Revision of the genus Furusawaia Chûjô, 1962 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae)

Abstract Yunnaniata Lopatin, 2009 is regarded as a junior synonym of Furusawaia Chûjô, 1962 syn. nov. Yunnaniatakonstantinovi Lopatin, 2009 comb. nov. is transferred to the genus Furusawaia Chûjô and redescribed. Furusawaiacontinentalis Lopatin, 2008 and F.yosonis Chûjô are recognized as valid species and redescribed. Four new species are described from Taiwan: F.jungchanisp. nov., F.luisp. nov., F.tahsiangisp. nov., and F.tsouisp. nov. A key to Taiwanese and Chinese species of Furusawaia is provided.


Included species. Furusawaia continentalis
Remarks. Bezdĕk and Beenen (2009) separated Yunnaniata from Furusawaia based on the flat pronotum, however, convexity of the pronotum varies among different species and populations of Furusawaia in Taiwan. Thus, both genera are regarded as synonyms here. Although Yunnaniata males possess more complicated sclerites in the aedeagus, no additional characters separate the two genera.
Biology. Adults were observed walking or resting on forest trails (e.g., Fig. 3A) at low altitudes (above 1,000 m) in northern Taiwan or middle and high altitudes (above 2,000 m) in China, central and southern Taiwan. They feed on leaves of Stellaria species (Caryophyllaceae) in Taiwan.

Furusawaia continentalis
Diagnosis. Adults of Furusawaia continentalis can be recognized by the following combination of characters: elongate antennae, length to width ratios of antennomeres IV-X more than 2.5 × (less than 2.5 × in others); disc of pronotum generally flat (more or less convex in Taiwanese species), dull and with reticulate microsculpture (only shared with F. konstantinovi), apical margin moderate concave (straight apical margin in others); anterior angles obtuse (anterior angles strongly produced to distinct bulb in others); disc of elytra smooth, lacking reticulate microsculpture, with dense coarse punctures (disc dull, with reticulate microsculpture and dense coarse punctures in F. konstantinovi; disc smooth, lacking reticulate microsculpture but with sparse punctures in Taiwanese species); red stripe along suture abbreviated behind anterior stripe at basal 1/3 ( Fig. 1E) (red stripe entirely absent in F. konstantinovi (Fig. 1E, F), but present in Taiwanese species). In males of F. continentalis, aedeagus (Fig. 4D, E) with elongate primary endophallic sclerite, 0.7 × as long as aedeagus (small primary endophallic sclerite, 0.4-0.5 × as long as aedeagus), without lateral expansions near apex (with lateral expansions near apex in others).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Fig. 7). Etymology. The species name is dedicated to Mr Jung-Chan Chen (陳榮章) who collected all specimens of this new species. Description. Length 8.4-9.3 mm, width 4.8-5.5 mm. Body color (Fig. 8) black, elytra with pink (yellow in dead specimens) stripes along basal and lateral margins, and suture, three transverse pink stripes at basal 1/4, middle, and apical 1/4 respectively, anterior stripe curved posteriorly and connected with basal stripe, median angular at middle and connected anteriorly with anterior stripe, posterior stripe angular at middle, basal stripe extending posteriorly from humeral calli and connected with anterior stripe. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 9A) 2.2: 2.6. Pronotum 1.8-1.9 × wider than long, disc strongly convex; smooth, without reticulate microsculpture; with punctures obsolete; with lateral impressions; lateral margins distinct including anterior angles, rounded and widest at apical 1/3; apical and basal margin straight; anterior angles strongly produced to a bulbous point. Elytra with rounded lateral margin, widest behind middle, 1.2-1.3 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with sparse, coarse punctures. Aedeagus (Fig. 9E, F) slender in dorsal view, 5.8 × longer than wide, parallel-sided, narrowed near apex, apex narrowly rounded; ostium large, membranous; slightly curved in lateral view; endophallic sclerite elongate, 0.4× as long as aedeagus, widened only at middle, one pair of short lateral expansions near apex, covered with fine setae. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 9J) sclerotized, elongate, apex narrowly rounded, with extremely dense, short setae near apex. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 9G) with apex well sclerotized, several short setae along apical margin, spiculum short. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 12G, I) moderately or slightly swollen, with apex truncate, undivided from pump; pump long and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct separated from receptacle, short to moderately long.

Remarks. Three paratypes of
Distribution. This new species is widespread between middle and high altitudes (above 1,500) in north and east Taiwan (Fig. 7). It is sympatric with F. tsoui sp. nov. in Taipingshan.
Remarks  Chûjô (1962) typed the locality of this specimens as Mt. Shinhassenza which is translated from 新八仙山.
Distribution. This new species is widespread at high altitudes (above 2,000 m) in central Taiwan (Fig. 7).
Etymology. The species name is dedicated to Mr. Ta-Hsiang Lee (李大翔). He and the first author were the first ones of TCRT to find this new species.

Types (n = 12). Holotype
Remarks. The specimens identified by Kimoto (1969) as Furusawaia yosonis collected from Taipingshan (太平山) belong to this new species and are designated as paratypes.
Distribution. This species is widespread at low and mid-altitudes (above 1,000 m) in northern Taiwan (Fig. 7). It is sympatric with F. lui sp. nov. in Taipingshan (太平山).

Discussion
Adults of Furusawaia Chûjô represent one of the wingless galerucine genera with reduced humeral calli in Taiwan. Most of the wingless galerucines in Taiwan have been studied, including Taiwanoshaira Lee & Beenen (2020), Lochmaea Weise (Lee 2018), Shairella Chûjô (Lee and Beenen 2017), and Sikkimia Duvivier (Lee and Bezdĕk 2016). Members of these genera are exclusively nocturnal. However, adults of Furusawaia exhibit bizarre behavior in being diurnal or nocturnal in different populations of the same species. Such behaviors may be associated with bicolored elytra, which are unique among wingless galerucines. The function of the bicolored elytra requires further study to determine if they are aposematic or part of a mimicry complex.
In addition, the difficulty in collecting adults of Furusawaia may result from such bizarre behavior. Adults of wingless galerucines are generally easy to collect by searching food plants at night, except this genus. Usually single or a pair of adults of Furusawaia were collected during each field trip based on this collecting method. Citizen scientists play an important role in obtaining sufficient material for study by collecting adults. Twenty citizen scientists were involved and collected about 80% of specimens available for study. Adults of most Furusawaia species are capable for dispersal judging from the distribution maps (Fig. 7), except those of F. jungchani sp. nov. Even adults of F. lui sp. nov. and F. tsoui are sympatric in Taipingshan (太平山). Most adults of the species studied were collected at lower altitudes (belong 2,500 m) where they are easily accessible to collectors. One undescribed female was collected at Tianchi Lodge (天池 山莊) (Fig. 3H), 2,860 m, at Nantou county. Some additional undescribed species were found at Mt. Mabolasi (馬博拉斯山, 3,785 m) and Mt. Malichianan (馬利加 南山, 3,546 m). They are not described here due to insufficient material. More undescribed species are expected in high mountains that are extremely difficult access. Male aedeagi in the section Capulites are uniform (Bezdĕk and Beenen 2009), and those of Taiwanese Furusawaisa species played a minor role in diagnosis. Besides color patterns on the elytra and convexity of pronota, female genitalic characters are more or less diagnostic, including gonocoxae, spermathecae, and abdominal ventrites VIII. Future molecular studies may test the morphological taxonomy and clarify relationships among species.