Corresponding author: Xiaodong Zheng (
Academic editor: Pavel Stoev
In this study, we described a new species of octopus and named it
Zheng X, Xu C, Li J (2022) Morphological description and mitochondrial DNA-based phylogenetic placement of a new species of
Among the cephalopods, 134 species have been recorded in the China Seas (
Species in the genus
In this paper, we described one new species of
Samples were collected from Dongshan Seafood Market Pier (
All specimens were measured after being fixed according to
The beaks and radulae were removed from the buccal mass. Then beaks were cleaned and stored in 75% ethanol. Seven beak morphological indices, upper hood length (
Before fixation with formalin and alcohol, about 100 mg of muscle tissue was cut from the mantle inside all chilled specimens. Total genomic DNA was extracted using a CTAB (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) method (
The
GenBank accession numbers for species analysed in this study.
Species | GenBank numbers | References |
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Unpublished |
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This study | |
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Unpublished |
‘ |
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Small to moderate size (
Measurements and indices of nine specimens are presented in Table
Measurements (mm) and indices for
Name | |||||||||
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Status | Holotype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | ||
Sex | ♂ | ♂ | ♂ | ♂ | ♂ | ♀ | ♀ | ♀ | ♀ |
Maturity | mature | mature | mature | mature | mature | immature | immature | mature | mature |
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212.7 | 216.3 | 212.1 | 258.6 | 283.9 | 195.7 | 208.6 | 234.8 | 382.1 |
TW(g) | 30.6 | 24.5 | 37.3 | 28.8 | 23.4 | 17.6 | 16.1 | 25.1 | 39.2 |
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45.5 | 49.5 | 53.2 | 56.3 | 63.2 | 41.7 | 50.7 | 51.7 | 83.3 |
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72.5 | 69.7 | 65.6 | 66.2 | 65.0 | 64.5 | 60.5 | 77.4 | 46.2 |
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35.2 | 29.1 | 23.9 | 30.7 | 27.2 | 30.0 | 27.6 | 39.1 | 23.0 |
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120.9 | 116.6 | 111.5 | 116.5 | 103.2 | 149.6 | 111.0 | 125.0 | 98.3 |
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63.1 | 65.1 | 66.2 | 67.1 | 53.2 | 61.4 | 57.8 | 68.5 | 51.0 |
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46.0 | 35.1 | 23.9 | 26.2 | 25.9 | 40.6 | 32.4 | 34.2 | 33.6 |
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17.0 | 17.3 | 22.9 | 15.7 | 18.3 | 19.8 | 20.0 | 16.9 | 16.2 |
AL1I | 333.8 | 331.9 | 237.2 | 322.7 | 196.7 | D | 285.4 | 324.8 | 294.5 |
AL2I | 336.3 | 276.0 | 241.2 | 302.1 | 304.1 | 322.5 | 251.1 | 313.5 | 154.9 |
AL3I | 291.9 | 273.1 | 231.8 | 220.1 | 220.4 | 294.5 | 226.8 | 272.7 | 293.0 |
AL4I | 296.7 | 259.2 | 193.2 | 265.2 | 229.9 | 299.0 | 211.8 | 281.8 | 237.1 |
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15.2 | 13.8 | 14.3 | 13.2 | 11.6 | 14.5 | 18.0 | 16.2 | 8.7 |
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7.0 | 11.6 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 10.4 | – | – | – | – |
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31.6 | 26.3 | 28.2 | 30.9 | 31.1 | – | – | – | – |
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184.2 | 160.8 | 162.4 | 182.8 | 155.5 | – | – | – | – |
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63.1 | 58.9 | 70.1 | 81.8 | 70.6 | – | – | – | – |
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6.9 | 6.5 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 5.4 |
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79 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 70 | – | – | – | – |
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157 | 191 | 171 | 198 | 195 | 191 | 163 | 178 | 177 |
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8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
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– | 6 | 8 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – |
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– | 37.8 | 58.1 | – | 79.1 | – | – | – | – |
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– | 1.4 | 1.5 | – | 1.6 | – | – | – | – |
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– | – | – | – | – | – | – | 64 | 67 |
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– | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14.0 | 14.5 |
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– | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4.3 | 3.3 |
– | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.29 | – | – | 0.32 | 0.28 | |
– | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.15 | – | – | 0.16 | 0.12 | |
– | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.23 | – | – | 0.27 | 0.23 | |
– | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.45 | – | – | 0.34 | 0.36 | |
– | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.36 | – | – | 0.26 | 0.30 |
Digestive tract (Fig.
Upper beak (Fig.
Male reproductive tract (Fig.
Female reproductive tract (Fig.
Integument (Fig.
The name ‘
According to fishermen in Zhangzhou, this species is distributed in the East China Sea and the South China Sea, mainly in Quanzhou, Fujian Province to Shanwei, Guangdong Province.
Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the fragments of the
Pairwise comparison of the genetic distances among
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14.29 | – | ||||||||||||||
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12.43 | 16.36 | – | |||||||||||||
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11.78 | 16.56 | 11.03 | – | ||||||||||||
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20.32 | 20.34 | 22.76 | 21.09 | – | |||||||||||
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20.10 | 19.02 | 20.18 | 19.50 | 14.54 | – | ||||||||||
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19.62 | 20.57 | 21.27 | 20.37 | 12.22 | 15.12 | – | |||||||||
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21.03 | 20.38 | 19.63 | 21.13 | 10.95 | 15.40 | 5.01 | – | ||||||||
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18.51 | 19.40 | 20.29 | 18.63 | 14.04 | 15.54 | 12.18 | 11.97 | – | |||||||
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18.26 | 18.81 | 20.97 | 19.47 | 21.40 | 20.55 | 19.70 | 20.22 | 17.76 | – | ||||||
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16.45 | 19.01 | 16.93 | 18.05 | 19.87 | 21.11 | 18.49 | 17.58 | 19.08 | 13.11 | – | |||||
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18.05 | 14.74 | 20.21 | 20.68 | 20.40 | 19.27 | 19.96 | 20.50 | 17.40 | 16.28 | 19.04 | – | ||||
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20.09 | 19.22 | 18.73 | 20.36 | 16.94 | 17.68 | 19.02 | 17.39 | 16.63 | 20.87 | 20.34 | 21.17 | – | |||
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14.95 | 16.74 | 17.47 | 18.61 | 17.19 | 17.65 | 17.83 | 17.16 | 15.33 | 17.17 | 16.24 | 15.00 | 18.05 | – | ||
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19.87 | 19.44 | 23.52 | 22.04 | 13.50 | 14.17 | 10.77 | 11.43 | 11.13 | 18.28 | 20.60 | 19.21 | 19.01 | 17.59 | – | |
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14.30 | 17.90 | 17.47 | 18.37 | 21.07 | 20.44 | 20.35 | 20.36 | 20.72 | 17.68 | 17.93 | 15.27 | 20.36 | 16.99 | 20.81 | – |
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14.37 | 17.51 | 17.23 | 18.29 | 21.51 | 21.04 | 20.14 | 20.15 | 21.09 | 18.87 | 18.60 | 15.21 | 20.69 | 18.30 | 20.69 | 2.97 |
Phylogenetic trees derived from Maximum likelihood (
As mentioned previously,
Comparison of key morphological characters between
Item | ‘ |
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Data source | this study |
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Colour | reddish-orange to reddish-brown, no spot | Typically, red-brown to red, white spots or bars on mantle, head and arms | red-brown, light yellow spots on mantle surface |
Sculpture | smooth | smooth or with scattered low papillae | smooth |
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8–9 | 10–14 | 10–12 |
Funnel organ | \ /\ /-shaped | W, UU or VV-shaped | V V-shaped |
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15.7 to 22.9 | around 7 to 28 | deepest around 10 |
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154.9–336.3 | 300–800 | 400–500 |
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58.9–81.8 | around 40–95 | around 50 |
Enlarged suckers | absent | absent | present |
Ligula | cylindrical with groove, |
cylindrical with deep groove, |
spoon-like with wide hollow groove, |
no spots on mantle surfaces (‘
a \∧/-shaped funnel organ (the funnel organ shape of ‘
gills with 8 or 9 lamellae per demibranch (10–12 lamellae per demibranch in ‘
no enlarged suckers in mature males (‘
cylindrical ligula with groove (spoon-like with a wide hollow groove in ‘
Judging from the K2P genetic distance (Table
We are planning to analyse the mitochondrial genome of
We would like to thank Dr Hong Zhong, Ms Feige Sunxie for collecting specimens, and Poungthong Itsaret for helping to take a few photos of the new species. We are also grateful to Prof ChungCheng Lu for the valuable advice for improving the manuscript. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31672257, 32170536).