Corresponding author: Carlos Perafán (
Academic editor: I. Agnarsson
A new monotypic
Perafán C, Galvis W, Gutiérrez M, Pérez-Miles F (2016)
The morphological characteristics of urticating setae have long been used in taxonomy and systematics of
Preferred phylogeny of
During study of Colombian tarantulas, we discovered specimens from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, with a different type of urticating setae which did not fit with any known types. These setae mainly differ by having a small distal patch of reversed lanceolate barbs (regarding the main barbs;
Based on its unique combination of characters, we propose the new monotypic
Urticating setae terminology follows scanning electron microscope Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Arachnological Collection
Abbreviations are listed below:
accessory keels
apical keel
anterior lateral eyes
anterior median eyes
apical
dorsal
dorsal keels
Instituto de Ciencias Naturales,
concavity constant
ocular quadrangle (including lateral eyes)
prolateral
prolateral inferior keel
posterior median eyes
posterior median spinnerets
posterior lateral eyes
posterior lateral spinnerets
prolateral superior keel
subapical keel
supra-accessory keels
retrolateral
ventral
A data matrix composed of 37 morphological characters and 35 genera has been constructed (Table
Character matrix used in cladistic analysis of
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 1 0 | 1 1 | 1 2 | 1 3 | 1 4 | 1 5 | 1 6 | 1 7 | 1 8 | 1 9 | 2 0 | 2 1 | 2 2 | 2 3 | 2 4 | 2 5 | 2 6 | 2 7 | 2 8 | 2 9 | 3 0 | 3 1 | 3 2 | 3 3 | 3 4 | 3 5 | 3 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ? | 1 | 0 |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ? | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
(36) Urticating setae type VII: absent = 0; present = 1.
Differs from all previously known genera of
= accessory keels = apical keel = dorsal keels = prolateral inferior keel = prolateral superior keel = sub-apical keel = supra-accessory keels
See description of the type species.
Only known from its type locality, Vereda San Lorenzo, Corregimiento Minca, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia,
The spermathecae of
Accordingly,
A search using equal weights found 171 most parsimonious tress and the strict consensus of these did not provide any resolution. Search with implied weighting and different concavity indices (
Holotype male from Colombia, Magdalena, Santa Marta, Corregimiento Minca, Sector San Lorenzo, 2200m above sea level,
The specific epithet is a noun in genitive in honor to Gabriel García Márquez (Aracataca, Colombia, 1927 - Mexico D.F., Mexico, 2014), who was a renowned Colombian writer, considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century, and awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature for “One hundred years of solitude”.
See diagnosis of the genus.
Spination (proximal to distal): Femur: palp: 0V, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0R; I: 0V, 1-1-0D, 0-1-1P, 0-1-2R; II: 0V, 1-1-0D, 1-1-3P, 1-5-2R; III 0V, 1-1-0D, 0-2-1P, 0-2-3R; IV: 0V, 3-2-0D, 1-2-1P, 0-1-2R. Patella: palp: 0V, 0D, 0-2-0P, 0R; I: 0-2-2V, 0D, 0-2-0P, 0R; II: 0-0-2V, 0D, 0-2-0P, 0R; III: 0V, 0D, 0-3-0P, 0-1-0R; IV: 0V, 0D, 0-3-0P, 0-1-0R.Tibia: palp: 2-1-2V, 0D, 2-2-2P, 0R; I: 4-6-2apV, 0D, 0-2-2P, 0-1-1R; II: 3-5-2apV, 0D , 0-1-1P, 0-2-0R; III: 3-3-2apV, 0D, 2-2-1P, 2-2-1R; IV: 3-3-2-1-2apV, 0D, 2-2-2P, 1-2-2-2apR. Metatarsus: I: 2-3-1V, 0D, 0-1-1apP, 0-1-1apR; II: 3-3-1V, 0D, 0-1-1-1apP, 0-1-1apR; III: 4-4-2-1apV, 0-0-2D, 2-2-1-1apP, 1-2-1-1apR; IV: 5-5-3-1apV, 0-0-2D, 2-3-1-1apP, 2-2-1-1apR. Tarsus: palp and legs: 0. Legs and palpal segments lengths in Table
Female (allotype
Spination (proximal to distal): Femur: palp: 0V, 0-1-0D, 0-0-3P, 0-0-1R; I: 0V, 0-1-0D, 0-0-3P, 0R; II: 0V, 0-2-0D, 0-0-3P, 0-1-0R; III: 0V, 0D, 0-2-1P, 1-3-1R; IV: 0V, 1-0-0D, 0-0-3P, 0-0-1R. Patella: palp: 0V, 0D, 0-2-0P, 0R; I: 0V, 0D, 0-1-0P, 0R; II: 0V, 0D, 0-2-0P, 0R; III: 0V, 0D, 0-2-0P, 0R; IV: 0V, 0D, 0-1-0P, 0R. Tibia: palp: 1-4-4V, 0D, 0-3-0P, 0-1-0R; I: 0-1-2V, 0D, 1-1-0P, 0R; II: 0-2-2V, 0D, 0-2-0P, 0R; III: 3-3-3V, 0D, 2-1-2P, 1-2-1R; IV: 2-2-2V, 0D, 2-2-1P, 2-2-1R. Metatarsus: I: 1-5-1V, 0D, 0-1-1P, 0R; II: 1-5-1V, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0R; III: 4-3-5V, 0-0-2D, 2-2-2P, 1-3-1R; IV: 5-4-5V, 0-0-2D, 3-3-2P, 1-2-2R. Legs and palpal segments lengths in Table
Length of legs and palp segments in millimeters of holotype male/allotype female
Segments | Palp | I | II | III | IV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
6.2 / 8.0 | 9.0 / 10.8 | 8.5 / 10.2 | 8.4 / 9.7 | 9.5 / 11.5 |
|
2.8 / 4.5 | 4.5 / 6.0 | 3.9 / 5.7 | 3.5 / 5.0 | 3.8 / 5.4 |
|
5.8 / 6.0 | 7.4 / 8.0 | 6.9 / 7.6 | 6.3 / 7.0 | 8.0 / 9.3 |
|
- | 7.0 / 8.0 | 7.0 / 7.5 | 7.8 / 8.6 | 10.9 / 12.0 |
|
2.1 / 5.4 | 4.3 / 4.5 | 4.5 / 4.5 | 4.2 / 4.4 | 4.5 / 4.5 |
|
16.9 / 23.9 | 32.2 / 37.3 | 30.8 / 35.5 | 30.2 / 34.7 | 36.7 / 42.7 |
See distribution of the genus (Fig.
Urticating setae type VII are located in a dorsal wide area of the abdomen intermixed with the covering setae, and attached to the cuticle by a thinner stalk, to facilitate their release (Fig.
Main barbs are subtriangular denticles not homogeneous in size and density, longer on the basal region (Fig.
The patch of lanceolate barbs its located sub-apically at a distance approximately of 160µm from the tip to the patch centre (Fig.
The similarities of the morphology and size of setae type VII with type II
Furthermore, the larger size, broader shape and often dispersed arrangement of many of the main barbs of
The differences in the position of the penetrating tip between type VII and II also suggest a different penetration mechanism. On first contact with the target, the urticating setae type II pivots on its stalk so the apical end moves away from the target, while the basal penetration tip (which is actually adjacent to the stalk) instead lodges into the target as the stalk releases (see
Experimentally, the possible mechanism of action of the urticating setae type VII was observed while handling specimens in alcohol. These urticating setae easily perforated the skin of human fingers perpendicularly. The dorsum of the tarantula’s abdomen was touched intentionally, and on further examination of the affected fingers with a stereoscope microscope, many of these setae were found embedded in the skin (Fig.
Urticating setae type VII
Another aspect to consider is that all previously known species with contact urticating setae have leg spines absent or reduced (
Research that gave rise to the results presented in this publication was funded by the Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANNI), Uruguay, under POS_NAC_2011_1_3624 code, which is greatly appreciated. Thanks to Stuart Longhorn for his valuable comments and criticism, and for English corrections. We also thank the reviewers and editors for their valuable contributions. Juan David Jimenez is thanked for providing us the photo of the locality, Fig.