Corresponding author: Jan Klimaszewski (
Academic editor: P. Bouchard
Fourteen species of
Klimaszewski J, Webster RP, Langor DW, Sikes D, Bourdon C, Godin B, Ernst C (2016) A review of Canadian and Alaskan species of the genus
All specimens in this study were dissected to examine the genital structures to aid with identification. Extracted genital structures were dehydrated in absolute alcohol, mounted in Canada balsam on celluloid micro-slides, and pinned with the specimens from which they originated. Images of the entire body and the genital structures were taken using an image processing system (Nikon SMZ 1500 stereoscopic microscope; Nikon Digital Camera DXM 1200F, and Adobe Photoshop software).
Morphological terminology mainly follows that used by
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, R. Martineau Insectarium, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Arthropod Museum, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Reginald Webster Collection, Charters Settlement, New Brunswick, Canada
University of AlaskaMuseum, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA
Museum of Zoology, Helsinki, Finland
– Alberta
– British Columbia
– Labrador
– Manitoba
– New Brunswick
– Newfoundland
– Nova Scotia
– Northwest Territories
– Nunavut
– Ontario
– Prince Edward Island
– Quebec
– Saskatchewan
– Yukon Territory
USA state abbreviations follow those of the US Postal Service.
New species and new jurisdictional records are indicated in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Body length ranging from 2.8–5.4 mm, body narrowly subparallel (Figs
The genus is holarctic in distribution (
1 | Eyes small, each shorter than postocular region of head in dorsal view (Figs |
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– | Eyes large, each subequal in length to postocular region of head in dorsal view (Figs |
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2 | Antennae enlarged (Fig. |
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– | Antennae normally developed and not enlarged (Figs |
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3 | Body more-or-less uniformly reddish- to yellowish-brown (Fig. |
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– | Body brown to dark brown with paler pronotum and elytra, or reddish-yellow with brown head, antennae and abdomen (Figs |
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4 | Body narrow (Fig. |
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– | Body broad (Figs |
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5 | Pronotum about evenly arcuate laterally (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum trapezoidal in shape, narrowest at base and broadest in apical third (Fig. |
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6 | Elytra broad, about 25% wider than maximum width of pronotum (Figs |
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– | Elytra narrow, at most 20% wider than maximum width of pronotum (Figs |
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7 | Body moderately glossy (Fig. |
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– | Body highly glossy (Figs |
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8 | Antennal articles VI-X subquadrate to slightly transverse (Fig. |
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– | Antennal articles VI-X distinctly transverse (Fig. |
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9 | Punctures on pronotum and elytra sparse, distance between punctures greater than diameter of a puncture (Fig. |
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– | Punctures on pronotum and elytra dense, distance between punctures about equal to diameter of a puncture (Figs |
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10 | Body length 2.8 mm; pronotum with microsculpture weakly defined (Fig. |
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– | Body length 3.9–5.4 mm; pronotum with distinct microsculpture; elytra as long as pronotum or rarely slightly longer (Figs |
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11 | Antennal articles IV-XI yellowish to light brown (Fig. |
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– | Antennal articles IV-XI dark brown to black (Figs |
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12 | Pronotum and elytra dark reddish-brown, without apparent dark brown irregularly shaped spots (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum and elytra dark reddish-brown, mottled with dark brown or black irregularly shaped spots (Figs |
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13 | Pronotum distinctly transverse (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum slightly transverse, appearing subquadrate (Fig. |
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This group of species is characterized by: small eyes, with diameter of eye distinctly shorter than postocular area of head in dorsal view (Figs
This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body subparallel, entirely reddish-brown or with head and posterior abdomen chestnut brown (Fig.
Recorded from
We have examined the female holotype of
Summarized for 146 specimens captured at 45 collection events from 6 major regions of Southeast Alaska, see
This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body subparallel, slender, dark brown to black with pronotum brown and paler than head, elytra yellowish or reddish-brown (Fig.
The holotype was collected in July (
Canada:
We were not able to compare types of
Five specimens in
Canada:
This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body subparallel, slender, bicoloured, pronotum orange and remainder of body dark brown to reddish-brown; length 4.1–4.3 mm (Fig.
The holotype and the other
Vancouver Island, British Columbia (
Canada:
This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body broadly subparallel (Fig.
This species is similar to
Unknown.
The female holotype was captured in the Stickeen River Valley of British Columbia (
(based on female lectotype, male unknown). This species is very similar to
The female lectotype is missing the spermatheca. The spermatheca of the Yukon specimen in
Canada:
The original type material of
It is noteworthy that despite years of intensive collections made primarily between 2008–2013 in southeast Alaskan lowland forests and alpine zones, including in and around Sitka, which have resulted in 22,029 specimens of
This group of species has a body shape non-typical for
CANADA:
This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body elongate with elytra and abdomen broad, moderately robust, dark brown to black with tarsi and tibiae often reddish-brown, elytra sometimes with reddish tinge (Figs
Adults occur in moss and leaf litter (
Canada:
This species is probably transcontinental in northern Canada.
CANADA:
This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body narrowly elongate, robust, dark-brown to black with elytra, tarsi and tibiae often yellowish- or reddish-brown (Fig.
Adults were captured using pitfall traps in Carmanah Valley, Vancouver Island, from June to September, with the peak catch in June (
Canada:
There is considerable variation in length and width of elytra in specimens from Vancouver Island, Oregon (having broader and longer elytra), and those with narrow and shorter elytra from the Queen Charlotte Islands, Alberta, and Alaska. The genitalic features were the same in those of the typical form with the longer and broader elytra, and those with narrower and shorter elytra. Therefore, we consider this as intraspecific variation. Additional studies, including DNA comparison, are needed to reveal the relationship between these two morphotypes. Two
This group of species is characterized by: body medium-sized and subparallel (Fig.
CANADA:
USA:
This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body broadly subparallel, dark brown, with elytra, tarsi and tibiae often reddish-brown (Fig.
Adults were captured in June, July, August, and October. One Alaskan specimen was captured in tundra between
Canada:
Only a few specimens of this species are known. Its distribution is nordic and the habitat is unknown. One specimen (
This group of species is characterized by: body medium- to large-sized (length 2.8–5.4 mm), subparallel, eyes large and bulging, diameter of eye about as long as postocular area of head in dorsal view (Figs
This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body narrowly subparallel; head, apical articles of antennae, and posterior part of abdomen black, elytra brownish and mottled with black, remaining parts reddish-brown (Fig.
Canada: Known only from New Brunswick, Canada.
Nearly all adults from New Brunswick were collected from American beaver (
(male).
Body length 4.6–5.4 mm, subparallel (Fig.
In New Brunswick, adults were collected using an aerial (butterfly) net in a mixed forest opening during evening flights (between 15:00 and 19:00 h) during April and May. A number of individuals were collected from among sticks and debris near the overflow area of a beaver dam during May. One individual was sifted from sphagnum and litter near a brook in an eastern white cedar swamp in May. In Nova Scotia, specimens were captured in flight interception, pan, and Malaise traps during the months of June and August. The single specimen from Ontario was captured in October.
Canada: Known from
This species is similar to
(male).
Body length 3.9–4.4 mm, subparallel; dark brown with irregularly shaped lighter areas on pronotum in some individuals, head and abdomen dark brown, antennae dark, and legs yellowish; integument moderately glossy, more so on posterior portion of abdomen; forebody with minute and sparse punctation and sparse pubescence (Fig.
Most individuals were collected from among sticks and debris near an overflow area of a beaver dam during May and June. Others were collected using an aerial (butterfly) net in a mixed forest opening during an evening flight (between 16:30 and 19:00 h) during May.
Known only from New Brunswick, Canada.
This species is closely related to
CANADA:
This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: length 4.2–4.5 mm; body dark reddish-brown, with head dark brown, and legs and at least basal three antennal articles reddish-yellow; integument glossy; pronotum with dense punctation and pubescence; elytra with dense punctation and pubescence with very fine micro-granulation (Fig.
This species may be distinguished from
Adults were collected in a conifer forest using pitfall traps, in a spruce-moss forest using carrion-baited traps, and in a highbush blueberry field. Others were collected by sifting litter and moss, sifting
Canada:
(based on male lectotype). This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: small body size, length 2.8 mm; head and abdomen dark brown, pronotum, elytra and legs reddish-yellow (Fig.
Unknown.
Known only from Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
This species is known only from one damaged male specimen. More specimens, including females, are needed for study to confirm the status of this species.
This group is characterized by: body broad, eyes large and bulging, diameter of eye about as long as postocular area of head in dorsal view (Fig.
CANADA:
This species may be distinguished by: body length 4.2–5.0 mm, robust, broad, dark brown, with pronotum, elytra (except for scutellar region), and legs reddish-brown; forebody moderately glossy, with fine and dense punctation, short pubescence and meshed microsculpture (Fig.
Canada:
Adults were collected in June, August, and October, in carrion-baited pitfall traps in spruce forests, and from a Berlese funnel extraction of the interior of a deserted beaver lodge.
We appreciate the help of Pamela Cheers, English Editor (