A revision of the genus Pseudoechthistatus Pic (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Lamiini)

Abstract The genus Pseudoechthistatus Pic, 1917 is redefined and revised. Five species of the genus are described as new, Pseudoechthistatus sinicus sp. n. and Pseudoechthistatus chiangshunani sp. n. from central Yunnan, China, Pseudoechthistatus pufujiae sp. n. from western Yunnan, China, and Pseudoechthistatus holzschuhi sp. n. and Pseudoechthistatus glabripennis sp. n. from southern Yunnan and northern Vietnam. Pseudoechthistatus birmanicus Breuning, 1942 is excluded from the fauna of China. Three poorly known species, Pseudoechthistatus obliquefasciatus Pic, 1917, Pseudoechthistatus granulatus Breuning, 1942, and Pseudoechthistatus acutipennis Chiang, 1981 are redescribed, and the type localities of the former two species are discussed. Endophallic structure of seven species in inflated and everted condition are studied and compared with their relatives. Illustrations of habitus and major diagnostic features of all species are provided. Some biological notes are reported. An identification key as well as a distributional map are presented.

Introduction distinctly fringed beneath. Both maxillary and labial terminal palpomeres fusiform. Pronotum cylindrical, subequal to or slightly longer than width at base; with two indistinct transverse grooves at the anterior and posterior margins; disk with a rugose longitudinal ridge, slightly raised medially, both sides with a developed or reduced, longitudinal pubescent band; with a lateral spine moderate long and acute apically at anterior middle of each side; prosternal intercoxal process narrow, slightly emarginate at apex, lower than coxae; procoxal cavities closed posteriorly; mesosternal intercoxal process without tubercle and obliquely sloped in lateral view; mesocoxal cavities open externally to mesepimera; metasternum short to moderately long, ca 1.0-1.8 times as long as mesosternal length. Scutellum broadly rounded posteriorly. Elytra elongate, ca. 1.8-2.2 times as long as humeral width, widest at the middle or at humeri or subparallel-sided in basal half, gradually to strongly narrowed after the middle, rounded or obliquely truncated to acute apically; disk finely to coarsely punctured, granules absent or moderately to strongly developed, with few erect or suberect setae; each elytron conspicuously with a moderate to large sized, median, moderately to strongly raised, glabrous tubercle subbasally ; generally provided with three light pubescent markings: the first annular marking around the subbasal tubercle (subbasal annular marking), the second band complete or discontinuous, nearly transverse to strongly oblique, across the elytron near middle (middle band), the third stripe longitudinally near apical one-fourth toward elytral apex (preapical stripe). Hindwings developed to highly reduced. Legs long and slender, protibia with a subapical tooth beneath (weak in females), mesotibia with a subapical oblique groove externally, tarsus four segmented. Tarsal claws free, divaricate to moderately divergent.
Male genitalia. Tergite VIII (Figs 49-55, a) trapezoidal, truncated to slightly emarginated apically, with moderately long setae. Tegmen b,c) in lateral view moderately curved, rhombic in shape and widest at middle or behind middle in ventral view; lateral lobes moderately slender, ca. one-fourth of total length of tegmen, which moderately provided with long setae on apex. Median lobe d,e) slightly shorter than tegmen; moderately curved in lateral view; apex rounded to subacuminate in antero-dorsal view. Endophallus in everted condition  S-shaped, long and slender, subequal to or slightly longer than triple length of median lobe; BPH, MPH and APH well defined, crescent shaped sclerites (cs) present, MPH subdivided into MT, CT and PB by a constriction; the length of MT ca. 2.0-2.5 times as long as the length of BPH, CT slightly shorter than PB, the combined length of CT and PB subequal to the length of BPH and slightly shorter than median lobe; BPH hardly swollen apically; PB cylindrical at base with developed anterior bulb, CT developed, basal swelling (bs) strongly swollen ventrolaterally or with distinct lateral tubercles (ltc), slightly swollen posterodorsally, MT with ventral swelling (vs) generally rudimentary; APH variable, moderately to strongly constrictive or moderately swollen, apical bulb (ab) sclerotized apically or at least in ventral side (when APH strongly constrictive), apical furrow (af) with internal membrane (im) well developed (Fig. 58b); apical bulb (ab), apical part of CT and PB, ventral side of basal swelling (bs) provided with spicules; ejaculatory ducts paired; gonopores (gn) situated near apex of apical bubble (bb), a pair of rod-like sclerite generally absent.
Female genitalia. Setae of sternites VIII sparse and short, apical ones longer (Fig. 56f). Distinct lateral notch present and positioned behind the distinct pigmented patch on sternites VIII (Fig. 56f). The paraproct is very short and devoid of baculi; the coxite lobes are very long and bear small styli (Figs 56g,56h). Spiculum ventrale (Fig. 56f) longer than abdomen, slightly expanded apically. Female genital track (Fig. 57) with well-developed vaginal plate (VP); bursa copulatrix (BC) moderately long, spermathecal duct attached before middle of bursa, compose of a thin long duct and an expanded and curved apical part. Spermathecal capsule (SP) and gland (SPGL) positioned on apex of spermathecal duct (SPD). Spermathecal capsule strongly sclerotised, crutch shaped (Fig. 57a), apical part more than twice of basal part in length, the whole capsule larger than the expanded apical part of spermathecal duct. Spermathecal gland is an elongate membranous sac, with its length variable but always more than triple length of spemathecal duct.
Remarks. This genus is unique with a conspicuous raised subbasal tubercle on each elytron among the oriental genera of Lamiini. It is superficially resembles Mesechthistatus Breuning, 1950, but immediately distinguished by antennal scape with a complete cicatrix, basal antennomeres distinctly fringed beneath, pronotum with a rugose median longitudinal ridge, and elytra lacking lateral carinae. Pseudoechthistatus shares some characters with Paraleprodera Breuning, 1935: antennae normal (without swollen), scape with a complete cicatrix, basal antennomeres distinctly fringed beneath, pronotal lateral spine present, prosternal process normal (not angularly enlarged between coxae), protibia with a subapical tooth beneath (at least in male), and similar to some species of Paraleprodera (e.g. Par. diophthalma, Par. bisignata, Par. bigemmata) by possess the subbasal tubercle (or tubercles) on each elytron, but is distinguished by elytron with single large raised subbasal tubercle, pronotum with a rugose longitudinal ridge medially, endophallus with CT developed, swollen in dorsal and ventral sides and APH without a pair of U-shaped sclerite (the latter with the subbasal tubercle composed of small granules, CT of endophallus simple and APH with a pair of U-shaped sclerite (Figs 67f, 68g)). It is most close to another group of Paraleprodera (e.g. Par. carolina, Par. itzingeri, Par. mesophthalma) with regard to the overall form, especially the presence of the median rugose longitudinal ridge on pronotum, the shape and proportion of the endophallus and the absence of the U-shaped sclerite on APH. But it is distinguished from them by elytron with a subbasal tubercle, endophallus with CT swollen postero-dorsally and PB cylindrical at base (without a ventral tubercle (vbt) (Figs 65, 66)). Breuning (1942) mentioned that Pseudoechthistatus has the claws "divergent" (divergence less than 90°). According to our observation, the claws of this genus are free, and most species have them "divaricate" (divergence exceeding 100°), only some species or individuals (especially of the type species) have the claws in transitional (divergence between 80° to 90°).
The subbasal tubercle on each elytron of this genus is usually single and complete. However, a few individuals (two of nearly one hundred specimens) have the subbasal tubercle separated by several grooves (Fig. 29). This was considered an aberration and is not included in the generic diagnosis, but it may indicate that the single subbasal tubercle have originated from several converging small tubercles (or granules) as present in e.g. Paraleprodera diophthalma Pascoe.
The type species of this genus is flightless, having a shortened metasternum (subequal to mesosternum in length), constricted humeri and reduced hindwings. These three related structures were considered as generic characters by Breuning (1942). However, P. birmanicus with the normal metasternum length (metasternum / mesosternum length ratio ca. 1.8) and normal hindwings, while P. acutipennis is transitional (metasternum / mesosternum length ratio ca. 1.5). Therefore, at least for this genus, the shortened metasternum should be treated as an infrageneric apomorphy.
Type material examined. Holotype (Fig. 17) Redescription. Male (Fig. 1). Body length 18.0-22.2 mm, humeral width 5.5-6.2 mm. Body dark brown; head, pronotum and ventral surface covered with intermixed light yellowish and tawny pubescence. Head with four short tawny vittae behind upper eye lobes. Antennal scape, pedicel and 3 rd antennomere with sparse pale pubescence, 4 th to 9 th antennomeres with same color of pubescence at basal half. Pronotum with two longitudinal tawny bands on each side of disk and other two longitudinal bands on lateral margins postmedially, the discal bands distinctly longer than half of pronotal length. Scutellum densely clothed with tawny pubescence, sparse along middle. Elytron with pubescence predominantly brown, with tawny pubescence forming the  subbasal annular marking and few small spots scattered at basal one fifth, with light yellowish pubescence forming the middle band and the preapical stripe; the middle band moderately broad, strongly oblique (inclined at an angle of 40 to 50 degrees to the transverse axis), complete or interrupted or dispersed into small spots, hardly reaching suture; the preapical stripe narrow, well developed, subequal to or slightly shorter than one-fourth of elytral length. Legs (Fig. 30) clothed with yellowish and tawny pubescence of which the tawny one forming small spots moderately scattered on femora and becoming denser on tibiae.
Body elongate, oblong oval. Head ( Fig. 21) with frons moderately punctured; lower eye lobe subequal in length and width, 0.7 times as long as gena. Antennae 1.9 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex by six antennomeres; 3 rd antennomere ca. 1.8 times as long as scape, ca. 1.2 times as long as 4 th antennomere; scape and 3 rd antennomere coarsely punctured; scape to 3 rd or 4 th antennomere sparsely fringed beneath. Elytra ca. 1.4 times as wide as pronotal base, 2.0-2.1 times as long as humeral width; humeri slightly constricted, widened at basal two-fifth, then convergent toward rounded apices; disk moderately punctured, slightly denser near suture, becoming shallower at apical one-third, moderately granulated on basal half, becoming weaker anteriorly; subbasal tubercle moderate in size, as wide as or slightly narrower than scutellar width. Hindwings (Fig. 41) strongly reduced, 0.7 times as long as elytral length. Legs long and slender, metatibiae exceeding elytral apices at base.
Male genitalia (Figs 49,58). Tergite VIII ( Fig. 49a) transverse, slightly emarginated apically and nearly straight at sides, length 0.9 times as long as width. Tegmen  with lateral lobe widest at base, gently narrowed at basal one-third, then slightly dilated toward rounded apex. Median lobe (Fig. 49d-e) with apex subacute in antero-dorsal view. Endophallus (n = 3, Fig. 58) subequal to triple length of median lobe, the length of MT ca. 2.4 times as long as the length of BPH, the length of CT+PB slightly longer than the length of BPH; MPH strongly curved at apical one-third, PB cylindrical at basal one-third, basal swelling (bs) of CT moderately developed; APH moderately constrictive, ca. 0.6 times as wide as the maximum width of PB at base, with apical bulb (ab) heavily sclerotized apically in ventral side (Fig. 58c), obliquely truncated in lateral view; small spicules sparsely distributed on apical bulb and anterior margin of PB.
Female (Fig. 2). Body length 16.0-22.1 mm, humeral width 4.6-6.4 mm. Almost identical to male in general appearance. Antennae ca. 1.2 times as long as body length, apical three antennomeres surpassing elytral apex; scape to 5 th or 6 th antennomere fringed beneath; pronotum subequal in length and basal width; elytron longer in proportion to body length (elytra 2.2-2.3 times as long as humeral width); legs comparatively short, metatibiae exceeding elytral apices at basal half. Female genitalia as Fig. 56.
Distribution (Map 1). China: Yunnan. Remarks. Slightly intraspecific variation can be observed between the population from northern area (Weixi County: Najieluo; Deqin County: Yanmen) and southern area (Weixi County: Pantiange; Yulong County: Ludian, Judian), the northern popu-lation with elytra relatively long: elytral length / humeral width ca. 2.1 in male and 2.3 in female, while in southern population, elytral length / humeral width ca 2.0 in male and 2.2 in female. And the holotype is identical to the population from southern area. Currently, sympatry has not been confirmed among the flightless species of this genus, with the exception that the holotype from "Tali" seemingly overlaps with the range of another flightless species, P. sinicus. However, the old name "Tali" or "Tali Fu" (Breuning, 1942), which had been abandoned in 1913 covered a vast region including today's Dali City, Yunlong County, Eryuan County, Binchuan County, Xiangyun County etc. (Dai et al. 2005: 164). The exact type locality of this species is difficult to determine unless further information is acquired. However, based on the similarity of external characters, we conclude that the type specimen might have been collected from the north of Eryuan county or further north (Map 1a). Chiang, 1981 Figures 6, 20, 28, 32, 44, Map 1 Pseudoechthistatus acutipennis Chiang, 1981: 80, 84, pl. 1, fig. 7. Type locality: Mt.

Pseudoechthistatus acutipennis
Omei, Sichuan, China. Type depository: SWU. Pseudoechthistatus acutipennis: Chiang et al. 1985: 104, pl Redescription. Female (Fig. 6). Body length 17.0-18.0 mm, humeral width 5.2-5.4 mm. Body brownish black; head, pronotum sparsely covered with pale and tawny pubescence, ventral surface with intermixed pale and grayish yellow pubescence forming small spots scattered throughout. Antennal scape, pedicel and basal half of 3 rd antennomere with sparse pale pubescence, 4 th to 8 th antennomeres indistinctly with the same pubescence at base, remainder with fine brown pubescence. Pronotum with a pair of longitudinal tawny bands on each side of disk, slightly shorter than one-third of pronotal length. Scutellum clothed with tawny pubescence, except a median glabrous line. Elytron with tawny pubescence forming the subbasal annular marking and some small spots sparsely scattered throughout; with the same pubescence forming the middle band, which moderately oblique, widely interrupted near lateral margin, transversely near suture; remainder with very fine dark brown pubescence. Legs (Fig. 32) moderately clothed with intermixed pale and yellowish pubescence interrupted by scattered glabrous spots. Body elongate, oblong oval. Head ( Fig. 28) with frons densely and coarsely punctured; lower eye lobe 1.2 times as long as width, 0.8 times as long as gena. Antennae 1.2 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex by three antennomeres; 3 rd antennomere 1.5 times as long as scape, ca. 1.4 times as long as 4 th antennomere; scape coarsely punctured; scape to 4 th antennomere sparsely fringed beneath. Pronotum subequal in length and basal width, lateral spine short, slightly thickened at base, with acute apex; metasternum 1.5 times as long as mesosternal length. Elytra ca. 1.5 times as wide as pronotal base, 2.1 times as long as humeral width; subparallel-sided in basal one-third, very weakly widened at middle, then moderately convergent toward strongly acute apices; disk densely and coarsely punctured, moderately granulated on basal half and near humerus; subbasal tubercle moderately developed and raised, ca. 1.2 times as wide as scutellar width. Hindwings (Fig. 44) reduced, 1.3 times as long as elytral length. Legs moderately long and slender, metatibiae exceeding elytral apices at basal one-third.
Male. Unknown. Diagnosis. Body and elytra brownish black, very finely pubescent (besides the tawny pubescent markings); pronotal longitudinal bands reduced, shorter than onethird of pronotal length; elytral middle bands widely interrupted near lateral margin, preapical stripe absent; elytral apices strongly acute, disk densely and coarsely punctured; hindwings reduced. Redescription (based on quality photographs, and modified from the original description). Male. Body length 21.0 mm, body width 7.5 mm. Body dark brown, body covered with tawny and brown pubescence. Head with four short tawny vittae behind upper eye lobes. Antennal scape with sparse light yellowish pubescence, basal half of 3 rd antennomere with sparse fine light yellowish pubescence. Pronotum with paired discal longitudinal band rather long, longer than two-thirds of pronotal length. Elytron with pubescence predominantly brick-red; middle pubescent band light yellowish, broad, well defined, nearly transverse, reaching suture; the preapical stripe same color as mid-dle band, well developed, moderately broader at base. Body elongate. Antennae 1.7 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex by five antennomeres; 3 rd antennomere 1.7 times as long as scape, 1.1 times as long as 4 th antennomere; scape moderately punctured, 3 rd antennomere sparsely punctured on basal half; scape to 3 rd antennomere fringed beneath. Pronotum slightly longer than width at base, lateral spine short, slightly thickened at base with moderate acute apex; metasternum 1.8 times as long as mesosternal length. Elytra 1.6 times as wide as pronotal base at humeri, 1.8 times as long as humeral width; subparallel-sided in basal one-fourth, very weakly widened a little before middle, then moderately convergent toward subacute apices; disk sparsely and finely punctured, sparsely provided with large but flat granules extending to apical one-fourth; subbasal tubercle close to elytral base, moderately developed and raised, ca. 1.3 times as wide as scutellar width. Hindwings developed, distinctly longer than elytral length.
Remarks. This species is only known from its type locality, Ruby Mines (= Mogok), Myanmar at present. Based on our examination of photos of the holotype, the distribution of this species in Yunnan, reported by Pu (1992) is considered a misidentification of P. pufujiae sp. n., which is described in this paper. Breuning, 1942 Figures 3-5, 19, 22, 31, 39, 42, 50, 60, 69, 70  Redescription. Male. (Fig. 3). Body length 15.0-16.8 mm, humeral width 4.0-4.6 mm. Body dark brown; head and pronotum covered with yellowish, tawny and brown pubescence, ventral surface with yellowish pubescence forming small spots sparsely scattered throughout. Head with four short tawny vittae behind upper eye lobes. Antennal scape, pedicel and 3 rd antennomere with sparse light yellowish pubescence, 4 th to 8 th antennomeres with same color pubescence at base, remainder with fine brown pubescence. Pronotum with two longitudinal tawny bands on each side of disk and other two longitudinal bands on lateral margins; the discal bands longer than two-thirds of pronotal length, sometimes interrupted anteromedially. Scutellum densely clothed with tawny pubescence, slightly sparse along middle. Elytron with pubescence predominantly brown, with tawny pubescence narrowly forming the subbasal annular marking, and some small spots scattered mainly near suture, with yellowish (or tawny) pubescence forming the middle band and the preapical stripe; the middle band usually moderately oblique, shape variable, widely interrupted to nearly interrupted near lateral margin, broadly and transversely reaching suture (in some individuals, the middle band complete, obliquely reaching suture directly without broadening and curving); the preapical stripe reduced, slightly shorter than one-fifth of elytral length. Legs (Fig. 31) clothed with sparse brown and dense yellowish pubescence of which the lighter one forming small spots moderately scattered on femora and becoming denser on tibiae.

Pseudoechthistatus granulatus
Body elongate, oblong oval. Head ( Fig. 22) with frons sparsely punctured; lower eye lobe 1.3 times as long as width, 0.8 times as long as gena. Antennae ca. 1.8-1.9 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex by 5-6 antennomeres; 3 rd antennomere ca. 1.8 times as long as scape, ca. 1.3 times as long as 4 th antennomere; scape and basal half of 3 rd antennomere coarsely punctured; scape to 3 rd antennomere sparsely fringed beneath. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as basal width, lateral spine developed, moderately thickened at base with acute apex; metasternum subequal in length to mesosternum. Elytra ca. 1.4 times as wide as pronotal base, 2.0 times as long as humeral width; humeri slightly constricted, widened at basal two-fifth, then convergent toward obliquely truncated apices; disk moderately punctured, becoming shallower at apical one-third, distinctly with moderate to large size, raised granules moderately sparse; subbasal tubercle developed, ca. 1.3 times as wide as scutellar width. Hindwings (Fig. 42) strongly reduced, 0.8 times as long as elytral length. Legs long and slender, metafemora slightly exceeding elytral apices.
Male genitalia (Figs 50,60). Tergite VIII (Fig. 50a) transverse, slightly emarginated apically and rounded at sides, length 0.8 times as long as width. Tegmen  with lateral lobe widest at base, gently narrowed toward rounded apex. Median lobe (Fig. 50d-e) with apex subacute in antero-dorsal view. Endophallus (n = 3, Fig. 60) longer than triple length of median lobe, the length of MT ca. 2.5 times as long as the length of BPH, the length of CT+PB slightly longer than the length of BPH; MPH strongly curved at apical one-third, PB cylindrical at basal one-third, basal swelling (bs) of CT developed; APH moderately constrictive, ca. 0.6 times as wide as the maximum width of PB at base, with apical bulb (ab) heavily sclerotized apically, obliquely truncated in lateral view; small spicules densely distributed on apical bulb and anterior margin of PB.
Female (Figs 2, 3). Body length 17.2-20.7 mm, humeral width 5.0-5.6 mm. Almost identical to male in general appearance. Antennae ca. 1.3-1.4 times as long as body length, apical 3-4 antennomeres surpassing elytral apex; scape to 7 th antennomere fringed beneath; lower eye lobe subequal in length and width, 0.5 times as long as gena; pronotum subequal in length and basal width; elytron longer in proportion to body length (ca. 2.2 times as long as humeral width); legs comparatively short, metatibiae exceeding elytral apices at base.
Diagnosis. Lower eye lobe rather short, 0.5 times as long as gena (in female); elytron with granules large and raised, sparsely scattered throughout, middle band variable, complete or interrupted to nearly interrupted near lateral margin; humeri slightly constricted; hindwings strongly reduced. Endophallus with APH constrictive, apical bulb (ab) heavily sclerotized apically, obliquely truncated in lateral view.
Remarks. Based on the morphological similarities, the population from Gongshan County and Fugong County of Yunnan Province are considered as P. granulatus temporarily. The type locality of P. granulatus, "Tatsienlu"(= Kangding County) perceived to be doubtful for the following reasons. Based on reliable collecting data, the distribution of a flightless species (at least among this genus) does not support such remote distance (more than 400 km away from "Tatsienlu" to the population in Yunnan). Moreover, no individual has thus far been found in the intervening area. The population from Gongshan and Fugong could not be separated from the type specimen from "Tatsienlu" morphologically. The weak differences, such as slightly longer antennae and lighter pubescence color should be treated as intraspecific variation. Furthermore, females from Yunnan share the shorter lower eye lobes with the female type specimen, while other congeners have longer lower eye lobes (except for P. pufujinae sp. n.). The poor and handwritten label of the holotype (Fig. 19) is presumably simply mislabeled. In other words, "Tatsienlu" had been written on labels merely to indicate the general region, and the exact locality could be farther afield (Cox, 1945: 209, 212). Until now, no additional specimens have been reported or found from Kangding. (The first author had visited Kangding three times, trying hard to find topotype specimens but without success.) 5) Fugong was included in the distribution list by Li (1988Li ( , 2009) and Pu (1992). In order to clarify this doubt, further studies are necessary based on obtaining the topotype, especially the male specimens from Kangding. Description. Male (Fig. 9). Body length 16.5-23.0 mm, humeral width 5.0-7.0 mm. Body dark brown; head, pronotum and ventral surface covered with tawny and brown pubescence. Head with four short tawny vittae behind upper eye lobes. Antennal scape with sparse light yellowish and brown pubescence; pedicel, basal two-thirds of 3 rd antennomere and basal half of 4 th antennomere with light yellowish pubescence, remainder with fine brown pubescence. Pronotum with two longitudinal tawny bands on each side of disk and other two longitudinal postmedian bands on lateral margins, the discal bands slightly longer than half of pronotal length. Scutellum densely clothed with tawny pubescence. Elytron with pubescence predominantly reddish brown, with tawny pubescence narrowly forming the subbasal annular marking and some small spots scattered near suture and humerus, with light yellowish pubescence forming the middle band and the preapical stripe; the middle band narrow, moderately oblique, irregularly marginated, zigzagged near middle, hardly reaching suture; the preapical stripe narrow, well developed. Legs (Fig. 34) densely clothed with tawny and brown pubescence of which the tawny one forming small spots sparsely scattered on femora and becoming denser on tibiae.
Body elongate, oblong oval. Head (Fig. 24) with frons sparsely and moderately punctured; lower eye lobe 1.1 times as long as width, 0.5 times as long as gena. Antennae ca. 1.6-1.7 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex at base of 6 th antennomere; 3 rd antennomere ca. 1.6 times as long as scape, ca. 1.3 times as long as 4 th antennomere; coarsely punctured on scape to basal half of 3 rd antennomere; scape to 3 rd antennomere fringed beneath. Pronotum subequal in length and basal width, lateral spine moderately long, thickened at base with acute apex; metasternum ca. 1.3 times as long as mesosternal length. Elytra 1.4 times as wide as pronotal base at humeri, 1.8 times as long as humeral width; humeri slightly constricted, widened at basal two-fifth, then convergent toward obliquely truncated apices; disk finely punctured, moderately granulated near humerus and behind basal one-fourth, weakened near apical one-third; subbasal tubercle moderately developed and raised, ca. 1.2 times as wide as scutellar width. Hindwings (Fig. 43) reduced, slightly shorter than elytral length. Legs long and slender, metafemora slightly exceeding elytral apices.
Male genitalia (Figs 52, 59). Tergite VIII (Fig. 52a) transverse, truncated apically and rounded at sides, length 0.8 times as long as width. Tegmen (Fig. 52b-c) with lateral lobe subparallel-sided in basal half, moderately narrowed toward acute apex. Median lobe (Fig. 52d-e) with apex acuminate in antero-dorsal view. Endophallus (n = 4, Fig. 59) subequal to triple length of median lobe, the length of MT ca. 2.4 times as long as the length of BPH, the length of CT+PB slightly longer than the length of BPH; MPH moderately curved at apical one-third, PB cylindrical at basal one-third, basal swelling (bs) of CT slightly swollen laterally; APH strongly constricted, ca. 0.5 times as wide as the maximum width of PB at base, with apical bulb (ab) heavily sclerotized apically, obliquely truncated in lateral view; small spicules densely distributed on apical bulb and apical two-fifths of PB.
Female (Fig. 10). Body length 17.0-22.0 mm, humeral width 5.4-6.6 mm. Almost identical to male in general appearance. Antennae ca. 1.2-1.3 times as long as body length, apical three or four antennomeres surpassing elytral apex; scape to 5 th or 6 th antennomere fringed beneath; 3 rd to 7 th antennomeres with light pubescence basally; elytron longer in proportion to body length (ca. 2.0 times as long as humeral width); legs comparatively short, metatibiae exceeding elytral apices at basal one-fourth.
Remarks. This new species can be distinguished from most of the congeners by elytra comparatively shorter (only 1.8 times as long as humeral width), humeri distinctly constricted in both sexes; hindwings reduced; granules moderate in size near humerus and behind basal one-fourth, weakened near apical one-third; APH of endophallus strongly constricted. It is similar to P. obliquefasciatus by color pattern but can be easily distinguished by elytra relatively shorter in length, with bigger subbasal tubercles, median pubescent band not so oblique and APH of endophallus more strongly sclerited. It is similar to P. granulatus by size of elytral subbasal tubercles but can be separated by shorter elytra, weaker granules, and denser ventral tawny pubescence.
Etymology. The new species is named after the country of its type locality.  Description. Male. (Fig. 11). Body length 16.0-24.3 mm, humeral width 4.9-7.9 mm. Body brownish black; head and pronotum covered with yellowish, tawny and brown pubescence, ventral surface with tawny pubescence forming small spots sparsely scattered throughout. Head with four tawny vittae on basal half of occiput behind upper eye lobes. Antennal scape, pedicel and basal one-fifth of 3 rd antennomere sparsely annularted with light yellowish pubescence, remainders with fine brown pubescence. Pronotum with two longitudinal tawny bands on each side of disk and other two longitudinal bands on lateral margins, the discal bands slightly longer than half of pronotal length. Scutellum densely clothed with tawny pubescence, slightly sparse along middle. Elytron with pubescence predominantly reddish brown, with tawny pubescence forming the subbasal annular marking, a short discontinuous transverse band at basal one-third near suture and a few small spots scattered near humerus and along suture, with light yellowish pubescence forming the middle band and the preapical stripe; the middle band narrow, moderately oblique, nearly interrupted at middle, zigzaged near suture, hardly reaching suture; the preapical stripe narrow, well developed. Legs (Fig. 35) clothed with sparse light brown and dense light yellowish pubescence of which the lighter one forming small spots moderately scattered.
Body elongate, oblong oval. Head (Fig. 25) with frons sparsely and coarsely punctured; lower eye lobe 1.2 times as long as width, 0.6 times as long as gena. Antennae ca. 1.6-1.7 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex at base of 6 th antennomere; 3 rd antennomere ca. 1.8 times as long as scape, ca. 1.3 times as long as 4 th antennomere; coarsely punctured on scape to 3 rd antennomere; scape to 4 th antennomere fringed beneath. Pronotum slightly longer than width at base, lateral spine developed, thickened at base with acute apex; metasternum ca. 1.5 times as long as mesosternal length. Elytra ca. 1.6 times as wide as pronotal base, 1.8 times as long as humeral width; subparallel-sided in basal two-thirds, slightly widened at basal half, then moderately convergent toward subacute apices; disk moderately and deeply punctured, moderately granulated near humerus to behind basal one-third, becoming indistinct subapically; subbasal tubercle strongly developed and raised, ca. 1.4 times as wide as scutellar width. Hindwings (Fig. 46) developed, ca. 1.4 times as long as elytral length. Legs long and slender, metafemora almost exceeding elytral apices.
Male genitalia (Figs 53, 64). Tergite VIII (Fig. 53a) transverse, slightly emarginated apically and straight sided, length 0.8 times as long as width. Tegmen (Fig.53b-c) with lateral lobe subparallel-sided toward rounded apex. Median lobe (Fig. 53d-e) with apex rounded in antero-dorsal view. Endophallus (n = 4, Fig. 64) slightly longer than triple length of median lobe, the length of MT ca. 3.0 times as long as the length of BPH, the length of CT+PB slightly longer than the length of BPH; MPH strongly curved at apical two-fifths, PB cylindrical at basal one-fourth, basal swelling (bs) of CT moderately swollen anterolaterally; APH moderately swollen, slightly wider than the maximum width of PB at base, obliquely truncated in lateral view, with apical bubble (bb) provided with a pair of short rod-like sclerite subapically; small spicules evenly distributed on basal half of apical bulb and apical half of PB.
Remarks. This new species is similar to P. sinicus sp. n., but is distinguishable by having the hindwings fully developed, punctures on elytra distinct and deeper, and APH of endophallus swollen. It resembles P. holzschuhi but differs in having antennae (at least 3 rd to 4 th antennomeres) without yellowish annulations, 3 rd antennomere fringed beneath (fringed only at basal half in P. holzschuhi), punctures and granules on elytra more developed, elytra wider (compare with its length), humeri constricted in female. It can be distinguished from P. birmanicus by the longer 3 rd antennomere, deeper elytral punctures, smaller elytral granules and narrower median band on elytra, and the subbasal tubercle of elytron not so close to elytral base.
Etymology. The new species is dedicated to the late Shu-Nan Chiang (1914Chiang ( -2013, an entomologist specialized in the taxonomy of Chinese Cerambycidae. Distribution ( Description. Male (Fig. 13). Body length 17.5-25.4 mm, humeral width 5.4-8.0 mm. Body dark brown; head, pronotum covered with yellowish, tawny and brown pubescence, ventral surface with light brown pubescence forming small spots sparsely scattered throughout. Head with four tawny vittae behind upper eye lobes of which the middle two are narrow and indistinct. Antennal scape and pedicel with sparse  Pic, 191739, 42 P. granulatus Breuning, 1942 43 P. sinicus sp. n. 44 P. acutipennis Chiang, 1981  light yellowish pubescence; 3 rd and 4 th antennomeres annulate with light yellowish pubescence at basal one-fourth and becoming indistinct on 5 th to 7 th antennomeres, remainder with fine brown pubescence. Pronotum with two longitudinal tawny bands on each side of disk and another two longitudinal bands on lateral margins, the dis-cal bands longer than two-thirds of pronotal length. Scutellum densely clothed with tawny pubescence. Elytron with pubescence predominantly brick-red, with tawny pubescence forming the subbasal annular marking, a short discontinuous transverse band at basal one-third near suture and some small spots sparsely scattered, becoming denser along suture, with light yellowish pubescence forming the middle band and the preapical stripe; the middle band moderately broad and oblique, interrupted or nearly interrupted at middle, transversely reaching suture; the preapical stripe well developed, moderately broader at base. Legs (Fig. 36) clothed with sparse brown and dense light yellowish pubescence of which the lighter one forming small spots moderately scattered on femora and becoming denser on tibiae.
Body elongate, oblong oval. Head (Fig. 26) with frons sparsely and finely punctured; lower eye lobe subequal in length and width, 0.6 times as long as gena. Antennae ca. 1.5-1.7 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex at base of 6 th antennomere; 3 rd antennomere ca. 1.7 times as long as scape, ca. 1.3 times as long as 4 th antennomere; scape coarsely punctured; scape to basal half of 3 rd antennomere fringed beneath. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as basal width, lateral spine developed, thickened at base with acute apex; metasternum ca. 1.3 times as long as mesosternal length. Elytra ca. 1.6 times as wide as pronotal base, 1.9 times as long as humeral width; subparallelsided in basal half, then moderately convergent toward subacute apices; disk sparsely and finely punctured at basal half, becoming shallower posteriorly, sparsely granulated behind humerus, granules hardly reaching basal one-third; subbasal tubercle strongly developed and raised, ca. 1.7 times as wide as scutellar width. Hindwings (Fig. 47) developed, ca. 1.4-1.5 times as long as elytral length. Legs moderately long and slender, metatibiae exceeding elytral apices at basal one-fourth.
Male genitalia (Figs 54, 63). Tergite VIII (Fig. 54a) slightly wider than long, truncated apically and rounded at sides. Tegmen (Fig. 54c-d) with lateral lobe subparallel-sided toward rounded apex. Median lobe (Fig. 54e-f) with apex acuminate in antero-dorsal view. Endophallus (n = 3, Fig. 63) longer than triple length of median lobe, the length of MT ca. 2.3 times as long as the length of BPH, the length of CT+PB subequal to the length of BPH, CT slightly longer than PB; MPH moderately curved at apical two-fifth, PB cylindrical at basal one-fourth, basal swelling (bs) of CT moderately swollen anterolaterally; APH moderately swollen, slightly wider than the maximum width of PB at base, obliquely truncated in lateral view; small spicules evenly distributed on basal half of apical bulb, densely distributed on apical one-third of PB.
Female (Fig. 14). Body length 19.4-23.0 mm, humeral width 6.7-7.4 mm. Almost identical to male in general appearance. Antennae 1.2 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex at base of 9 th antennomere; basal 7 antennomeres fringed beneath; 3 rd to 6 th antennomeres distinctly annulate with light yellowish pubescence at base; elytron longer in proportion to body length; legs comparatively short, metatibiae exceeding elytral apices at apical two-third.
Remarks. This new species is most similar to P. birmanicus and P. chiangshunani sp. n. by the general habitus but can be distinguished from the former by the elytral gran- ules being rather weakly developed and limited within basal one-third; elytral punctures finer and sparser; middle band of elytron interrupted or nearly interrupted and more developed pronotal lateral spines. It can also be distinguished from the latter by the an-tenna being shorter than body length, at least 3 rd to 4 th antennomeres with light yellowish pubescent annulations at base; elytra relatively smooth, granulate only at basal onethird, elytral punctures finer and sparser; female humeri similar to male, not constricted.
Etymology. The new species is named after Carolus Holzschuh, a specialist in Cerambycidae, who kindly provided his collection for this study.
Distribution ( Description. Male (Fig. 15). Body length 19.0-23.5 mm, humeral width 6.0-7.5 mm. Body dark brown; head, pronotum covered with tawny and brown pubescence, ventral surface with yellowish to light brown pubescence of which the lighter one forming small spots sparsely scattered throughout. Head with four tawny vittae behind upper eye lobes distinctly. Antennal scape, pedicel, basal two-thirds of 3 rd antennomere and basal half of 4 th antennomere with light yellowish pubescence, remainder with fine brown pubescence. Pronotum with two longitudinal tawny bands on each side of disk and other two indistinct longitudinal bands on lateral margins, the discal bands slightly longer than half of pronotal length. Scutellum densely clothed with tawny pubescence, slightly sparse along middle. Elytron with pubescence predominantly brick-red, with tawny pubescence forming the subbasal annular marking and some small spots scattered near suture and behind humerus, with light yellowish pubescence forming a short transverse band at basal one-fourth near suture, with the same pubescence forming the middle band and the preapical stripe; the middle band moderately broad and oblique, complete, slightly curved or strongly zigzagged near suture and reaching suture; the preapical stripe moderately broader at base. Legs (Fig. 37) densely clothed with intermixed tawny and light brown pubescence. Body elongate, oblong oval. Head (Fig. 27) with frons sparsely and coarsely punctured; lower eye lobe subequal in length and width, 0.7 times as long as gena. Antennae ca. 1.7-1.8 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex at base of 6 th antennomere; 3 rd antennomere ca. 1.9 times as long as scape, ca. 1.3 times as long as 4 th antennomere; coarsely punctured on scape to basal half of 3 rd antennomere; scape to 3 rd or 4 th antennomere fringed beneath. Pronotum subequal in length and basal width, lateral spine very short, slightly thickened at base with acute apex; metasternum ca. 1.5 times as long as mesosternal length. Elytra ca. 1.5 times as wide as pronotal base, 1.8 times as long as humeral width; subparallel-sided in basal half, then moderately convergent toward subacute apices; disk deeply and coarsely punctured, sparsely and slightly granulated near humerus and scutellum; subbasal tubercle moderately developed and raised, ca. 1.2 times as wide as scutellar width. Hindwings (Fig. 45) developed, ca. 1.4 times as long as elytral length. Legs moderately long and slender, metafemora slightly exceeding elytral apices.
Male genitalia (Figs 55, 61). Tergite VIII (Fig. 55a) transverse, slightly emarginated apically and rounded at sides, length 0.9 times as long as width. Tegmen (Fig.  55b-c) with lateral lobe widest at base, gently narrowed toward subacute apex. Median lobe (Fig. 55d-e) with apex subacute in antero-dorsal view. Endophallus (n = 2, Fig.  61) subequal to triple length of median lobe, the length of MT ca. 2.5 times as long as the length of BPH, the length of CT+PB subequal to the length of BPH; MPH moderately curved at apical one-third, PB cylindrical at basal one-third, basal swelling (bs) of CT moderately swollen anterolaterally; APH strongly constricted, ca. 0.4 times as wide as the maximum width of PB at base, with apical bulb (ab) heavily sclerotized in apical half, obliquely truncated in lateral view; small spicules moderately distributed on apical bulb and apical one-third of PB.
Female (Fig. 16). Body length 18.2-22.7 mm, humeral width 5.5-7.0 mm. Almost identical to male in general appearance. Antennae ca. 1.2 times as long as body length, apical 3 antennomeres surpassing elytral apex; scape to 6 th or 7 th antennomere fringed beneath; lower eye lobe subequal in length and width, 0.4 times as long as gena; elytron longer in proportion to body length; legs comparatively short, metatibiae exceeding elytral apices at basal two-third.
Remarks. This new species can be distinguished from most of the congeners (except P. acutipennis) by elytral disk deeply and coarsely punctured throughout and limited granulated near base. It can be easily distinguished from P. acutipennis by pronotal bands and elytral preapical stripe developed, elytral apices subacute, hindwings developed (in P. acutipennis, pronotal bands reduced, preapical stripe of elytron absent, elytral apices strongly acute and hindwings reduced). Pu (1992) misidentified this species as P. birmanicus, since the original description of the latter was too simple. Based on the type pictures, P. birmanicus can be easily separated from this new species by elytra with bigger and flattened granules from base to near apex, while elytral punctures finer. The middle band of the elytron is variable in the new species and cannot be used for a reliable diagnosis.
Etymology. The new species is dedicated to the late Fu-Ji Pu (1932Pu ( -2002, a specialist in Chinese Cerambycidae. Distribution (Map 1). China: Yunnan. Description. Male. (Fig. 7). Body length 22.0-25.6 mm, humeral width 6.7-7.4 mm. Body brownish black; head, pronotum covered with tawny and brown pubescence, ventral surface with tawny pubescence and forming two discontinuous longitudinal bands on each side of abdomen. Head with a pair of tawny vittae on each side of occiput and reaching apical margin of vertex. Antennal scape, pedicel and basal one-fourth of 3 rd antennomeres moderately covered with light yellowish pubescence, remainder covered with fine brown pubescence. Pronotum with two longitudinal tawny bands on each side of disk and other two longitudinal postmedian bands on lateral margins, the discal bands about four-fifths as long as pronotal length. Scutellum densely clothed with tawny pubescence, except a narrow median glabrous line. Elytron with dark purple sheen, with tawny pubescence narrowly forming the subbasal annular marking and some small spots scattered mainly near suture, with yellowish pubescence forming the middle band and the preapical stripe, remainder with very fine pubescence; the middle band moderately oblique, complete, regularly shaped, nearly reaching suture; the preapical stripe narrow, slightly longer than one-fourth of elytral length. Legs (Fig. 33) clothed with sparse brown and dense light yellowish pubescence of which the lighter one forming small spots sparsely scattered.
Body elongate, fusiform. Head (Fig. 23) with frons sparsely and finely punctured; lower eye lobe 1.3 times as long as width, 0.6 times as long as gena. Antennae ca. 1.7-1.8 times as long as body length, surpassing elytral apex by six antennomeres; 3 rd antennomere ca. 1.8 times as long as scape, ca. 1.3 times as long as 4 th antennomere; coarsely punctured on scape to 3 rd antennomere; scape to 3 rd antennomere fringed beneath. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as basal width, lateral spine short, slightly thickened at base with acute apex; metasternum ca. 1.5 times as long as mesosternal length. Elytra 1.6 times as wide as pronotal base, 2.1 times as long as humeral width; distinctly widest across humeri, then strongly convergent toward subacute apices; disk smooth, very finely punctured, moderately granulated near humerus; subbasal tubercle strongly developed and raised, ca. 1.4-1.6 times as wide as scutellar width. Hindwings (Fig. 48) developed, ca. 1.5 times as long as elytral length. Legs long and slender, metafemora almost exceeding elytral apices.
Male genitalia (Figs 51, 62). Tergite VIII (Fig. 51a) slightly longer than width, slightly emarginated apically and straight sided. Tegmen (Fig. 51b-c) with lateral lobe widest at base, gently narrowed toward apical half then straightly toward rounded apex. Median lobe (Fig. 51d-e) with apex roundly acuminate in antero-dorsal view. Endophallus (n = 4, Fig. 62) slightly longer than triple length of median lobe, the length of MT ca. 2.1 times as long as the length of BPH, the length of CT+PB slightly shorter than the length of BPH; MPH moderately curved at apical one-fourth, PB cylindrical at basal half, basal swelling (bs) of CT well developed; APH strongly constrictive, ca. one half as wide as the maximum width of PB at base, with apical bulb (ab) slightly sclerotized ventrally, subcylindrical in lateral view; small spicules densely distributed on apical bulb, apical margin and dorsal surface of PB.
Female (Fig. 8). Body length 24.0-25.1 mm, humeral width 7.3-7.4 mm. Almost identical to male in general appearance. Antennae ca. 1.2 times as long as body length, apical 3 antennomeres surpassing elytral apex; scape to 6 th antennomere fringed beneath; pronotum subequal in length and basal width; elytra subparallel-sided in basal half; elytron longer than males in proportion to body length; legs comparatively short, metatibia exceeding elytral apices at basal two-third.
Remarks. This new species is easily distinguishable from congeners by combination of the following characters: elytral disk smooth, very finely punctured and pubescent, with dark purple sheen; middle band of elytron moderately oblique, complete; elytra distinctly widest across humeri (at least in males). Endophallus with the overall shape unique, especially by basal swelling (bs) of CT distinctly tuberculate laterally; APH strongly constrictive and subcylindrical in lateral view.
Etymology. The new species is named from a combination of the Latin stem, 'glabri'and 'pennis'referring to the smooth surface of elytra.

Biological notes
No biological information has been so far available for Pseudoechthistatus. This overview is based on notes from several collectors and the observation of the first author as well as the label data from the specimens. Most species appear to occur in broadleaf deciduous or mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests (Fig. 69) at high elevations between 1800-3000 m, with the exception of an individual of P. glabripennis collected at 650 m, the lowest elevation known for this genus. Adults were mostly observed on dead leaves and branches: P. granulatus were feeding on dead leaves or bark of Pterocarya sp. (Juglandaceae) and Acer spp. (Aceraceae); the population of P. chiangshunani from Manwanzhen, Lincang City were crawling on the trunk of dead Juglans regia (Juglandaceae) or feeding on dead leaves of Alnus cremastogyne (Betulaceae); some specimens of P. sinicus and P. obliquefasciatus were collected by beating dead branches of Cyclobalanopsis spp. and Quercus spp. (Fagaceae), while the population of P. sinicus in Xiaobaicaoling, Santaixiang, Dayao County, were feeding on living leaves of Acer sp. Some adults of P. pufujiae were reared from larvae collected under bark of a fallen tree of Pterocarya (Figs 75-77) in Yaojiaping, some larvae of P. granulatus were found in the same tree species in Gongshan but failed to emerge. One adult of P. chiangshunani was found in its pupal cell in a partly rotten wood of Alnus cremastogyne (Betulaceae). Two possible larvae of P. granulatus and P. sinicus, which were collected under bark of conifers but died due to the high temperature at lower elevation, were preserved properly for a further study.
Most species are nocturnal, and remain hidden in or around their host plants during daytime (Figs 71-72). Most specimens were collected by observing, beating, sweeping vegetation or by using light traps. Some individuals of P. sinicus were observed crawling on ground in the daytime. One female of P. pufujiae laying eggs on a fallen log was observed at noon (Fig. 74).
Besides the species with reduced hindwings which are apparently flightless, P. pufujiae ( Fig. 73) with normal hindwings was observed flying only short distances when disturbed in the lab or in the field. A series of P. glabripennis attracted to a light trap indicates strong flying ability of that species.
Up to now, only P. glabripennis and P. holzschuhi, both with normally developed hindwings, are known to be sympatric in Fenshuiling, southeast Yunnan (Map 1). Those species with reduced hindwings appear to be allopatric. The Gongshan population of P. granulatus appears to be close to the northern population of P. obliquefasciatus, which is actually separated by the Nushan Mountains. Pseudoechthistatus obliquefasciatus is not known to be sympatric with P. sinicus, but the type locality of P. obliquefasciatus cannot be precisely localized (see the remarks of P. obliquefasciatus).
Pseudoechthistatus sinicus and hunting spiders (possibly Lycosidae) were active on ground vegetation simultaneously at night (observed in Weibaoshan and Xiaobaicaoling). In consideration of the elytral subbasal tubercles of Pseudoechthistatus that resemble the posterior median eyes of the spiders, we suppose this resemblance may represent a case of Batesian mimicry, but more evidence is required before any conclusion can be reached.

Discussion
The shortened metasternum (associated with reduced hindwings) was one of the diagnostic characters used to define Dorcadionini, Morimopsini, Parmenini, and Phrissomini of Lamiinae (Breuning 1950), and was followed by most subsequent authors (e.g. Gressitt 1951, Rondon andBreuning 1970). However, such an arbitrarily selected character has likely evolved many times and has been noted in many clearly distantly related genera and is therefore unsatisfactory for tribal classification (Švácha and Lawrence 2014). Sama (2008) synonymized Phrissomini and Dorcadionini with Lamiini which is acceptable, while another, probably polyphyletic, tribe Morimopsini needs further study.
In Breuning's tribal system of the Lamiinae, the occurrence of species with complete and reduced hindwings within the same genus or subgenus is uncommon, e.g. subgenus Pseudale of Pterolophia (Malihara 1988;Yamasako 2016 pers. comm.) and Spalacopsis (Tyson 1973;Lingafelter pers. comm.). In another instance, treating winged species under Pseudoechthistatus is supported not only by the similarities of external features (except the metasternum and its related characteristics) but also by the resemblances of the endophallic structures. The morphology of the endophallus is therefore considered useful for distinguishing and/or defining taxa of Pseudoechthistatus as well as other Lamiinae (e.g. Ehara 1954, Nakamine andTakeda 2008).
Investigation of the inflated endophallus in Cerambycidae was considered to have been undertaken for the first time recently (Danilevsky et al. 2005); however, Kuboki (1980Kuboki ( , 1981 probably was the first person who investigated several lepturine species and pointed out the taxonomic significance of the structure of the endophallus. Although only an abbreviated word "everted" was presented in the paper, he in fact established a complicated way to evert and inflate the endophallus (Kuboki 2016 pers. comm.). His work has been ignored, as well as the voluminous non-English literature that has never been translated. In contrast, the endophallus in an uninflated condition has been more widely studied (e.g. Lingafelter and Hoebeke 2002).
The previous studies on the inflated endophallus can be subdivided into two paths (Yamasako and Ohbayashi 2012a): Danilevsky et al. (2005), Danilevsky and Kasatkin (2006), Kasatkin (2006), Ohbayashi and Bi (2014), Bi and Ohbayashi (2015), etc. investigated the endophallus in its everted condition; while Yamasako and Ohbayashi (2011, 2012b, 2012c, Yamasako (2014), Yamasako andChou (2014a, 2014b), Bi and Lin (2014) etc. studied the endophallus in a non-everted condition. Yamasako and Ohbayashi (2012a) compared the advantages and the disadvantages of both conditions and concluded that observation of the endophallus is desirable in the "inflated and everted" condition, but the non-everted condition is useful for many taxa because it shows similar character states when there is no sclerotized structure supporting the membranous parts. In our study on Pseudoechthistatus and its relatives, however, the developed internal membrane, the sclerotized apical bulb or the presence of sclerite in apical phallomere make the APH hidden inside the endophallus in the non-everted condition and no critical structures of apical phallomere can be observed (Fig. 58b). Thus, a better comparison of endophallic structure is proposed to be done in the everted condition at least in Lamiini sensu lato. Of course, the technique to evert the endophallus still needs improvement, although a preliminary method is provided by Rubenyan (2002).
The endophallic terminology of Cerambycidae has been proposed and applied for various taxa by several authors (e.g. Danilevsky et al. 2005 for Dorcadionini; Kasatkin 2006 modified for family; Yamasako and Ohbayashi 2011 for Mesosini). Even so, the complex and individual structure of the endophallus among the family are still difficult to define congruously. The definition of PB for Paraleprodera mesophthalma (Lamiini-Monochamini) in Bi and Lin (2012) is revised in this paper for a consistent comparison to its congeners and to Pseudoechthistatus.
Finally, endophallic structures of twelve species or subspecies of Paraleprodera Breuning, 1935 have been investigated for comparison with Pseudoechthistatus Pic, 1917 in this study. As a result, Pseudoechthistatus can be clearly distinguished from Paraleprodera (see generic diagnosis). However, the endophallic diversity of Paraleprodera is considerable and the genus may be subdivided into at least two groups: the triangularis group containing Par. bigemmata, Par. bisignata, Par. diophthalma with subspecies and Par. triangularis, which are characterized by CT less developed (without a distinct swelling) and APH with a pair of U-shaped sclerites (Figs 67-f, 68-g) (Par. crucifera, the type species of Paraleprodera which is morphologically similar to Par. triangularis, probably also belongs to this group); the carolina group containing Par. carolina, Par. cf. flavoplagiata, Par. itzingeri, Par. mesophthalma, and Par. stephanus, which are characterized by CT swollen posteroventrally and PB bearing a ventral tubercle (vbt) (Fig. 65). The endophallus of Par. insidiosa resembles neither of the above groups. The endophallic structure of the carolina group has a much closer resemblance to Pseudoechthistatus than to the triangularis group, indicating that Paraleprodera might be para-or polyphyletic, which is also supported by its variable pronotal structures. However, these considerations are beyond the scope of this paper, and the generic treatment requires a thorough study in the future.