibb River Road west of Wyndham, Central Kimberley, Western Australia (Map
This species is found in the Pentecost subregion of the Central Kimberley bioregion. The area is mostly savannah woodland of eucalypts over hummock grasses. The climate is sub-humid to semi-arid tropical with lots of rainfall in the summer (
The palps were not completely sclerotized after molting. It is unclear if the spine on the dRTA is anomalous because there is only a single adult male sample, and the dRTA on the right palp is deformed. There have been no systematic fauna or flora surveys in the subregion.
Females of
The males of
Species that are not currently placed in a species group. Diamonds (juveniles): blue = Little Mertens, red = Ruby Plains, pink = Nackeroo Lookout; Circles: yellow =
The species name is a combination of the Kija/Gija word for spider and the Jaru word for spider,
Known only from the type locality Purnululu National Park, northeastern Western Australia (Fig.
This species occurs in the Purnululu subregion of the Ord Victoria Plains bioregion. A major river system, that of the Ord River, is found in the subregion, draining plains and hillier areas. Rainfall is 500–800 mm/year. Vegetation includes
All specimens were collected as immatures and reared in captivity. They were all collected at night on sandstone walls beneath overhangs (Fig.
This species is named for the Kennerley family who helped me out greatly toward the end of my fieldwork. Name in genitive case.
Known from only the type locality, Limmen National Park, Northern Territory (Fig.
This species is not closely related to any nearby species, but more closely related to species found at Ruby Plains (Fig.
Females of
(
The name is from two words used to describe the Cobbold Gorge area in Wamin, Madha (mountain) and Wúndu (forest), spoken by the Ewamian people, the traditional owners of the Cobbold Gorge area (Fig.
Known from Northeast Queensland (Map
The Einasleigh Uplands are home to many unique habitats, including gorges and caves, that are home to many endemic species of plants and animals (
The endogyne of
(
This species is named after the Shire of Mareeba, where the type locality is located. Noun in apposition.
Known only from the type locality, Desailly Range, Queensland (Map
The Einasleigh Uplands are home to many unique habitats, including gorges and caves, that are home to many endemic species of plants and animals (
Females of
The male palps do not resemble any other known Australian selenopid (Fig.
Females (
Males (
This species is named after Mark S. Harvey, friend, mentor, and person responsible for getting me into the mess of Strayan selenopids. Name in genitive case.
Known from along the Gibb River Road, northeastern Western Australia (Fig.
The collecting localities for this species occur in the Pentecost subregion of the Central Kimberley, the Mitchell subregion of the Northern Kimberley (but very close to a junction with subregion Pentecost from the Central Kimberley region and the Berkeley subregion of the North Kimberley), and the Victoria Bonaparte bioregion and the Keep subregion. The Pentecost subregion has a dry, hot tropical and sub-humid to semi-arid climate with summer rainfall of 750–1000 mm. The area is a savannah woodland of eucalypts and hummock grasses. These spiders were found under sandstone, and it is suggested that these sandstone communities may be areas of high diversity. There have been no systematic faunal surveys of the area, and ecological and life history data of organisms are missing.
The climate of the Mitchell subregion of the Northern Kimberley bioregion is dry, hot tropical to sub-humid with 1100–1500 mm of mostly summer rain. The area is home to many endemic vertebrates and plants, though little is known about the terrestrial arthropods. Like the Pentecost subregion of the Central Kimberley, it is thought that the sandstone communities may be highly diverse. The Berkeley subregion of the North Kimberley bioregion has a dry, hot tropical sub-humid climate with high summer rainfall (
The third locality is the Keep subregion of the Victoria Bonaparte bioregion. The part of this bioregion in Western Australia is not divided into subregions. In the Northern Territory, this is considered the Keep subregion. Judbarra National Park is in the Victoria Basin and has many sandstone ranges. It has a tropical semi-arid climate with summer monsoons.
All specimens were collected as immatures beneath sandstone rocks during the day or on/under the rocks at dusk in the drier, cooler time of the year. The were reared in captivity, with most maturing in the wetter, hotter time of the year. Although this is a small sampling, the females matured after almost all of the adult males were dead. This could be indicative of many things – in captivity, the molting/feeding/growing does not reflect what happens in nature, there are other males that were not collected that would overlap with the females, in nature the females would live until the following season when males matured, etc. Given what we know from other studies, it is likely that there are adults all year round, and overlaps do occur at different times which is not reflected in the small sample (Suppl. material
Given the dissimilarity of the female genitalia of specimens from the three different localities, it was assumed that they were three different species. Therefore, finding corresponding differences in the males was expected. However, there are no differences in the males, including the palps, which have been thoroughly examined and expanded. DNA data indicate that there is no mixing between the three populations, and that they may be related to a species from Timber Creek collected at Nackeroo Lookout (Figs
The males can be differentiated from other members of the group by the large tegular lobe that covers nearly all of the basal part of the cymbium and the spermophor does not come into contact with the lower margin of the lobe (
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species is known only from Barrow and Varanus Islands, Western Australia.
Species of the Pilbara-Gascoyne species group
This species is morphologically similar and genetically closely related to
Western Australia • 1 imm.; 42 km SSE of Pannawonica, site 1004-BUN01;
The female (Fig.
Members of the Pilbara-Gascoyne species group, Western Australia
The description of the female can be found in
This species is found in the Pilbara, Western Australia.
The Hamersley subregion is located in the Pilbara bioregion. It is mountainous with many gorges and with low mulga woodland, bunch grasses, hummock-forming grasses, and snappy gum (
No collections of any life stage of
The Hamersley subregion (Fig.
The genitalia of the holotype female (
Molecular data show that the Pilbara/Gascoyne clade is separated into two clades that do not completely reflect geography, e.g., there is no Gascoyne clade or a Pilbara clade (Suppl. material
This species can be differentiated from the other members of the Pilbara/Gascoyne species group by the genitalia. There is one copulatory opening, and the copulatory ducts aren’t fully separated at the opening, then are split into two separate ducts. The ducts that connect the accessory bulb and the spermathecae are much longer than in any of the other species (Fig.
The description of the female can be found in
This species is known only from the type locality, Lorna Glen Station in the Gascoyne Region, Western Australia (Map
This species remains only known from a few specimens from the type locality, located in the Gascoyne bioregion, Carnegie subregion. This area has a desert climate, hummock grassland and shrub steppe, and succulent steppe/low woodland with mulga (
The epigyne and endogyne of the holotype (
Western Australia • 3♀, 9 imm; Badgeradda Range, Muggon Station Road off Butcher’s Track;
The description of the female can be found in
This species is known only from the type locality in the Gascoyne Region, Badgeradda Range, Western Australia (Map
Members and habitats of the Pilbara-Gascoyne species group, Western Australia
The genitalia of a newly collected specimen (sel_1118,
The female of
Members of the Pilbara-Gascoyne species group, Western Australia
The male is similar to several species found in the species group (
The species is named in memory of Joe Haener. Name in genitive case.
Known from only the type locality, Kennedy Range National Park, in the Gascoyne Region, Western Australia (Figs
The Gascoyne has an arid tropical climate, warm throughout the year, with mean maximum daily temperatures ranging from 22° in July to 35 °C in January. The region receives ~ 320 days of sunshine per year. The Kennedy Range is located in the Carnarvon xeric shrublands bioregion, with spinifex and mulga, and little tree cover. The region receives < 250 mm of rain a year that occurs bimodally, a large portion from cyclonic activity. The
Multiple instars were collected simultaneously and egg sacs with spiderlings present in May (Fig.
This ecoregion is on the onshore part of the Carnarvon Basin, part of the West Australian Shield. The terrain is low, and sediments are recent alluvial, aeolian, and marine sediments over Cretaceous strata (
This species can be differentiated from other similar species by the genitalia. The copulatory openings are located in the middle of the epigynal plate beneath an m-shaped margin. The lateral lobes can be easily discerned (Fig.
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species is only known from the type locality, Bush Bay in the Gascoyne Region, Western Australia (Map
This species is known from the Carnarvon bioregion, Wooramel subregion of the Gascoyne, as is
The genitalia of both the male and the female of
Upon visiting the type locality, it does not appear to be good habitat for selenopid species, as there are no rocks and no trees at the locality or in the vicinity. The collection data have been confirmed to be correct. It has been suggested (J. Waldock, pers. comm.) that the specimens could have washed down to the area from further inland.
The female of
The male is similar to all the known males of the group by the large conductor that extends dorsally and ventrally (Fig.
This species is named for Morgan O’Connell in recognition the work he has done in the Pilbara. Name in genitive case.
Known from only the region of the Ophthalmia Range, Pilbara, Western Australia (Map
The species is only found in the Hamersley subregion of the Pilbara bioregion. The Pilbara is arid to tropical. The Hamersley subregion is characterized by mulga woodland over bunch grasses on fine soils and snappy gum over
The female was present in late April–May when the weather was getting wetter and cooler; however, mostly juveniles were collected, likely due to non-targeted collecting. The male was reared in captivity and did not molt for four months. It then molted twice within two weeks to a penultimate male, and then a month later, in December, to an adult. This is during the hottest and mostly dry part of the year. Necessarily, males and females should be present simultaneously. It is probable that there are females throughout the year, and males more common 1–2 times/year as in other selenopids species. All other records are from juveniles, and various sizes have been found August–April. The immatures and male and female were placed together based on molecular data (Suppl. materials
This species is only known from a small area in the Pilbara. It overlaps with one species only known from immatures and is in close proximity to another (Map
The description of the female can be found in
Known from the type locality in the Northern Pilbara, Western Australia.
This species is only known from the type locality in the Pilbara ecoregion, Chichester subregion. This subregion consists of basalt ranges with a shrubby steppe on the plains and snappy gum steppes on the ranges. The climate is semi-desert-tropical, with the wettest months being December–March, the driest August–October, highest temperature November–March, and lowest temperatures May–September. All of the specimens collected are adult females, and they were collected by pitfall traps set from March 31–May 7, a time of transition to drying/cooling, from wettest/hottest in March.
The genitalia of the holotype female (
Western Australia • 7 imm., ♂ (reared in captivity); Tom Price,
The genitalia are similar to those other species in the group by having medially located copulatory openings, long copulatory ducts, and spermathecae shaped like dumbbells.
The diagnosis of the male has been emended because of its similarity to the previously undescribed male of
The description of the male (Figs
Known from the Hamersley subregion in the Pilbara, Western Australia (Fig.
The animals in captivity matured around the same time that the types were collected (August). The males reared matured in September and October. In August, it is cooler and drying. In September and October, it is dry and starting to get warmer (Suppl. material
In the original description there was a typo, and the male described is 5.77, not 6.77. The two males reared were sel_1179 and sel_1197, and they are 4.40 and 4.71, respectively. This species occurs in the Hamersley subregion of the Pilbara with
(These are specimens considered
This species can be differentiated from the other species of the group by the dRTA, which is toothed along the upper margin in ventral view (
The description of the male can be found in
This species is only known from the type locality in the Pilbara, west of Wickham, Western Australia.
This species occurs in the Chichester subregion of the Pilbara bioregion (Fig.
Western Australia • 1 imm.; 113 km NNW of Newman; -22.335190, 119.653100; 23 Mar.–29 Apr. 2011; E.S. Volschenk leg.; foraging on ridgetop; (
The female is most similar to
The male can be distinguished from other species in the Pilbara by the dRTA and vRTA of equal length in lateral view. The embolus is hooked and does not follow the perimeter of the bulb (
Color (in life Figs
Additional specimens were measured, and the sizes range from 5.78–8.31 (holotype 6.49, sel_1166 8.31, sel_1213 5.781, sel_1230 5.879).
Primarily found throughout the Chichester region of the Pilbara, Western Australia (Figs
The male was described as
Based on locality data and molecular data, sel_1171 is considered to be an adult although the palps are not fully formed. The spider tore its palps off during molting. Typically, when this happens, all of the parts are there, but a bit deformed from being trapped in the exuvia; however, the spiders can often still be identified as the more sclerotized
The author was bitten on the back of her hand by one of the specimens (sel_1172) on 2 March 2016 at 6:45pm. The spider was sitting on her hand to be fed sugar water (a dietary supplement if they were not eating enough). It had been sitting perfectly still for several minutes. The author then felt the fangs and pinching of the strong chelicerae and could feel the venom entering, moderately painful for such a small animal. At first, it felt a bit like after coming into contact with a nettle, then it stopped for ~ 30 s, then it began again, dissipating within a few hours. The next day there was a small, slightly raised area. There was no pain by 4 March, but the small area had become redder. By 6 March, it was swollen into a small, red bump, a few mm in diameter. It neither hurt nor itched and remained the same after one week. After a few more days, it was completely gone.
This is one of the more widespread species in the Chichester subregion, overlapping with most of the species there:
This species is named after Brad and John Durrant, two people who helped me immensely before, during, and after my field work. Name in genitive case.
Known from only the Cape Range National Park, Western Australia (Fig.
This species is found in the Cape Range subregion of the Carnarvon bioregion. The climate is semi-desert to subtropical, with summer and winter rainfall. The subregion contains high ecosystem and species diversity, although the subterranean terrestrial invertebrate fauna is poorly surveyed (
At least two different instars were collected. Molting occurs from every month to every other month, the shortest time being three weeks. According to the data, males are present in late October, when it is dry and starting to become warmer. sel_1135 lived for 1.5 years beyond collection, and although it molted eight times, it did not reach adulthood (Suppl. material
The bioregion comprises diverse habitats on Quaternary alluvial, aeolian and marine sediments atop Cretaceous strata. The Cape Range is elevated limestone, with rugged topography and karstic features.
This species appears to be endemic to the area. It is most morphologically similar to
Western Australia • 1♂, 1 imm.; ~ 1.5 km from Hamersley Gorge, on side of road;
Western Australia • 1♂; Yandi (Marillana Creek), ~ 98 km NW of Newman;
The female (Fig.
The male is most similar to
Additional males were measured and size ranges from 4.01–4.77. Specimen sel_1187 was smaller overall, with smaller features in general and also darker than sel_1174.
Known from only the Hamersley subregion of the Pilbara, Western Australia (Fig.
Males have matured in captivity and in nature in September and October, a dry time, transitioning from cool to hot. Females have been collected in February and March, a hot, wet time of the year (Suppl. material
The palps of sel_1198 (
(see discussion below). Western Australia • 6 imm.; Harding Dam, S of Roebourne;
The description of the male can be found in
This species is known only from two nearby localities in the northeastern Pilbara, Western Australia (Map
This species was collected in pitfall traps left for 15 months, so it is unclear when adults are present.
(see discussion below). Western Australia • 2 imm.; Millstream-Chichester National Park, Narrina Pool on Narrina Creek;
The female is similar to
The male of this species is similar to others in the Chichester region, but the keeled edge between the dRTA and vRTA is different from any of the others. There is also a very small indentation along the upper margin of the tegular lobe, and the conductor is unique (
The male and female are described in
This species is known only from the type locality, vic. Python Pool, Pilbara, Western Australia (Fig.
Despite searching the same locality as well as nearby localities, only
The female is most similar to
The female is described in in
This species is known only from two nearby localities in the Chichester subregion of the Pilbara, Western Australia (Map
Late March to early April are hot and wet times, transitioning to drier in April. The adult females of several species from the Chichester region have been found in the hotter, wetter times of the year (Suppl. material
Members of the Pilbara-Gascoyne species group
This species is unique from all other species in the Pilbara/Gascoyne group by having a long median lobe that isn’t as strongly sclerotized posteriorly as the rest of the lobe. Additionally, it has asymmetrical, long ducts with several curves. The accessory bulb is erroneously labeled as a spermatheca in fig. 14 of
The description of the female can be found in
Known only from the type locality on the border of the Chichester and Fortescue subregions of the Pilbara, Western Australia (Map
The female of
In the male of
The description of the male and female can be found in
This species is known only from two localities separated by a couple of kilometers (Map
This species was collected in the Chichester subregion which contains more species than all other subregions (Suppl. material
I acknowledge the traditional owners of the land that I was privileged enough to work on and thank them for answering many questions and helping with permissions.
There are so many people that helped me out I am certain to leave people out—apologies; additionally, some people that helped me do not wish to be acknowledged by name, so I thank all of those people for various aid.
J. DeJong, Australia Departments of Agriculture, Environment, Parks & Wildlife, N. Baker, J. Battin, S. Bayley, C. Bindon, Biologic, J. Blythe, Bonney Downs, D. Bowman, D. Brinsden, N. & S. Broad, G. Brown, A. Cameron, S. Casson, L. Chisholm, J. Crews, G. Dally, A. & P. Delibasich, N. Dupérré, B. Durrant, J. Durrant, P. Davies, T. Edwards, El Questro Homestead, L. Esposito, S. Evans, K. Finlay, Fortescue Metals, V. Framenau, P. Franzone, R. Fujii, M. Gardner, V. Gleeson, W. Grimm, C. Griswold, Hancock Prospecting, J. Hardie, P. & N. Harlow, D. Harms, M. Harvey, J. Hayward, Hillside Station, C. Horni, J. Huey, P. Lehtinen, Irra Wangga Language Centre, D. Johns, Juna Downs, S. & B. Kennerley, Kimberley Language Resource Centre, F. Kofod, G. McDevitt, S. McGann, K. McGinty, B. McGuire, A. McKenzie, J. McLennan, B. Maly, R. Mingler, G. Milledge, Mulga Downs, M. Murrmann, Ngukurr Language Centre, Northern Minerals, R. Nugget, E. Parke, K. & C. Parsons, A. Peckham, Powerhouse Logistics, M. O’Connell, M. Parker, M. Ramírez, R. Raven, M. Rix, O. Seeman, L. Simpson, J. Skalecki, H. Smith, T. Spinsky, C. Sullivan, N. Thieberger, V. Vahtera, E. Volschenk, J. Waldock, Wallareenya Station, B. Walsh, Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre, West Coast Rover, M. Woodley, D. Woods, A. Zamani, S. Zozaya. Part of the fieldwork was funded by the National Geographic Society Waitt Grant.
Cheliceral teeth in Karaops raveni are known to vary, and the sample sizes for K. marrayagong and K. jarrit are small; however, when the number of K. raveni teeth is variable, it is typically the retromarginal teeth and not the promarginal teeth that vary.
Tree from the IQTree full dataset (CO1, H3, 16S) analysis
.eps file
Tree from the IQTree full dataset (CO1, H3, 16S) analysis. Orange = Central Desert species group; purple = Kimberley species group; blue =
These data provide information related to the possible times of the year that adults of a species may be found in a particular region or subregion as determined by the
tables (word file)
Information related to the possible times of the year that adults of a species may be found in a particular region or subregion as determined by the