Corresponding author: Simon van Noort (
Academic editor: M. Ohl
An updated checklist of
Olmi M, van Noort S, Guglielmino A (2016) Contribution to the knowledge of Afrotropical Dryinidae, Embolemidae and Sclerogibbidae (Hymenoptera), with description of new species from Central African Republic and Uganda. ZooKeys 578: 45–95. doi:
Afrotropical species of the above three families are poorly known. In recent years research investigation has been intensified in Burundi, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique and South Africa (mainly thanks to the efforts of Robert S. Copeland in Burundi and Kenya, Brian L. Fisher in Madagascar, Massimo Olmi in Mozambique and Simon van Noort in South Africa). The above inventory surveys resulted in the descriptions of many new species, and contributed to the publication of updated checklists (
In addition one of the authors (Simon van Noort) extended his research to two of the lesser known Afrotropical countries, Central African Republic and Uganda, where the number of recorded species was particularly low (in the Central Africa Republic, 6 species of
Species descriptions follow the terminology used by distance between the inner edges of the two lateral ocelli distance between the inner edges of a lateral ocellus and the median ocellus distance from the outer edge of a lateral ocellus to the compound eye distance from the posterior edge of a lateral ocellus to the occipital carina distance from the posterior edge of the eye to the occipital carina
The Dzanga-Sangha protected area was surveyed in Central African Republic. This area lies north of the equator and is located in the southwest triangle of the country (Sangha-Mbaéré Prefecture) bordered by Cameroon and the Republic of Congo. The Dzanga-Sangha protected area includes the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park (1220 km2), and the Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Special Reserve (3359 km2). The latter is a multiple use zone where logging, traditional hunting, safari hunting and extraction of plants are still allowed under controlled conditions. Annual rainfall is about 1500 mm, with average temperatures ranging between 25°and 29°Celsius. There are two peaks to the rainy season with highest precipitation occurring during the “long rains” from September to November and a second peak during the “short rains” in May and June (
Three separate sites within the forest were sampled (named Camps 1-3). Camp 1 was situated at a marsh clearing, Mabéa Bai, in lowland rainforest 21.4km 53°NE Bayanga,
In Uganda surveys were undertaken within the vicinity of the Makerere University Biological Field Station
The Malaise traps were constructed to the specifications of the Townes design (
All types of the Afrotropical species of
American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada
Institut Royal de Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria” di Genova, Italy
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Massimo Olmi collection, c/o Department of Plant Protection, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium
Kwazulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz, Austria
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands
South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
The descriptions of most of the new species are based on the study of a single specimen. Specimens of these families are rarely collected and are poorly represented in world collections. The authors are aware that descriptions of new taxa should normally be based on more individuals. However, on the basis of the experience and knowledge of the authors, the new species are sufficiently characterized to justify their descriptions.
An asterisk (*) indicates that specimens are known only from Central African Republic or Uganda, double asterisk (**) indicates the species is newly recorded from Central African Republic or Uganda.
Unknown.
Afrotropical, recorded from Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda and Yemen (
Afrotropical, recorded from almost all sub-saharian countries, from Senegal to Somalia, in addition to Madagascar and Yemen (
Unknown.
Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Tanzania and Yemen (
Afrotropical, recorded from almost all sub-saharian countries, from Senegal to Somalia, in addition to Madagascar and Yemen (
Unknown.
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda (
Unknown.
Kenya, Madagascar and South Africa (
Female fully winged; head and mesosoma black, except mandible testaceous; head and scutum granulated and reticulate rugose; posterior surface of propodeum reticulate rugose, without longitudinal keels; forewing hyaline, without dark transverse bands or spots, with distal part of stigmal vein less than 0.5 as long as proximal part; segment 4 of protarsus slightly shorter than basal part of segment 5; segment 5 of protarsus (Figs
Chela of
Because of the above diagnosis, the new species is similar to
The species is named after the type locality, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park.
Unknown.
Central African Republic.
Unknown.
Cameroon, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Kenya (
Unknown.
Madagascar, South Africa (
Male with clypeus not sculptured by longitudinal and subparallel keels; scutum completely granulated and slightly reticulate rugose; posterior surface of propodeum without longitudinal keels; paramere (Figs
Because of the above diagnosis, the new species is similar to
The species is named after the head completely granulated.
Unknown.
Uganda.
Unknown.
Afrotropical, recorded from almost all sub-saharian countries, from Senegal to Uganda (
Unknown.
Democratic Republic of the Congo (
Unknown.
South Africa (
Unknown.
Afrotropical, recorded from almost all sub-saharian countries, from Gambia to Somalia (
Female fully winged; head and mesosoma black, except mandible brown; head completely reticulate rugose; posterior surface of propodeum reticulate rugose, without longitudinal keels, with areolae about as large as those of dorsal surface; forewing with two dark transverse bands, with distal part of stigmal vein less than 0.5 as long as proximal part; segment 4 of protarsus slightly shorter than basal part of segment 5; segment 5 of protarsus (Figs
Because of the above diagnosis, the new species is similar to
The species is named after the type locality, Kibale National Park.
Unknown.
Uganda.
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa and Yemen (
Male with head reticulate rugose and granulated; scutum with anterior third reticulate rugose and remaining surface sculptured by many longitudinal subparallel irregular keels; posterior surface of propodeum not provided with longitudinal keels; propodeum with strong transverse keel between dorsal and posterior surface; paramere (Figs
Because of the above diagnosis, the new species is similar to
The species is named after Makerere University.
Unknown.
Uganda.
Female fully winged; head reticulate rugose, except vertex behind posterior ocelli and temple granulated; posterior surface of pronotum with raised carina on both anterior and lateral margins; posterior surface of propodeum reticulate rugose, without longitudinal keels; forewing with two dark transverse bands and distal part of stigmal vein less than 0.5 as long as proximal part; segment 4 of protarsus approximately longer than basal part of segment 5; segment 5 of protarsus (Figs
Because of the above diagnosis, the new species is similar to
Named after the acronym of Makerere University Biological Field Station, where the
Unknown.
Uganda.
Unknown.
Central African Republic, South Africa, Uganda (
Unknown.
Kenya, Uganda (
Unknown.
Uganda (
Unknown.
Uganda (
Unknown.
Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Africa (
Unknown.
Afrotropical, recorded from almost all sub-saharian countries, from Senegal and Mali to Kenya and Uganda (
Unknown.
Central African Republic, Kenya (
Unknown.
Afrotropical, recorded from Gabon to Kenya (
Unknown.
Afrotropical, recorded from Ghana to Somalia and Yemen (
Male with
Because of the above diagnosis, the new species is similar to
The species is named after the type locality, in Kibale National Park.
Unknown.
Uganda.
In Central African Republic unidentified
Central African Republic, Kenya, Sierra Leone (
Afrotropical, recorded from Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe (
Female with head black, except mandible and clypeus testaceous; head flat, with posterior margin of vertex convex and
Because of the above diagnosis, the new species is similar to
The species is named after the type locality, Kibale National Park.
Unknown.
Uganda.
Unknown.
Madagascar (
Unknown.
Kenya, Central African Republic (
Unknown.
Recorded from many Afrotropical countries, from Nigeria to Somalia (
Unknown.
Recorded from Uganda, Sierra Leone and South Africa (
Afrotropical, recorded from Burundi, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mozambique and Uganda (
Unknown.
Recorded from South Africa and Uganda (
Recorded from many Afrotropical countries, from the Cape Verde Islands, Niger and Senegal to Madagascar and Somalia, in addition to Oman and Egypt (
Recorded from many Afrotropical countries (from the Cape Verde Islands to Somalia, including Madagascar and South Africa), in addition to many European countries, Oman, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates (
Unknown.
Recorded from Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Zimbabwe (
Unknown.
Uganda (
Recorded from many countries of the Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Nearctic Regions (
Unknown.
Cameroon (
Recorded from Mozambique, South Africa and Uganda (
Unknown.
Recorded from Kenya, South Africa and Uganda (
Afrotropical, broadly spread from the Cape Verde Islands and Burkina Faso to Uganda, in addition to Madagascar, Yemen and Oman (
Female with temples without sharp carina; mesosoma black, except posterior third of scutum yellow; scutum less than twice as long as broad, with two lateral pointed apophyses; metanotum very hollow behind scutellum (Fig.
Mesosoma in dorsal (prothorax removed) and lateral view of
Because of the above diagnosis, the new species is similar to
The species is named after the type locality, Kanyawara.
Unknown.
Uganda.
Unknown.
South Africa (
Recorded from Uganda (
Unknown.
Recorded from Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda (
Unknown.
Madagascar (
Unknown.
Cameroon (
Unknown.
Recorded from Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe (
Unknown.
Recorded from Madagascar (
Unknown.
Recorded from Burundi, Kenya, Madagascar, São Tomé and Principe, South Africa (
Recorded from many Afrotropical countries (Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Uganda), in addition to Yemen (
Recorded from many Nearctic, Neotropical and Afrotropical countries (
Recorded from Algeria and Tunisia (
Recorded from many Palaearctic and Afrotropical countries (
Recorded from Afrotropical and Oriental countries (
Recorded from many Afrotropical and Oriental countries (
Recorded from many countries of the world, excluding the Australian region (
Recorded from many countries of the world, excluding the Neotropical Region (
The checklist of the
With 1827 species worldwide (Olmi and Xu 2015),
Hosts of
Further baseline species inventory and establishment of host associations are required across the majority of the countries in the region to enable assessment of overall species richness and biology of the Afrotropical fauna for these families.
Many thanks to the curators at all institutions that provided specimens used in this study. We are very grateful to David Notton (The Natural History Museum, London, UK) for his help with the interpretations of some locality labels. Simon van Noort was funded by South African National Research Foundation grants: GUN 2068865; GUN 61497; GUN 79004; GUN 79211; GUN 81139; GUN 98115. The Ugandan Wildlife Authority and UNCST provided permits to conduct research in Uganda. Field work in Central African Republic was supported by WWF-US and WWF-CARPO. The Ministers of Water, Forests and the Environment and the High Commissioners for tertiary Education and Research of the Central African Republic granted permission to carry out the inventory survey and to export the specimens as part of the WWF-US CAR field expedition conducted in 2001. Many thanks to Alessandro Marletta (Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania) for providing multifocal photos of