﻿A new genus Anamalysia van Achterberg (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae), six new species, and two new combinations from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam

﻿Abstract A new genus of the tribe Alysiini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae) is described with specimens from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, and six new species are described: Anamalysiaidiastimorphasp. nov. (type species), A.knekosomasp. nov., A.mellipessp. nov., A.transversatorsp. nov., A.vandervechtisp. nov., and A.vanhengstumisp. nov.. We transfer one species from Coelalysia to Anamalysia: A.urbana (Papp, 1967) comb. nov. from Singapore and one species from Alysiasta to Anamalysia: A.triangulum (Fischer, 2006) comb. nov. from Malaysia, Laos, Indonesia and Vietnam. A key to the genus of Anamalysia is included.


Introduction
Alysiini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae) is a large tribe with 76 genera and over 1565 valid species (Yu et al. 2016). The Alysiini include mostly koinobiont endoparasitoids of cyclorrhaphous dipteran larvae, which use their mandibles (usually with 3 or 4 teeth or lobes) to break open the puparium of the host (Wharton 1977). In this paper, one new genus Anamalysia gen. nov., including six new species (Anamalysia idiastimorpha sp. nov. (type species), A. knekosoma sp. nov., A. mellipes sp. nov., A. transversator sp. nov., A. vandervechti sp. nov., and A. vanhengstumi sp. nov. are described, and two new combinations are reported.

Methods
Specimens from Thailand were collected using a Malaise trap in Nakhon Si Thammarat (Namtok Yong National Park) and Doi Chiangdao (the third highest peak in Thailand). Specimens were preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol and then dehydrated using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as described in Heraty and Hawks (1998) and subsequently card point mounted. The specimens from India were hand-net collected and kept dry before pinned. Specimens from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam were collected in 70% alcohol with Malaise traps unless otherwise indicated. The specimens were subsequently prepared according to the AXA method (van Achterberg 2009;van Achterberg et al. 2010) and glued on card points.
For the identification of the subfamily Braconidae, see van Achterberg (1990Achterberg ( , 1993, for the terminology and measurements used in this paper, see van Achterberg (1988van Achterberg ( , 1993, and for additional references, see Yu et al. (2016).
Photographs for species plates were produced using a JVC digital camera mounted on a Leica MZ16 microscope and Auto-Montage stacking software. Photos were slightly processed (cropped and background modified) in Photoshop.
Etymology. From "Anamala (or Anaimala) Hills" (the type locality) and the generic name Alysia Latreille, 1804. Anamala or Anaimalai Mountains, also known as the Elephant Mountains, are a range of mountains in the southern Western Ghats of central Kerala (India). Gender: feminine.
Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Oriental. Notes. The shape of the clypeus is similar to that of the Afrotropical genus Coelalysia Cameron, 1911, but Coelalysia lacks a complete groove between the antennal socket and the eye, has the dorsope absent or small, the face is largely smooth and strongly transverse, vein M+CU of the hind wing is distinctly shorter than vein 1-M and vein CU1b of fore wing is about as long as vein 3-CU1 or longer, scutellar sulcus about half as long as scutellum, middle tooth of mandible long and mesosternal sulcus narrowly crenulate posteriorly. Coelalysia urbana (Papp, 1967) is excluded from the genus Coelalysia and fits well in Anamalysia, together with Alysiasta triangulum Fischer, 2006 (comb. nov.) and might be the senior synonym of the latter.
Key to species of the genus Anamalysia gen. nov.

1
Vein SR1 of fore wing about 0.8 times as long as vein 3-SR (Fig. 6A) Width of head 1.7-1.9 times medial length; vein m-cu of fore wing less postfurcal (Fig. 5A); vein cu-a of fore wing subinterstitial (Fig. 5A)   Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 5.5 mm, length of fore wing 5.0 mm. Head. Width of head twice its median length, sparsely setose; antenna incomplete, 22+, segments densely setose, length of third segment 0.9 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.0 and 4.6 times their width, respectively (Fig. 1G, J); length of maxillary palp 1.2 times height of head; eye in dorsal view 1.8 times as long as temple; temple in dorsal view subparallel-sided behind eyes (Fig. 1E); OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 24:7:6 ( Fig. 1E); frons flat medially and convex laterally, smooth and with pit between antennal sockets; antennal sockets distinctly protruding; smooth narrow groove between antennal sockets and eye; minimum width of face 0.55 times maximum width of head, densely punctate submedially, more sparsely on remainder of face, with long setae, without crenulate grooves ventrally (Fig. 1B); clypeus narrow, triangular, with long setae and ventrally acute and its surface with a few punctures, moderately convex dorsally, length of malar space 0.1 times basal width of mandible; mandible coarsely rugose medially, strongly widened apically, its medial length 1.4 times its maximum width, upper tooth large and truncate lobe-shaped, with ventral tooth rounded and lobe-shaped, connected to a ventral carina (Fig. 1H).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite equal to its apical width, its surface regularly costate-striate, its dorsal carinae complete (Fig. 1I); laterope absent; dorsope large and deep; remainder of metasoma smooth and rather depressed; ovipositor with minute dorsal notch and some ventral teeth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.39 times fore wing and nearly as long as hind tibia; apex of ovipositor sheath subtruncate and no apical spine (Fig. 1L); hypopygium medium-sized and apically acute in lateral view (Fig. 1K).
Colour. Black; scapus, pedicellus, and tegulae more or less chestnut brown; palpi pale yellowish; metasoma (except black first tergite and dark parts of second and third tergites) and apically femur and tibia of fore leg brownish yellow; remainder of antenna (as far as present) and of legs, mandible, second tergite dorsally and middle of third tergite, ovipositor sheath, pterostigma (but apex paler brown), and most veins dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.
Variation. The specimen from Kerala is very similar but has the pterostigma narrower, third antennal segment comparatively slender (3.5 times longer than wide and about as wide as fourth segment) and vein m-cu of hind wing unsclerotised. It has 46 antennal segments, 1.8 times as long as fore wing and its apical half completely black; length of fore wing 4.2 mm and of body 4.6 mm; eye in dorsal view 1.7 times as long as temple; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.37 times fore wing.
Distribution. South India (Anamalai Hills). Etymology. Named after the generic name Idiasta Foerster,1863 because of its morphological similarity. Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 5.0 mm, length of fore wing 4.6 mm. Head. Width of head 2.4 times its median length, sparsely setose and strongly shiny; antenna complete ( Fig. 2A), 47-segmented, segments densely setose, length of third segment 0.7 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.8 and 6.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 1.5 times height of head; eye in dorsal view 2.0 times as long as temple; temple in dorsal view subparallel-sided behind eyes (Fig. 2C); OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 14:6:11; frons flat medially (except an incomplete median groove, anteriorly half deep groove and posteriorly half with groove trace) and convex laterally, smooth; antennal sockets distinctly protruding; with a smooth, narrow and superficial groove between antennal sockets and eye; minimum width of face 0.35 times maximum width of head, densely rugulose-punctate, with a Y-shaped carina medially (from antenna sockets to clypeus), medio-posteriorly with fine reticulate, with rather dense and long setae (Fig. 2B); clypeus wide, triangle, width 1.1 times its length, with long setae and ventrally rounded and its surface largely smooth except a few punctures (Fig. 2B); length of malar space 0.1 times basal width of mandible; mandible sparsely rugose medially except teeth part smooth, strongly widened dorsally, its medial length 1.8 times its maximum width, upper tooth large and truncate lobe-shaped, with ventral tooth rather small, rounded and lobe-shaped, connected to a carina (Fig. 2E). Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height; pronotum dorsally with large deep and round dorsope; side of pronotum with some coarse crenulate anteriorly, posteriorly finely crenulate and remainder smooth (Fig. 2F); epicnemial area dorsally smooth, medially crenulate and ventrally punctate-rugose; precoxal sulcus anterior 1/5 smooth and remainder crenulate, widely crenulate anteriorly, narrowed after its middle and absent posteriorly (Fig. 2F); remainder of mesopleuron smooth; episternal scrobe round, deep; pleural sulcus anteriorly smooth and punctulate, with dense setae, posteriorly coarsely crenulate; mesosternal sulcus coarsely crenulate, rather wide posteriorly; metapleuron largely smooth and punctulate, with fine reticulate ventrally; notauli complete, deep and narrow, smooth, without midpit, more depressed in the end of notauli (Fig. 2G); mesoscutum strongly shiny and largely glabrous, but with some long setae near notauli and lateral carina and medial lobe protuberant; mesoscutum without a separate medio-posterior depression (Fig. 2G); axilla rather setose and lateral carina moderately protuberant; scutellar sulcus deep, with one carina and coarsely rugae, without punctures, 0.2 times as long as scutellum; scutellum rather convex in lateral view; metanotum distinctly lamelliform protruding posteriorly in lateral view; propodeum largely smooth and with sparse punctures anteriorly, except for a short median carina with rugae near it, medially with crown-shaped areolate area and bottom carina protuberant, medio-posteriorly densely reticulate, latero-posteriorly smooth with a longitudinal carina respectively (Fig. 2G); propodeal spiracle round, small and medially at propodeum.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface regularly costate-striate, its dorsal carinae complete and united submedially (Fig. 2G); laterope absent; dorsope large and deep; remainder of metasoma smooth and rather depressed; ovipositor with minute dorsal notch and some ventral teeth; setose part of ovipositor sheath as long as fore wing and 0.4 times as long as hind tibia ( Fig. 2A); apex of ovipositor sheath subtruncate and no apical spine; hypopygium medium-sized and apically acute in lateral view ( Fig. 2A).
Distribution. Thailand. Etymology. Named after the mainly conspicuously yellow metasoma of the holotype; "knekos" is Greek for yellow and "soma" is Greek for body. Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.6 mm, length of fore wing 3.1 mm. Head. Width of head 1.7 times its median length, sparsely setose and strongly shiny; antenna incomplete, 24+, segments densely setose, length of third segment 0.9 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 4.0 and 4.3 times their width, respectively (Fig. 3E); length of maxillary palp of paratypes 1.4 times height of head (missing in holotype); eye in dorsal view 4.4 times as long as temple; temple in dorsal view subparallel-sided behind eyes (Fig. 3B); OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 11:4:3; frons flat medially (except a complete median groove) and convex laterally, smooth and no pit between antennal sockets; antennal sockets distinctly protruding; with a smooth, narrow and superficial groove between antennal sockets and eye; minimum width of face 0.5 times maximum width of head, densely rugulose-punctate submedially, more sparsely on remainder of face and transversely rugose ventrally and smooth medially, with rather long setae, without crenulate grooves ventrally; clypeus narrow, nearly parallel-sided, with long setae and ventrally rounded and its surface largely smooth except a few punctures (Fig. 3H); length of malar space 0.1 times basal width of mandible; mandible rugose medially, strongly widened dorsally, its medial length 1.5 times its maximum width, upper tooth large and truncate lobe-shaped, with ventral tooth rather small, rounded and lobe-shaped, connected to a carina (Fig. 3C, G).

Anamalysia mellipes van
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotum dorsally with large deep and round dorsope; side of pronotum with some coarse crenulae anteriorly and medially, posteriorly finely crenulate and remainder smooth; epicnemial area dorsally smooth, medially crenulate and ventrally punctate-rugose; precoxal sulcus widely crenulate anteriorly, narrowed after its middle and absent posteriorly; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; episternal scrobe round, deep; pleural sulcus coarsely crenulate; mesosternal sulcus coarsely crenulate, rather wide posteriorly; metapleuron largely smooth, with some rugae ventrally; notauli complete, deep, narrow, and smooth; mesoscutum strongly shiny and largely glabrous, but with some long setae near notauli and lateral carina and medial lobe protuberant; mesoscutum without a separate medioposterior depression; axilla rather setose and lateral carina moderately protuberant; scutellar sulcus deep, with one carina and no punctures, 0.4 times as long as scutellum; scutellum rather convex in lateral view; metanotum distinctly lamelliform protruding posteriorly in lateral view; surface of propodeum largely smooth anteriorly, except for a short median carina, medially with wide triangular areolate area and posteriorly reticulate; propodeal spiracle round, small and submedially at propodeum.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface regularly costate-striate, its dorsal carinae nearly complete and united submedially (Fig. 3F); laterope absent; dorsope large and deep (Fig. 3F); remainder of metasoma smooth and rather depressed; ovipositor with minute dorsal notch and some ventral teeth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.34 times fore wing and 0.8 times as long as hind tibia; apex of ovipositor sheath subtruncate and no apical spine; hypopygium medium-sized and apically acute in lateral view.
Colour. Dark chestnut brown; scapus, pedicellus, and tegulae more or less brown; palpi pale yellowish; metasoma (except first tergite and base of second tergite), remainder of antenna (as far as present), mandible, coxae (but paler apically) and ovipositor sheath brown; two basal segments of hind tarsus darkened; remainder of legs brownish yellow; pterostigma and most veins pale brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Variation. Length of fore wing 2.8-3.1 mm and of body 3.3-3.6 mm; antenna of ♀ with 36 (1) segments, 1.9 times as long as fore wing and seven or eight apical segments white or ivory; vein SR1 of fore wing 2.5-3.1 times vein 3-SR; length of first tergite 1.4-1.5 times its apical width; eye in dorsal view 4.2-4.4 times as long as temple; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.32-0.35 times fore wing.
Etymology. Named after its largely brownish yellow legs; "mel, mellis" is Latin for honey, and "pes, pedus" is Latin for leg. Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.5 mm, length of fore wing 3.6 mm. Head. Width of head 2.1 times its median length, sparsely setose and strongly shiny; antenna incomplete, 26+, however, longer than body (Fig. 4A), segments densely setose, length of third segment 0.7 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 4.3 and 8.0 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 1.5 times height of head; eye in dorsal view 3.0 times as long as temple; temple in dorsal view subparallel-sided behind eyes (Fig. 4E); OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 27:6:7; frons flat medially (except an incomplete median groove, anterior half with deep groove and posterior half with groove trace) and convex laterally, smooth; antennal sockets distinctly protruding; with a smooth, narrow, and superficial groove between antennal sockets and eye; minimum width of face 0.6 times maximum width of head, densely rugulose-punctate, with a Y-shaped carina medially (from antenna sockets to clypeus), anterior 2/3 (between and along Y-shaped carina) medially smooth, with rather dense and long setae (Fig. 4B); clypeus wide, triangular, width 2.0 times its length, with long setae and ventrally rounded and its surface largely smooth except a few punctures (Fig. 4B); length of malar space 0.1 times basal width of mandible; mandible sparsely rugose medially except teeth part smooth, strongly widened dorsally, its medial length 2.0 times its maximum width, upper tooth large and truncate lobe-shaped, with ventral tooth rather small, rounded and lobe-shaped, connected to a carina (Fig. 4C).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.0 times its apical width, its surface regularly costate-striate, its dorsal carinae nearly complete and united submedially (Fig. 4H); laterope absent; dorsope large and deep (Fig. 4H); remainder of metasoma smooth and rather depressed; ovipositor with minute dorsal notch and some ventral teeth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.7 times fore wing and 0.9 times as long as hind tibia; apex of ovipositor sheath subtruncate and no apical spine; hypopygium medium-sized and apically acute in lateral view (Fig. 4I).
Colour. Black; head and first tergite chestnut brown; remainder of metasoma yellow; scapus, pedicellus, mandible apically, tegulae, and middle and hind legs (except tibia and tarsus brown, three apical tarsus lightened) brownish yellow; palpi pale yellowish; fore leg yellow (but apical tarsus more or less brown); remainder of antenna (as far as present), mandible basally and ovipositor sheath dark brown; pterostigma and most veins brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Distribution. Thailand. Etymology. Named after the comparatively transverse head in dorsal view (Fig. 4E).
Anamalysia triangulum (Fischer, 2006) comb. nov.  Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong N.P., 7-9 v.2002, Kh.D. Long". Notes. Length of the hind femur of the holotype is four times its width, not five times as indicated in the original description; length of the first metasomal tergite 1.1 times its apical width (Fig. 5G), not 1.3 times as mentioned in the original description; the eye in dorsal view 1.9 times as long as the temple; the hind tibia (except ivory base) Figure 5. Anamalysia triangulum (Fischer), ♀, holotype A fore wing B ovipositor and its sheath C detail of vein m-cu of hind wing D mandible full sight on first tooth E mandible full sight on third tooth F clypeus G first metasomal tergite dorsal aspect. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A-C); 1.5 mm (D, E); 1.8 mm (F); 1.2 mm (G). and base of the hind tarsus dark brown; vein SR1 of the fore wing 2.4 times as long as vein 3-SR (Fig. 5A). Colour of head and of mesosoma varies from nearly black to chestnut brown. The male from Sumatra and the female from Sabah have the metasoma dark brown and vein m-cu of hind wing unsclerotised basally (as in holotype).
Distribution. Malaysia (West), Laos, Indonesia, Vietnam. The latter two are new country records for this species.

Distribution. Singapore.
Notes. The two existing descriptions are rather confusing. In the original description the first tergite is 1.1 times longer than its apical width, but according to the redescription by Fischer (1988), it is 1.2 times (in the text) or 1.3-1.4 times (in his fig.  39). Vein r-m of fore wing is strongly inclivous according to the original description (Papp 1967: fig. 25) and only moderately so in Fischer (1988: fig. 38). If the original description is accepted then A. urbana is hardly separable from A. triangulum and the latter might be well a junior synonym of A. urbana when more specimens become available. The difference in colour may be the result of ageing and exposure to sunlight.  Deli, Sibolangit, 4.i.1955, J. v. d. Vecht. Description. Holotype, ♂, length of body 4.1 mm, length of fore wing 3.5 mm. Head. Width of head 1.9 times its median length, largely glabrous dorsally; antenna incomplete, with short adpressed setae and six basal strongly shiny, length of third segment 0.8 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 4.7 and 6.0 times their width, respectively (Fig. 6E); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; eye in dorsal view 1.5 times as long as temple; temple in dorsal view subparallelsided (Fig. 6D); OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 14:3:4 (Fig. 6D); minimum width of face 0.6 times maximum width of head and 1.7 times its height, coarsely punctate, weakly convex, with long setae and medio-ventrally densely rugose; with oblique groove from antennal socket to eye (Fig. 6B); clypeus elongate and narrow (Fig. 6B), sparsely punctate; vertex strongly shiny, weakly convex, and depressed near stemmaticum; anterior tentorial pit small, round, and far from eye (Fig. 6B); length of malar space 0.1 times basal width of mandible; mandible strongly widened, 1.4 times as long as wide, subapically partly coarsely punctate-rugose, first tooth broadly lobe-shaped, and continuous with minute tooth and separated from third medium-sized tooth (Fig. 6C).
Legs. Hind coxa smooth and baso-ventrally wide rectangular and not protruding; fore tarsal claws rather robust (other missing); length of femur, tibia, and basitarsus of hind leg 5.5, 12.2, and 10.4 times their width, respectively; hind tibia and basitarsus with rather long setae, hind tibia densely setose, comb at inner apex of tibia absent; fore tarsus 1.5 times as long as fore tibia.
Colour. Blackish chestnut brown; scapus, pedicellus, mandible, legs (but middle and hind coxae, hind tibia, except basally, and hind tarsus dark brown) yellowish brown; palpi (but basally brownish), basal fifth of fore and middle tibiae, and basal 0.4 of hind tibia whitish or pale yellowish; tegulae, remainder of antenna, pterostigma and veins more or less dark brown; wing membrane faintly brownish.
Distribution. Indonesia (Sumatra). Etymology. Named after the collector of the holotype, the hymenopterist Prof. Dr Jacobus van der Vecht (1906Vecht ( -1992 for his excellent contributions to our knowledge of Hymenoptera (van Achterberg 1992). Description. Holotype, ♂, length of body 3.9 mm, length of fore wing 3.3 mm. Head. Width of head 2.4 times its median length, deeply depressed medially and largely glabrous dorsally; antenna incomplete, with 29+ segments, setae short and adpressed and seven basal segments strongly shiny, length of third segment 0.9 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.9 and 4.6 times their width, respectively (Fig. 7B); length of maxillary palp 1.2 times height of head; eye in dorsal view 1.1 times as long as temple; temple in dorsal view strongly widened behind eyes (Fig. 8E); OOL:diameter of ocellus: POL = 15:4:3; minimum width of face 0.6 times maximum width of head and 1.8 times its height, coarsely punctate, moderately convex, with long setae and medio-ventrally narrowly smooth (Fig. 8B); with oblique groove from antennal socket to eye; clypeus rather robust and largely smooth (Fig. 8B); vertex strongly shiny and weakly convex and strongly depressed behind stemmaticum; anterior tentorial pit covered by mandible; length of malar space 0.1 times basal width of mandible; mandible strongly widened, 1.4 times as long as wide, middle tooth dorsally connected to wide sinuate and up curved lamella from upper corner of mandible, medially coarsely rugose, first tooth part of apical lamella and third tooth medium-sized (Fig. 8G, H).
Legs. Hind coxa smooth, baso-ventrally rounded, and not protruding; tarsal claws rather robust; length of femur, tibia, and basitarsus of hind leg 4.2, 11.0, and 9.0 times their width, respectively; hind tibia and basitarsus with numerous rather long setae dorsally; hind tibia densely setose and comb at inner apex of tibia absent; fore tarsus 1.4 times as long as fore tibia (Fig. 8I).
Distribution. Northern Vietnam. Etymology. Named after the former director of the National Museum of Natural History (Naturalis) Ronald van Hengstum (1952-2007, who tragically died after a short swim in the North Sea near The Hague. He visited Vietnam during one of the RMNH-IEBR expeditions and was strongly in favour of cooperation with our Vietnamese counterparts.