Review of the Psychodinae from Mallorca, Spain, with description of Pericoma unipennata, sp. n. (Diptera, Psychodidae)

Abstract We review the Psychodinae of Mallorca, recognising fifteen species based on recent collections and available literature. Previously unpublished data is presented for eleven species, of which Neoarisemus ibericus Wagner, 1978, Mormia tenebricosa (Vaillant, 1954), Clogmia albipunctata (Williston, 1893), Lepiseodina rothschildi (Eaton, 1913), Paramormia ustulata (Walker, 1856), Philosepedon pyrenaicus Vaillant, 1974 and Psychoda (Psycha) grisescens Tonnoir, 1922 are first records for Mallorca. An old record of Pericoma trifasciata (Meigen, 1804) is considered doubtful. Pericoma unipennata sp. n is described and illustrated based on a male collected at Deía. Distributional data are reviewed for all newly recorded species. Based on the Psychodinae fauna, the zoogeographical affinities of Mallorca are briefly discussed.


Introduction
The Psychodidae (moth flies and sand flies) are a species-rich and widespread group of small insects mainly associated with humid habitats. The most thoroughly studied faunas of the group are found in Europe, from where more than 500 species have been described and new discoveries continue to be made (Wagner 2004, Wagner andKvifte 2015). The most poorly studied moth fly faunas of Europe are those of the Iberian peninsula (Wagner 2001) and the Balearic islands of Spain.
The most thoroughly studied moth flies from the Balearic islands belong to the subfamily Phlebotominae, the sand flies. On Mallorca, the largest of the Balearic islands, phlebotomine sand flies have received much attention due to their significance in veterinary medicine as vectors of canine leishmaniasis. This disease is widespread and long established, to the point that some local dog breeds have evolved resistance to the parasite (Solano-Gallego et al. 2000). Four species of Phlebotomus and one of Sergentomyia have been recorded from the island, of which Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921 has been suggested as a doubtful record (Alcover et al. 2014).
In the present study, we review existing records of Mallorcan Psychodinae and present new material for eleven species; seven of which are previously unknown from Mallorca. In addition, we describe Pericoma unipennata sp. n as new to science.

Material and methods
Specimens were collected mainly by sweep netting and with aspirators from vegetation near the presumed larval habitats and preserved in 70-100% alcohol. Male specimens were sorted, dissected and mounted on slides in euparal (material in coll. ZFMK and ZMUB) or Canada balsam (material in coll. RW). Morphological terminology is according to Quate and Brown (2004) and Kvifte (2014Kvifte ( , 2015. The "median moveable appendage" in Kvifte et al. (2013) is here recognised as a parameral sclerite. Measurements are given in µm with an accuracy of 3 µm; except wing length which is given in mm to an accuracy of 100 µm.
Both literature records and new material that we have examined are included in our present checklist. Tribe-level classification is given according to Duckhouse (1987), while genus-level taxonomy is according to Wagner (2004) except where noted otherwise in the text. Species recorded as new to Mallorca are marked with an asterisk (*). Remarks. Previously known from France, mainland Spain, Italy, Morocco and Algeria (Vaillant 1974). The generic and subgeneric classification of Mormiina is unstable and requires revision; therefore the placement in Mormia may change.

Remarks.
A widespread near-cosmopolitan species, first recorded from Spain by Tonnoir (1920) under the synonym Telmatoscopus meridionalis (Eaton, 1894). Its biology is summarised in Boumans et al. (2009) andJežek et al. (2012); for a review of its taxonomy see Ibañez-Bernal (2008 Ježek (1990) because of its asymmetric genitalia. The placement in Clogmia by Ježek (1984), Vaillant (1989) and Wagner (2004) may be a valid option to consider for the future when further character systems are explored.
Previous records are from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland and Slovakia  Diagnosis. Pericoma unipennata can be separated from all other Pericoma species on the presence of one feather-tipped and four spatulate tenacula on each surstylus, as well as the following combination of characters: parameral sheath with shallow U-sha-ped apical indentation 1/6th as deep as width of parameral appendage base, gonostyle with narrow distal part 1/4th as long as broad basal part, distiphallic spatula with sclerotized side margins not converging apically, parameral appendage concave at lateral sides with distal 1/8th protruding over distiphallic spatula.
Etymology. unipennata = with one feather; refers to the presence of a single feather-tipped and four spatulate tenacula on its surstyli.
Remarks. This species was described from Algeria and subsequently recorded from Mallorca by Vaillant (1978). It also occurs in mainland Spain and in North Africa (Vaillant 1978).
Remarks. Vaillant (1978) wrote "[Pericoma] trifasciata ist ebenfalls gemein auf der Mallorca-Insel [...]" ("trifasciata is also common on the island of Mallorca") in the paragraph summarizing the geographical distribution of Pericoma barbarica Vaillant, 1955; this is probably a lapsus as Mallorca is not mentioned in the species account for Pericoma trifasciata. No other records are available in the literature prior to the listing by Wagner et al. (2002), which was based on Vaillant (1978). In Wagner (2004) and the present paper we deem the records from the Baleares to be doubtful and in need of verification through examination of specimens. Remarks. The males recorded here were identified as Philosepedon pyrenaicus according to the key in Vaillant (1974) because of the eyes separated by three facet diameters, the wing "mittwinkel" 105° and the left phallomere of the aedeagus being longer than the right. However, the specimens differ in that the 1st flagellomere is longer than the combined length of the scape and pedicel, and the eyebridge is two facet rows wide at several points. We deem these differences not to be taxonomically meaningful, as the differences in proportions and eyebridge composition could be interpreted as interspecific variation.

Psychodini
Remarks. Tinearia Schellenberg, 1803 was treated as a genus by Wagner (2004) following Ježek (1977). This species group is undoubtedly monophyletic, however based on morphology and some analyses of molecular data it appears to be deeply nested within Psychoda s.l. (Vaillant 1990, Espindola et al. 2012, Kvifte and Andersen 2012. Inclusion of Tinearia as a subgenus within Psychoda would thus allow ease of identification of monophyletic units, whereas recognising Tinearia as a separate taxon would render Psychoda paraphyletic. For a discussion of the monophyly criterion in supraspecific taxonomy, see Komarek and Beutel (2006).

Discussion
The material examined in the present study was collected opportunistically and does not reflect the diversity of suitable habitats on Mallorca. Nevertheless, a few preliminary conclusions about the diversity and zoogeographic affinities of the fauna can be made. Most of the species encountered are widespread European, Holarctic or even cosmopolitan species (Clogmia albipunctata, Paramormia ustulata, Psychoda spp. and arguably Lepiseodina rothschildi). Four species appear to have more limited distributions as local West Mediterranean elements, namely Neoarisemus ibericus, Mormia tenebricosa, Pericoma barbarica and Philosepedon pyrenaicus. A single species, Pericoma unipennata sp. n., has yet to be recorded outside of Mallorca but may have been overlooked elsewhere.
Our records of Neoarisemus ibericus and Philosepedon pyrenaicus are the first since the original descriptions, which in both cases were based on very few specimens collected in Northern Spain: Montes Universales and the Pyrenees respectively. The records from Mallorca represent a major range extension for both species, suggesting them to be more widespread than previously expected and that they may have been overlooked elsewhere.
Both M. tenebricosa and P. barbarica have similar distribution patterns; occurring on the north and south coasts of the West Mediterranean. Both species appear widespread in North Africa, having been recorded from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Vaillant 1974, 1978, Wagner 1987. They differ in their European distributions, with the range of P. barbarica extending northeast to the Pyrenees and M. tenebricosa reaching the Western Alps in southern France and Italy. Vaillant (1974) mentions consistent minor morphological differences between adult males of M. tenebricosa in the North African and European populations, but refrained from using them to delimit species. We consider that these differences warrant further study as they may be evidence of cryptic species or ongoing speciation; DNA sequences will be useful in illuminating this question.
Pericoma unipennata sp. n. appears to be a member of the Mediterranean Pericoma modesta Tonnoir, 1922 species group as defined by Vaillant (1978, p. 226). In this group, Pericoma modesta has a wide Mediterranean distribution whereas P. alhambrana Vaillant, 1978, P. graecica Vaillant, 1978and P. motasi Vaillant, 1978 are localized endemics in Southern Spain, Southern Balkan and the Romanian Carpathian mountains, respectively. The Psychodidae of the Iberian peninsula are too incompletely known to tell whether Pericoma unipennata sp. n. is an island endemic of the Balearic islands or whether it is more widespread in the Mediterranean region.