Revision of the family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from Vietnam, with the description of 13 new species

Abstract A total of 16 genera and 68 species of Chalcididae of Vietnam are taxonomically treated. Thirteen new species are described; the remaining 55 species are keyed, redescribed or provided with a diagnosis. Among these 37 species and eleven genera are recorded for the first time from Vietnam. The thirteen new species are: Antrocephalus neogalleriae Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n.; Brachymeria neowiebesina Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., Brachymeria semirusula Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., Dirhinus neoclaviger Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., Epitranus narendrani van Achterberg, sp. n., Epitranus neonigriceps Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., Heydoniella vietnamensis Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., Megachalcis vietnamicus Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., Notaspidium vietnamicum Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., Oxycoryphe neotenax Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., Sthulapada neopadata Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., Sthulapada vietnamensis Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n., and Tanycoryphus masii Narendran & van Achterberg, sp. n. The newly recorded genera are: Antrocephalus Kirby, 1883; Haltichella Spinola, 1811; Heydoniella Narendran, 2003; Hockeria Walker, 1834; Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre, 1894; Notaspidium Dalla Torre, 1897; Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer, 1894; Psilochalcis Kieffer, 1904; Sthulapada Narendran, 1989; Tanycorphus Cameron, 1905, and Trigonura Sichel, 1865. The following known species are recorded for the first time from Vietnam: Antrocephalus decipiens (Masi, 1929); Antrocephalus lugubris (Masi, 1932); Antrocephalus maculipennis (Cameron, 1905); Antrocephalus nasutus (Holmgren, 1869); Antrocephalus sepyra (Walker, 1846); Antrocephalus validicornis (Holmgren, 1868); Brachymeria alternipes (Walker, 1871); Brachymeria aurea (Girault, 1915); Brachymeria coxodentata Joseph, Narendran & Joy, 1972; Brachymeria euploeae (Westwood, 1837); Brachymeria hime Habu, 1960; Brachymeria jambolana Gahan, 1942; Brachymeria kamijoi Habu, 1960; Brachymeria lugubris (Walker, 1871); Brachymeria marmonti (Girault, 1924); Brachymeria minuta (Linnaeus, 1767); Brachymeria scutellocarinata Joseph, Narendran & Joy, 1972; Brachymeria shansiensis Habu, 1961; Brachymeria taiwana (Matsumura, 1910); Dirhinus anthracia Walker, 1846; Dirhinus claviger Bouček & Narendran, 1981; Epitranus albipennis Walker, 1874; Epitranus ater Bouček, 1982; Epitranus gauldi Bouček, 1982; Epitranus oxytelus Bouček, 1982; Epitranus ramnathi (Mani & Dubey, 1973); Haltichella delhensis Roy & Farooqi, 1984; Haltichella nipponensis Habu, 1960; Hockeria bangalorica Narendran, 1989; Hockeria guptai Narendran, 1989; Kriechbaumerella ayyari (Gahan, 1919); Kriechbaumerella cordigaster Roy & Farooqi, 1984; Kriechbaumerella destructor (Waterston, 1922); Kriechbaumerella nepalensis Narendran, 1989; Oxycoryphe scutellatus Narendran, 1989; Psilochalcis carinigena (Cameron, 1907), and Trigonura luzonensis Narendran, 1987. Brachymeria calopeplae Joseph, Narendran & Joy, 1972, is treated as a valid species.


Introduction
The family Chalcididae Latreille, 1817 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is one of the most interesting and difficult hymenopteran families to study taxonomically. They show morphological resemblances among genera and species -a phenomenon widely found in other Chalcidoidea families as well -and it is not easy to separate them at species level and often at generic level. Though many species of Chalcididae look very much alike, they differ widely in habits. Members of this family comprise medium to large chalcids which vary from 1.5 to 15 mm in length. Members of this family comprise some of the largest specimens of the chalcidoid families. Chalcidids can be recognized by the swollen hind femur, the indistinct prepectus, the sharp occipital carina bordering the gena posteriorly, the strong punctation of the mesosoma, the side of the scapula separating the pronotum from the tegula, the shallow femoral depression ("facies femoralis" of Bouček (1952)) of the mesopleuron and the tarsi with five segments. Colour of chalcidids is often black or black with yellow or white or red markings. Body usually is without metallic refringence (in Notaspidium some species are with metallic refringence; Figs 169-172).
In Dirhinus frontal horns are present. In Epitranus the clypeus is dorsally concave, pilose, and its distal margin is vaguely tri-lobed. In Smicromorpha the antennal flagellum has less than 11 segments; the metasoma is unusually narrow and tail-like and is a parasitoid of ants. There are about 90 valid genera and approximately 1500 valid species so far described from the world (Noyes, 2011). From Vietnam 18 species of Chalcididae are known of which 10 are listed in the chalcidoid database: (www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/chalcidoids/database/) and with this paper a total of 68 species belonging to 16 genera (37 species and 11 genera new for Vietnam) are known.
Until recently (Riek 1970), the family Leucospidae was included under the Chalcididae as a subfamily. However, Bouček and all other recent workers considered Leucospidae as a separate family.

Phylogeny
Up to recently it was generally accepted that the family Chalcididae (sensu stricto) is a monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Chalcidoidea largely based on four morphological synapomorphies (Wijesekara 1997;Gibson 1999). Studies of Wijesekara (1997) states that there are four unambiguous characters supporting the monophyly of Chalcididae excluding Leucospidae, viz., 1) derived shape of labrum; 2) exposed and straight bases of mandibles; 3) convergence of parascutal and axillar carinae and 4) the presence of a genal or occipital carina. Leucospidae is the sister group of Chalcididae as supported by two synapomorphies: 1) the enlarged and ventrally toothed hind femur and 2) the elongated transversely orientated propodeal spiracles. According to the molecular analyses of Munro et al. (2011) Chalcididae and Chalcidinae were not monophyletic in any of their analyses and Leucospidae were not included in one of the monophyletic groups found in the Chalcididae. Cratocentrini (Cratocentrus and Acanthochalcis) were excluded from the Chalcididae. The subfamilies Epitraninae, Dirhininae and Haltichellinae were all monophyletic with strong support as the tribes Brachymeriini, Chalcidini and Phasgonophorini of the subfamily Chalcidinae (Munro et al. 2011).

Distribution
The family Chalcididae is worldwide in distribution. Of the 38 genera and 447 species known from Oriental region (Noyes 2011) only five genera and ten species are so far reported from Vietnam, but additional species are listed in . In this paper we record 68 species (including thirteen new species) belonging to 16 genera. Among the Vietnamese Chalcididae the most diverse genus is found to be Brachymeria Westwood, 1829, with 25 species followed by Antrocephalus Kirby, 1883, with seven species.

Biology
While the majority of the species of Chalcididae are primary solitary endoparasitoids, some are secondary parasitoids or gregarious parasitoids. Chalcidids attack a wide range of hosts. The most targeted hosts are Lepidoptera followed by Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Some species attack Neuroptera, Orthoptera, and Strepsiptera. So far no host is recorded from Vietnam, except of Smicromorpha masneri Darling, 2009.

Material and methods
The majority of material for this study of Chalcididae was collected by the second author (CvA) from different localities in Vietnam. Some other specimens collected from Vietnam were sent to the first author (TCN) from BPBM during 1980-1989. The material collected by CvA is mainly from Malaise traps, with some specimens taken by sweep netting. In the laboratory the material were studied using a Leica stereozoom binocular by TCN. The colour photographs are made with an Olympus SZX12 motorized stereomicroscope with AnalySIS Extended Focal Imaging Software by CvA. All primary types of the new species are deposited in RMNH (Leiden) and duplicates in IEBR (Hanoi).

Diagnosis. The genus
Antrocephalus is a difficult genus to define its limits. This is because the genus comes very close to Hockeria and rarely also to Kriechbaumerella.
Only with extensive expertise in the taxonomy of these genera one can authoritatively identify this genus, which in future perhaps will be more reliably possible by using molecular markers. Description. Head with a horse shoe-shaped carina running behind anterior ocellus; scrobe fairly deep and reaching anterior ocellus; pronotum with anterior carinae and often with submedian tubercles in majority of species; apex of scutellum variable; geno-temporal margin with or without geno-temporal furrow; metasoma usually with two submedian short or long carinae in most species.
Hosts. Pupae of Lepidoptera. Distribution. Europe, Asia, Australia and New Guinea. Apparently introduced in South America (Bouček 1988b).
Variation. There is a wide variation of the general characters. In some species the pronotal carina and tubercles are weak or absent; in a few species the scrobe is shallow, not very deep as in typical species, in some others the metasoma without basal carinae on T1 indistinct.
Colour. Black; femora and tibiae black with bases and apices pale brown or pale brownish yellow; scape black with basal half yellow in Vietnamese specimens, reaching anterior ocellus.
Head. Pre-and post-orbital carinae distinct. Mesosoma. Pronotal carinae and tubercles absent; mesosoma with interstices narrower than half diameter of a pit and rugulose; apex of scutellum bi-lobed.
Wings. Fore wing with two black patches: one starting from MV and the other from anterior wing margin beyond PMV, both patches united each other medially encircling a white spot in between anteriorly.
Metasoma. Metasoma longer than mesosoma; T1 with two parallel ridges or carinae at base; length of each carina subequal to width between them; T1 smooth and shiny dorsally.
Variation. This is a very variable species. The colour of legs ranges from black to red. The black colour of hind femur is often brown or red or black with base and apex brown or red. In some specimens the dark infuscation of the fore wing is very faintly represented. In some specimens the antenna is completely black; in some others the basal funicular segments and scape (partly or completely) are reddish or brownish.
Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Widely distributed all over the Oriental region. New record for Vietnam.

Antrocephalus maculipennis
Material. 1 ♀ (RMNH), "S. Vietnam: Dak Lak, Chu Yang Sin N. P., Krong K'Mar, 590-840 m, 22-26.x.2005, Mal[aise] traps 13-23, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH'05". Diagnosis. This species comes near Antrocephalus niger (Masi) in the key to Oriental species of Antrocephalus by , but differs from that species in having the fore wing with two dark brown or black infuscations whereas in A. niger the fore wing has only one dark infuscation. This species also resembles A. cariniceps (Cameron) in general appearance, but A. cariniceps has a distinct long pair of basal carinae at the base of T1, whereas in A. maculipennis such carinae are absent.
Material (RMNH, IEBR). 1 ♀, "S. Vietnam: Dóng Nai, Cát Tiên N. P., Ficus trail, c. 100 m, 9-30.iv.2007 Diagnosis. Similar to Antrocephalus sepyra (Walker) in general appearance, but differs from it in having the hind femur relatively longer than that of A. sepyra, fore wing with brown infuscation behind MV and apex of scutellum deeply incised. It differs from Antrocephalus fascicornis (Walker) in having the face not as convex as that of A. fascicornis and hind femur not as wide as that of A. fascicornis. This species comes near Antrocephalus atulyus Narendran in the key to species of Antrocephalus by , but A. atulyus differs from this species in having 1) fore wing with golden pubescence (in A. nasutus fore wing without golden pubescence); 2) interstices on pronotum and anterior part of mesoscutum smooth and shiny (in A. nasutus interstices on pronotum and anterior part of mesoscutum rugulose) and 3) hind femur with prominent and long depression separating proximal and distal lobes ( Fig. 16) (in A. nasutus depression separating proximal and distal lobes shorter).
Variation. In Vietnamese specimens the fore wing has two patches and the hind tibia is blackish from base to middle and reddish on remaining part. Type material. Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), "S. Vietnam: Dóng Nai, Cát Tiên N. P., Dong trail, Mal. traps, c. 100 m, 1-8.iv.2007, Mai Phu Quy & Nguyen Tanh Manh, RMNH'07". Diagnosis. This new species does not come close to any of the Oriental species of Antrocephalus described so far Sudheer 2005). It runs to Antrocephalus galleriae Subba Rao and A. maculipennis Cameron in the key by  but differs from them as follows: from A. galleriae in having 1) metasoma distinctly shorter than mesosoma (in A. galleriae metasoma distinctly longer than mesosoma); 2) metasoma 1.35 × as long as broad in dorsal view and not very acuminate posteriorly (in A. galleriae metasoma 3 × as long as broad in dorsal view and acuminate posteriorly) and 3) fore wing with two infuscations (in A. galleriae infuscations of fore wing absent).
This new species differs from A. maculipennis in having: 1) pronotum with anterior carinae and tubercles absent (in A. maculipennis pronotum with distinct anterior carinae and median tubercles); 2) PMV as long as MV (in A. maculipennis PMV 1.5 × as long as MV) and 3) metasoma not acuminate posteriorly (in A. maculipennis metasoma acuminate posteriorly.
Colour. Black; eyes pale gray, ocelli pale reflecting gray; antenna black except pedicel; anellus and F1 light pink; maxillary stipes and galea pale yellow; maxillary palp pale brown; teeth of mandibles dark brown; tegula dark brown basally separated from pale yellow distal part by a pink brown median part; all coxae and hind femora black; for femur, mid femur and mid tibia yellowish red; fore tibia and hind tibia brownish red; fore and mid tarsi pale yellow, hind tarsi reddish brown; all telotarsi dark; remaining parts of mesosoma and metasoma black; wings hyaline with two dark brown infuscation: one behind MV and other distal to STV; MV and STV black, PMV brown, SMV pale yellowish brown.
Legs. Hind coxa with a prominent dorso-basal tooth; hind femur without an inner basal tooth, ventral margin bi-lobed, with a comb of teeth; hind tibia closely reticulate granulate.

Material
Description. ♀, length of body 4.0-5.5 mm. Colour. Head black; eyes pale yellow or pale yellowish gray or black; tegula reddish brown or pale yellowish brown; all legs except black fore coxa ferruginous red; metasoma black; pedicel, ring segment and F1 pale in some specimens.
Legs. Hind coxa without a tooth dorsally; hind femur without an inner basal tooth.
Metasoma. Metasoma about as long as combined length of head and mesosoma. T1 smooth and shiny with a pair of short basal carinae.
Male. Antenna longer than that of ♀; metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Variation. Colour of hind tibia varies from reddish brown to black (except apically) as emargination of apex of scutellum. Colour of hind femur is black with base and apex reddish brown and pedicel to F5 reddish brown in one specimen (labelled as "Antrocephalus japonicus").

Antrocephalus validicornis (Holmgren, 1868) Figs 23-24
Haltichella validicornis Holmgren, 1868: 438 (♂, Java (NHRM); lectotype designated by   , but differs from it in having: 1) hind femur more than twice as long as wide (in A. phaeospilus less than twice as long as wide); 2) hind femur black with base and apex red (in A. phaeospilus completely red); 3) apex of scutellum only emarginate; not bi-lobed (in A. phaeospilus apex of scutellum bi-lobed) and 4) eyes bare (in A. phaeospilus eyes setose). A. validicornis superficially resembles A. atulyus Narendran , but differs from it in having: 1) comb of teeth on ventral margin of hind femur starting near middle length of femur to apex (in A. atulyus comb of teeth starts well before middle length of femur); 2) interstices of pronotum and of anterior part of mesoscutum rugose and somewhat carinate (in A. atulyus interstices mostly smooth and shiny); 3) apex of scutellum emarginate (in A. atulyus apex of scutellum bi-lobed) and 4) fore wing without any brown or black infuscation (in A. atulyus fore wing with brownish infuscation adjoining MV). Among Vietnamese species of Antrocephalus, A. validicornis comes near A. nasutus (Holmgren) in having PMV distinctly longer than MV, but differs from it in having: 1) hind femur with ventral comb of teeth starting from middle length of hind femur, occupying 0.5 × length of femur (in A. nasutus comb of teeth starts well before middle length of hind femur, occupying 0.7 × length of femur); 2) apex of scutellum shallowly emarginate (in A. nasutus apex of scutellum deeply incised) and 3) hind femur black with base and apex red (in A. nasutus hind femur red).
Description. ♀♂. Head with post-orbital carinae indistinct or absent; geno-temporal furrow distinct; eyes bare; interstices of pronotum and anterior part of mesoscutum rugose and somewhat carinate; apex of scutellum carinate; fore wing without black or brown infuscation; PMV distinctly longer than MV; hind femur black with base and apex red, its length more than twice its maximum width; hind femur without an inner basal tooth; metasoma with two carinae on T1, carinae much shorter than 1.25 × T1.

Key to Vietnamese species of Brachymeria Westwood
Description. ♂, length of body 4.8-5.9 mm.
Mesosoma. Pronotum with anterior margin carinate on sides; pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum with close umbilicate pits. Interstices narrower than half diameter of a pit and mostly rugulose on anterior half of mesoscutum and on pronotum. Interstices smooth and carinate on scutellum; apex of scutellum emarginated and bi-lobed Wings. Fore wing 2.7 × longer than wide in Vietnamese specimen; MV a little more than 0.6 × length of SMV, a little more than 3 × as long as PMV; STV half-length of PMV; wing disc fully pilose; marginal fringe shorter than one-fourth length of STV.
Legs. Hind coxa without an inner ventro-mesal tooth, dorsal side smooth and shiny, ventral side punctate and pubescent; hind femur twice as long as its width with 9-10 irregular teeth on outer ventral margin, outer disc with close pits, interstices of pits smooth and shiny.
Female. Similar to male. Variation. The Vietnamese specimen differs from the type as follows: hind femur with relatively small yellow spot at the junction of base of hind tibia and apical ventrolateral part of hind femur; the male antenna length subequal to mesosomal length and metasoma a little longer than mesosoma (27:24).
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: eye dull yellow; ocelli pale reflecting yellow; apex and base of scape pale brownish yellow; radicula pale brownish yellow; tegula yellow with basal margin dark reddish brown; all coxae concolorous with mesosoma; all femora black with apical half or apex yellow; fore and mid tibiae yellow with a black patch on outer middle part; hind tibia yellow with a dark brown strip each on inner and outer side at base (leaving a yellow strip at middle); all tarsi yellow; claws yellow except dark apex; arolium dark brown with pale yellow pads at apex. Pubescence on vertex, mesoscutum, scutellum and on metasoma golden yellow; pubescence on face, metapleuron and femora pale white.
Mesosoma. Pronotum 3.2 × as broad as its median length (including collar), with close setigerous, umbilicate pits, interstices carinate and micro-sculptured, anterior carina separating collar obsolescent at middle; posterior margin of pronotum concave with a row of golden yellow setae directed posteriorly; middle lobe of mesoscutum punctate as in pronotum, a little broader than long (18:16); scutellum as broad as its length, with a distinct, dense row of golden yellow pubescence around margin; apex bi-lobed; scutellum fairly high in profile gently sloping towards apex but perpendicular tooth weakly developed; facies femoralis sunken; metapleuron with close setigerous pits, interstices carinate.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth and shiny dorsally, closely pitted and pubescent on ventral side, ventro-mesal tooth absent, 0.6 × as long as hind femur; hind femur 1.8 × as long as broad, outer disc closely pitted and pubescent, outer ventral margin a row of 11 differently sized teeth; first proximal tooth larger than others; hind femur with inner basal tooth absent.
Metasoma. Metasoma as long as mesosoma, 1.8 × as long as its height; T1 4 × as long as T2 in dorsal view, smooth and shiny, with a small area of pubescence at apical part latero-dorsally; T2 with dense setigerous pits and pubescence on sides and anterior part, remaining part densely micro-sculptured except on distal admarginal area. T6 with 8-9 cross rows of setigerous pits; ovipositor sheath slightly visible in dorsal view.
Variation. In Australian specimens the golden yellow pubescence is more brilliant and dense than in the Vietnamese or Indian specimens. Area below scrobe is without distinct smooth raised impunctate region in Vietnamese specimens. The colour of the hind femur is slightly variable. The yellow colour at apex of hind femur extends to base through dorsal side in many specimens but in Vietnamese specimens it does not reach the posterior yellow basal part.
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: tegula yellowish brown; distal half of fore femur, fore tibia and fore tarsus, distal margin of mid femur, mid tibia and mid tarsus yellow or pale yellow. Coxae black or blackish brown, occasionally reddish brown or blackish red; hind trochanter reddish brown or blackish brown; hind femur red or brownish red with apex yellow and ventral row of teeth black; hind tibia yellow with base black or reddish brown which extends to distal end along ventral margin with a slightly increased width in middle part; tarsi pale yellow or whitish yellow with telotarsi black; metasoma black with lateral part reddish or brownish. Wings hyaline with veins dark brown; pubescence silvery.
Head. Width of head in anterior view a little wider than its height; wider than mesosoma in dorsal view; surface distinctly and shallowly pitted, interstices carinate; scrobe reaching anterior ocellus, smooth and shiny; POL 3.3 × OOL; width of ocellar area three-fourths as wide as interocular space; interocellar space twice as wide as major axis of hind ocellus; face with pre-orbital carina absent; post-orbital carina present connecting geno-temporal margin and malar ridge; height of malar space 0.09-0.25 × height of eye in profile. Antenna not longer than mesosoma; scape not exceeding anterior ocellus; as long as F1, F2 and F3 combined; F1 a little wider than long or hardly a little wider than long; F1 to F5 almost equal in length; F6 and F7 equal in length and each slightly shorter than F5; clava a little less than twice length of F7.
Legs. Hind coxa pubescent on ventral side, without an inner ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur 1. 8 × longer than wide, outer side finely punctate, not reticulate, with dense relatively short pubescence, inner side without a protuberance or tooth at base, outer ventral margin with a row of 11 to 12 black differently sized teeth.
Metasoma. Metasoma a little shorter than pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum combined, high in profile, widest a little before middle, abruptly declined posteriorly; T1 smooth, T2 with dense small pits with large setigerous pits at dorso-basal, laterodorsal and dorso-lateral areas; T6 with close pits, interstices carinate and shagreened. Ovipositor sheath visible in dorsal view.
Male. Resembles female in almost all features except width of head equal to mesosoma and antenna slightly stouter.
Distribution. India, Malaya, Indonesia, New Guinea, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), China (Taiwan) and Philippines (Joseph, Narendran & Joy 1973;. Variation. The hind femur often has a black patch on outer disc and in some specimens a weak carina is found produced from ventral scrobal margin as in B. bengalensis scrobatae Joseph, Narendran & Joy. Diagnosis. This species comes near B. margaroniae Joseph, Narendran & Joy in general appearance, but differs from that species in having: 1) hind tibia with base yellow (in B. margaroniae hind tibia with base reddish black); 2) area below scrobe with median raised smooth portion absent (in B. margaroniae area below scrobe with a raised median smooth portion) and 3) MV about 3 × PMV (in B. margaroniae MV twice PMV).
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: eyes dull grayish yellow with pale reflecting yellow spots; ocelli pale reflecting yellow; tegula pale yellow; all coxae and trochanters concolorous with mesosoma; femora black with apices yellow; all tibiae and tarsi yellow with a black line along ventral margin of hind tibia; wings hyaline with veins brown. Pubescence silvery white.
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum with close posterior margin of pronotum, slightly concave; lateral panel of pronotum micro-reticulate, without cross striae or carinae and with transverse fovea at lower margin; pronotum with a cross carina adjacent to posterior margin; carina of anterior side limited to sides only; middle lobe of mesoscutum a little shorter than its width (15:17); scutellum a little wider than long (14:12), apex entire; propodeum 50° to the plain of scutellum (not vertical or subvertical); postspiracular tooth indistinct.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth and shiny on dorsal half, densely pubescent and punctate on ventral side, inner ventro-mesal tooth absent; hind femur 1.8 × as long as wide, outer ventral margin with a row of 12 differently sized teeth; inner basal tooth absent; mesosternal shelf present.
Male  Joseph et al. (1973), but differs from it in having: 1) punctures on the mesosoma close and interstices carinate (in B. tapunensis interstices of punctures on mesosoma as wide as the diameter of a pit on the median regions of scutellum and scapulae); 2) radicula 0.4 × length of scape (in B. tapunensis radicula is 0.2 × length of scape) and 3) metasoma shorter than combined length of pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum (in B. tapunensis metasoma longer than combined length of pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum).
Description (based on specimen from Cat Ba N. P.). ♀, length of body 3.4 mm.
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: tegula pale yellowish white. Fore and mid legs: coxa concolorous with body, trochanter black with base and apex pale brown; femur black with apex pale whitish yellow; tibia pale yellow with a dark brown patch on ventro-lateral parts medially; tarsi pale yellow; telotarsi dark brown; hind leg: coxa, trochanter concolorous with mesosoma; femur black with apex pale yellow; tibia black with a pale relatively smaller yellow spot subbasally and one larger yellow spot at apex dorso-laterally; tarsi pale whitish yellow; telotarsi dark brown. Pubescence on body whitish; wings hyaline and veins dark brown.
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: eye gray with reflecting yellow spots; ocelli pale reflecting yellow; tegula pale yellowish white with basal margin dark brown; apices of all femora, fore and mid tibiae and all tarsi pale yellow; hind tibia pale yellow with base black; telotarsi dark brown; wings hyaline with veins dark brown. Pubescence white.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth and shiny dorsally; vertical side with close setigerous pits, without a ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur 1.5 × as long as wide and with a row of 12 differently sized teeth; inner basal tooth absent.
Metasoma. Metasoma shorter than mesosoma (24:29), 1.4 × longer than high; T1 smooth and shiny with a set of few setigerous pits on latero-dorsal part of posterior half; T1 reaching middle of metasoma; T2 smooth and shiny with a row of dot-like pits on anterior margin which becomes wide at middle part; sides of T2 with 2-3 cross rows of setigerous pits;T6 with 6 cross rows of pits. Ovipositor sheath not visible in dorsal view.
Colour. Black except following: tegula clear yellow; coxae and trochanters black; femora black with apex yellow; fore tibia yellow with a black patch at middle on outer and ventral sides; mid tibia yellow with blackish band medially (Fig. 38); hind tibia yellow with subbasal and apical yellow spots; fore wing hyaline with veins black or brown.
Legs. Hind coxa without an inner ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur generally a little less than twice as long as wide; outer ventral margin with a row of 10-12 teeth; second hind tarsal segment hardly longer than wide in dorsal view (Fig. 38).
Metasoma. Metasoma somewhat pointed posteriorly, subequal in length to mesosoma; T1 smooth, reaching middle of metasoma; T2 finely and densely punctate at dorsal side;T6 very rough owing to rather shallow bristled pits and distinct microsculpture. Ovipositor sheath visible from above.
Male. Similar to ♀ but antenna stouter and metasoma relatively shorter.
Distribution. Widely distributed in Oriental region (including Vietnam), China, Japan, Papua New Guinea and Cameroon (Risbec 1956;Joseph et al. 1973;Narendran and Joseph 1975and Noyes 2011. Variation. The black colour of tibia becoming faint or absent in many specimens. In some specimens the whole body may be liver brown (B. excarinata plutellae).
Colour. Black; tegula clear yellow; coxae black; trochanters brown or black; femora black with apices yellow; tibiae yellow with a black band or patch in middle dividing yellow area into anterior and posterior parts, often connected dorsally in fore and mid tibiae; pubescence silvery.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma with close umbilicate pits, interstices subcarinate and reticulate; apex of scutellum rounded; dorsal margin of pronotal panel well arched; hind coxa without an inner ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur without an inner basal tooth, outer ventral margin with a raw of irregular teeth.
Wings. Fore wing with PMV one-third as long as MV; SMV twice as long as MV.
Male. Similar to ♀ except for stouter antenna and shorter metasoma.
Description (female from Cát Tiên N. P.). ♀, length of body 4.3-4.9 mm. Colour. Black; antenna black or dark brown; tegula, apical half of fore femur, apical one-third of mid femur, a large spot at apex of hind femur, fore and mid tibiae entirely, and all tarsi yellow. Hind tibia yellow with a narrow band at extreme base and the ventral carina, black. Pubescence on body grayish white and dense on front of head.
Head. Head with pre-orbital carina absent or hardly distinct; post-orbital carina present and reaching geno-temporal margin; antennal clava slightly shorter or at the most as equal to twice length of preceding segment; Mesosoma. Pits on mesosoma close and interstices carinate and rugose; apex of scutellum rounded or slightly entire. Dorsal margin of pronotal panel slightly arched.
Wings. Fore wing with PMV 0.33-0.36 × length of MV; SMV slightly shorter than twice MV.
Legs. Hind coxa without ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur without an inner basal tooth, outer ventral margin with a row of irregular teeth.
Distribution. India, Vietnam (new record); Indonesia (Java and Sumatra) (Noyes 2011 Diagnosis. Although  recorded a female of this species from Philippines, no detailed description was provided. Hence the female of this species is described here in detail. B. kamijoi comes near B. fiskei Habu in the key to species by Habu (1960), but differs from that species in having: 1) the hind tibia black at base except a small yellow spot before base (in B. fiskei hind tibia widely yellowish at base) and 2) the scutellum uniformly and densely pitted (in B. fiskei scutellum with a narrow impunctate smooth space medially). This species also resembles B. nephantidis Gahan in the general colour of the body, but differs from it in having: 1) the scutellum emarginate at its apex (in B. nephantidis scutellum apex evenly curved and entire); and 2) metasoma subglobose (in B. nephantidis metasoma ovate).
Colour. Black; eye and ocelli grayish yellow; tegula whitish yellow; all coxae black; all femora black with apices yellow; fore and mid tibiae yellow with black band at middle; hind tibia black with subbasal and apical yellow patches or spots; all tarsi whitish yellow; telotarsi dark brown. Pubescence silvery.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma completely pitted dorsally, interstices narrow and carinate; mesoscutum and scutellum convex; apex of scutellum distinctly emarginated with a row of dense pubescence on all around margins of scutellum.
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: eyes grayish yellow with reflecting spots; ocelli pale reflecting yellow; all coxae and trochanters concolorous with mesosoma; tegula yellow; all femora black with apices yellow; fore and mid tibiae yellow with a black patch on inner middle part; hind tibia yellow with base and inner ventral marginal area black; all tarsi yellow; telotarsi black; fore wing hyaline with veins dark brown.
Mesosoma. Median length of pronotum 0.3 × width of pronotum, with close umbilicate pits, interstices narrower than diameter of a pit, rugose and micro-striate, not carinate; mesoscutum length a little over twice median length of pronotum (17:8), with close pits as in pronotum; interstices a little wider on median part of scapula; scutellum a little shorter than mesoscutum (16:17), a little wider than long (18:16), with close umbilicate, setigerous pits, interstices shorter than diameter of a pit, smooth and shiny; scutellum high in profile, abruptly declined posteriorly, apex rather widely explanate, weakly bi-lobed.
Legs. Hind coxa strongly and densely punctate on ventral side with a tooth on inner ventral side; hind femur 1.9 × as long as its width, minutely densely punctate and densely pubescent on outer and inner sides, inner basal tooth absent, outer ventral margin with a row of 9 differently sized teeth.
Metasoma. Metasoma subequal in length to mesosoma or slightly longer than mesosoma; T1 slightly reaching beyond middle, smooth and shiny; T2 with setigerous close pits on sides, dorsally with one or 2 rows of minute pits near anterior margin, remaining parts of T2 with extremely minute pit like sculpture; T6 with 8 to 9 cross rows of closely set setigerous pits, interstices with dense micro-sculpture. Ovipositor sheath visible in dorsal view, 0.6-0.7 × as long as epipygium in dorsal view; epipygium 0.4 × as long as T6 in dorsal view.
Male. Similar to female but hind coxa without inner ventro-mesal tooth and funicle with trichoid sensillae on ventral side.
Hosts. Polyphagous species, parasitising pupae of a wide range of Lepidoptera. Occasionally hyperparasitic on Lepidoptera with Hymenoptera or Diptera (for detailed host lists see Noyes 2011).
Variation. The colour of hind tibia varies greatly in specimens of different regions. In many south eastern forms the black patch of hind tibia is much more pronounced than those of South Indian forms. In Japanese specimens the black colour of hind tibia is more pronounced than any other regional specimens seen by the first author. Diagnosis. This species comes near B. secundaria (Ruschka) in the key to species by , but differs from B. secundaria in having: 1) scape longer than combined length of F1, F2, F3 and F4 (in B. secundaria scape shorter than F1, F2, F3 and F4); 2) pre-orbital carina well developed and joining malar ridge (in B. secundaria preorbital carina indistinct) and 3) scutellum not high in lateral view, sloping down gently posteriorly (in B. secundaria scutellum high in lateral view, subvertical posteriorly).
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: eye gray with pale yellow reflecting spots; ocelli pale reflecting yellow; tegula pale whitish yellow; antenna black with apex of clava pinkish brown; all coxae concolorous with mesosoma; trochanters dark brown; fore and mid femora black with base and apex pale yellow; hind femur black with apex pale yellow; all tibiae black with base and apex yellow (the yellow colour of base and apex weakly connected dorsally in fore tibia); tarsi yellow; telotarsi brown; arolium white at apex; fore wing hyaline with veins dark brown. Pubescence on body white.
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum with close setigerous pits, interstices narrower than half diameter of a pit, weakly carinate, rugose; pronotum 3.1 × as broad as long, as long as mesoscutum (excluding tegulae); posterior margin of pronotum concave; middle lobe of mesoscutum 1.6 × as broad as its length; scutellum as long as mesoscutum, as long as broad and apex rounded; propodeum 70° declining to the vertical axis of scutellum; postspiracular teeth indistinct.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth and shiny dorsally, closely pitted and pubescent on ventral side, ventro-mesal tooth absent; hind femur 1.7 × as long as broad, inner basal tooth absent; outer ventral margin with a row of 10 differently shaped teeth.
Metasoma. Metasoma as long as mesosoma in lateral view, 1.7 × as long as its height; T1 smooth and shining, almost reaching middle of metasoma, its posterior margin straight; T2 faintly shagreened, 0.3 × as long as T1 in dorsal view; T3, T4 and T5 weakly shagreened; T6 reticulate without distinct pits; ovipositor sheath visible in dorsal view.
Male. See Joseph, Narendran and Joy (1973 (Crawford) in general black colour and in having pre-and post-orbital carinae and apex of scutellum emarginate. However, B. lugubris differs from B. fiskei in having 1) scutellum with a median ridge or carina (in B. fiskei scutellum with only a smooth longitudinal area); 2) hind tibia completely black (in B. fiskei hind tibia black with base and apex pale); 3) anterior genal angle obtuse (in B. fiskei anterior genal angle acute) and 4) T1 faintly sculptured (in B. fiskei T1 smooth and shiny).
Colour. Black; tegula black with yellow margins; hind leg black with minute tan spot at apex of hind femur; inner side of fore and mid tibiae blackish brown. Pubescence dense and silvery.
Head. Head with scrobe reaching anterior ocellus; height of malar space 0.3 × height of eye in profile; AOL a little over 0.3 × POL; interocular distance at vertex about 2.8 × POL; POL a little over twice OOL; POL a little over 2.3 × diameter of posterior ocellus. Pre-orbital and post-orbital carinae present; post-orbital carina reaching geno-temporal margin; area below scrobe with a very small (smaller than diameter of anterior ocellus) median smooth portion; lateral ridges of scrobe not produced anteriorly; anterior and posterior genal angles rectangular. Antenna with scape not reaching anterior ocellus; F1 to F5 subequal in size; F6 a little shorter than F5 and a little longer than F7; clava slightly shorter than F6 plus F7 combined, 1.8-2.0 × as long as wide.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma with rounded, umbilicate and close pits; interstices narrower than half diameter of a pit and rugose on pronotum and mesoscutum; interstices on scutellum narrower than diameter of a pit and smooth; scutellum with a median longitudinal ridge or carina; scutellum with apical margin emarginated with dense pubescence.
Legs. Hind coxa without an inner ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur 1.7-1.8 × as long as wide, without an inner basal tooth; outer ventral margin with a row of differently sized 12 teeth.
Metasoma. Length of metasoma subequal to pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum combined, a little less than 1.7 × as long as its height; T1 faintly sculptured; T2 with a few punctures at baso-dorsal part, rest of dorsal side with dense micro-sculpture, lateral part punctate and pubescent; T6 with 5 irregular cross rows of shallow pits, interstices and inside of pits rugulose. Ovipositor sheath visible from above.

Brachymeria margaroniae Joseph, Narendran & Joy, 1973
Brachymeria margaroniae Joseph, Narendran & Joy, 1973: 108 (♂, India (BMNH) Diagnosis. This species comes near B. jayaraji Joseph, Narendran & Joy in having similar colour of hind tibia but differs from B. jayaraji in having: 1) area below scrobe with a raised, smooth, median portion (in B. jayaraji area below scrobe with raised median portion absent) 2) apex of scutellum wide and slightly emarginated (in B. jayaraji apex of scutellum narrower and not at all emarginated) and 3) hind femur black with apex yellow (in B. jayaraji hind femur usually red with a blackish patch near yellow apex).
Description. ♀♂, length of body 3.7-4.0 mm. Colour. Black; tegulae yellow; coxae, trochanters and femora black except the distal tips of femora which are yellow; tibiae yellow except base of hind tibia reddish black extending to distal region along ventral margin with a slight extension in the middle towards dorsal region, tarsi yellowish.
Head. Pre-orbital carina faint, almost indistinct; post-orbital carina absent; anterior genal angle nearly rectangular; hind genal angle slightly obtuse and rounded off; area below scrobe with a raised median smooth portion. Antennal scape not exceeding anterior ocellus.
Legs. Hind coxa without an inner ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur about 1.8 × as long as wide, with a row of 11 differently sized teeth on outer ventral margin; basal inner tooth on hind femur absent.
Host. Hyperparasitoid of Lepidoptera through Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. Distribution. Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions. New record for Vietnam.
Material. 4 ♀ (BPBM), "Vietnam, 7.viii.1961, N.R. Spencer". Diagnosis. This species resembles very closely the Palaearctic B. femorata (Panzer) from which it can be separated by the relatively small pits on the outer disc of the hind femur (pits relatively larger on outer disc of hind femur in B. femorata) and in having head compressed from anterior to posterior direction (in B. femorata head not compressed). Only with long experience in the taxonomy of Brachymeria one can distinguish these two sibling species.
Description. ♀, length of body 4.5-5.0 mm. Colour. Black; tegula pale yellow; coxae black, hind trochanter reddish brown; fore femur yellow with basal area blackish brown on outer side; mid femur blackish brown at basal two-thirds and clear yellow at remaining part; hind femur yellow or reddish yellow with a black patch in middle; tibiae clear yellow except that outer ventral carina of hind tibia is black; tarsi pale yellow. Pubescence silvery grey.
Head. Head with scrobe reaching anterior ocellus; AOL 0.3 × POL; interocular space at vertex 2.2 × POL; POL 3.8 × OOL. Pre-orbital carina absent; post-orbital carina pre- sent, reaching geno-temporal margin; lateral ridges of scrobe produced anteriorly beyond antennal toruli; area below scrobe with a small median smooth and raised portion; height of malar space slightly less than 0.3 × height of eye in profile; anterior genal angle slightly acute, posterior genal angle nearly rectangular. Antennal scape almost reaching anterior ocellus, shorter than F1, F2 and F3 combined; pedicel a little wider than long; F1 to F4 almost equal in length; width slightly increasing from segments F2 to F7; clava 1.5 × as long as wide, a little over twice as long as F7.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma with reticulate, rounded, umbilicate and close pits; interstices narrow and smooth except on pronotum where these interstices are rugose and narrow; scutellum length subequal to its width, fairly high in profile, almost perpendicularly declined posteriorly; apical flange emarginated with dense pubescence.
Wings. Fore wing 2.8 × as long as wide; MV a little over 0.6 × SMV; PMV a little over 0.4 × PMV and a little over twice STV.
Legs. Hind coxa without a ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur a little over 2.6 × as long as wide; its outer ventral margin with a row of 12-13 differently sized teeth; without an inner basal tooth or protuberance.
Metasoma. Metasoma a little shorter than head, mesoscutum and scutellum combined; 1.3 × as long as wide; T1 smooth;T2 with large distinct punctures in the basal half with a smooth area in median region, its distal half in the dorsal region and distal one-fourth in the latero-dorsal regions finely micro-sculptured. T6 subperpendicular, with 6 or 7 cross rows of distinct and deep pits, each row with several pits. Ovipositor sheath slightly visible in dorsal view.
Description (female from Núi Chúa N. P.). ♀, length of body 5.7 mm. Colour. Black; eyes grayish yellow; ocelli pale reflecting yellow; tegula whitish yellow; scape black with base and apex brown, pedicel brownish black; remaining antennal segments black; distal half of mandibles brown; coxae black; trochanters brownish black; femora black with whitish yellow apical part; fore tibia brownish yellow with whitish yellow at basal part and outer apical part, with blackish long patch at outer median part; mid tibia shiny black with base and apex yellow; hind tibia black with subbasal spot and apical part yellow. Pubescence on body grayish white; wings hyaline with veins dark brown.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth and shiny on dorsal half, punctate and pubescent on ventral half, without a ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur 1.6 × as long as wide, with an inner basal tooth, outer ventral margin with a row of 13 differently sized teeth.
Metasoma. Metasoma longer than mesosoma (33:26); widest before middle; T1 smooth and shiny; T2 with rather distinct micro-sculpture, except on basal and apical narrow areas on ventro-lateral parts, minutely and sparsely pubescent on dorso-basal and dorso-lateral parts; T6 weakly and shallowly pitted and pubescent on basal half, distal half mostly smooth and shiny; ovipositor sheath well visible in dorsal view.
Male. See Joseph, Narendran & Joy (1973  of clypeus smoothly curved and not angulate medially (in B. wiebesina upper margin of clypeus angulate medially); 5) clava as long as wide (in B. wiebesina clava about 1.6 × its width); 6) clava shorter than twice length of F7 (in B. wiebesina clava longer than twice length of F7); 7) outer ventral margin of hind femur with 9 teeth (in B. wiebesina outer ventral margin of hind femur with 13 small teeth) and 8) T1 smooth and shiny, without any trace of minute pits (in B. wiebesina T1 with faint minute punctures on medio-posteriorly).
Colour. Black; tegula whitish yellow; antenna black, except yellow scape; fore and hind coxae black, mid coxa brown; all trochanters pale yellowish brown; fore and mid femora dark brown with bases and apices yellow; hind femur black with apex pale yellow; fore tibia yellow with pale brown medially; mid tibia yellow with brown medially; hind tibia dark brown with base and apex pale yellow; tarsi yellow; telotarsi brown; wings hyaline with veins dark brown.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma slightly broader than long (23:20); pronotum almost as broad as mesoscutum; pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum with close, umbilicate, setigerous pits; interstices carinate; pilosity moderately distributed including apex of scutellum, not very densely pubescent; pronotum with anterior carina moderately strong but confined to sublateral thirds of sclerite; notauli with a row of pits; scutellum slightly convex and gradually sloping to apex, its width subequal to its length; in dorsal view apical rim deeply incised in the middle and bi-lobed; propodeum vertical to scutellum, with large deep pits and alveolae; septa of areolation relatively high; postspiracular teeth indistinct; submedian tooth of anterior margin of mesopleuron weakly developed, metapleuron densely pubescent.
Legs. Hind coxa with inner ventro-mesal tooth absent, with close shallow setigerous pits, fully pubescent; hind femur 1.6 × as long as broad (teeth excluded) with 9 ventral marginal teeth, first tooth relatively large, outer disc with close setigerous pits, inner disc with less pits and pubescence.
Metasoma. Metasoma ovate; in dorsal view only slightly pointed posteriorly; 0.7 × as wide as long, subequal to length of mesosoma; T1 smooth and shiny, slightly exceeding middle of metasoma, its posterior margin straight; T2 to T5 micro-sculptured and with a single row of setae; T6 with 3-4 cross rows of setigerous pits and pubescence; posterior margins of T2 to T5 concave medially; ovipositor sheath slightly visible in dorsal view, fully pubescent; hypopygium reaching base of T6.
Male. Length of body 3.2 mm. Similar to ♀ but metasoma not pointed at apex. Host. Unknown. Etymology. Named after B. wiebesina Joseph, Narendran & Joy, because of its superficial resemblance to that species.
Description. ♀, length of body 4.0-4.2 mm. Colour. Black; tegulae pale yellowish brown; all coxae and trochanter black or brownish black; fore and mid femora black or brownish black with a pale reddish brown or yellow brown tip; hind femur completely black or brownish black with tip pale yellowish brown; fore and mid tibiae brownish black except the brownish black or brownish yellow tip; hind tibia brownish black or black with tip yellowish brown tip; all tarsi pale.
Head. Head with scrobe not reaching anterior ocellus; area below scrobe at middle fairly smooth but not clearly demarcated; length of eye 2.3 × its width; AOL about 0.5 × POL; interocular space a little over 2.3 × POL; pre-and post-orbital carinae present; post-orbital carina reaching geno-temporal margin; anterior genal angle nearly rectangular and rounded; hind genal angle rectangular. Antenna with scape not reaching anterior ocellus, longer than F1 to F3 combined; pedicel longer than wide; F1 almost as long as wide; F2, F3, F4 and F5 almost equal in length; clava about 2.1 × as long as F7, and about 1.6 × its width.
Wings. Fore wing 2.5-2.6 × as long as wide; MV a little shorter than half SMV; PMV a little shorter than half MV; STV about half of PMV.
Legs. Hind coxa without an inner ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur about 1.7 × as long as its width, without an inner basal tooth, outer ventral margin with a row 9-12 differently sized teeth.
Metasoma. Metasoma longer than pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum combined; hardly a little more than twice its height, highest at middle; T1 smooth and shiny, reaching middle length of metasoma; T2 micro-sculptured; T6 rugose with few punctures and sparse pubescence.
Male. Similar to ♀ except T1 with delicate reticulation medially; F1 wider than long; apex of scutellum rounded.
Distribution. Africa, India, Vietnam, China, Malaysia (Borneo) and Indonesia (Java) Joy 1973 and  Diagnosis. This species is very close to B. minuta considering the head and the mesosoma and the colour pattern of the hind tibia. However, it differs from B. minuta in having: 1) hind femur 1.8-2.1 × as long as wide (in B. minuta hind femur less than 1.7 × as long as wide); 2) dorsal side of hind femur in lateral view dilated straightly from base to widest part, hence also straightly contracted towards apex so that the dorsal side is weakly angulate (in B. minuta the dorsal side of hind femur in lateral view not dilated but rounded from base to apex); and 3) the apical whitish patch on hind femur is generally limited on outer dorsal side, not extending on to inner side (in B. minuta apical yellow patch extend also to inner side).
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: mandibles brown or dark brown with base and apex often reddish brown; antenna black or blackish brown or reddish sometimes partially or wholly; funicle sometimes faintly reddish; tegulae almost white or pale yellow; fore and mid coxae almost shiny black; hind coxa black or reddish brown; trochanters black or brown or reddish; fore and mid femora black or brownish red with tips pale yellow or creamy white; hind femur brownish red with apex white or yellow, white colour usually not extending to inner side; fore and mid tibiae reddish brown with pale yellow or white at base and apex; hind tibia reddish brown or black with yellow or white subbasally and apically.
Head. Head with pre-and post-orbital carinae present; post-orbital carina reaching geno-temporal margin; scrobe reaching anterior ocellus; area below interantennal projection smooth medially; POL a little over twice OOL; AOL 0.3 × POL; minimum interocular distance at vertex 2.7 × POL. Malar ridge present, height of eye in profile 2.4-3.3 × height of malar space in lateral view; anterior and posterior genal angles rectangular or subrectangular. Antenna: scape not exceeding anterior ocellus, as long as combined length of F1 to F4 or a little shorter; pedicel almost as long as wide; F1 almost as long as wide; F2 to F7 slightly increasing in width and decreasing in length; clava more than twice as long as F7.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma distinctly pitted dorsally; pits generally becoming somewhat larger and sparse posteriorly; interstices rather carinate on pronotum but almost flat and smooth on other parts; scutellum rather gently declined posteriorly, apex somewhat widely explanate and reflexed, distinctly emarginate and bi-lobed; propodeum with postspiracular tooth on either side present.
Wings. Fore wing 2.6-2.7 × as long as wide. MV 0.5-0.6 × as long as SMV; PMV one-fourth as long as MV, twice as long as STV or somewhat less.
Legs. Hind coxa with distinct dense punctures and pubescence on ventral side, without an inner ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur 1.8-2.1 × as long as wide; with one inner basal tooth or protuberance; outer ventral margin with a row of 9-11 differently sized teeth.
Metasoma. Metasoma slightly longer than pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum combined, widest at middle; T1 smooth; T2 with sparse minute setigerous punctures on baso-dorsal part except narrow part at middle, punctures extending posteriorly at latero-dorsal parts, on dorsal half of lateral parts punctures denser and larger, microsculpture distinct; T3 and T4 with transverse line of several setae dorsally with rather dense punctures and setae dorsally of sides, micro-sculpture distinct dorsally and on dorsal half of lateral part; T6 shallowly pitted, micro-sculpture distinct; ovipositor sheath visible in dorsal view.
Male. Length of body 3.5-5.0 mm. Legs somewhat darker in colour than in female; funicle with trichoid sensillae on ventral side.
Distribution. Cosmopolitan (and known from Vietnam).
Variation. The size of the interstices of pits on mesoscutum and scutellum are very variable in this species from carinate to wider than diameter of pits. In some very rare cases the hind femur is black with apex yellow and in such cases it is likely to be confused with B. minuta (Linnaeus). Diagnosis. This species comes near B. ambonensis Narendran in the key to species by , but differs from that species in having: 1) scutellum with a single median carina (in B. ambonensis scutellum with more than one longitudinal carina; 2) pre-orbital carina joins scrobal margin (in B. ambonensis pre-orbital carina not meeting scrobal margin); 3) hind tibia yellow (in B. ambonensis hind tibia black with apex yellow) and 4) basal part of hind femur black (in B. ambonensis basal part of hind femur reddish).
Legs. Hind coxa smooth and shiny dorsally, ventrally with dense minute pits and pubescence, inner ventro-mesal tooth on hind coxa absent; hind femur 1.6 × as long as broad, with an inner basal tooth; outer ventral margin of hind femur with a row of 12 differently sized teeth.
Metasoma. Metasoma slightly shorter than mesosoma (28:30), 1.5 × as long as high; T1 smooth and shiny, its posterior margin entire; T2 shagreened with setigerous pits on latero-dorsal part, its posterior margin slightly concave; posterior margin of T3 slightly concave, shagreened; T4 smooth and shiny with a row of setae on posterior margin, longer than T3; T5 about half as long as T5, with a setigerous cross row of pits with the posterior margin, posterior margin entire; T6 vertical, with 5-6 cross rows of setigerous pits. Ovipositor sheath not visible in dorsal view.
Male. Unknown. Host. Sturmia sp. (Tachinidae) pupa  Diagnosis. This new species resembles B. croceogastralis Joseph, Narendran & Joy in having metasoma with red colour, but differs from B. croceogastralis in having: 1) hind tibia black with a faint brown subbasal spot and yellow apex (in B. croceogastralis hind tibia whitish yellow with 0.4 length of tibia from base black without any subbasal spot and the black colour extending to apex through ventral margin); 2) hind coxa and femur black with apex of femur pale yellow (in B. croceogastralis hind coxa and femur liver brown with apex yellow); 3) T1 not reaching middle of metasoma (in B. croceogastralis T1 reaching middle of metasoma); 4) area below scrobe punctate (in B. croceogastralis area below scrobe narrow and smooth medially; 5) malar space 0.6 × height of eye (in B. croceogastralis malar space 0.3 × height of eye); 6) clava 1.2 × as long as wide (in B. croceogastralis clava 1.6 × as long as wide) and 7) fore wing 2.7 × as long as wide (in B. croceogastralis fore wing less than 2.5 × as long as wide).
Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.1 × as long as broad (at mesoscutum); mesoscutum as broad as pronotum, interstices carinate and most areas with micro-reticulations; pilosity dense all over including apex of scutellum; pronotum with anterior carina moderately strong, confined to sublateral thirds of sclerite; notauli slightly curved, distinctly groove like with pits; scutellum slightly convex and gradually sloping to apex, its width sub-equal to its length, in dorsal view apical rim slightly emarginate, subvertical to scutellum; propodeum with large deep pits and alveolae; septa of areolation relatively high; postspiracular teeth absent; submedian tooth of anterior margin of mesopleuron distinct; metapleuron densely pubescent.
Legs. Hind coxa without any tooth; ventral side closely punctate and pubescent; hind femur twice as long as broad (excluding teeth), with 10 teeth on outer ventral margin, externally and internally densely punctate with dense short pubescence.
Metasoma. Metasoma ovate, only slightly pointed posteriorly in dorsal view, 0.7 × as broad as long, subequal to length of mesosoma; T1 slightly shorter than half as long as metasoma, smooth, lateral pubescence very fine with a very few setae present as a small lateral patch; T2 micro-reticulate with a few setigerous pits laterally; T3 to T5 with 2 rows of golden pilosity on each tergite; T6 with 7 cross rows of pits, each pit with a seta, interstices of pits narrower than diameter of a pit, with micro-sculpture; epipygium 0.4 × length of T6, without distinct median carina; ovipositor sheath hardly visible in dorsal view, with a bunch of setae at apex; hypopygium reaching T5.
Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Diagnosis. This species is very similar to B. excarinata Gahan by having similar colour and no post-orbital carina. However, it differs from B. excarinata in having T1 shagreened (sculpture absent in B. excarinata), eyes with sparse pubescence (without pubescence) and the subbasal yellow colour of hind tibia much further developed than that of B. excarinata.
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: eyes pale grayish yellow with reflecting yellow spots; ocelli reflecting pale yellow; tegula yellowish white; all coxae concolorous with mesosoma; trochanters reddish brown; femora black with apex yellow; fore and mid tibiae pale yellowish white; hind tibia yellowish white with brownish or dark brown median band (Fig. 68); all tarsi white; telotarsi brown, its apical pulvilli with whitish pads; wings hyaline with veins brown.
Mesosoma. Pronotum with anterior marginal carina separating collar absent medially, posterior margin a little concave, surface with close umbilicate setigerous pits, interstices sculptured, somewhat carinate; mesoscutum with close pits as in pronotum, apex entirely or largely rounded. Propodeum with median longitudinal foveola and sublateral foveolae present; postspiracular tooth hardly district.
Legs. Hind coxa densely punctate and pubescent on ventral side without an inner ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur 1.9 × as long as wide, outer disc mat like with dense minute pubescence, outer ventral margin with a raw of 14 differently sized teeth, without an inner basal tooth; second hind tarsal segment distinctly longer than wide in dorsal view (Fig. 70).
Male. Similar to female, but metasoma slightly shorter than or nearly as long as mesosoma.
Distribution. China, India, Vietnam (new record). Variation. In some specimens entire base of hind tibia reddish brown while in a few others reddish brown only latero-basally.

Brachymeria taiwana (Matsumura, 1911)
Chalcis taiwanus Matsumura, 1911: 149  Diagnosis. This species resembles B. (Matsumurameria) criculae (Kohl) in the colour pattern of the hind tibia and in having the apex of the scutellum rounded. However, it differs from B. criculae in having the post-orbital carinae present (in B. criculae post-orbital carina absent); hind femur black (in B. criculae hind femur red or orange red or blackish red) and metasoma black (in B. criculae metasoma liver brownish red).
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: coxae black with apices brownish; fore and mid trochanters brown or reddish brown; hind trochanters black; all femora black with apices yellow; fore and mid tibiae yellow with ventral median part black; hind tibia yellow with base black which extends through ventral margin to distal end with a slightly broader part in middle; wings hyaline with veins dark brown.
Head. Head wider than its height in anterior view; in dorsal view slightly wider than mesosoma, scrobe nearly reaching anterior ocellus; ventral part of face with dense pubescence; upper margin of clypeus confluent with face; pre-orbital carinae hardly distinct; post-orbital carina reaching geno-temporal margin; POL 2.3 × OOL, diameter of posterior ocellus a little more than OOL; geno-temporal furrow indistinct; height of malar space 0.3 × height of eye in profile. Antenna with scape reaching anterior ocellus but not exceeding it, almost as long as length of F1 to F4 combined; F1 slightly longer than wide; F2 as long as wide, slightly wider but shorter than F1; clava twice as long as F7.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma with close umbilicate setigerous pits, pits relatively small; pits on posterior part of mesoscutum and on scutellum somewhat deep; pits faint on scapulae (especially near notauli) and on axillae; interstices somewhat carinate only on pronotum and on posterior part of mesoscutum; interstices relatively wide on other parts, faintly reticulate or striate on mesoscutum; scutellum with apex rounded; propodeum without tooth laterally.
Wings. Fore wing 2.5 × as long as wide; PMV 0.3-0.5 × as long as MV. Legs. Hind coxa without an inner ventro-mesal tooth; hind femur more than 1.5 × as long as wide with about fifteen teeth on outer ventral margin, teeth relatively small, without an inner basal tooth.
Metasoma. Metasoma subequal in length to mesosoma or shorter than mesosoma; T1 smooth and shiny; remaining tergites with dense setigerous pits; ovipositor sheath not visible in dorsal view.
Male. Similar to female except for a little stouter antenna.  (Waterston) in the key to species by , but differs from B. olethria in having: 1) scape subequal or as long as combined length of F1 to F3 (in B. olethria scape distinctly longer than combined length of F1 to F3); and 2) area below scrobe punctate (smooth in B. olethria).
Description (after Joseph, Narendran and Joy 1973). ♀, length of body 2.7 mm. Colour. Black; tegula dull yellow; antenna blackish red or sometimes brownish black; coxae, trochanters and femora black except tips of femora which are yellow; fore tibia yellow with a pale brownish colour at middle; tarsi pale yellow; hind tibia pale blackish-brown with a yellowish patch at the tip and at base; hind tarsi pale yellow.
Head. Head almost as wide as mesosoma, a little less than one and a half times its own length; surface of head faintly pitted, interstices and inside of pits rugulose; scrobe not reaching anterior ocellus; pre-and post-orbital carinae present; anterior ocellus slightly larger than a hind ocellus; area below scrobe punctate; distance between anterior and posterior ocelli slightly more than one-third POL; POL 3 × OOL; interocular distance two and one-third POL. Scape not exceeding anterior ocellus, as long as combined length of F1+F2+F3; F1 and F2 almost equal in length; clava a little more than twice length of preceding segment.
Wings. Fore wing about 2.5 × its width; PMV about one-third MV.
Metasoma. Metasoma hardly longer than combined length of head, pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum. T1 smooth and shiny, reaching middle of metasoma. Ovipositor sheath visible in dorsal view.
Diagnosis. This genus belongs to the subfamily Dirhininae which contains another genus Aplorhinus Masi (from Borneo) which differs from Dirhinus in having the scutellum with a median projection posteriorly, exceeding base of T1, the hind femur with an unusually large basal tooth and T1 covering almost the entire metasoma. Description. Head with face produced into two strong, edged horns; fore wing with MV unusually long, but PMV and STV rudimentary. Metasoma with striate petiole. Hind femur beneath with smoothly arched comb of minute teeth.
Colour. General body colour black with antenna, tegulae, fore and mid legs (except coxae) mainly reddish.
Head. Head below each horn without distinct additional teeth; facial edge of scrobe sinuate, apex of each horn with distinct notch; each horn in dorsal view at anterior ocular line slightly narrower than scrobal gap; parascrobal area in ♀ hardly one-third as broad as scrobal cavity, with only one compete row of punctures between pre-orbital carina and scrobal edge; head in lateral view about 0.7 × wider than high (Fig. 75); genal length subequal to short diameter of eye; pedicel slightly longer than second flagellar segment; clava nearly twice as long as wide. Mesosoma. Mesosoma not flattened; scutellum extensively punctate, without impunctate strip; median areola of propodeum elongate with almost parallel sides.

Legs. Hind tibia without distinct external additional carina.
Metasoma. Petiole of ♀ with an area of four carinae about 1.5 × as broad as long, with fewer striae apically than in middle.
Host. Dacus sp. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Distribution. Vietnam, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, China (Taiwan) and Philippines (Bouček and Narendran 1981; Diagnosis. This is a unique species with the following combination of characteristics: clavate antenna, an extra outer carina near hind tibial sulcus, very reduced pilosity and striate area of T1 0.40-0.45 × length of T1. Description (female from Vietnam). ♀, length of body 3.7 mm. Colour. Black with following parts as follows: scape pale yellowish brown; pedicel and funicular segments pale yellowish brown with a black tinge; clava dark brown; eyes gray with pale reflecting yellowish spots; ocelli reflecting pale whitish yellow; fore and mid legs (except black coxae) pale brownish yellow; hind leg black except pale yellow tarsi; telotarsi brown; wings hyaline, veins brown.
Head. In dorsal view sides of head moderately converging behind eyes; eyes longer than temples (9:5); ocellar area distinctly elevated; POL a little shorter than OOL (7:8); AOL twice OOL; each horn with a notch present outside of apex; each horn in basal third 1.5 × as broad as scrobal gap, latter 0.7 × breadth of pre-claval segment of antenna; pre-orbital carina present; facial edge of scrobes weakly sinuate in lateral view; antenna short, strongly clavate, clava slightly longer than broad (8:7), with a large area of micro-pilosity on one side; all flagellar segments transverse, pre-claval segment nearly 3 × as broad as long; pedicel as long as flagellar segments 2 and 3.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma hardly depressed; its pits dense but not crowded, leaving broad smooth areas on scapulae and on median part of scutellum; middle lobe of mesoscutum with pits close to anterior admarginal area without punctures, smooth, interstices smooth and carinate. Pronotum in median line very slightly depressed, sides hardly converging forward; scutellum slightly broader than long (11:9), apex curved and rounded. Propodeum with hind corners 1.3 × nearer to each other than to metanotal margin; median areola nearly round, slightly longer than broad. Adcoxal lateral tooth of metapleuron a little less than 90°.  Wings. Fore wing 3.4 × as long as broad, pilosity mostly reduced, a little more numerous near apical margin; PMV subequal in length to STV.
Legs. Hind femur 1.3 × as long as broad, with interstices of setigerous pits shorter to a little longer than width of 3 rd hind tarsal segment; basal tooth of comb slightly more prominent than other teeth. Hind tibia with well developed external carina, extending over half length towards knee, furrow between this carina and tarsal sulcus flat.
Metasoma. Metasoma as long as mesosoma; petiole twice as broad as its length, with 2 pairs of strong raised longitudinal carinae enclosing foveola; anterior margin strongly emarginated in middle; striate area of T1 with 14-16 strong longitudinal striae, their length 0.4 × length of T1, hind margin of striate area almost straight; hind half of T1 shiny, mostly smooth, but with a cross row of microscopic pits before apex, pits faint in middle part of cross row but a little more dense on sides.
Male. So far not recorded from Vietnam. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Vietnam (new record), India, Sri Lanka, (Bouček and Narendran 1981;. Variation. Length of body 3.5-3.7 mm. Each frontal horn in basal third 1.5-1.7 × as broad as scrobal gap; propodeum with hind corners about 1.2-1.3 × nearer to each other than to metanotal margin; petiole 1.7-2.0 × as long as broad; striate area of T1 almost straight to slightly arcuate at apex; length of striate area of T1 0.40-0.45 × length of T1. Diagnosis. This new species resembles D. claviger Bouček & Narendran by the shape of the antenna, but differs from it in having: 1) anterior margin of frontal horns transverse and not notched (in D. claviger anterior margin of each frontal horn notched and not transverse); 2) frontal horns relatively shorter than any of the Oriental species of Dirhinus; 3) mesoscutum and scutellum densely punctate without any broad smooth areas (in D. claviger with broad smooth areas present on scapulae and scutellum and punctures sparse in middle of mesoscutum); 4) distance between setigerous punctures on outer surface of hind femur not greater than breadth of third hind tarsal segment (in D. claviger distance between punctures on hind femur slightly greater than breadth of third hind tarsal segment); 5) striate area of T1 very much reduced in between outermost carinae (in D. claviger striate area of T1 not so reduced between outermost carinae but quadrate) and 6) apex of scutellum with a tooth-like protuberance (in D. claviger no such protuberance present at apex of scutellum).

Dirhinus neoclaviger
This new species resembles D. himalayanus Westwood in having frontal horns without notch at apex, but differs from it in having frontal horns with transverse anterior margin (in D. himalayanus frontal horns rounded at anterior margin); 2) frontal horns relatively short (in D. himalayanus frontal horns longer); 3) mesoscutum and scutellum without impunctate broad area (in D. himalayanus mesoscutum and scutellum sparsely punctate); 4) antenna with micro-pilosity on clava (in D. himalayanus antennal clava without micro-pilosity), 5) T1 without strong basal carinae (in D. himalayanus T1 with strong basal carinae) and 6) apex of scutellum with a tooth-like protuberance (in D. himalayanus apex of scutellum rounded without protuberance).
Colour. General body colour black; scape, pedicel and anellus pale brownish yellow; F1 pale brown; remaining segments black; eye and ocelli pale reflecting yellow; trochanters, femora and tibiae of fore and mid legs pale brownish yellow; fore tarsus pale brownish yellow; all coxae, hind trochanter, hind femur and hind tibia black; tegula pale yellow; wings hyaline; veins brown.
Head. Head in dorsal view with sides distinctly though moderately converging behind eyes; eyes clearly longer than temples; ocellar area distinctly elevated; each horn extremely small, its length from hind ocellus 2.8 × width of anterior margin of horn; anterior margin of each horn transversely margined, notch or teeth absent; each horn as broad as scrobal gap at its basal third; pre-orbital carina noticeable but blunt; facial edge of scrobes in lateral view only weakly sinuate. Antenna short strongly clavate; clava slightly longer than broad and on one side (facing anteriorly when antenna folded into scrobe) with large, round flat area of micro-pilosity; all flagellar segments transverse, F1 very slightly so; width of base of clava a little over 4 × length of basal segment of clava; pedicel about as long as F2 and F3 combined.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma not depressed, with close, setigerous punctate, interstices narrower than diameter of a puncture, rugulose or faintly reticulate; no smooth area on scapula and scutellum; pronotum in median line not depressed, sides hardly converging forward; scutellum including apical tooth-like protuberance very slightly longer than broad (12:10); relative length of tooth-like protuberance 0.2 × width of scutellum; propodeum with median areola nearly round, as long as broad; adcoxal lateral tooth of metapleuron slightly less than 90°.
Wings. Wing pubescence denser on distal half than on proximal half, setae relatively short; PMV absent.
Legs. Hind femur 1.4 × as long as broad, outer disc with dense setigerous shallow micro-pits, basal tooth of comb of teeth prominent; hind tibia with weak external carina extending over more than half length towards knee, area between this carina and tarsal sulcus flat, narrower than that of D. himalayanus, partly blurred by setigerous punctures.
Metasoma. Petiole a little wider than long (11:8), slightly diverging posteriorly, anterior margin not emarginated in middle area, with 5 carinae, area of carinae as long as broad; striate area of T1 with irregular length and very short carinae basally except the outermost one on either side (which are shorter than the width between them (3:5)), carinae not subquadrate; median short carinae 0.1 × length of T1; length of outermost lateral carinae 0.3 × length of T1; hind margin of T1 slightly arcuate; T1 shiny, mostly smooth with micro-sculptured on either side before apex.

Etymology. Named after Dirhinus claviger
Bouček & Narendran because the shape of the antenna is similar.

Description (based on Habu 1960). ♀.
Colour. Black with following parts as follows: tegulae reddish brown; fore and mid trochanters brown; fore and mid femora reddish black with base and apex brown; fore and mid tibiae brown with basal half slightly reddish; tarsi pale brown; claws and arolium somewhat dark; wings hyaline with somewhat brownish tinge; veins pale brown or dark reddish. Pubescence on body silvery (in some specimen golden dorsally).
Head. Head with horns slightly diverging towards apex, apex with a distinct notch; horns a little wider than space between them; a little more than one-third as long as head; twice as long as wide. Antenna inserted at level of ventral margin of eyes; anterior tentorial pits distinctly delimited by longitudinal carina at outer margin, not distinctly smooth; height of malar space 0.6 × major axis of compound eye; antenna with scape longer than combined length of F1 to F3, 2.1 × as long as clava; F1 a little longer than F2 (12:10); clava about 2.6 × as long as F7.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma with scutellum a little longer than wide, with close pits, interstices carinate; median areola of propodeum subparallel-sided, distinctly longer than wide, with fine secondary carinae; depression posterior to median areola long, lateral costae with two teeth; anterior tooth behind spiracle distinct, posterior tooth small.
Wings. Fore wing with MV 1.2 × as long as SMV. Metasoma. Petiole slightly longer than wide (12:10) with 4 longitudinal carinae; metasoma a little longer than combined length of pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum; T1 almost reaching middle of metasoma, with 8 long and six short carinae at base, with posterior margin not straight but produced posteriorly in middle.
Colour. Head (except mouth region) black; mesosoma rusty brown with ventral part black; metasoma dark brown; wings hyaline. Head. Clypeus dorsally concave, pilose, its distal margin vaguely tri-lobed; face with fine sculpture, scrobal part mainly reticulate to finely cross striate; scrobal carinae converging at more acute angle and reaching anterior ocellus; head width 1.3 × its height in anterior view; POL 1.8 × OOL; pedicel plus flagellum 2.5 × as long as scape; scape not reaching anterior ocellus; F1 subquadrate; following segments slightly transverse; clava subconical, twice as long as broad, shorter than 3 preceding segments combined.
Legs. Hind femur with 9-10 differently sized teeth on outer ventral margin.
Wings. Wings hyaline, pilosity on fore wing extensive, forming a hairline or steak directed obliquely basad from apex of STV.
Metasoma. Petiole about 6 × as long as broad; metasoma 1.3 × as long as petiole, 1.4 × as long as its height in lateral view and blunt apically.
Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Laos, Malaysia and Vietnam   Bouček (1982) and , but differs from it in having: 1) malar space setose (malar space with very few setae in E. crassicornis); 2) antenna not unusually short (in E. crassicornis antenna unusually short and stout, pedicel and flagellum combined only 1.1 × width of head), and 3) mesosoma usually black (in E. crassicornis mesosoma red).
Colour. Body mostly black with reddish colour on legs beyond coxae and at least ventrally on metasoma.
Head. Scrobal area flat with cross striae merging with reticulations; antenna extremely variable in length. In ♀ combined length of pedicel and flagellum 1.0-1.2 × as long as wide; T7 1.3 × as long as broad, scape in ♀ 0.8-1.2 × as long as width of vertex, usually reaching lower margin of anterior ocellus but sometimes shorter. In ♂ flagellum 1.3-2.6 × breadth of head; F1 2.0-3.4 × as long as broad and 0.4-0.8 × length of scape.
Mesosoma. Punctures on pronotum and mesoscutum close, with interstices narrower than diameter of a puncture, mostly smooth, occasionally rugulose; punctures on scutellum deeper than punctures of mesoscutum, interstices smooth and shiny.
Wings. Fore wing 2.8-3.0 × as long as broad, pilosity fairly extensive including a distinct line of setae from the end of fore wing venation to the base of wing and a hair line ventrally of costal cell.
Legs. Hind coxa twice as long as wide, outer ventral margin with 7-12 teeth; hind tibia with subbasal hump often indistinct or indicated by suberect setae and concealed small denticles; tarsal sulcus usually confined to one-third above basal insertion.
Colour. Head black, but clypeus, malar space, face, inner antennal area, mandible and narrowly orbita reddish brown; ocelli subhyaline; scape and pedicel pale yellow, remaining segments yellowish brown with apical segment mainly dark brown; meso- soma orange brown, but mesoscutum anteriorly, axillae, propodeum anteriorly, mesopleuron and mesosternum anteriorly black; mesosoma dorsally with short and sparse golden setae; tegulae pale yellow; metasoma dark reddish brown mixed with yellow ventrally and T1 (= petiole) blackish brown; legs brownish yellow but fore and middle tarsi, apices of fore and middle tibiae, middle coxa and hind tarsus pale yellowish, and medial disc of hind femur (both sides) dark reddish brown; wings hyaline with basal veins yellowish and apical veins brown; wing membrane hyaline.
Head. Head as broad as mesoscutum (including tegulae); width in anterior view 1.2 × its height; width in dorsal view 2.4 × its maximum length; POL:OOL:AOL:LOL = 32:13:16:11; eye height in lateral view 1.3 × its length; malar space 0.6 × eye height in lateral view and densely pale yellowish setose; frons laterally and dorsally with close, setigerous punctures, interstices narrower than diameter of a pit in most spaces, shiny and  scrobal area with fine arcuate striation (Fig. 110); occiput and vertex similarly punctate as frons dorsally; frons in dorsal view rather flat; ocelli in broad triangle; clypeal shield with medio-longitudinal carina and narrowed apically, sides somewhat upturned, sub-torular carinae weak, narrow and interantennal space with short transverse carina ventrally and a median carina; pre-orbital carina weak; post-orbital carina strong, reaching posterior margin of gena; no malar ridge or carina, scape slender and distinctly reaching anterior ocellus, flagellum adpressed setose, distinctly narrowed basally and subparallel-sided apically (Fig. 110), F1 elongate, about 2.5 × longer than wide apically and slightly narrower than pedicel in dorsal view; submedial antennal segments slightly longer than wide.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma mainly with coarse umbilicate, setigerous and granulate punctures, interstices narrower than diameter of a puncture and with satin sheen; pronotum with anterior lateral carina distinct and complete, but antero-dorsal branch indistinct; lateral ledge present; scutellum slightly longer than broad, medially distinctly convex; propodeum with median area distinct, complete and anteriorly distinctly narrowed, connected to curved posterior lamella (Fig. 111) and its surroundings with short transverse rugae.
Wings. Fore wing with very long marginal vein (Fig. 107) and area below it glabrous and with an indistinct hair line present, short STV and apical fringe absent.
Legs. Hind coxa slender basally, about as long as hind femur, densely finely punctate and adpressed setose but with some long erect setae (Fig. 108); hind femur with a large basal tooth followed by 12 gradually smaller teeth and interspaces narrower than of E. ramnathi (Fig. 109); hind tibia with slightly indicated subbasal tooth, adpressed setose and with some long erect setae, its tarsal sulcus confined to distal 0.4 of tibia; spine reaching trochanter in folded position.
Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Vietnam. Remarks. Named in honour of the deceased first author by the second author for his great contributions to our knowledge of the Oriental Hymenoptera. Diagnosis. This new species comes to E. nigriceps Bouček in the keys by Bouček (1982) and , but differs from it in having: 1) interstices between punctures narrower than diameter of a puncture on mesoscutum and axillae (in E. nigriceps interstices between punctures broader than diameter of a puncture in many places on mesoscutum and axillae); 2) post-spiracular teeth present (in E. nigriceps post-spiracular teeth absent); 3) post-orbital carina reaching posterior margin of gena (in E. nigriceps post-orbital carina running upwards to near lateral ocellus); 4) eyes sparsely setose (in E. nigriceps eyes bare); 5) funicular segments mostly transverse (in E. nigriceps funicular segments slightly elongate); 6) mesosoma and metasoma darker (in E. nigriceps mesosoma and metasoma more reddish); 7) metasoma pointed at apex (in E. nigriceps metasoma rather blunt at apex); 8) sublateral and submedian carinae of propodeum a little convex (in E. nigriceps sublateral and submedian carinae of propodeum straight), and 9) POL 1.3 × OOL (in E. nigriceps POL 1.7 × OOL).

Epitranus neonigriceps
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.5 mm. Colour. Head black; eyes gray with punctures, reflecting yellow spots; ocelli pale reflecting yellow; scape and pedicel yellow; anellus yellowish brown; remaining segments pale brown; clypeus and mandibles pale brownish yellow; mesosoma black with tegulae pale yellow; metasoma liver brown mixed with black; fore and mid legs yellow except fore coxa slightly darker basally; hind coxa, trochanter and femur reddish brown with darker median part of outer disc of hind femur and brownish yellow apex of hind coxa; hind tibia pale brownish yellow; all tarsi pale yellow; wings hyaline with veins pale yellowish hyaline.
Head. Head as broad as mesoscutum (including tegulae); width in anterior view 1.2 × its height; width in dorsal view twice its length; POL:OOL:AOL:LOL = 8:6:5:4; eye height in profile 1.2 × its length; malar space 0.6 × eye height in profile; face with close, setigerous punctures, interstices narrower than diameter of a pit in most spaces, smooth, shiny; occiput and vertex similarly punctate as face; face in dorsal view broadly convex; ocelli in broad triangle; scrobal area with arcuate striation; clypeal shield trilobed at apex, sides upturned, concave surface dull with some short setae, sub-torular carinae weak, narrow interantennal space with small lamina; pre-orbital carina weak; post-orbital carina strong, reaching posterior margin of gena; no malar ridge (carina), scape not reaching anterior ocellus, flagellum barely thickened distally; F1 as broad as pedicel in dorsal view; pre-claval segments slightly wider than long.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma with close umbilicate, setigerous punctures, interstices narrower than diameter of a puncture, smooth and shiny except reticulate area near anterior margin of mesoscutum; pronotum with anterior lateral carina very weakly represented, not high; lateral ledge present. Scutellum longer than broad (9:8), its dorsum moderately convex; propodeum with median area precurrent, with a pair of submedian carinae enclosing areola, postspiracular teeth distinct.
Wings. Fore wing with short STV, fringe absent, pilosity distinct on distal half, glabrous below veins and no distinct hairline.
Legs. Hind coxa with distinct close setigerous punctures on outer side, narrow interstices smooth; hind femur with a large basal tooth followed by 8-9 gradually smaller teeth; tibia with slightly indicated hump, moderate dorsal pilosity, tarsal sulcus confined to distal 0.4 of tibia; spine reaching trochanter in folded position.  Metasoma. Petiole 3.8 × as long as broad, twice as long as scutellum, 0.8 × length of T1; metasoma elongate, apex pointed.
Colour. Black, except for following parts: from scape to F6 varying from dark brown to black; mid coxa dark brown; other segments of fore and mid legs except coxae reddish or yellowish brown with middle part of femora slightly darker; hind femur pale brown or reddish brown with dark patch on disc; hind tibia and tarsi reddish brown.
Male. Length 2.8-3.2 mm. Antenna longer than that of ♀, not clavate. Host. Unknown. Distribution. India, Nepal, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines .   Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species by its relatively long and pointed metasoma and apex of scutellum with two relatively small teeth.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma with close pits and interstices narrow; apex of scutellum with two small teeth.

Material
Diagnosis. This species resembles the European H. rufipes (Olivier) in general appearance, but the apical teeth of scutellum are more widely spaced (more than 1.5 × as wide as distance from each other in H. nipponensis) (in H. rufipes distance almost equal to their length; Habu 1960). Differs from H. achterbergi Narendran, 1990, by having the dorsal carinae of the first metasomal tergite widely spaced (close to each other in H. achterbergi) and apical teeth of scutellum diverging (parallel-sided in H. achterbergi).
Colour. Black; antenna brown, slightly reddish, F3 to tip of clava blackish; apical teeth of scutellum large and slightly reddish; fore and middle coxae, trochanters, femora slightly dark; hind coxa and femur almost black or reddish black with hind trochanter and base of hind femur brown; hind tibia almost black or reddish.
Head. Antennal scape reaching anterior ocellus, longer than combined length of F1 to F4; eyes pubescent.
Legs. Hind coxa with coxal tooth on baso-dorsal side; hind femur 2.3 × as long as wide, smooth without micro-sculpture.
Male. Length of body 2.7-3.1 mm. Differs from ♀ mainly by having micro-sculpture on T1.
Variation. In Vietnamese specimens fore and middle legs (except coxae) are more yellowish brown with reddish tinge than in Indian specimens and scutellum not reddish apically, but black.
Diagnosis. This genus comes near Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer in having scutellum prolonged posteriorly; hind tibia with an additional carina and T1 with basal carinae and fovea. Heydoniella differs from Oxycoryphe in having: 1) pronotum without a median tooth or tubercle or triangle (in Oxycoryphe pronotum with a median tooth or tubercle or at least a median triangle); 2) hind coxa with a characteristic tuft of white dorsal setae ( Fig. 94; in Oxycoryphe hind coxa without such characteristic white tuft of setae dorsally); 3) T1 unusually large, exceeding well middle of metasoma (in Oxycoryphe T1 not unusually large and not exceeding middle of metasoma), and 4) fore wing with two infumate bands (in Oxycoryphe fore wing without such bands). Shape of T1 of Heydoniella resembles that of Nearretocera Girault, which belongs to the tribe Hybothoracini, whereas Heydoniella belongs to the tribe Haltichellini. Description. Pronotum without a median tooth or tubercle or triangular area; scutellum at most slightly exceeding base of metasoma; fore wing with two large infumate bands; hind coxa dorsally with a bunch of white pubescence and a tooth; hind tibia with an additional carina on outer side; metasoma with basal carinae; T1 exceeding middle of metasoma, its posterior margin convex.
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.2 mm. Colour. Black; eyes and ocelli reflecting gray; scape, pedicel and anellus pale brownish yellow; F1 to F3 pale reddish brown; remaining segments of antenna dark with apex of clava brownish. All coxae black; all trochanters pale brown; fore and mid femora pale brownish yellow except median part externally black; fore tibia and tarsi pale yellow; mid tibia dark brown with base and apex pale yellow; mid tarsi pale yellow; hind femur completely black; hind tibia black with apex and base pale brown; tarsi pale brown; wings hyaline with two infumate bands on fore wing; veins dark brown; pubescence on body silvery.
Head. Width of head in anterior view 1.4 × its height; width in dorsal view 2.4 × its length, almost equal to width of mesosoma (including tegulae); face concave, scrobe deep, cross reticulate-striate, margins ecarinate, weak thin transverse carina below anterior ocellus absent; parascrobal area with deep setigerous close pits, eyes with sparse short pubescence; MS weak but distinct, irregular; maximum diameter of eye in lateral view 2.6 × malar space; pre-orbital carina running upwards and crossing to posterior part of vertex through OOL and meeting post-orbital carina; temples nar- row; vertex narrow; occiput moderately excavate, deeply declining from ocelli, deeply punctate; POL 7.5 × OOL; AOL 3 × OOL, shorter than LOL; shortest distance between eyes in dorsal view = twice POL. Antennal segments shorter towards apical part; antennal formula 11173; scape not reaching anterior ocellus; relative L:W of antennal Mesosoma. Mesosoma convex, with distinct, deep, umbilicate, setigerous pits, interstices between pits ecarinate, weakly reticulate except strongly reticulate anterior part; posterior margin of pronotum widely concave; notauli shallow, with pits; tegulae pubescent; axillae with stronger and relatively longer pubescence than those of scutellum; scutellum length including apical prolongation 1.6 × its width, apex prolonged posteriorly, slightly exceeding base of metasoma, length of apical prolongation 0.5 × width of scutellum; apical prolongation with a median raised ridge. Propodeum with a pair of distinct submedian carinae; plical carina strongly developed, interstices distinctly alveolate and with deep pits; lateral teeth indistinct.
Wings. Fore wing 2.3 × as long as its width; CC 4 × as long as MV; PMV shorter than STV, with 2 infumate bands connected medially, disc densely pilose; speculum absent.
Legs. Hind coxa with an anterior dorsal tooth and a bunch of characteristic dense white setae dorsally (Fig. 145); hind femur with a row of teeth on ventral margin, inner side without tooth or protuberance; hind tibia with an extra outer carina.
Metasoma. Metasoma as long as mesosoma, subovate, T1 1.1 × its width; exceeding middle of metasoma with two submedian carinae separated by deep fovea basally, outer pair of carinae longer than inner pair.

Host. Unknown.
Etymology. Named after Vietnam, the country where the holotype was collected. Diagnosis. This genus closely resembles Antrocephalus Kirby in general appearance, but differs from it in having the face without distinct pre-orbital carinae running behind anterior ocellus, not concave as in Antrocephalus and the pronotum without anterior carinae or tubercles. Only with experience in the taxonomy of this group one can differentiate these two genera. Description. Face usually without distinct pre-orbital carina, if pre-orbital carina present then the carina does not turn mesad behind anterior ocellus to join the preorbital carina of opposite side; scrobe usually not deep but shallow; pronotum never with anterior carinae and tubercles, metasoma similar to that of Antrocephalus and Kriechbaumerella; T1 with or without basal carinae.

Key to Vietnamese species of Hockeria Walker
Head. Head wider than mesosoma, scrobe not reaching front ocellus; pre-orbital carina distinct; post-orbital carina running upwards behind posterior margin of eye; malar ridge 0.4 × height of eye in profile; eye length in profile 0.8 × its height; genotemporal furrow absent. POL 9.5 × OOL. Antenna (fig. 79 in Narendran 1989) with scape almost reaching anterior ocellus.
Wings. Fore wing with PMV more than 2-3 × longer than STV, longer than MV.
Legs. Hind coxa with a week dorsal raised carina; hind femur weakly bi-lobed ventrally.
Metasoma. Metasoma longer than mesosoma, T1 with two basal carinae and a median fovea in between; carinae shorter than width between them.
Male. Resembles female, but with longer antennal segments and the fore wing has no infuscation.
Variation. The Vietnamese specimens show the following variation from the type. The yellowish brown colour of scape, pedicel, ring segment and F1 tends to become brownish yellow; fore and middle coxae are black; hind tibia and tarsi brownish; POL 5 × OOL; scutellum moderately convex; dorsal carina of hind coxa stronger; basal carinae of T1 longer than space between them. Narendran, 1989 Figs 149-151 Hockeria guptai Narendran, 1989: 109 (♀, holotype, India (CNC)). Diagnosis. This species comes very near H. tristis (Strand) because of the colour of the body and wings and in having micro-sculpture on the propodeum, but differs from H. tristis in having: 1) T1 smooth and shiny (in H. tristis T1 densely microsculptured); 2) mesopleuron not densely micro-sculptured as in H. tristis and 3) apex of scutellum not as deeply emarginated as in H. tristis.
Metasoma. Metasoma subequal in length to mesosoma, 1.8 × as long as its width in dorsal view; T1 smooth and shiny; T2 smooth and shiny on dorso-median area, pubescent on dorso-lateral side; T6 densely rugose and weakly punctate; epipygium a little longer than ovipositor sheath in dorsal view.
Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Vietnam (new record), India, Malaysia . Variation. Length of ♀ varies from 4.0-4.8 mm; height of malar sulcus distinctly longer than height of eye in Vietnamese specimen (according to the original description MS is shorter than height of eye in profile); POL 2.7-2.8 × OOL; median carina of propodeum not indicated in Vietnamese specimen; basal pit of T1 indistinct in Vietnamese specimen.  (1984).

Kriechbaumerella
Diagnosis. This genus is similar to the genera Antrocephalus and Hockeria, but differs mainly in having the ventral margin of the teeth of the hind femur three-lobed or typically wavy and in Hockeria the frontal carina is not horseshoe-shaped. Description. Face with prominent horseshoe-shaped carina (as in Antrocephalus) running behind anterior ocellus; pronotum with carinae restricted to lateral third, medially not turning backwards or projecting as tubercles; apex of scutellum usually bidentate; ventral margin of wide hind femur with ventral margin of teeth three lobed; PMV always longer than STV; metasoma sessile.
Hosts. Parasitoids of pupae of Lepidoptera. Distribution. Asia, Europe and Africa.
Mesosoma. Apex of scutellum well produced posteriorly with a median emargination.

Distribution. India, Vietnam (new record for Vietnam).
Variation. In the Vietnamese specimen the antenna, fore femur and middle tarsus are without liver brown tinge and the fore wing has two large dark brown patches, one adjoining MV and the other beyond PMV.
Colour. Black; fore wing with brown veins and brown infuscations near MV and beyond PMV.
Metasoma. Metasoma a little longer or subequal in length to or shorter than mesosoma; T1 smooth with a pit at base; epipygium shorter than T6.
Male. Similar to ♀, but scape swollen with a deep groove ventrally.
Host. Unidentified pupa of Lepidoptera. Distribution. India, Vietnam (new record). Variation. The metasoma is shorter than the mesosoma in the Vietnamese female, whereas in Indian females the metasoma is longer than the mesosoma, and the antenna and the metasoma have a slight reddish tinge.

Material
Description. ♀, length of body 7.4 mm.
Mesosoma. Apex of scutellum well produced posteriorly with a medial V-shaped emargination.
Diagnosis. This species comes near M. hirticeps Cameron in the key to species by , but differs from it in having: 1) fore wing more infuscate at base than at apex (in M. hirticeps fore wing uniformly infuscate); 2) pronotal humps well developed (in M. hirticeps pronotal humps not well developed); 3) distal tooth of propodeum more robust than proximal one (in M. hirticeps proximal tooth of propodeum more prominent than distal dent); 4) hind tibia shiny and polished (in M. hirticeps hind tibia matt), and 5) hollow depression of hind tibia with sparse minute separate pits (in M. hirticeps hollow depression of hind tibia with contiguous pits). Description. (based on the description by Steffan, 1951c).
Head. Head with two relatively small humps in POL; eye height in profile 2.4 × height of malar space in profile, eye length in profile about 0.7 × its height (7:12); antennal length 2.5 × eye height; clava shorter than scape (5:7).
Mesosoma. Pronotum with two well developed humps; mesosoma with apex of scutellum projecting angularly; basal areoles of propodeum not of uniform size; distal tooth of propodeum stronger than proximal tooth.
Wings. Fore wing more infuscated at base than at apex; fore wing 2.8 × as long as wide.
Legs. Hind coxa shorter than hind femur (23:24) without a tooth; hind femur twice as long as wide, with a row of 12-13 irregular teeth on outer ventral margin; hind tibia shiny with hollow depression containing sparse minute pits.
Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Vietnam. In the key to Oriental species of Megachalcis ) this species comes near M. malabarica Narendran in having an inner basal tooth at the hind femur. However, the new species differs from M. malabarica in having: 1) distance between apex of epipygium to tip of ovipositor sheath (in dorsal view) longer than metasoma (56:44) (in M. malabarica distance between apex of epipygium to tip of ovipositor sheath shorter than metasoma); 2) pronotum with two submedian humps (in M. malabarica pronotum without humps); 3) hind coxa with a dorsal tooth (in M. malabarica hind coxa without a dorsal tooth), and 4) between apex of scrobe and anterior ocellus without a triangular pubescent area (in M. malabrica with a triangular pubescent area between anterior ocellus and apex of scrobe).
Mesosoma. Pronotum with close, deep pits; interstices carinate, two distinct humps present submedially on posterior marginal area; posterior margin of pronotum a little emarginated medially; mesoscutum and scutellum closely pitted, interstices carinate; apex of scutellum straight or entire. Propodeum with large foveolae, plicae raised, carinate; spiracle bean-shaped; a distinct tooth on either side projecting to lateral side; propodeum with dense silvery large setae on either side, spread over to median part.
Legs. Hind coxa with a dorso-basal tooth; hind femur twice as long as broad, ventral margin with a row of 11 teeth of different size; inner side of hind femur with a ventro-basal tooth; hind tibia with a deep smooth lengthy fovea from middle to apex on inner side.
Male  Narendran & Konishy (Konishy et al. 2004) because of the arcuate apex of scutellum, and scape, fore and mid tibiae pale yellow or pale brownish yellow. However, this new species differs from N. thailandicum in having: 1) body dull metallic green (in N. thailandicum body black without metallic refringence); 2) posterior corners of propodeum without tooth-like projection (in N. thailandicum posterior corners of propodeum with tooth-like projection); 3) metasoma shorter than mesosoma (in N. thailandicum metasoma a little longer than mesosoma); 4) T1 with 3 pairs of strong carinae from base (in N. thailandicum T1 with 2 pairs of carinae from base), and 5) inner pair of submedian carinae converging posteriorly (in N. thailandicum inner pair of submedian carinae slightly diverging posteriorly).
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.0 mm. Colour. Dull metallic green with following parts as follows: scape pale yellow; pedicel and annellus pale brownish yellow; remaining segments of antenna dark brown; all coxae concolourous with metasoma; fore and mid femora dull brownish with slight green refringence on outer side; inner side pale yellow; fore and mid tibiae and all tarsi pale yellow; hind femur and tibia black with dull green refringence; wings hyaline with SMV pale hyaline yellow; MV and STV pale hyaline yellowish brown.
Mesosoma. Pronotum with closely set pits, interstices as broad as diameter of a pit in many places and half as broad as diameter of a pit in remaining places; interstices reticulate. Mesoscutum distinctly reticulate with scattered shallow pits on area adjoining anterior margin, remaining parts with close pits with interstices as broad as or half as broad as diameter of a pit; on scapula interstices more than diameter of a pit in many regions. Scutellum subequal in length to mesoscutum, with close pits, interstices narrower than diameter of a pit, reticulate; apex of scutellum broadly arcuate and angulate posteriorly, slightly produced over base of propodeum in dorsal view. Propo- deum with submedian carinae enclosing smooth areola; other regions of propodeum areolate contain irregular sculpture or pits; posterior corners of propodeum not sharp; postspiracular tooth weakly indicated in the form of a short knob. Lateral panel of pronotum micro-reticulate and with a median raised cross ridge; mesosternum closely pitted; mesepimeron cross carinate; metapleuron closely pitted.
Wings. Fore wing 2.4 × as long as broad, pilosity almost absent except a few scattered ones at distal admarginal area.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth and shiny on dorsal part with scattered sparse pits on ventral side; hind femur twice as long as broad, ventrally with a broad tooth just before middle (0.42), outer surface finely reticulate, sparse setigerous punctures hardly traceable; hind tibia with a longitudinal band of closely spaced small pits dorsally. Metasoma. Metasoma slightly shorter than mesosoma (19:21), 0.6 × as broad as its length; T1 longest, exceeding middle of metasoma, with 3 pairs of submedian carinae and a lateral carina on either side of outer submedian carina; lateral carina separated from outer submedian carina by a deep fovea; outer submedian carina and inner submedian carina separated by fovea; inner submedian carinae converging towards posterior side but not meeting each other; T1 with a few broken carinulae on posterior half of space between submedian and sublateral carinae and between outer submedian and inner submedian carinae (careful observation under proper illumination is necessary to observe these weak carinulae); T1 mostly smooth and shiny; remaining tergites each with a row of small setigerous pits which are denser on sides. Ovipositor sheath a little protruding; hypopygium exceeding middle of metasoma.
Male Diagnosis. This genus resembles Sthulapada Narendran in having an external extra carina on the hind tibia and a median tubercle on the pronotum. However, it differs from Sthulapada in having normal hind tarsal segments (in Sthulapada the hind tarsal segments (especially distal one) are unusually and greatly swollen) and the ovipositor sheath without a tooth (in Sthulapada ovipositor sheath with a tooth ventrally). Description. Pronotal collar in middle with a short median keel or tooth or a raised triangle (rarely weakly developed but distinctly indicated); apex of scutellum in most species distinctly produced posteriorly, ending in a lobe (in a few species emarginate); hind tibia with an additional external carina; mesosoma quite flat in some species; epipygium in typical form reaches near subapical part of ovipositor sheath whereas in some other species not at all reaching apex.

Key to Vietnamese species of Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer
(based on females) 1 Projected part of apex of scutellum long, 0.2 × length of remaining part of scutellum and distinctly bi-lobed (Fig. 182); width of head twice its length in dorsal view; POL 3-4 × OOL; clava at most twice as long as preceding segment (Fig.  180); hind leg completely black (Fig. 178)  Projected part of scutellum shorter than above and at most slightly bi-lobed (Fig. 177); head width 2.9 × its length in dorsal view; POL 6-8 × OOL (Fig.  175); clava a little longer than twice preceding segment (Fig. 175); hind leg reddish or yellowish brown (Fig. 173) Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 6.0 mm. Colour. Black with following parts as follows: eyes and ocelli pale gray; scape and pedicel pale brownish yellow; annellus, F1, F2 and F3 brownish yellow; remaining segments of antenna dark brown; apex of clava, fore coxa pale brown, remaining segments of fore and mid legs yellow; hind leg reddish pale brown; tegula pale brownish yellow; metasoma black with yellowish brown on sides from T1 to T6; epipygium and ovipositor sheath black. Pubescence pale white with slight yellowish tinge; fore wing hyaline with a brownish tinge; veins dark brown; pilosity of wing disc blackish brown.
Mesosoma. Pronotum with a tooth-like raised structure medially (but not distinctly forming a tooth as in the type species), with close setigerous pits, interstices narrower than diameter of a pit, somewhat carinate, reticulate; posterior margin of pronotum concave; mesoscutum and scutellum with close setigerous pits; interstices rugulose, narrower than diameter of a pit; apex of scutellum a little produced posteriorly; propodeum with submedian and sublateral carinae distinct, areolate, lateral teeth indistinct.
Wings. Fore wing length 3.1 × its width, densely pilose; CC about 7 × as long as MV; PMV subequal to MV, longer than STV. Legs. Hind coxa with a weak tooth at dorso-basal side; hind femur 2.8 × as long as wide; hind tibia with an extra external carina.
Metasoma. Metasoma 1.6 × as long as mesosoma, length of pre-epipygial part of metasoma a little longer than mesosoma (27:21), but subequal to length of mesosoma in holotype; T1 with a pair of basal longitudinal carinae, each carina as long as width between each other; posterior margin of T1 to T5 smooth and shiny, T6 with shallow setigerous, micro-punctate; epipygium with close, shallow setigerous pits, with a median carina, fully pubescent.
Colour. Black; eyes grayish yellow; ocelli pale reflecting yellow; bases and apices of fore and mid femora and tibiae slightly yellowish brown; fore and mid tarsi pale brownish yellow; hind leg completely black; wings hyaline with slight yellowish brown infuscation with a weak brownish yellow arch connecting parastigma and STV.
Mesosoma. Pronotum anteriorly with wavy carinae joining at middle to form a median carina running to posterior margin; middle lobe of mesoscutum with close umbilicate pits, interstices as broad as or half as broad as diameter of a pit in most areas, distinctly rugulose; scutellum with slightly larger and deeper pits than those of middle lobe of mesoscutum, scutellum slightly longer than mesoscutum (26:24) (including projecting apex), 1.2 × as long as wide; apex of scutellum projected posteriorly, bilobed, projected apex 0.2 × as long as remaining part of scutellum (4:22). Propodeum declining 60° to the vertical axis of scutellum; submedian and sublateral carinae well developed; post spiracular tooth on each side distinct.
Legs. Hind coxa with a distinct dorso-basal tooth; hind femur without an inner basal tooth.
Metasoma. Metasoma 1.5 × as long as mesosoma; T1 with basal carinae as long as space between them, smooth and shiny; T1 0.3 × as long as metasoma, its posterior margin a little concave medially; T2 to T5 micro-sculptured, moderately pubescent laterally; posterior margins of T2 to T5 a little concave; T6 with 9-10 cross rows of shallow pits, interstices weakly micro-sculptured without a distinct smooth basal marginal strip; T6 twice as long as T5, 0.4 × as long as epipygium; visible part of ovipositor sheath 0.3 × length of epipygium.

Diagnosis. See under Notaspidium.
Description. Horizontal ventral part of mesopleuron anteriorly with a carina defining margin of area for reception of fore coxae; body usually with dense pubescence. MV short and distinctly removed from anterior wing margin; hind tibia with 2 apical spurs. Antenna 13 segmented; in ♀ antenna inserted at clypeus; in ♂ antenna inserted a little above it; scape not reaching anterior ocellus; head in front view roundly triangular or subrectangular as in P. soudanensis group; outer surface of clypeus gradually turns downwards and its upper edge projects slightly to strongly in different species; body densely setose in some species; mesosoma sturdy, in some species propodeum almost horizontal and with very distinct carinae (submediae, accessoriae, sublaterales and costae lateralis); scutellum flatly arched, posteriorly broadly rounded or truncated; hind femur with a ventral row of teeth, basal tooth massive in "Chalcidiopsis" and typical Psilochalcis; metasoma with large, tongue-shaped, posteriorly rounded T1.
Hosts. Parasitoids of lepidopterous pupae. Distribution. North and Central America, Europe, Africa, Madagascar, Oriental region and Japan. coxa with several distinct rugae); 2) malar ridge incomplete, not reaching eye (in P. carinigena malar ridge complete, reaching ventral margin of eye); 3) apex of scutellum not emarginate (in P. carinigena apex of scutellum at least slightly emarginate); 4) clava as long as preceding two segments combined (in P. carinigena clava 1.3 × as long as preceding segments combined) and 5) T3 0.3 × as long as T2 in dorsal view (in P. carinigena T3 0.5 × as long as T2).
Colour. Black; femora and tibiae brownish red, hind tibia and tarsus brownish black; tegula pale brown or brown.
Legs. Hind coxa without a tooth on dorsal or ventral side; hind femur with a large basal tooth.
Male. Similar to female except in having stouter antenna with a dent on scape; reddish colour of hind femur and tibia more blackish; body more densely pubescent than that of female.
Variation. In some Vietnamese specimens hind femur black or red with a black patch (Fig. 183); tibiae more blackish in some specimens.
Hosts. Lepidoptera: Opisina arenosella Walker (Oecophoridae) and Hyblaea puera Cramer (Hyblaeidae)  Diagnosis. Unique among the Chalcididae because of shortened antennal flagellum (usually much shorter than length of eye) with less than 11 distinguishable segments (Figs 185, 188) and usually tail-like metasoma attached at upper margin of propodeum (Fig. 185). Description. Integument of body predominantly translucent, yellow to orange in colour, occasionally with brown or black markings, non-metallic. Eyes moderate sized to very large, inner margins entire; occipital carina absent; occipital suture dorsally distinct; antennal scrobe deep, margins usually carinate; toruli slightly above or slightly below level of ventral margin of eye, never near anterior tentorial pits; anterior margin of clypeus very weakly emarginated, not produced; mandibles asymmetrical; antenna relatively short, 9 segmented; scape 3.6-4.8 × as long as wide; pedicel swollen; flagellum fusiform or filiform; clava unsegmented. Pronotum without transverse carina; mesoscutum with notauli distinct, percurrent; scutellum with axilla differentiated; frenum not differentiated; prepectus minute, scale-like; mesopleuron with deep ventral depression; dorsellum absent; propodeum rugose-punctate, without carinae or plicae; petiolar foramen situated anteriorly, separated from metanotum by very narrow rim. Hind coxa subequal in length to hind femur; hind femur greatly enlarged, with a comb of teeth on outer ventral margin, without an inner tooth; hind tibia ventro-apically produced into a spine with a small spur near apex of spine, without additional external carinae; tarsi 5 segmented. Wings densely pilose, sparse on basal part; SMV very long (longer than twice or more length of MV) parallel to costal margin; MV shorter than or as long as STV. Metasoma elongate, in ♀ T1 and S1 fused to form a petiole; segments 2-4 depressed, subcylindrical; segments 5-8 laterally compressed; anterior segment of petiole with strong dorsal condyle providing articulation with propodeum; posterior segment of petiole defined antero-laterally and antero-ventrally by transverse lamina, posteriorly slightly overlapping T2 and S2. In ♂ T6-T8 elongate, differentiated into an anterior part concealed by preceding tergite and an exposed posterior setose part; T8 undivided.
Colour. Predominantly pale yellow to white, darker dorsad; mesoscutum with light brown areas, a diffuse circle on middle lobe of mesoscutum and along transscutal articulation, and dark brown along notauli; axilla and lateral panel of axilla dark brown or black; apex of scutellum light brown; lateral panel of metanotum dark brown; propodeum white; fore and middle legs white; hind legs dark yellow dorsally, white below; femoral teeth black, tibia yellow; tarsus white; metasoma brown, darker above; petiole dark brown; but yellowish white basad; antenna yellow.
Wings. Fore wing with stump of basal vein (1-SR) present; STV shorter than MV. Legs. Hind coxa 3.5-4.1 × as long as high; hind femur 1.7-2.0 × as long as high, with a weak ventral process and well developed ventral teeth. Metasoma. First metasomal tergite subequal in length to hind coxa, 3.5 × as long as wide, dorsally minutely reticulate-punctate, without paired dorsal carinae; transverse lamina indistinct, not extending postero-ventrally to middle length of first tergite.
Diagnosis. This genus comes near Thresiaella , in the key to genera of Chalcididae by , but differs from it in having: 1) apex of hind tibia and hind tarsus swollen (in Thresiaella hind tibia and hind tarsus not swollen), and 2) ovipositor sheath with a tooth at apex (in Thresiaella ovipositor sheath without tooth).
Sthulapada also comes near Oxycoryphe in general appearance, but differs from it in having peculiarly developed hind tarsal segments and ovipositor sheath with a tooth at apex. Description. Head wider than mesosoma; scrobe deep, not quite reaching anterior ocellus; clava pointed; pre-orbital carinae joining each other behind anterior ocellus; pronotum with a median tubercle or with two humps; pronotum and mesonotum convex; hind femur greatly swollen; hind tibia greatly clavate; hind tarsal segments (especially telotarsus) unusually swollen; epipygium with a tooth on ventral side below ovipositor sheath apically.
Host. Unknown. Distribution. Malaysia, Vietnam (new record). Diagnosis. This new species differs from the type species S. padata Narendran in having: 1) pits on mesoscutum and scutellum close, with interstices narrower than half a diameter of a pit and rugulose (in S. padata interstices of mesoscutum and scutellum wider, smooth, shiny and not carinate); 2) fore wing without brownish infuscation adjoining MV (in S. padata with brownish infuscation adjoining MV); 3) distal end of SMV not clavate (in S. padata distal end of SMV clavate); 4) hind coxa with a weak dorso-basal tooth (in S. padata hind coxa without a dorso-basal tooth); 5) hind femur 0.6 × as broad as long (in S. padata hind femur 0.7 × as broad as long); 6) hind tibia width 0.2 times its length (in S. padata hind tibia width 0.3 times its length); 7) clava 2.3 × as long as F7 (in S. padata clava 2.6 × as long as F7); 8) F1 shorter than F2 (in S. padata F1 as long as F2); 9) metasoma mainly black (in S. padata metasoma mostly yellowish brown); 10) hind coxa black with a brownish yellow patch apically (brownish yellow more extensive on ventral apical part than dorsal apical part; in S. padata hind coxa mostly yellow with a black or reddish black patch dorsally from base to slightly beyond middle).

Key to species of Sthulapada Narendran
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 4.3 mm.
Colour. Black, but eyes and ocelli pale grayish yellow; antenna orange yellow; fore leg pale brownish yellow except black coxa; mid leg similar to fore leg except coxa black with yellowish brown tinge, especially towards its distal end; hind coxa black with apical part brownish yellow; hind femur orange yellow; hind tibia orange brown with ventral part medially black; tarsi orange brown; telotarsi black; wings hyaline, veins dark brown; pubescence on body white.
Legs. Hind coxa without a dorso-basal tooth; hind femur 0.6 × as broad as long with a strong inner basal tooth, outer ventral margin with a row of teeth extending from apex to posterior 0.6, ventral margin not distinctly bi-lobed; hind tibia with an additional extra external carina; hind tarsal segments relatively larger, wider than long; fifth tarsal segment 1.5 × as broad as fourth tarsal segment, about 3 × as long as fourth tarsal segment; claws uni-dentate.
Metasoma. Metasoma 1.3 × longer than mesosoma; T1 with 3 basal carinae; median carina shorter than lateral carinae; length of median carina 0.2 × length of T1; lateral carina 0.3 × length of T1 in dorsal view; length of T1 a little shorter than half length of metasoma; T1 smooth and shiny, its posterior margin a little convex; T2 smooth with 2 cross rows of minute setigerous pits, pits discontinues at middle in anterior row; T3-T5 rugulose with scattered pits on sides and a single row posteriorly; posterior margin of T2-T4 almost straight; posterior margin of T5 weakly concave; T6 with 7-8 cross rows of setigerous pits; epipygium carinate at middle, its median length a little longer than median length of T6 (10:9); epipygium with a distinct posteriorly directed tooth just below ovipositor sheath; ovipositor sheath about half length of epipygium medially.  Diagnosis. This new species differs from S. padata Narendran in having: 1) antenna mostly black with scape and pedicel pale brownish yellow and pale brown, respectively (in S. padata antenna is immaculate yellow); 2) legs mostly black (in S. padata legs yellow, but hind coxa slightly dark brown basally); 3) metasoma black with epipygium reddish brown (in S. padata metasoma pale brownish yellow basally and latero-ventrally); 4) apex of scutellum distinctly bi-lobed (in S. padata apex of scutellum not bi-lobed), and 5) propodeum without a median carina (in S. padata propodeum with a short median carina).
Colour. Black except the following: scape pale brownish yellow; pedicel pale brown; apex of clava pale pink; eyes and ocelli pale reflecting yellow; tegula pale brownish yellow; apex of fore femur, fore tibia and tarsi pale brownish yellow; base and apex of mid femur pale brownish yellow; base and apex of hind tibia pale brown; hind tarsi pale brown; epipygium and caudal tooth reddish brown. Wings hyaline with veins dark brown with a patch of infuscation behind STV.
Head. Head closely pitted, interstices narrower than diameter of a pit; width of head in anterior view 1.1x its height; width in dorsal view 2.1 × its length; occiput concave; POL 5.2 × OOL; AOL 2.4 × OOL; distance between eyes in dorsal view 2.2 × POL; pre-orbital carina starting from malar ridge running upwards towards vertex and meeting each other behind anterior ocellus; geno-temporal furrow distinct but not deep; scrobe cross reticulate, not reaching anterior ocellus, margins ecarinate; height of malar space 0.5 × eye height in profile; eye length in profile 0.7 × eye height; eyes bare; antennae inserted well below level of ventral margin of eyes; scape not at all reaching anterior ocellus; relative L:W of antennal segments:scape = 25:4; pedicel = 5:4; F1-F7 = 5:6; clava = 10:6.
Mesosoma. Mesosoma closely pitted on pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum; interstices narrower than half diameter of a pit, posterior margin concave medially; apex of scutellum bi-lobed; propodeum horizontal, with distinct submedian and sublateral carinae; area between plical carina and submedian carina coarsely sculptured with a median micro-reticulate part; area between plical carina and sublateral carina transversely carinate; lateral prespiracular part with a tooth on either side of propodeum; spiracle somewhat bean-shaped.
Wings. Fore wing 2. 7x as long as wide; relative length of CC = 53; SMV = 51; MV = 7; PMV = 3; STV = 4; MV separated from SMV by a distinct break; distal end of SMV not clavate as S. padata. Legs. Hind coxa without a dorsal tooth; hind femur greatly swollen, 0.6 × as broad as its length, its ventral margin weakly bi-lobed with a row of teeth; inner basal part of hind femur with a tooth; hind tibia with an extra external carina; hind tarsal segments relatively larger, much wider than long; fifth tarsal segment of hind leg unusually larger than other tarsal segments; each claw unidentate.
Metasoma. Metasoma 1.4 × as long as mesosoma; T1 with 3 basal carinae; length of lateral carina 0.3 × length of T1 in dorsal view; length of median carina 0.2 × length of T1; length of T1 in dorsal view a little less than half length of metasoma; T1 smooth and shiny, posterior margin a little convex; T2 smooth and shiny with 2 rows of setigerous pits; T3 weakly shagreened with 1-2 transverse rows of minute setigerous pits; T3 to T5 more distinctly shagreened with 1-2 rows of setigerous pits; posterior margin of T2 to T5 slightly to distinctly concave progressively; T6 distinctly pitted and pubescent; epipygium carinate at middle, its median length subequal to median length of T6; epipygium with a distinct posteriorly directed ventral tooth just below ovipositor sheath and closely attached to it.
Diagnosis. The genus resembles the extralimital genera Chirocera Latreille, 1825, andTanyotorthus Steffan, 1955, in general appearance, but differs from them in having PMV relatively shorter (in Chirocera and Tanyotorthus PMV 4-5 × longer) and in having pre-and post-orbital carinae present (pre-and post-orbital carinae indistinct in Chirocera and Tanyotorthus). Description. Clava narrowed towards apex; fore tibia swollen; tip of hind tibia with a characteristic outer spur and outer carina; postscutellum with characteristic rugae. MV at the wing margin; PMV and STV present.
Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Asia and Africa. In the key to species by  this new species comes to T. merisicornis (Masi, 1929), but differs from it in having: 1) pronotal carina absent medially (in T. merisicornis pronotal carina prominent medially); 2) width of fore tibia half width of fore femur (in T. merisicornis width of fore tibia 0.7 × width of fore femur); 3) F1 longer than F2 (in T. merisicornis F1 not longer than F2), and 4) each lateral ocellus connected to eye margin by a cross carina (no such carina in T. merisicornis).
Mesosoma. Pronotum with anterior carina obsolescent in median part (visible on sides only), with deep, close setigerous pits, interstices narrower than diameter of a pit, rugulose; mesoscutum with relatively smaller sized close pits on anterior part, pits becoming slightly larger and more widely spaced towards posterior part; notauli distinct and pitted; area surrounding pronotal spiracle with dense white pubescence; tegula pu-bescent; scutellum with close, deep, setigerous pits, interstices narrower than diameter of a pit; apex of scutellum widely emarginated with two teeth; axillula densely pubescent just behind tegula; propodeum with two submedian carinae enclosing areola and deep pits; other areas with areolae and pits; sublateral carinae distinct; lateral teeth absent.
Legs. Hind coxa without a dorso-basal tooth; hind femur without an inner basal tooth, with a row of teeth on ventral margin in two lobes, distal lobe larger than proximal lobe; hind tibia densely pubescent on distal half, with characteristic broad apex and spur, with outer carina resent.
Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Etymology. Named after Luigi Masi (1879Masi ( -1961, for his great contributions to the taxonomy of Chalcidoidea.
Diagnosis. This genus comes very close to Trigonurella Bouček, but Trigonurella differs from Trigonura in having: 1) lower face with conspicuous raised, X-shaped structure (fig. 251 of Narendran 1989); 2) face flat; 3) eye margin delimited by pre-orbital carina and hind femur with a large basal tooth. In Trigonura the lower face is regularly punctate; the face is convex without strong pre-orbital carina and hind femur without broad tooth.
Description. Face convex, without strong pre-orbital carinae; malar space with coarse punctation but without malar sulcus or carina; antenna inserted about at level with lowest margin of eyes; interstices between pits on dorsum of mesosoma raised, rasp-like; T1 normally convex, dorsally shiny, with fine punctures, rarely dull with rugose substriate sculpture; T1 much larger than T2.
Variation. Some characters show intrageneric variation. The typical distinct flat and punctured interantennal space varies to narrow upwardly produced (into scrobal space) interantennal space in some species groups. The apex of the metasoma of female varies in length. The apex of scutellum is mostly rounded but in some species medially truncate. In some species T1 has a dull rugose area (Bouček 1992(Bouček , 1988bSteffan 1951b;Burks 1959).
Hosts. Parasitoids of coleopterous larvae (Buprestidae, Curculionidae, Scolytidae). Distribution. New World, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Guinea (Bouček 1988b). Diagnosis. This species resembles T. indica Narendran in having the metasoma acuminate and oval and scutellum highly vaulted. However, T. luzonensis differs from T. indica in many features. In T. luzonensis the outer disc of hind femur is densely and minutely punctate and blackish, without any yellow spot, whereas in T. indica the punctures are less close on the hind femur and it is yellowish-red with a distinct characteristic yellow spot at the apex. The hind tibia is reddish-brown with its base black in T. indica, whereas in T. luzonensis the hind tibia is completely black. In addition, the punctation on T6 differs in both species.

Trigonura luzonensis Narendran, 1987
Description. ♀, length of body 6.2-7.0 mm. Colour. Head black; eye and ocellus reflecting pale yellow; mandible rusty red except its black tips; mesosoma dorsally rusty-red and laterally and ventrally black; legs black with following parts rusty-red: tip of fore femur, base and tip of fore tibia, base and tip of mid tibia, hind coxa and all tarsi; fore wing slightly smoky.
Head. Head with large close, umbilicate pits, interstices shorter than half diameter of a pit, rugose, almost carinate in most areas; POL 2.5-3.1 × OOL; interantennal projection in Vietnamese specimen reach just below anterior ocellus as a continuation of a carina from distal part of inter-antennal projection.
Mesosoma. Pronotum with deep, close pits, interstices rugose-carinate; anterior margin of pronotum carinate laterally, posterior margin concave in middle; mesoscutum highly convex and vaulted with interstices between pits projecting as humps; scutellum highly convex and similarly sculptured.  Wings. Fore wing with PMV slightly longer than STV, 0.3 × as long as MV. Legs. Hind coxa densely punctate and pubescent on ventral side; hind femur with close minute setigerous pits, outer ventral margin with a row of irregular teeth, basal tooth much larger than others.

Metasoma.
Metasoma with a small T1 (shorter than its width); metasoma a little longer than mesosoma.
Male. Similar to ♀ except for stouter antenna and shorter metasoma. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Philippines, India, Vietnam (new record). Variation. The Vietnamese specimen has the dorsal part and distal ventral half of the hind coxa black and remaining baso-ventral part rusty red (Fig. 200).