Taxonomy of Macromotettixoides with the description of a new species (Tetrigidae, Metrodorinae)

Abstract Descriptions of the flying organs and generic characteristics of the genus Macromotettixoides Zheng, Wei & Jiang are currently imprecise. Macromotettixoides is reviewed and compared with allied genera. A re-description is undertaken and a determination key is provided to Macromotettixoides. Macromotettixoides parvula Zha & Wen, sp. n. from the Guizhou Karst Region, China, is described and illustrated with photographs. Observations on the ecology and habits of the new species are recorded. Four current species of Hyboella Hancock are transferred to Macromotettixoides. Variations of the flying organs and tegminal sinus in the Tetrigidae are discussed, which will help to describe them accurately.


Introduction
The originally monotypic genus Macromotettixoides (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Metrodorinae) was erected by Zheng et al. in 2005 with M. jiuwanshanensis Zheng, Wei & Jiang, 2005 as its type species. Deng et al. (2014) gave a systematic study of this genus, which dealt with eight known species. Simultaneously Zheng (2013a) introduced another new species, M. wuyishana Zheng, 2013. Recently Deng (2016 in his dissertation transfered Apterotettix lativertex Zheng, Ou & Zhang, 2012 to this genus and assigned a new name, M. longling (Zheng, Ou & Zhang, 2012) for it, because the epithet 'lativertex' had already been used in this genus, also described another new species, M. jinggangshanensis Deng, 2016. As a result, Macromotettixoides currently includes 11 species, which are all distributed in China.
Based on absent tegmen (accordingly tegminal sinus is absent or inconspicuous), Zheng et al. (2005) erected Macromotettixoides to distinguish from Macromotettix Günther, 1939; and for the reason of shortened hind process and with broad and arcuate apex,  erected Pseudomacromotettix Zheng, Li & Lin, 2012 to separate from Macromotettixoides. To these three allied genera there are some problems we are facing: 1) descriptions to both flying organs and tegminal sinus are ambiguous; 2) descriptions of generic characteristics of Macromotettixoides are vague (Deng et al. 2014, Deng 2016; and 3) features of partial species of Hyboella Hancock, 1915 are also in accord with Macromotettixoides, but the researches above seldom dealt with Hyboella.
In this study Macromotettixoides is examined and compared it with allied genera. At the same time Macromotettixoides parvula Zha & Wen, sp. n., from Guizhou Karst Region, China, is described and illustrated with photographs. Some aspects of ecology and observations of habits of the new species are also recorded.

Materials and methods
Specimens were photographed using a stereo microscope (Olympus Corporation, SZX16, Tokyo, Japan), ecological pictures were photographed using a Nikon Coolpix P520 camera. Morphological terminology and measurement landmarks follow Zheng (2005) and Tumbrinck (2014). Measurements are given in millimeters (mm). Type specimens are deposited in the Specimen Room of the School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal Uni versity, Huaibei, Anhui Province, China.

Macromotettixoides Zheng, Wei & Jiang, 2005
Macromotettixoides Zheng, Wei & Jiang 2005: 366;Zheng 2005: 176;Deng et al. 2007Deng et al. : 160, 2014Deng 2011Deng : 543, 2016 Type species. Macromotettixoides jiuwanshanensis Zheng, Wei & Jiang, 2005 by original designation Redescription. Size small and stout. Vertex nearly at the same or slightly below the level of anterior margin of pronotum, and decidedly wider than width of one eye; longitudinal furrow (instead of scutellum in most genera of Cladonotinae) relatively shallow, equal to or wider than diameter of scapus (similar to Cladonotinae); antennae filiform, inserted between or below lower margin of eyes. Pronotum rooflike or nearly at the same level; median carina conspicuous, sometime weakly, but not strongly lamellate; hind process short, not surpassing apex of hind femur, apex acute or acutely rounded; posterior angle of lateral lobe turning outwards (differ from Tettiginae (directed downwards and contiguous to the body)), apex truncated or roundly truncated (differ from Scelimeninae (directed sideward as an acute triangle process or a long acute spine)); ventral sinus present, tegminal sinus absent or very inconspicuous; external lateral carina surpassing middle of lower margin of pronotum. Flying organs abbreviated: tegmina invisible; hind wings invisible in most species, visible but never reaching middle of hind process in few species. Female ovipositor narrow and long.
Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Taiwan). Longitudinal furrow between antennal grooves 1.6 times as wide as diameter of scapus; pronotal disc with many net-like wrinkles; humeral angles indistinct; lower margins of fore and mid femora a little undulate (Guangxi  ., 2002), nymph* *Note: according to descriptions (antegenicular denticle and genicular denticle have not been separated) and drawings of Zheng et al. (2002) and Zheng (2005), the type specimen (only one female) of M. aelytra (Zheng, Li & Shi, 2002) (synonym: Hyboella aelytra Zheng, Li & Shi, 2002(Zheng et al. 2006)) should be a nymph. Validity of M. aelytra requires more material to confirm its characters, and herein we temporarily place the species in the key. Head. Face and vertex rough, covered with large and small granules. Vertex nearly at the same level but uneven, 2.0 times as wide as one eye, a little contracted forward, protruding forward and slightly surpassing anterior margin of eyes; anterior margin broadly arcuate and depressed, anterior part of lateral carina distinctly folded upward and reaching top of eyes; medial carina distinct and erected in anterior half, but absent in posterior half; paired fossulae deep, behind fossulae vertex slightly elevated on both sides (Fig. 2b). In lateral view face slightly oblique, fastigium (vertex together with frontal costa) rounded and protruding forward; fascial carinae smooth, between lateral ocelli concave, between antennal grooves widely and obtusely triangular forward (Fig. 2d); in frontal view fascial carinae diverged in the middle of inner margin of eyes, longitudinal furrow wide and shallow and nearly forming into a scutellum, between antennal grooves 1.5 times as wide as diameter of scapus (Fig. 2a). Antenna filiform and short, 17-segmented, inserted decidedly below lower margin of eyes, segment 11 longest, 5.0 times as long as wide (Fig. 2a, d). Eyes globose and protruding, over level of anterior margin of pronotum, lateral ocelli placed at lower one third of inner margin of eyes (Fig. 2a).

Macromotettixoides parvula
Thorax. Pronotum disc very coarse, covered with big and small granules and many thick and net-like wrinkles (Fig. 1). Anterior margin truncated and wide, paired extralateral carinae indistinct (Fig. 2b); pronotum in the center between posterior sulcus and humeral angles slightly elevated, otherwise nearly at the same level. Median carina entire and thick, between sulci distinctly elevated with swollen base, behind humeral angles with a protrusion, the posterior protrusions lower and indistinct; in lateral view upper margin undulate, the first sinusoidal wave occur between sulci, longest and highest, in the middle with a deep concavity, followed by the second wave behind humeral angles, the posterior waves low and nearly at the same height. Prozonal carinae conspicuous, thick, erected and parallel (Fig. 2b); humeral angles obtuse angled and low, pronotum disc behind humeral angles covered with many reticular wrinkles; hind process reaching knees (three males and two females) or barely surpass apex of hind femur (one female), apex sharp-rounded; external lateral carina straight, distinctly surpassing middle of lower margin and reaching two-thirds of hind femur, folded upward indistinctly behind humeral angles; lateral carina of pronotum before apex curved inward; posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum extending turning outwards, margin smooth, apex truncated and anterior margin of apex rounded; posterior margin of each lateral lobe with one concavity. Tegmina and wings extremely degenerated, long and oval, apices acute, wing distinctly larger than tegmen, both hidden beneath pronotum and invisible (Fig. 2c). Margins of all femora serrate except base of upper margin of hind femur, upper margins of fore and mid femora nearly straight while lower margins with two teeth (basal and middle) each; hind femur stout, 2.3 times as long as wide, upper margin before antegenicular denticle with a small tooth, other teeth on upper and lower margins indistinct; antegenicular denticle slightly isolated,  low, apex or nearly right angled or a little sharp, genicular denticle finger-like, extending backward and apex obtuse; margins of fore and mid tibiae straight; two inner margins of hind tibia serrate, terminal part slightly wider than basal part, outer/inner side with 6-7/4-6 spines; first segment of hind tarsus 1.35 times as long as second plus third, first and second pulvilli small and apices sharp, third pulvillus large and apex obtuse (Fig. 2h).
Abdomen. Ovipositor: upper valva about 4.0 times as long as wide, upper margin arcuate, sub-base widest, in the middle slightly distorted inward, then slightly turn outward and at last inward again; outer margins of upper and lower valvae with saw-like teeth, but base of upper valva smooth (Fig. 2e). Subgenital plate: length nearly equal to width, median carina distinct in anterior part, posterior margin nearly truncated and in the middle triangularly protruding which is slightly folded inward (Fig. 2f).
Coloration. Body dark or dark brown (Fig. 1). Antennae brown, color of terminal 3-5 segments dark, color of the two segments of before and after the longest segment a little light (Fig. 2d). Sometimes both the posterior part of pronotum and the posterior part of outer side of hind femur brown. All tibiae with three yellowish brown rings each, but basal and middle rings of hind tibia large. More or less, infrascapular area, teeth on lower margins of fore and mid femora, upper and lower margin of hind femur, and outer sides of all femora maculated with yellowish brown.
Male. Slightly smaller than female (Fig. 1). Vertex also 2.0 times as wide as one eye; antenna 16 segmented, segment 10 longest. Subgenital plate short cone-shaped, apex nearly truncated, upper apex bifurcate and forming into two obtuse and very short teeth (Fig. 2g). Other characters same as female.
Ecology and habits. Specimens of Macromotettixoides parvula sp. n. were collected and observed among low and sparse shrubs with fall-leaf layers in gullies, slopes and a dry stream bed in humid rainforests of Karst Region (Fig. 3). They are very small and not easy to find; they move quickly and they like to jump into shrubs when being disturbed. They mainly feed on humus. We infer their adults may prefer to stay in sandy soil, because body surfaces of most specimens are covered tightly by sandy soil (Zha et al. 2016a, fig. 1a, b).
Etymology. The new species epithet 'parvula' means body size is extremely small. Distribution. China (Guizhou). Only found in Leigongshan Mountain (Leishan County).

Flying organs and tegminal sinus in Tetrigidae
According to Zha et al. (2016b), hind wings of Tetrigidae can be divided into four types: 'normal' (developed, nearly reach apex of hind process or more), 'abbreviated' (never reach middle of hind process, but distinctly longer than tegmen), 'vestigial' (shorter than tegmen) and 'apterous' (absent, degenerated completely). In Macromotettixoides and Pseudomacromotettix, we believe their tegmina are presented and their hind wings belong to the 'abbreviated' (Fig. 2c) or 'vestigial' type, so using 'absent' to describe their small flying organs is exactly not suitable if not uncovering pronota. In this report, we use 'invisible' to replace 'absent'/'wanting' for describing tegmen and wing. To some species of 'abbreviated' or 'vestigial' type, a little visible parts of their fly organs may vary distinctly even become invisible among the same species, which should not be considered as a valuable taxonomic character (Zha et al. 2016b). We also believe tegminal sinus varies according to tegmen strictly during evolution. In other words, normal tegmen means that the tegminal sinus is conspicuous; on the contrary, invisible or a little visible tegmen has determined that the tegminal sinus is absent or shallow.

Relationships between Macromotettixoides and its allied genera
In order to clarify relationship between Macromotettixoides and its allied genera, we summarize their main differences, based on their known species, as in Table 1. Undoubtedly, Macromotettixoides is most similar to Pseudomacromotettix and Macromotettix (see Introduction and Table 1).
According to Hancock (1915), Günther (1939), Zheng (2005) and Deng (2016), the typical characteristic of Hyboella is a pronotum distinctly humpbacked and elevated before the shoulders while depressed and flattened behind shoulders. This characteristic can separate Hyboella from Pseudomacromotettix, Macromotettix, Cotysoides Zheng &   , 2000, andBolivaritettix Günther, 1939 where their pronota are wholly roof-like or nearly at the same level. Notably, partial species of Macromotettixoides also have this similar character (see the key)! The type species of Hyboella, H. tentata Hancock, 1915, not only possesses this typical characteristic, but also has a conspicuous tegminal sinus and normal flying organs. Therefore, only depending upon the conspicuous tegminal sinus and normal flying organs can one separate Hyboella from Macromotettixoides (Table 1). In light of this, we suggest that species currently placed in Hyboella whose tegminal sinus is absent (accordingly, the tegmen is invisible), and also whose hind wing is 'abbreviated' or 'vestigial', should be transferred to Macromotettixoides. Just as in species of Macromotettixoides, we also believe no 'apterous' species occurr in Hyboella.