Oscillograms of courtship songs and female response songs in Chorthippus miramae from Pavlodar region A West-Kazakhstan region B and Altai republic C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D–F). During courtship, a male can produce audible (C,F) or silent (A,D) variants of song. Female responses with leg movements recordings (B, E) and without them (A,D) are shown. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing specimen was 29 – 31°C.