Fanniidae (Diptera): new synonym, new records and an updated key to males of European species of Fannia

Abstract Based on revision of large recent collections of the authors, the following five species are first recorded from the Czech Republic: Fannia collini d’Assis-Fonseca, 1966 (simultaneously first record in Central Europe), Fannia lugubrina (Zetterstedt, 1838), Fannia melania (Dufour, 1839), Fannia slovaca Gregor & Rozkošný, 2005, and Fannia brinae Albuquerque, 1951 (simultaneously first record from low altitudes). Another species, Fannia alpina Pont, 1970, is first recorded from Slovak Republic, and Fannia cothurnata (Loew, 1873) is first recorded from Kazakhstan. An updated key to males of European species of Fannia is presented. A list of Czech and Slovak Fanniidae is appended. One new synonym is established: Fannia lucida Chillcott, 1961 is considered junior synonym of Fannia norvegica Ringdahl, 1934. Altogether two species are first recorded from Bohemia [Fannia cothurnata (Loew, 1873) and Fannia vespertilionis Ringdahl, 1934] and three for Moravia [Fannia alpina Pont, 1970, Fannia conspecta Rudzinski, 2003, and Fannia limbata (Tiensuu, 1938) – this species considered in Central Europe very rare was found in numbers near waters both running and standing in early spring under unusually warm temperature conditions].


Introduction
The Fanniidae are a small family of Calyptratae distributed worldwide, comprising more than 360 extant species (Pape et al. 2011) in 5 genera (Euryomma, Fannia, Piezura, Australofannia, Zaelandofannia). In Europe, 85 species are known (Pont 2007, Rudzinski 2003. Some representatives are known from their forensic, medical and hygienic importance. Several species have a tendency for synanthropy. Females are attracted to decaying organic matter, often in great numbers. In addition, males are attracted to the same substrate but much less frequently. In our (unpublished) experiments with pig carcasses, almost 20 000 specimens were collected and females were about 13 times more frequent.
Adults may be distinguished from representatives of all other families of calyptrates by an asetose meron, the second anal vein strongly bent towards the first anal vein, so that prolongation of it will cross first anal vein at most at the wing margin, the scutellum without setulae on the lower surface, and the Sc vein having only one (basal) bend. Moreover, females lack crossed interfrontals and proclinate orbitals.
Larvae are aquatic to terrestrial, often living in semi-aquatic media. Larvae and puparium of fanniids are readily identifiable by sharing a dorso-ventrally flattened body, characterized by conspicuous feathery, forked, tufted, or button-like processes distributed over most of the dorsal and lateral surface of segments (and in reduced form also on ventral surface). An interesting character known at least in Fannia canicularis is a trichoid sensillum on the posterior spiracular plate, representing a sensory organ otherwise unknown in the Calyptratae (Grzywacz et al. 2012, Domínguez andPont 2014).
In the last 10-15 years, we collected some 200 000 specimens of Fanniidae mostly by means of mass collecting methods (Malaise traps, pyramidal traps exposed above pig carcass or heap of decaying wood, protein traps, yellow and white water pan traps, etc.) and stored them in ethyl alcohol. Using morphospecies method (based chiefly on examining male genitalia) we selected some 3 000 specimens which were dry mounted and identified to species. This revealed many important findings and the results of our studies are published herewith.

Material and methods
This paper is based on extensive materials of Fanniidae deposited in the collection of the Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague (CULSP) and partly in the collection of the North Bohemian Museum, Liberec (NBML) and Institute of Criminalistics, Prague (ICP). Some specimens originate from the Canadian National collection of Insects and Arachnids, Ottawa (CNC), Natural History Museum, London (NHM), National Museum, Prague (NMP) and Moravian Museum, Brno (MMB).
The identification of the Central European species is possible using the keys in the review of the European species , which also summarises all the available data on the morphology of immature stages and adults, development and biology, medical, hygienic and economic importance, and distribution. More recently Pont (2002) has proposed some new synonyms based on a study of Zetterstedt´s types. Two recently described species, F. conspecta: Rudzinski (2003) and F. slovaca: , are lacking in the above mentioned keys. So we elaborated an updated key to males of European species of Fannia. In order to make our updated key more convenient for users, the couplets from Rozkošný et al. (1997) have ben maintained mostly unchanged, including reference to figures in that publication.
Distributional records are taken mainly from Pont (2007) if not stated otherwise. Figure preparation: genitalia together with 2-3 pregenital segments were removed and macerated in potassium hydroxide solution (approx. 10%) in small vials submerged in hot water for 1-2 hours. After neutralizing with 8% acetic acid, the genitalia were dissected in glycerine and their parts (without hypandrium) photographed by means of an Olympus E-41 digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Images were edited with the computer software Quick Foto micro 2.3 provided with Deep focus 3.1. Each image resulted usually from combining 7-15 layers. Images were improved by means of Adobe Photoshop. Microphoto (Fig. 14) was preperaed by means of ZEISS Ultra Plus SEM operating at low accelerating voltage of 5 kV. A chamber secondary electron detector was used for imaging in topographical contrast. Before the analysis the sample was sputter-coated with 3 nm of platinum to obtain electrically conductive surface.

(species are arranged alphabetically)
Fannia alpina Pont, 1970. Material examined (2♂): 1♂, Slovakia b., V. Tatry Mts, Tatranská Lomnica -3 km NW, 49°10'N, 20°15'E, 110020°15'E, m, 13.viii.19821♂, Moravia bor., Beskydy, H. Lomná, Hruška, 49°30'29"N, 18°36'56"E, 23.v.-19.vi.1999, MT, M. Barták (-all CULSP). Broadly distributed (Palaearctic and Oriental region) but uncommon species, in Europe previously known from Austria, the Czech Republic and Finland. It has also been found in Japan (Nishida 1974) and Nepal (Nishida 1994). First record from Slovak Republic and Moravia. Fannia brinae Albuquerque, 1951. Material examined: 1♂, Moravia mer., Hustopeče, 240 m, alfalfa, conventional agric., 45°57'39"N, 16°41'49"E, 1.-30.vii.2008. Very rarely collected species known up to now only from a few localities in French Alps. Not only essential characters for recognition of the species (broad frons with developed orbitals and very long submedian anterodorsal and dorsal seta inserted close together on the same level) but also all other charac-ters of the above specimen even in small details agree with redescription by Gregor and Rozkošný (1993) except the following: 7 pairs of strong orbitals present (with small hairs between them), uppermost one strong and lateroclinate and abdomen with narrow dark midline. The specimen possesses several characters mentioned in this species (and also in allied species, F. altaica) by Pont and Vikhrev (2009): several fine setulae present on upper part of parafacials (possibly a variable character), only a single small seta in addition to strong seta on both proepisternum and proepimeron and bare propleural depression, but contrary to this paper, fore tibia of our specimen has distinct (even if short) anterodorsal seta. Moreover, pedicel seems to be paler (reddish-brown) anteriorly near apex. First record for the Czech Republic and the first record from low altitudes.  Wang et al. (2009), but mid tibia of F. carbonaria, stated here as having only 1 posterodorsal has in fact mostly at least 2 such setae (number varying from 1 to 5); also couplet 7 of their key is confusing because F. carbonaria has white squamae. Also in the key by Rozkošný et al. (1997) is this species wrongly arranged because it has no long posteroventrals at least on apical half of hind femur. . The species has been known previously only from Great Britain. Our specimen agrees in nearly all details with original description incl. very distinctive genitalia. Slight differences are as follows: 12 pairs of orbital setae (and not "8-10", as stated in the original description) and anterodorsal seta on t3 is very short and fine (and not "strong"). Males of F. collini may be easily identified using key in Rozkošný et al. (1997), female remains unknown. First record for the Czech Republic and in Central Europe. Fannia conspecta Rudzinski, 2003 (Rozkošný and Gregor 1988). First records for Bohemia and Kazakhstan. The specimen from Kazakhstan has only one each antero-and posterodorsal seta on mid tibia but otherwise corresponds in all details to typical form. Fannia limbata (Tiensuu, 1938 Rozkošný et al. (1997) under couplet 31. However; it has usually 2 anterodorsal and 2 posterodosal setae on mid tibia (occasionally only 1 may be present on either side), which in fact leads the species to section 22. Moreover, F. nidica has relatively long (even if sparse) ommatrichia which may erroneously lead it to F. hirticeps in keys. However, the latter species has much narrower cercal plate, dark tip of halter and much shorter and broader midbasitarsal crest. Fannia norvegica Ringdahl, 1934 (Figs 8-10 Gregor and Barták (2001). Fannia norvegica was keyed by Wang et al. (2009) and they found it the closest to F. lucida Chillcott. It aroused our interest in the study of differences between these two species; moreover, cercal plate of our specimens seemed to be more similar to F. lucida (figured by Chillcott, 1961, fig. 74) than to F. norvegica (figured by d' Assis-Fonseca, 1968, fig. 37) especially by short "stem" before knob-like tip. Wang et al. (2009) stated differences between them as follows: "mid tibia with 2 ad; male cerci broad in distal half from ventral view, only apex slender" -F. lucida, and: "mid tibia with 3 ad; male cerci distinctly slender in distal half from ventral view, slightly broadened at apex" -F. norvegica. Ringdahl (1934) in original description also described mid tibia with 3 anterodorsals; however, Nishida (2003) redescribing F. norvegica stated: "mid tibia with 2 ad and 1-2 pd setae". In the original description of F. lucida (Chillcott 1961), there is stated: "separable... from norvegica by the fewer tibial bristles", but, their number is specified only in case of mid tibia: "two ads, two pds". Collin (1958, Fig. 1a) noticed "projection X" as a feature differing it from near F. carbonaria (beside presence of long posteroventrals on hind femur).
To elucidate status of F. lucida, we borrowed one paratype specimen from CNC and found both species to be identical. The number of tibial setae is summarised in the Table 1. It seems clear that there is no difference between F. lucida and F. norvegica tibial setation.

Checklist of Czech and Slovak species
The last checklist of Czech and Slovak Fanniidae Rozkošný et al. 1997, 2009) contains 66 species: 64 from the Czech Republic (60 from Bohemia and 60 from Moravia) and 50 from Slovakia. Recently, F. conspecta and F. latifrontalis were published from the Czech Republic Prado e Castro 2012 andPreisler et al. 2013, respectively), which, together with 5 species first recorded herewith raised the number of known Czech species to 71. Slovak species are less known, two species have been added to last checklist (F. tuberculata and F. speciosa: Straka 2011) and another is added herewith raising the total number of known Slovak species to 53. All species previously published from the Czech Republic but not present in CULSP or NBML but deposited in NMP or MMB were checked to avoid the inclusion of questionable species.