Corresponding author: Xin Qi (
Academic editor: F. Laurindo da Silva
During the summer of July to September 2020, a biodiversity survey on
Song C, Zhu B-Q, Moubayed-Breil J, Lei T, Qi X (2022) Taxonomic study on the genus
The genus
Data on the taxonomy, keys, and geographical distributions for
DNA barcoding employs sequence diversity in short, standardized, gene regions and has become an important tool for species identification and cryptic species discovery (
Baishanzu is a nature reserve, spanning the south Zhejiang and north Fujian provinces of eastern China. It belongs to the tropical to warm temperate transitional zone and is a biodiversity hot spot in Asia with the dominant types of vegetation being evergreen broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests (
The examined material was collected using light traps; the specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol at 4 °C in a refrigerator before final slide mounting. Specimens were side-mounted in Euparal after genomic extraction following the procedure described by
The type material including holotype and paratypes of the two new described species are deposited in the collection of the College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China (
Tissues for total genomic DNA extraction were removed from the thorax and head of the adults. The genomic extraction procedure followed
Public
The pairwise distances were calculated using the Kimura 2-Parameter (
All 44 public
GenBank accession data used in the analysis; * data from this study.
Species | Sample ID | GenBank Accession | Species | Sample ID | GenBank Accession |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
ZJCH220, * |
|
|
ZJCH251, * |
|
|
ZJCH222, * |
|
|
ZJCH219, * |
|
|
ZJCH223, * |
|
|
ZJCH244, * |
|
|
ZJCH246, * |
|
|
ZJCH245, * |
|
|
ZJCH247, * |
|
|
NC_061972 |
|
|
ZJCH226, * |
|
|
NIESH0017 |
|
|
ZMUO.025362 |
|
|
NIESH0026 |
|
|
ZMUO.025363 |
|
|
NIESH0307 |
|
|
JN016848 |
|
|
NIESH0746 |
|
|
NC_061971 |
|
|
OL753645 |
|
|
OL742440 |
|
OL753646 |
|
|
|
PY-32A |
|
OL742441 |
|
|
|
PY-33A |
|
OL753647 |
|
|
|
PY-34A |
|
HQ551963 |
|
|
|
STE-GIB-IM-LIM28VII-254 |
|
HQ928366 |
|
|
|
STE-HIB-IM-VI29VII-304 |
|
MF718872 |
|
|
|
ZMUO.024239 |
|
MF721507 |
|
|
|
ZMUO.024238 |
|
MF723892 |
|
|
|
ZMUO.025366 |
|
|
NC_061973 |
|
|
ZMUO.025367 |
|
|
OL753648 |
|
|
ZJCH224, * |
|
|
NC_061974 |
|
|
ZJCH249, * |
|
|
OL753649 |
|
Kimura 2-parameter pairwise genetic distances based on
Species | Distance | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
1. |
|||||||||||
2. |
15.13 | ||||||||||
3. |
13.74 | 14.00 | |||||||||
4. |
11.17 | 15.58 | 15.51 | ||||||||
5. |
16.50 | 15.36 | 14.39 | 14.61 | |||||||
6. |
17.74 | 18.69 | 18.29 | 17.04 | 18.22 | ||||||
7. |
15.25 | 15.03 | 16.20 | 15.49 | 15.66 | 17.69 | |||||
8. |
14.92 | 14.28 | 13.91 | 15.26 | 15.35 | 15.92 | 14.27 | ||||
9. |
18.58 | 17.11 | 17.16 | 18.03 | 21.01 | 19.58 | 19.08 | 15.80 | |||
10. |
12.87 | 14.98 | 14.20 | 14.83 | 17.19 | 17.69 | 14.89 | 14.46 | 17.39 | ||
11. |
18.11 | 17.05 | 18.11 | 18.32 | 19.08 | 19.04 | 16.12 | 20.12 | 17.40 | 18.83 | |
12. |
17.96 | 16.59 | 18.15 | 19.14 | 19.32 | 19.65 | 18.16 | 18.43 | 20.55 | 17.70 | 20.09 |
Neighbour-joining tree for twelve species of
Histogram of pairwise
The adult males of
The specific name refers to the circular ring markings of the femur of mid and hind legs of the male adult.
Male imago (N = 3). Total length 3.59–4.17, 3.87 mm. Wing length 1.95–2.03, 2.00 mm. Total length / wing length 1.75–2.05, 1.94. Wing length / length of pro-femur 1.58–1.93, 1.73.
Male adult (holotype, in lateral view) of
Male adult of
Male adult of
P1 | P2 | P3 | |
---|---|---|---|
|
1060–1280, 1156 | 920–1110, 993 | 1120–1250, 1170 |
|
1050–1150, 1116 | 850–930, 893 | 1070–1100, 1060 |
|
1500–1700, 1610 | 540–720, 656 | 860–910, 890 |
|
750–820, 796 | 370–380, 373 | 460–500, 483 |
|
630–660, 647 | 270–280, 273 | 360–380, 370 |
|
440–570, 507 | 150–160, 156 | 220–220, 220 |
|
210–240, 230 | 75–90, 82 | 80–100, 90 |
|
1.42–1.48, 1.44 | 0.64–0.80, 0.73 | 0.82–0.85, 0.84 |
|
1.75–1.80, 1.78 | 2.65–3.10, 2.87 | 2.64–2.78, 2.68 |
SV | 1.35–1.45, 1.41 | 2.52–3.33, 2.91 | 2.42–2.61, 2.50 |
Male adult (holotype) of
Immature stages and female unknown.
Morphologically,
Main differences between
Thorax vittae | Anal point | Legs pattern | |
---|---|---|---|
|
Median vittae not obvious; lateral vittae with stripe pigmentation | Anal point straight and parallel-sided | With dark annulus on femur of P2 and P3 |
|
Median vittae with little pigmentation; lateral vittae with stripe pigmentation | Anal point straight and parallel-sided | Entire femur of P2 pale; femur of P3 brown |
|
Thorax without pigmentation | Apex parallel-sided to slightly bulbous | Nearly 1/2 to entire femur of P2; basal 0.12–0.30 femur of P3 dark brown; |
|
Thorax without median vittae; lateral vittae with stripe pigmentation | Apex of anal point swollen and rounded | Apical 1/4 of P2 and P3 brown |
The species is currently known only from Zhejiang Province in Oriental China.
Adult males of
The specific name refers to the Baishanzu National Nature Reserve, where the holotype was collected.
Male imago (N = 3). Total length 3.98–4.22, 4.07 mm. Wing length 1.90–2.13, 2.05 mm. Total length / wing length 1.87–2.22, 1.99. Wing length / length of pro-femur 1.63–1.65, 1.64.
Male adult (holotype, in dorsal view) of
Male adult (holotype) of
Male adult of
P1 | P2 | P3 | |
---|---|---|---|
|
1150–1300, 1250 | 970–1110, 1053 | 1140–1310, 1243 |
|
1130–1280, 1230 | 870–930, 907 | 1050–1250, 1160 |
|
1250 ( |
480–700, 606 | 820–950, 900 |
|
800 ( |
370–400, 387 | 450–520, 477 |
|
680 ( |
300–340, 317 | 380–410, 397 |
|
560 ( |
180–210, 200 | 230–260, 240 |
|
270 ( |
90–100, 95 | 90–110, 100 |
|
0.98 ( |
0.52–0.75, 0.67 | 0.76–0.78, 0.77 |
|
2.35 ( |
2.46–2.64, 2.57 | 2.59–2.94, 2.72 |
SV | 2.06 ( |
2.91–4.17, 3.31 | 2.66–2.67, 2.67 |
Male adult (holotype) of
Immature stages and female unknown.
The male adult of
The species is currently known only from Zhejiang Province, Oriental China.
3 male adults, collected by light trap in Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu National Nature Reserve,
Male adult of
Male imago (N = 3). Total length 2.94–3.98, 3.62 mm. Wing length 1.80–1.85 mm. Total length / wing length 1.85–2.20, Wing length / length of pro-femur 178–1.88.
Male adult of
P1 | P2 | P3 | |
---|---|---|---|
|
920–1310, 1150 | 790–1220, 1053 | 930–1350, 1183 |
|
930–1210, 1050 | 730–1030, 913 | 870–1230, 1083 |
|
1200–1640 ( |
530–730, 653 | 710–990, 880 |
|
590–810 ( |
290–410, 360 | 380–520, 470 |
|
500–680 ( |
230–310, 277 | 290–410, 363 |
|
450–650 ( |
140–210, 180 | 180–250, 230 |
|
210–300 ( |
60–100, 87 | 80–110, 97 |
|
1.45–1.48 ( |
0.70–0.73, 0.72 | 0.80–0.82, 0.81 |
|
1.63–1.69 ( |
2.84–2.94, 2.90 | 2.69–2.75, 2.71 |
SV | 1.42–1.46 ( |
2.88–3.08, 3.00 | 2.53–2.61, 2.57 |
Male adult of
The morphological characters of the Chinese specimens fit well with the original description and illustrations provided by
According to the molecular data, specimen (LC462365) of
Oriental China (Zhejiang) and Japan.
3 male adults collected by light trap, leg. Qi X.; Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu National Nature Reserve,
Oriental China (Zhejiang).
2 male adults collected by light trap, leg. Song C., Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu National Nature Reserve,
Wing with median band; posterior edge of tergite IX with 14–15 long setae; anal point slender parallel-sided, with pointed apex; superior volsella short and finger-like, with four or five setae; inferior volsella with one median seta and three apical setae.
China (Zhejiang, Hainan, Guizhou, Xizang); Japan.
The following key updates
1 | Inferior volsella with a well-developed terminal spine |
|
– | Inferior volsella without a well-developed terminal spine |
|
2 | Wing membranes with dark pigmentation |
|
– | Wing membranes without any pigmentation |
|
3 | Legs almost entire brown; wing with dark pigment restricted to a part area |
|
– | Legs yellow; entire wing smoky gray |
|
4 | Wing with two dark spots restricted to |
|
– | Wing with dark median band |
|
5 | Anal point straight and parallel-sided |
|
– | Apex of anal point swollen and rounded |
|
6 | Anal point bullous, knees of fore femur dark brown |
|
– | Anal point almost parallel-sided, fore femur dark brown |
|
7 | Mid and hind legs without pigmentation except knees |
|
– | Apical 0.23 to entire hind-femur with dark pigmentation |
|
8 | Apex of anal point swollen and rounded |
|
– | Apex of anal point not swollen and rounded |
|
9 | Superior volsella with 9–12 setae; posterior margin of tergite IX with 10–14 setae and 4–8 spines |
|
– | Superior volsella with four setae; posterior margin of tergite IX with 14–16 setae |
|
10 | Superior volsella much beyond posterior margin of tergite IX; anal lobe reduced |
|
– | Superior volsella small, finger-like; anal lobe developed |
|
11 | Posterior edge of tergite IX with eight long setae and six spines; anal point parallel-sided |
|
– | Posterior edge of tergite IX with 14 long setae, without any spine; anal point roughly triangular, apically pointed |
|
12 | Wing membranes with dark pigmentation |
|
– | Wings without any pigmentation or with narrow pigment areas around |
|
13 | Abdominal tergites I– |
|
– | Abdomen and hypopygium light yellow |
|
14 | Preepisternum with brown spots; anal point apically rounded |
|
– | Preepisternum without any pigmentation; anal point apically pointed |
|
15 | Posterior margin of tergite IX without spines |
|
– | Posterior margin of tergite IX with spines |
|
16 | Entire body yellow, without dark pigmentation; inferior volsella with three long setae |
|
– | Body yellow, with brown spots on thorax, abdomen, hypopygium and legs; inferior volsella with six long setae |
|
The authors are grateful to financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant No. 32070481, 32100353), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. LY22C040003), the Science & Technology Project of Taizhou (Grant No. 21hb04, 21nya17, 1902gy23), and the Project of Biodiversity Survey in Lishui Municipality, Zhejiang Province of China.