Corresponding author: Ting-jing Li (
Academic editor: A. Köhler
In this paper, 20 species of the genus
Ma Z-x, Chen B, Li T-j (2016) A taxonomic account of the genus
The genus
Descriptions were made under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ61). Measurements were taken as the maximal length of body parts under an image analyzer (LY-M-Tupuwiew), and all figures were taken with a stereomicroscope (LY-WN-YH) attached to a computer. The ratios used throughout the descriptions were measured in the same magnification of the stereomicroscope. Body length was measured from the anterior margin of head to the posterior margin of metasomal tergum II. For the density description of punctures, “sparsely” means that the interspaces are larger than one puncture diameter, “moderately” means equal to the diameter, and “densely” means the interspaces are less than one puncture diameter. Terminology principally follows Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
Body generally small and slender (Figs
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Nearctic, Neotropic, Palearctic and Oriental regions.
Holotype, ♀, China, Yunnan Prov., Lijiang City, Ninglang County, Daxing Town,
Female (Figs
Head. Clypeus strongly punctate, with dense setae, its width much more than length (width 1.25 × length), apex emarginated, apical width: emargination depth = 0.20: 0.04, total width: apical width = 0.86: 0.20 (Fig.
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum densely punctate and reticulate, punctures somewhat larger and sparser than those on the head; punctures on metanotum sparser than those on other parts of the mesosoma. Anterior surface of pronotum shining, almost vertical, with few minute punctures, median foveae contiguous and V-shaped, pronotal carina complete (Fig.
Metasoma. In dorsal view, tergum I domed, densely punctate, width 1.31 ×length and 0.85 × width of tergum II; tergum II with smaller and sparser punctures than tergum I, apex with deeper and denser punctures than other parts of tergum II, and apical margin without a distinct lamella, (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
This species is easily distinguished from all the other members of
China (Yunnan).
The specific name
Holotype, ♀, China, Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Tengchong County, Beihai Village,
Female (Figs
Head. Clypeus with sparse punctures, and with setae basally and laterally, its width much more than length (width 1.24 × length), apex moderately emarginated, apical width: emargination depth = 0.25: 0.08, total width: apical width = 0.88: 0.25 (Fig.
Mesosoma. Masosoma densely punctate and reticulate except metanotum, punctures generally larger than those on the head; punctures on metanotum sparser and shallower than those on other parts of the mesosoma. Anterior surface of pronotum slightly sloping, distinctly punctate, and with a pair of round separated median foveae, the interspace between these two median foveae less than one fovea diameter, pronotal carina complete (Fig.
Metasoma. In dorsal view, tergum I campanulate, coarsely punctate, width 1.37 × length and 0.85 × width of tergum II, anterior surface vertical, almost impunctate, and with a median longitudinal carina in upper half (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
This species is similar to
China (Yunnan).
The specific name is the Latin adjective
Holotype, ♀, China, Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Tengchong County, Shangying Village,
Female (Figs
Head. Clypeus with moderate punctures, lateral surface with sparse setae, its width somewhat more than length (width 1.09 × length), apex slightly emarginated, apical width: emargination depth = 0.33: 0.07, total width: apical width = 1.00: 0.33 (Fig.
Mesosoma. Masosoma densely punctate and reticulate; punctures generally larger than those on the head; punctures on pronotal dorsum and mesoscutum somewhat denser than those on other parts of the masosoma (Fig.
Metasoma. In dorsal view, tergum I domed, densely punctate, width 1.35 × length and 0.84 × width of tergum II; tergum II with smaller and sparser punctures than tergum I, apex with deeper and denser punctures than other parts of tergum II, and apical margin without a distinct lamella (Fig.
Male (Figs
This species is similar to
China (Yunnan).
The specific name
Holotype, ♀, China, Shaanxi Prov., Ankang City, Langao County, Huanli Town,
Female (Figs
Head. Clypeus convex medially, moderately punctate, somewhat reticulate, with sparse and short setae, its width more than length (width 1.25 × length), apex slightly emarginated, apical width: emargination depth = 0.29: 0.06, total width: apical width = 1.02: 0.29 (Fig.
Mesosoma. Masosoma densely punctate and reticulate, punctures generally larger than those on the head; punctures on pronotal dorsum denser than those on others parts of the masosoma (Fig.
Metasoma. In dorsal view, tergum I campanulate, coarsely punctate, width 1.58 × length and 0.81 × width of tergum II, anterior surface vertical, almost impunctate, and with a median longitudinal carina and two transverse striations (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
This species is similar to
China (Shaanxi).
The specific name is the Latin adjective
Holotype, ♀, China, Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Tengchong County, Zhonghe Village,
Female (Figs
Head. Clypeus convex medially with sparse punctures and setae, its width somewhat more than length (width 1.08 × length), apex slightly emarginated, apical width: emargination depth = 0.26: 0.07, total width: apical width = 0.96: 0.26 (Fig.
Mesosoma. Masosoma densely punctate and reticulate, punctures generally larger than those on the head; punctures on pronotal dorsum denser than those on other parts of the masosoma (Fig.
Metasoma. In dorsal view, tergum I campanulate, coarsely punctate, width 1.59 × length and 0.81 × width of tergum II, anterior surface vertical, almost impunctate, and with a median longitudinal carina in upper half (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
This species is similar to
China (Yunnan).
The specific name
1♀2♂♂, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi City, Medog County, Medog Town, 27.VII.2014, Tingjing Li.
A basal band of clypeus ferruginous (Fig.
China (new record: Tibet), Bhutan.
3♀♀1♂, China, Shaanxi Prov., Ankang City, Jianming Town, 16.VIII.2012, Xin Zhou & Cheng Yang; 1♀, China, Jilin Prov., Yanji City, Xiaoying Town, Mingzhu Village, 3.VII.2012, Ju You & Yuan Bai.
Body with pale yellow spots (Figs
China (new record: Jilin, Shaanxi), Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Belarus, Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Iran.
5♀♀5♂♂, China, Yunnan Prov., Diqing Zang Autonomous Prefecture, Deqin County, Fushan Town, 22.VII.2014, Tingjing Li; 3♀♀5♂♂, China, Yunnan Prov., Diqing Zang Autonomous Prefecture, Deqin County, Yunling Town, 21.VII.2014, Tingjing Li.
Clypeus with strong punctures, width somewhat more than length (Fig.
China (new record: Yunnan), Nepal, India, Thailand.
2♀♀, China, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Helan Mountain, Gulabenxiaosong Hills, 30.VII.2010, Zejian Li & Junzhe Xue; 1♂, China, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Helan Mountain, Shuimogou, 27.VII.2010, Fangzhou Ma.
Cephalic fovea obsolete; clypeus black, medially convex, with small punctures (Fig.
China (new record: Inner Mongolia), Turkey, Russia, Mongolia, Korea.
1♀3♂♂, China, Shaanxi, Prov., Weinan City, Luonan County, Mantoushan, 8.VIII.2012, Xin Zhou & Cheng Yang.
Cephalic fovea small and shallow, width less than the distance between posterior ocelli; clypeus black, medially convex, its width somewhat more than length; anterior surface of pronotum sloping, with a few small punctures, median foveae V-shaped, prontoal carina complete (Fig.
China (new record: Shaanxi), Korea.
2♀♀, China, Henan Prov., Sanmenxia City, Lushi County, Wulichuan Town, 9.VIII.2012, Ju You & Yuan Bai; 4♀♀, China, Henan Prov., NanYang City, Yuanyang County, Sangping Town, Huangsha Village; 5♀♀1♂, China, Shaanxi Prov., Ankang City, Langao County, Huanli Town, 7.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 2♀♀3♂♂, China, Shaanxi Prov., Ankang City, Zhenping County, Zengjia Town, 10.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 4♀♀2♂♂, China, Shaanxi Prov., Weinan City, Hua County, Jindui Village 7.VIII.2012, Xin Zhou & Cheng Yang; 3♀♀1♂, China, Shaanxi Prov., Baoji City, Mei County, Huaiya Town, 16.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 1♀4♂♂, China, Shannxi Prov., Xian City, Hongqing Town, 19.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 7♀♀1♂, China, Shaanxi Prov., Baoji City, Mei County, Jinqu Town, 14.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Lingquan Zeng; 14♀♀7♂♂, China, Shaanxi Prov., Baoji City, Mei County, Qinghua Town, Jinjiazhuang Village, 15.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 8♀♀18♂♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Leshan City, Emeishan County, Huangwan Town, Miaoergang Village, 10.VIII.2011, Tingjing Li; 3♀♀1♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Leshan City, Emeishan County, Longchi Town, Longchi Village, 12.VIII.2011, Tingjing Li & Zhenhu Wu; 3♀♀3♂♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Leshan City, Emeishan County, Zhanggou Village, 8.VIII.2011, Tingjing Li; 12♀♀3♂♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Chongzhou City, Tianshun Village, 17.VIII.2011, Tingjing Li & Zhenhu Wu; 2♀♀1♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Leshan City, Emeishan County, Dawei Town, 13.VIII.2011, Tingjing Li; 4♀♀3♂♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, Youyang County, Banqiao Town, Shuangqiao Village, 26.VIII.2012, Cheng Yang; 6♀♀3♂♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, Jiangjin, Heiwan Village, 23.VI.2012, Xin Zhou; 1♀2♂♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, Liangping County, Bishan Town, Xinyuan Village, 5.IX.2014, Chunfa Chen; 1♀2♂♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, Chengkou County, Bashan Town, Lianmen Village, 7.VIII.2015, Tingjing Li & Chunfa Chen; 1♀2♂♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, Chengkou County, Xianyi Town, Shuangqiao Village, 4.VIII.2015, Tingjing Li & Chunfa Chen; 3♀♀2♂♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, University Town, Xiyongtuanjie, 5.VII.2011, Xin Zhou; 7♀♀11♂♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Normal University, 10.VII.2015, Tingjing Li & Zhenxia Ma; 3♂♂, China, Guizhou Prov., Kaili City, Leishan County, Fangxiang Town, Pingxiang Village, 24.VI.2015, Tingjing Li & Yan Peng.
Almost whole body covered with large and dense punctures, strongly sculptured (Fig.
China (Hebei, Sichuan; Shannxi, Henan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Taiwan).
No specimens examined.
Male: clypeus yellow, with small punctures, its width almost equal to length; pronotal carina interrupted medially; metasomal tergum II without a distinct apical lamella; sternum II with a median longitudinal furrow basally; female: unknown (
China (Shanxi, Shaanxi).
1♀2♂♂, China, Jilin Prov., Yanji City, Xiaoying Town, 4.VI.2104, Ju You & Yuan Bai; 2♀♀, China, Jilin Prov., Baishan City, Linjiang County, Naozhi Town, 7.VII.2012, Ju You & Yuan Bai; 3♀♀48♂♂, China, Shannxi Prov., Huayin City, Hua Mountain, 5.VIII.2012, Xin Zhou & Ju You; 5♀♀54♂♂, China, Shannxi Prov., Ankang City, Jianming Town, 15.VIII.2012, Xin Zhou & Cheng Yang; 2♀♀3♂♂, China, Shannxi Prov., Shangluo City, Luonan County, Mantoushan, 8.VIII.2012, Ju You & Yuan Bai; 3♂♂, China, Shannxi Prov., Hanzhong City, Liuba County, Jiangkou Town, 18.VIII.2012, Xin Zhou & Cheng Yang; 42♀♀11♂♂, China, Shanxi Prov., Baoji City, Mei County, Jinqu Town, 14.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 14♀♀11♂♂, China, Shannxi Prov., Baoji City, Mei County, Qinghua Town, Jinjiazhuang Village, 15.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 34♀♀3♂♂, China, Shannxi Prov., Baoji City, Mei County, Huaiya Town, 16.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 4♀♀1♂♂, China, Shannxi Prov., Ankang City, Zhenping County, Zengjia Town, 10.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 4♂♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, Chengkou County, Xianyi Village, Tingjing Li & Chunfa Chen; 1♀1♂, China, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, Jiang kou County, Minxiao Town, 29.VI.2015, Tingjing Li & Yan Peng; 1♀1♂, China, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, Jiang kou County, Heiwan Villiage, 28.VI.2015, Tingjing Li & Yan Peng; 1♀22♂♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Dazhou City, Chengbei Town, Hongqi Village, 7.VI.2013, Ju You; 3♀♀49♂♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Dazhou City, Chengbei Town, Qingfeng Village, 4.VI.2013, Ju You; 7♀♀19♂♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Dazhou City, Maanshan, 10.VI.2013, Ju You; 3♀♀11♂♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Dazhou City, 8.VI.2013, Ju You; 17♂♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Chengdu City, Dujiangyan, Daguan Town, 16.VIII.2011, Tingjing Li & Yuan Bai; 3♀♀, China, Sichuan Prov., Leshan City, Emeishan County, Gaoqiao Town, Zhanggou Village, 8.VIII.2012, Tingjing Li; 3♀♀2♂♂, China, Sichuan Prov., Chongzhou City, Tianshun Village, 17.VIII.2011, Tingjing Li; 4♀♀8♂♂, China, Jiangxi Prov., Fuzhou City, Lichuan County, Hufang Villiage, 21.VI.2104, Tingjing Li.
Body strongly sculptured, with large and strong punctures, and extensive spots (Figs
China (Sichuan, Jilin, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, Jiangxi), Russia, Korea, Japan.
1♀1♂, China, Jilin Prov., Yanji City, Xiaoying Town, Minzhu Village, 3.VII.2012, Xin Zhou & Ju You.
Body obviously black (Fig.
China (Shanxi, Jilin), Korea, Russia.
No specimens examined.
Clypeus yellow basally, with short setae, its width equal to its length; cephalic fovea comparatively larger, width more than the distance between posterior ocelli; propodeal concavity almost smooth; metasomal tergum II without a distinct apical lamella, punctures on apex deep; sternum II with a median longitudinal furrow basally, and its anterior surface sloping (Gusenleitner 2003).
China (Taiwan).
No specimens examined.
Clypeus yellow, with small punctures, its width somewhat more than length, apex deeply emarginated; prontoal carina interrupted medially; tergum II with a broad reflex lamella apically. In male, metasomal terga I–VII and sterna II–III with yellow apical bands (
China (Inner Mongolia).
No specimens examined.
Larger species, body length generally more than 10 mm. Clypeus yellow; pronotal carina less developed; metasomal tergum II without a distinct apical lamella; sternum II with a short median longitudinal furrow basally (
China (northeast).
No specimens examined.
Clypeus yellow except margin, with sparse and shallow punctures, its width much more than its length; metasomal tergum II without a distinct apical lamella; anterior surface of metasomal sternum II vertical. Metasomal terga I–V and sterna II–III with yellow apical bands (
China (Inner Mongolia), Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia.
No specimens examined.
The species differs from
China (Taiwan).
2♀♀, China, Shaanxi prov., Baoji City, Taibai County, Taochuan town, 12.VIII.2015, Zhenxia Ma & Yan Peng; 1♀, China, Shaanxi prov., Yanan City, Huanglong County, Shibao Town, 2.VIII.2012, Xin Zhou; 1♀, China, Shaanxi prov., Weinan City, Hua County, Jindui Town, 7.VIII.2012, Ju You & Yuan Bai; 1♀, China, Chongqing, Shizhu County, Huangshui Town, 12.VIII.2008, Bin Chen & Tingjing Li.
Cephalic fovea small and shallow, width less than the distance between posterior ocelli; clypeus black, sparsely punctate, with sparse setae, its width more than length (Fig.
China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Taiwan), Korea.
No specimens examined.
Anterior surface of pronotum distinctly punctate, with a pair of round contiguous median foveae, pronotal carina weak; propodeal shelf absent, posterior surface concave, with a median longitudinal carina lost in upper half; anterior surface of metasomal tergum I almost impunctate, dorsal surface with weak and sparse punctures, the interspaces between punctures more than one diameter. Whole body with sparse and long setae (Kim and Yamane, 2004).
China (Taiwan).
The characters are applicable to both sexes unless the sex is specified.
1 | Metasomal tergum II with a lamella apically (Figs |
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– | Metasomal tergum II without a lamella apically (Figs |
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2 | Anterior surface of metasomal tergum I vertical, with few punctures and a median longitudinal carina in upper half (Figs |
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– | Anterior surface of metasomal tergum I with strong punctures, not vertical and somewhat rounded, without a median longitudinal carina |
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3 | Metasomal tergum II with a broad reflex lamella apically, the transverse groove on the base of lamella wider (Figs |
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– | Metasomal tergum II with a narrow reflex lamella apically, the transverse groove on the base of lamella narrower (Fig. |
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4 | In female, clypeus black (Fig. |
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– | In female, clypeus with yellow or ferruginous spots (Figs |
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5 | Body with yellow spots; pronotum with a pair of small spots dorsally (Fig. |
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– | Body with orange yellow spots; pronotal dorsum with a broad band, metanotum almost entire orange yellow, tergum I with a broader apical band ( |
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6 | Anterior surface of pronotum with distinct punctures, the interspace between median foveae less than one fovea diameter (Fig. |
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– | Anterior surface of pronotum with few punctures, the interspace between median foveae more than one fovea diameter (Fig. |
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7 | In female, clypeus yellow; in male, metasomal terga I–VII and sterna II–III with yellow apical bands ( |
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– | In female, clypeus black; in male, metasomal terga I–II and sternum II with yellow apical bands |
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8 | Larger species, body length generally more than 10 mm ( |
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– | Smaller species, body length generally less than 10 mm |
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9 | Apical bands of metasomal terga I–V yellow or orange-yellow |
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– | Apical bands of metasomal terga I–II yellow or ferruginous |
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10 | In profile, anterior surface of metasomal sternum II sloping (Fig. |
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– | In profile, anterior surface of metasomal sternum II vertical ( |
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11 | Propodeal concavity almost smooth (Gusenleitner 2003) |
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– | Propodeal concavity with long and transverse rugae | 12 |
12 | Anterior surface of pronotum with a pair of round contiguous median foveae; anterior surface of metasomal tergum I almost impunctate ( |
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– | Pronotal median foveae contiguous and forming U-shaped or V-shaped; anterior surface of metasomal tergum I with strong punctures (Figs |
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13 | Pronotal median foveae shallow and slightly U-shaped (Fig. |
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– | Pronotal median foveae distinct and V-shaped (Figs |
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14 | Clypeus with yellow or ferruginous spots; metasomal sternum II with a long median longitudinal furrow basally |
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– | Clypeus black; metasomal sternum II with a very short median longitudinal furrow basally, sometimes obsolete |
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15 | Body with large and dense punctures, strongly sculptured (Fig. |
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– | Body with comparatively smaller punctures, moderately sculptured; anterior surface of pronotum almost vertical, with few punctures (Figs |
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16 | Clypeus strongly punctate (Fig. |
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– | Clypeus moderately punctate (Figs |
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17 | Anterior surface of pronotum with wider V-shaped median foveae (Fig. |
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– | Anterior surface of pronotum with narrower V-shaped median foveae (Fig. |
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18 | Body with pale yellow spots; metasomal sternum II black except lateral surface (Fig. |
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– | Body with yellow spots; metasomal sternum II with a narrow apical band (Fig. |
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19 | Anterior surface with a few short transverse carinae above median foveae (Fig. |
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– | Anterior surface without a transverse carina above median foveae (Fig. |
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We are very grateful to Prof. James M. Carpenter (American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA) for providing copies of many references and important comments and to Dr. P. Girish Kumar (