﻿The subfamily Dermestinae (Coleoptera, Dermestidae) from Saudi Arabia

﻿Abstract In this study, the fauna of Saudi Arabian Dermestinae (Coleoptera, Dermestidae) is summarised. Six Dermestes species and single species from two Marioutini genera, Mariouta and Rhopalosilpha, are reported. Dermestes (Dermestinus) undulatus Brahm, 1790 and Dermestes (Dermestes) haemorrhoidalis Küster, 1852 are newly recorded from Saudi Arabia. A list of Dermestinae species from the Arabian Peninsula is provided with their distributions.


Introduction
Dermestinae is a subfamily of Dermestidae with a worldwide distribution, but concentrated in the Holarctic and Afrotropical areas. According to Háva (2015Háva ( , 2022, there are approximately 95 species assigned to only five genera under two tribes: Dermestini with three genera, Derbyana Lawrence & Ślipiński, Dermalius Háva, and Dermestes Linnaeus, 1758, and Marioutini with two genera, Mariouta Pic and Rhopalosilpha Arrow; additionally there is the fossil tribe Paradermestini with one genus, Paradermestes Deng, Ślipiński, Ren & Pang (Háva 2015(Háva , 2022. The genus Dermestes is the largest genus in Dermestinae and recently included 89 species and subspecies worldwide (Háva 2015(Háva , 2022. Members of the subfamily are generally recognised by their elongate body structure, lack of ocelli, and males with small tufts of erect setae on the abdominal ventrites (females are without tufts). Larvae are zoonecrophagous.
The first data concerning Dermestinae of Saudi Arabia date back to the second half of the 20 th century. In the early 1960s, the Egyptian entomologist F. Shalaby (1961) was perhaps the first who catalogued data on Dermestes maculatus DeGeer, 1774. The work of the Polish entomologist M. Mroczkowski (1979) was the first important faunistic study on the Saudi Arabian Dermestidae fauna. His work was based on the collection made by W. Büttiker who intensively explored many areas of Saudi Arabia, and he recorded three Dermestes species. Mroczkowski and Ślipiński (1997) published their review and keys to world genera and species of the tribe Marioutini and reported Mariouta stangei Reitter, 1910 andRhopalosilpha wasmanni Arrow, 1929 from Saudi Arabia.
From the beginning of the 21 st century and during the last two decades, the forensic importance of dermestid beetles attracted the attention of many workers from Saudi Arabia (e.g., Abouzied 2014; Alajmi et al. 2016;Al-Shareef and Al-Mazyad 2017;Al-Shareef and Zaki 2017;Mashaly 2017;Shaalan et al. 2017;Mashaly et al. 2018Mashaly et al. , 2019Al-Dakhil and Alharbi 2020;Al-Qahtni et al. 2020). However, the faunistic data on Dermestinae were published as part of general surveys of insects or beetles (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017Elgharbawy 2018). The systematic, faunistic, and distribution of Dermestinae in Saudi Arabia are still not well known, and few works have been published. This paper aims to summarise the known Saudi Arabian Dermestinae and update distribution data.

Materials and methods
The data on the distribution of the species in the subfamily Dermestinae (Coleoptera, Dermestidae) in Saudi Arabia is based on three main sources. The first are the historical works of Shalaby (1961), Mroczkowski (1979), Mroczkowski and Ślipiński (1997), and additionally the recent publication of Abouzied (2014), Abdel-Dayem et al. (2017, Al-Shareef and Zaki (2017), Mashaly (2017), Elgharbawy (2018), Mashaly et al. (2019), Al-Dakhil and Alharbi (2020), and Al-Qahtni et al. (2020. The second source are specimens preserved in the insect collections of the King Saud University Museum of Arthropods (KSMA) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, the Florida State Collection and Arthropods (FSCA), and the collection of the first author. The third source is an extended field survey conducted by the second and third authors, which is still ongoing. The collected specimens were deposited in the collections of KSMA, unless otherwise indicated (JHAC: Jiří Háva). The nomenclature follows Motyka et al. (2022). A note entry summarises published and current data on the species distribution within Saudi Arabia. The general range and the world distribution data were derived from the catalogues of Háva (2015Háva ( , 2022. For each material lot examined, the following label data are provided as follows: Country name (in capital letters) at the beginning. Then each record starts with a bullet point (•) followed by the number of examined specimens followed by sex (if determined) or "ex" (if the specimen sex could not be recognised because the abdomen was lost, damaged, or other reasons); Saudi Province followed by a comma (,), governorate, locality; geographical coordinates; elevation (m), collection date; collector(s) name followed by "leg."; method of collection (bait trap (BT), handpicking (HP), light trap (LT), malaise trap (MT), pitfall trap (PT), sweeping net (SW)), the identifier name followed by "det.", and the depository collection acronym. The material examined was arranged in alphabetical order with respect to the Saudi province, governorate, and locality name. Data were then arranged in chronological order according to the month of collection. Records with the same locality data, except for slight differences (such as date of collection, altitude, collector/s), were reported together with the second label, given "same collection data as for preceding" and followed by a semicolon (;) and the different data.
The following acronyms of type depositories are used in the text:  (Mroczkowski 1979), Dhahran (Mroczkowski 1979), and Riyadh Province at Riyadh (Mroczkowski 1979). The listed specimens were collected from low elevation areas (<600 m) in central, eastern, and southwestern Saudi Arabia (Fig. 4A).
Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Háva 2007(Háva , 2015(Háva , 2022. Note. The female specimen was collected at a low elevation (670 m) in a sandy area in central Saudi Arabia (Fig. 4A). This represents a new record for Saudi Arabia. Distribution. Nearly cosmopolitan (Háva 2015(Háva , 2022 Note. Dermestes lardarius was previously reported from Saudi Arabia without a specific locality (Hagstrum and Subramanyam 2009). The only known female representing this species in Saudi Arabia was collected from the coastal area in Jeddah (Makkah Province) (Fig. 4D).

Subgenus Dermestinus Zhantiev, 1967
Dermestes ( Note. Mroczkowski (1979) documented this species in Jeddah. Recently it was collected at Jeddah from rabbit carcasses (Al-Shareef and Al-Mazyad 2017) and human remains (Al-Shareef and Zaki 2017), and at Riyadh from camel, dog, and goat carcasses (Mashaly et al. 2019) and human corpses (Alajmi et al. 2016). This species has also been collected from sheep carcasses in Riyadh, Jazan, and Arar (Mashaly et al. 2018). The listed specimens were collected at different elevations (7-1920 m) in the central, east, and lowlands and mountainous areas of southwest Saudi Arabia (Fig. 4B).
Note. This species is only known from a single specimen preserved in the NHMB collection. This specimen was collected by W. Büttiker in May 1985 at a location in the Empty Quarter (Rub al Khali), 248 km south of the town of Salwa in southeastern Saudi Arabia, located near the border with Qatar (Fig. 4D).
Distribution. This very rare species is known only from Iran, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia (Háva 2015(Háva , 2022.

Discussion
The first forensic case being solved using insects was during the 13 th century in China, while the first systematic studies of forensic entomology took place in Germany during the 19 th century (Benecke 2001). Despite the earlier published data documenting the Saudi fauna of Dermestinae (Shalaby 1961;Mroczkowski 1979), forensic entomology in this country began only during the last two decades. Accordingly, several studies were conducted during this period in four areas: at the centre of the country (Alajmi et al. 2016;Mashaly 2017;Mashaly et al. 2018Mashaly et al. , 2019Al-Qahtni et al. 2020), in the east (Shaalan et al. 2017), in the west (Al-Shareef and Al-Mazyad 2017; Al-Shareef and Zaki 2017; Al-Dakhil and Alharbi 2020), and in the southwest (Abouzied 2014). Taxonomic and faunal studies are needed to support this growing interest in forensic entomology in Saudi Arabia.
During the late stage of decay of animal remains, Dermestes species are one of the predominant taxa among forensic insects (Magni et al. 2015). Dermestes frischii and D. maculatus have been the most frequently documented dermestid beetles in forensic studies in Saudi Arabia (Alajmi et al. 2016;Mashaly et al. 2018). The current study listed eight species in three genera (Dermestes, Mariouta, and Rhopalosilpha) in two tribes (Dermestini and Marioutini) belonging to the subfamily Dermestinae. Dermestes haemorrhoidalis and D. undulatus are recorded for the first time from Saudi Arabia. Based on the world distribution range, the Saudi Dermestinae fauna is dominated by the widespread cosmopolitan or nearly cosmopolitan species, which includes all members of the tribe Dermestini (e.g., Dermestes ater, D. haemorrhoidalis, D. lardarius, D. frischii, D. maculatus, D. undulatus;Háva 2015Háva , 2022 (Table 1), while the members of tribe Marioutini, Mariouta stangei and Rhopalosilpha wasmanni have a narrower distribution range and appear to have Saharo-Sindian elements (Háva 2015(Háva , 2022. The analysis of data based on the examination of museum specimens and literature records revealed that D. frischii and D. maculatus are the most abundant and distributed over a fairly wide range in Saudi Arabia. These findings are consistent with what has been documented in several other studies (Shalaby 1961;Mroczkowski 1979;Abouzied 2014;Alajmi et al. 2016;Shaalan et al. 2017;Elgharbawy 2018;Al-Dakhil and Al-Harbi 2020). However, the remaining Dermestinae are rare or very rare species, either documented from a few specimens (e.g., D. ater) or a single specimen (e.g., D. haemorrhoidalis, D. lardarius, D. undulatus, M. stangei, and R. wasmanni). This may be due to different feeding behaviours or a rarity of these species in the Saudi fauna. Although D. ater, D. haemorrhoidalis, D. lardarius, and D. undulatus have been reported from human cadavers (Charabidze et al. 2014;Kadej et al. 2020), none of the forensic entomological studies in Saudi Arabia reported any of them. As for Mariouta stangei and Rhopalosilpha wasmanni, no information is available that documents their feeding habits.
Despite more than 60 years since the first faunistic study (Shalaby 1961), we may still have an imprecise idea about the actual species number and faunal composition of Dermestinae in Saudi Arabia. In conclusion, the few numbers of faunistic studies on the Dermestinae in Saudi Arabia and the registration of two new records in the current study indicate that there are more species that have yet to be discovered.