A revision of the Chinese Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea)

Abstract The Chinese Aulacidae are revised, keyed and illustrated for the first time. In total twenty-five species are recorded from China, included within two genera Aulacus Jurine, 1807 and Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900, with five and twenty species respectively. Among the treated species, six are newly described for science: Aulacus magnus sp. n., Pristaulacus calidus sp. n., Pristaulacus centralis sp. n., Pristaulacus fopingi sp. n., Pristaulacus obscurus sp. n., and Pristaulacus pseudoiosephi sp. n. Three species are newly recorded from China: Pristaulacus excisus Turner, 1922, Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi & Madl, 2013, and Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907.

China is located between two zoogeographical regions, Palaearctic and Oriental, and thus includes mixed faunistic characters of both regions. However, Chinese Aulacidae are currently very poorly known (Turrisi 2007) and there have been no comprehensive revisionary attempts, although a few scattered taxonomic papers have been published since the World Aulacidae catalogue by Smith (2001) (He et al. 2002;He 2004;Turrisi 2005Turrisi , 2007Sheng 2007a, 2007b;Turrisi and Smith 2011;Sundukov and Lelej 2015). To date, only sixteen species are recorded from China, four Aulacus and twelve Pristaulacus (Table 1). This number is believed to be an underestimate, suggesting the need for extensive investigation and more research for a better knowledge of the Chinese Aulacidae (Turrisi 2007).
The extensive search for aulacid-specimens in several museums of China as well as relevant material from European museums resulted in the discovery of a total of 25 species, 6 of which are newly described, one Aulacus and five Pristaulacus. The present paper is the first attempt to revise the Chinese Aulacidae as a framework for further possible contributions. Table 1. List of the Chinese species of Aulacidae before this study, with distribution in China.
Diagnosis. Antenna entirely black; forewing with large dark brown spots under stigma and at apex; head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; lateroventral margin of pronotum without teeth; scutellum mostly rugose with nearly smooth area posteriorly; pretarsal claw with one basal large tooth-like process; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.
Description. Holotype. Female. Body length 16.2 mm; forewing length 14.0 mm. Colour. Black except: apical half of mandible reddish-brown; forewing hyaline, with large dark brown spot under stigma and large dark brown spot at apex; hind wing hyaline.

Key to Chinese species of Pristaulacus
Distribution. China (Hubei) (Turrisi and Smith 2011 Etymology. From the Latin adjective "calidus", meaning "hot", a noun in apposition.

Diagnosis.
Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; metasoma black with posterior margin of first tergite brown; forewing hyaline with a small dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with five tooth-like processes; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated.
Colour. Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; head black with clypeus dark brown; mesosoma black; metasoma black with posterior margin of first tergite brown; mandible brown with teeth darker; palpi black; fore leg, tibia and tarsus of mind leg and tarsus of hind leg yellowish-brown, remainder of legs dark brown to black; forewing hyaline with a small dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Diagnosis.
Forewing with only one brown spot below stigma; metasoma mostly yellowish-brown with first tergite largely black; occipital margin concave, with a strongly wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.6 × forewing length.
Colour. Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; head black with clypeus orange; mesosoma black; metasoma mostly yellowish-brown with first tergite largely black; mandible orange with teeth dark brown; palpi dark brown; hind coxa black, remainder of legs yellowish-orange with tarsi paler; ovipositor sheath black; forewing infuscate, with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.
Male. Unknown. Distribution. China (Hubei). Biology. Collected in July. Host not known. Diagnosis. Antenna black with scape brown; forewing with wide and irregular brown spots on basal part, below stigma and on apex; metasoma black with second tergite brown anteriorly; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; ovipositor 1.2 × forewing length.
Remarks. Redescriptions and data on intraspecific variation are provided by Konishi (1990Konishi ( , 1991 and Turrisi (2007). Additional notes on identification and distribution are provided by Turrisi and Smith (2011).
Biology. Collected in May-July, September, October, and December. Host: Ceresium elongatum Matsushita, 1933 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) (Konishi 1991)  Diagnosis. Metasoma black with transverse patch near posterior margin of first tergite and anterior margin of second tergite yellowish-brown; forewing infuscate, with anterior third darker and dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin concave, V-shaped, its depth very shallow; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting toothlike process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Biology. Collected in May and August (Turrisi and Smith 2011). Host not known.
Remarks. Redescription is provided by Turrisi (2007). This is the first description of the male and the first record of this species from China. Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis.
Frons with yellow areas around antennae; hind margin of head straight, without medial groove; lateroventral margin of pronotum with one tooth-like process; propleuron largely finely rugose with small smooth area posterodorsally; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind coxa transverse-carinate.
Colour. Antenna black with scape brown; head black with clypeus and lower frons under antennal sockets yellow; mesosoma black; metasoma black with first tergite and anterior margin of second tergite brown; mandible dark brown; palpi yellowish-brown; coxae and hind femura black, remainder of legs yellowish-orange with tarsi paler; forewing slightly infuscate, with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Distribution. China (Shaanxi).
Biology. Collected in June. Host not known.
Biology. Collected from May to July. Host not known. Remarks. Sun and Sheng (2007a) recorded this species from Henan and Jiansu. However, we were unable to examine Sun & Sheng's specimens.

Diagnosis.
Hind margin of head straight, without medial groove; lateroventral margin of pronotum without tooth-like process (Kieffer 1924 Diagnosis. Antenna with A1 light orange and A2 dark reddish; metasoma with side of first tergite, most of second tergite and side of third tergite irregulary orange; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.2 × forewing length. Distribution. China (Henan) (Sun and Sheng 2007a). Biology. Collected in May (Sun and Sheng 2007a). Host not known. Remarks. Redescription is provided by Turrisi and Smith (2011). Etymology. The name refers to the similar appearance to P. iosephi. Diagnosis. Body black; forewing infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with two anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.
Colour. Blackish-brown except: clypeus extensively dark brown; mandible extensively reddish-orange, with apex blackish; maxillo-labial complex brownish to dark brownish; antenna reddish-orange with A1 lighter; legs light red orange, except coxae and hind trochanter darker; wings hyaline, forewing with a wide brown spot below stigma (two third as wide as stigma width) not extending beyond cells SM-1 and R; metasoma largely black, except S1, most part of T2 and apex of following tergites dark reddish; valvula 3 of ovipositor dark brown to blackish-brown. Setae: whitish to goldish.
Head. From above, 1.4 × wider than long, shiny; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, weakly developed, weakly convex; occipital carina about 0.2 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL= 1.2; vertex and temple with fine, and scattered to dense punctures (distance between punctures 3.0-1.5 × diameter of a puncture); frons with coarse, and scattered to dense punctures (distance between punctures 3.0-1.0 × diameter of a puncture); clypeus with coarse, and dense punctures; malar area with coarse, and dense punctures; occipital area with fine, and dense punctures (distance between punctures about 1.5 × diameter of an ocellus).
Colour. Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; head black with clypeus dark brown; mesosoma black; first tergite largely brown, and remainder of tergites black; mandible brown with teeth darker; palpi brown; coxae black, femur and tibia dark brown, remainder of legs yellowish-orange with tarsi paler; ovipositor brown; fore hyaline with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline. Head. From above, 1.4 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.5 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, slightly shorter than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.3; lower frons and clypeus densely and finely punctate, remainder of head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 3.7 × longer than wide; A4 6.6 × longer than wide, and 1.7 × longer than A3; A5 6.2 × longer than wide, and 1.5 × longer than A3.
Remarks. This is a newly recorded species for China.