Distribution ranges of six species of the Leptopelis gramineus species complex. Small, more arboreal forms are represented by green (L. diffidens), yellow (L. gramineus) and purple (L. xeniae sp. nov.) triangles. Larger, semi-fossorial forms are represented by red (L. rugosus) and white (L. shebellensis sp. nov.) circles. The large arboreal Leptopelis susanae is represented by a light blue triangle. Stars indicate type localities given in the original descriptions of L. gramineus (yellow; dashed line between Badditù and Dimé), Pseudocassina rugosa (red) and Pseudocassina ocellata (grey), both synonymised here with L. rugosus (see the discussion in the main text).