Revision of the genus Menevia Schaus, 1928 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae) with the description of 11 new species

Abstract The Neotropical genus Menevia Schaus, 1928 is revised to include 18 species, 11 of which are new. Two species, Menevia ostia comb. n. and Menevia parostia comb. n. are transferred from Pamea Walker, 1855 to Menevia. Four species-groups are diagnosed for the first time based on external characters and male genitalia morphology. The following new species are described: Menevia rosea sp. n., Menevia torvamessoria sp. n., Menevia magna sp. n., Menevia menapia sp. n., Menevia mielkei sp. n., Menevia australis sp. n., Menevia vulgaris sp. n., Menevia franclemonti sp. n., Menevia vulgaricula sp. n., Menevia cordillera sp. n., and Menevia delphinus sp. n.. A neotype is designated for Mimallo plagiata Walker, 1855, which has since been placed in Menevia. Mimallo saturata Walker, 1855 is interpreted to be a nomen dubium.


Introduction
Until recently, very little revisionary work has been done with the family Mimallonidae. Schaus (1928) was the last to revise the family completely, describing most of the genera that are currently recognized. In addition to organizing the family by erecting numerous genera, Schaus (1928) also separated Mimallonidae into two subfamilies. This subfam line until sweeping outward toward the wing margin, either at an acute angle or nearly perpendicular to the postmedial line. In the plagiata speciesgroup only does the post medial lunule not sweep outward from the postmedial line, but follows it as a white outlining band that may be interrupted. In other genera where markings similar to the postmedial lunule exist, they are not white and contrasting against a gray submarginal area. Finally, the male genitalia are also unique among Mimallonidae. They are com plex structures (see Fig. 2) with a pair of distinct, elongated tusks pointing outwards, originating from the modified transtilla that itself extends inward into the body from attachments on either side of the inner costal apopdemes of the valves. The elongated tusks pass outward between a pair of weakly sclerotized setose flaps. The juxta is fused to the phallus, encircling it, and is without clear form except for a pair of juxtal processes, which curve toward the distal end of the phallus and are superior to it. Phallic shape is diverse, but always recognizable by the presence of the attached juxtal processes dorsally. The phallus is longitudinally rolled, roughly forming a "U" in cross section, and is open lengthwise along the dorsum where the edges of the rolled phallic structure do not meet. The dorsal, left edge of the phallus is usually uneven, with extensive ridges or protuber ances of varying size and shape.
Description. Male. Head: Small, scales on frons swept ventrad, either the same color as vertex or darker ventrally, eyes large comprising about half to twothirds of head area, eyes usually bordered posteriorly by darker collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments variably defined ventrally depending on thickness of vestiture, incrementally smaller in length distally, dorsally and laterally with darker scales contrasting with overall lighter coloration of head. Antenna bipectinate to tip, scape and pedicel tufted. Ocelli and chaetosemata absent. Thorax: Tan, gray, or straw colored. Densely covered in scales of varying widths with interspersed darker petiolate scales, scales of prothoracic collar finer, lighter, overlapping scales of mesothorax. Legs: Vestiture thick, scales long, especially on femur and tibia, coloration as for thorax, peti olate scales present. Tibial spurs often scaled, about one fourth length of tibia, apex may be somewhat hooked. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 14-28 mm. Triangular, outer margins concave on apical half, apex usually falcate. Ground color yellow, brown, gray, or graybrown, lightly or moderately speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot absent or faintly marked by light gray, no hyaline patches present. Dark postmedial line always present, either straight or with slight undulations. Gray submarginal area usually contrasting with medial area, submarginal area with a variably distinct white line origi nating from apical dash, white mark follows postmedial line from apex to one quarter to one half the length of postmedial line until sweeping outward toward wing margin, either at an acute angle or nearly perpendicular to postmedial line. In some species, white line wider, forming a complete or interrupted band following postmedial line, not sweeping toward wing margin. Antemedial line, if present, faint and undulated. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line may be fainter, antemedial line absent, discal spots may be much darker. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded or subtri angular, anal angle often accentuated, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, vague postmedial lunules present but undulated or sharply zigzagged, never dramati cally swept to wing margin, antemedial line absent. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, usually lighter, frenulum with single bristle. Wing venation: As for Cicinnus melsheimeri (Harris, 1841) in Franclemont (1973) but M 2 originat ing closer to M 3 near posterior, distal corner of cell. Abdomen: Short, subtriangular, reaching just barely beyond anal margin of hindwing, depth equal to that of thorax, truncated to slightly upturned posterior tip, coloration a continuation of thoracic color, which varies from yellowish to brown, generally matching the ground color of wings. Longitudinal midventral stripe present or absent. Genitalia: Complex; tegumen variable in shape, subtriangular or broader and more rectangular or ovoid, often constricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum usually quadrate ventrally, variable in thickness. Transtilla as rectangular frame extending backward from attachments on either side of the inner costal apopdemes of valves, elongated tusks extend outward originating from complex transtilla, passing between pair of setae covered flaps. Valves simple, narrow or broad, triangular or ovoid, with or without projections from saccular edge and with or without similar mesal costal projections, projections of left valve usually larger than those of right valve. Setae covered uncus teardrop or bottleshaped, or acutely triangular, extend ed apically to sharp, rounded, or quadrate tip. Gnathos as two prominent outward fac ing or upturned extensions, variable in shape, thickness. Gnathos extensions thick and boxing glove shaped, flattened and triangular, subtriangular, cupped, or ovoid. Anal tube lightly sclerotized, with apex nearly reaching base of uncus. Juxta fused to phallus, enveloping proximal quarter of phallus, pair of juxtal processes curve toward the distal end of phallus and are superior to it. Juxtal processes variable in length, from roughly three quarters the length of the phallus to slightly longer. Juxtal processes vary in scle rotization; processes flattened, rounded or sharp distally. Processes always enveloped in membrane, usually covered in fine setae. Base of phallus with paired, elongated, short, or peglike diverging lobes. Phallus usually complicated, formed by singular structure rolled into a cylindrical shape, dorsal edges of phallus do not meet, gap exists between edges, exposing hollow cavity within containing the vesica. Left edge of rolled phallus variously shaped, either flat and simple or with ridge or protuberance dorsally. Distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points. Vesica very weak, baglike or somewhat elongate and tapered apically, cornuti absent. Female. Generally similar to male, degree of sexual dimorphism variable. Head: As in male, antennae sometimes smaller over all. Thorax: As in male. Legs. As in in males except tibial spurs sometimes more heav ily scaled. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 15-39 mm. Elongated or subtriangular, outer margins concave near apex, convex near tornus, apex usually falcate. Coloration and markings as in corresponding males of each species. Forewing venter: As in forewing (USNM). 1 ♂, La Chorrera: "May 12", Aug. Busck, USNMMimal: 2566, St. Lau rent diss.: 3715:11 (USNM). 21 ♂, Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone: 16.IV.194116.IV. , X.194116.IV. , 10.X.194116.IV. , 19.X.1941, at light, J. Zetek collector, Nos. 4884, 4884A,B, USNMMimal: 2716-2721 (USNM); 28-30. IV.1964, 1-9.V.1964, 10-17.V.1964, W.D. & S.S. Duckworth, USNMMimal: 2709-271522.IV.1979, at light, Silberglied/Aiello, USNMMimal: 2724, 2725, 27268.V.1935, A. Friedman (CUIC); 25.X, 31.X, 3.XI, 7-XI, M. Bates coll., St. Laurent diss.: 3715:12 (CUIC). 2 ♂, "Rep. de Panama": XII.1935I.1936, L.M. Smith, J.G. Franclemont diss.: 1770. SURINAME: 1 ♂, Moengo, Boven Cottica River: 19.V.1927, Cornell Univ. Lot 760, Sub 67, St. Laurent diss.: 3715:3 (CUIC). 2 ♂, Aroewarwa Creek, Mar oewym Valley: III.1905, IV.1905, S.M. Klages, Rothschild Bequest, BM 1939. VENEZUELA: 1 ♂, Caripito: 14.V.1942   Diagnosis. Sexual dimorphism is weak; the females are only slightly larger. Thus both sexes of M. lantona are recognizable by their small to moderate size, only slightly falcate forewing apices, and yellowish tan to gold ground color with gray highlights, especially near the discal region. The postmedial lunule is bright white and only barely curved outward toward the forewing margin, not sharply curving as in other species groups. The phallus is broad, usually with a small protuberance dorsally but always without a dorsal ridge. The gnathos processes are unique in that they are very broad, flat, and subtriangular, not oblong or thick as in most other speciesgroups. Female genitalia are separable from those of the similar female of M. magna sp. n. by the tergite of VIII, which is thin and upturned mesally rather than being replaced by a lightly sclerotized sac as in M. magna sp. n.
Description. Male. Head: Straw or tan colored, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments weakly de fined ventrally due to ventral tufts, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall straw coloration. Scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus but tan or gold, fading to straw. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs thin apically, terminal third not scaled, especially ventrally. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 15-18 mm, avg.: 16.2 mm, n = 28. Triangular, apical half of outer margins concave, convex near tor nus, apex slightly falcate. Ground color yellowish tan to gold with varying degrees of gray, especially near discal region, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash. Straight or slightly undulating postmedial line black or brown. Antemedial area lighter, submarginal area gray with tan coloration near tornus, postmedial lunule origi nating from near where apical dash meets postmedial line, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to one third length of postmedial line where lunule smoothly curves outward toward wing margin, forming roughly 45 degree angle with postmedial line. Antemedial line very faint or absent, if present, brown, undulating. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line fainter, antemedial line absent; usually rounded discal spot present, small, black. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded with margin weakly pointed mesally, anal angle weakly accentuated, similar coloration and pattern ing as forewings, vague postmedial lunule originating near anterior margin undulating, not steeply swept to margin, antemedial line absent, postmedial line undulating, espe cially near anal angle. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter but discal mark not always present. Abdomen: As for genus. Coloration a continuation of tan or golden thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 72) n = 16. Tegumen rectangular or somewhat ovoid, especially when prominently constricted at base of gnathos. Vinculum narrow, somewhat quadrate ventrally. Valves asymmetri cal, relatively narrow, saccular edge of left valve with large triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, right valve with tooth much reduced in size, both valves with smaller mesal costal teeth immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of mesal tooth pointed toward saccular edge. Valves rounded apically. Uncus handbellshaped, truncated apically, apex rounded. Gnathos as two prominent, moderately flattened, subtriangular out ward facing flaps, upturned where they converge over phallus. Juxtal processes shorter than phallus, flattened, slightly curved, covered in short setae. Base of phallus with paired, somewhat elongated, rounded, diverging, backwards facing fingerlike lobes. Phallus broad, widened mesally, usually with a small protuberance dorsally but extend ed dorsal ridge absent. Left edge of rolled phallus simple, without ridgelike process, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct, bent points. Vesica small, baglike. Female. Head: As in male, antennae slightly smaller overall. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 21 mm, n = 1. As in male but barely more elongated, only slightly broader, less falcate, postmedial line bent mesally. Faint brown antemedial line present, undulated. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line fainter, antemedial absent, small black discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but slightly broader. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter except lighter, frenulum reduced. Abdomen: As in male but stouter. Sternites of VIII as pair of elongated sclerotized bands widening toward anterior mar gin of VIII. Genitalia: (Fig. 92) n = 1. Tergite of VIII very thin, converging mesally to form anteriorly directed point. Apophyses anteriores slightly shorter than apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis ribbonlike, weakly concave mesally. Ductus bursae thin. Papillae anales rectangular when viewed ventrally, covered in setae.
Distribution (Map 1). Menevia lantona is found throughout the Amazonian rain forest in the Guianas, Suriname, northern Venezuela, the Brazilian state of Amazonas, as well as in central Colombia and northcentral Ecuador. This species also ranges into central Panama.
Remarks. As a wideranging species, M. lantona expresses some geographic vari ation. Most notably, specimens from Colombia are larger ( Fig. 9) with somewhat broader forewings, but genitalia show no remarkable differences. Specimens from Pan ama (Fig. 8) are slightly grayer and a bit darker overall, but like the Colombian popu lations, show no genitalia differences specifically applicable to this geographic form. Additionally, in specimens from Ecuador, the dorsal point of the phallus is somewhat more pronounced than in other populations, and one specimen from a relatively high elevation (1097 m) in Ecuador has much darker postmedial lines than most other indi viduals of M. lantona, somewhat reminiscent of M. torvamessoria sp. n., to be described below. The genitalia of this unique higher elevation individual however, are completely in line with those of M. lantona, and cannot be mistaken for the highly remarkable and distinct genitalia of M. torvamessoria sp. n. Diagnosis. Menevia rosea is distinguishable from all other species in the lantona speciesgroup by the pink coloration of the forewings, especially medially and proxi mal to the apical region. The postmedial lunule is also more weakly curved than in the most similar species, M. lantona. Genitalia characters should also readily distinguish M. rosea from other species in the lantona speciesgroup. The particularly short phal lus has a small, but obvious dorsal ridge, which is lacking in M. lantona. The phallic ridge of M. rosea should not be confused with the dorsal protuberance on the phallus of some M. lantona, as this protuberance is closer to midlength of the phallus while the phallic ridge of M. rosea is more distal. The juxtal processes are more curved toward the distal end of the phallus. The valves are more triangular and are particularly broad proximal to the vinculum, the saccular edges of the valves are also particularly straight.

Menevia rosea
Description. Male. Head: Brownish gray with pinkish hue, eyes bordered poste riorly by dark brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments weakly defined ventrally due to ventral tufts, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall pinkish gray coloration. Scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus but light tan, scales of prothoracic collar pinker, tipped with white. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs very thin, relatively long, terminal third not scaled, especially ven trally. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 16 mm, n = 1. Triangular, apical half of outer margins concave, apex slightly falcate. Ground color light tan with excessive pink scal ing, especially medially and nearing apex before postmedial line, very sparsely speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray. Apex marked by black scales above small apical dash. Dark brown postmedial line mostly straight, somewhat undulating. Antemedial area lighter, less pink, submarginal area faint gray to more tan near tornus, postmedial lunule originating perpendicular to where apical dash meets postmedial line, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to nearly half length of post medial line where lunule barely curves outward toward wing margin, forming very acute angle with postmedial line. Antemedial line absent. Forewing venter: As in fore wing dorsum, pink coloration widespread but postmedial line fainter, more curved, antemedial line absent, small black discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded with margin weakly pointed mesally, anal angle very weakly accentuated, similar col oration and patterning as forewings but with more petiolate scales, vague postme dial lunule originating near anterior margin undulating, not steeply swept to margin, antemedial line absent, postmedial line mostly straight, brown, surrounded by pink. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but lighter. Abdomen: As for genus. Coloration a continuation of tan coloration of thorax with pink hue. Genitalia: (Fig. 73) n = 1. Tegumen rectangular, not constricted at base of gnathos. Vinculum moderately broad, somewhat quadrate ventrally. Valves asymmetrical, tri angular, very broad at base, with very straight saccular edge except for large triangular tooth proximal to transtilla on left saccular edge, right valve with tooth much reduced in size, both valves with smaller mesal costal projection immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of mesal projection pointed outwards. Valves rounded apically. Uncus handbellshaped, truncated apically, apex rounded. Gnathos as two prominent, flat tened, vaguely subtriangular outward facing flaps, upturned where flaps converge over phallus. Juxtal processes shorter than phallus, curved, creased along length, covered in moderately long setae. Base of phallus with paired, somewhat elongated, rounded, di verging, backwards facing fingerlike lobes. Phallus broad, short, widened mesally, with small dorsal ridge anteriorly. Left edge of rolled phallus simple, with small ridgelike process, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct, straight points. Vesica small, saclike. Female. Unknown.
Distribution (Map 1). Menevia rosea is so far known only from the type locality in Ecuador, Napo, Simón Bolívar, at a rather high elevation for the genus, 1200 m.
Etymology. Menevia rosea is named for the unique pink coloration of this species, unlike other species of the lantona speciesgroup, which are usually tan.
Remarks. This new species is unique externally and is the only species in the lantona speciesgroup with pink scales on the wings. Pink scaling is seen in many other Menevia species, particularly those in the lucara speciesgroup. However, all other characteristics of patterning and the genitalia of M. rosea perfectly match those charac ters typical of the lantona speciesgroup.
Apart from the interesting external coloration and genitalia characters, the type locality of this species is noteworthy mostly due to the relatively high elevation, 1200 m. The most similar species, M. lantona, has been collected in the Napo province just 80 km south of the type locality of M. rosea. Furthermore, the specimen collected 80 km south of the M. rosea type locality was collected at 1097 m elevation, also high for the genus. We have attributed this particular specimen to M. lantona due to the complete lack of pink and the genitalia characters. It is worth noting however, that this specimen has much darker postmedial lines on the fore and hindwings than typi cal M. lantona. Although the external characters and elevation of the collecting site are somewhat unique, the genitalia characters (St. Laurent diss.: 7715:3)  Diagnosis. Externally, M. torvamessoria is similar to M. lantona, but can be distin guished by the darker, yelloworange ground color (in wellpreserved specimens); M. lantona is lighter, more yellowtan. Additionally, the postmedial line is very dark and contrasting in M. torvamessoria and there is a roughly rectangular gray patch of scales that extends from the discal region to the postmedial line. There is a similar gray patch in M. lantona but is not so well defined. The most outstanding diagnostic features of this new species are in the male genitalia. The phallus is unlike any other in the genus, it is almost pistol shaped and sharply bent halfway along its length. The dorsal surface of the proximal end of the phallus bears a distinct triangular or rounded ridge while the remainder of the length of the phallus is smooth, elongated, and tubular. The juxtal processes are very thin, shorter and more curved in other species in the lantona speciesgroup. The gnathos processes are unique in that they are cupped and circular. The valves are unlike the previous species in that they are symmetrical and do not bear teeth on the saccular edge, but instead have distinct sclerotized inward facing lobes at the base of the valves, which conceal the gnathos. The sides of the tegumen are greatly bowed outwards, causing it to appear almost circular. Finally, the scythelike uncus is acutely triangular and sharply hooked.
Description. Male. Head: Brownish tan or almost black, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments moder ately well defined ventrally due to ventral tufts, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall lighter coloration. Scape and pedicel thinly tufted. Thorax: As for genus but light tan, fading to straw. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs relatively small, only lightly scaled, especially proximally. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 14-16.5 mm, avg.: 14.8 mm, n = 3. Triangular, apical half of outer margin concave, apex slightly falcate. Ground color orangeyellow with elongate, gray rectangle of scales extending from discal region to postmedial line, overall very sparsely speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray. Apex marked by black scales above scythelike apical dash. Slightly undulating postmedial line black, strongly contrast ing. Antemedial area lighter, submarginal area gray with slight invasion of medial area coloration near tornus, postmedial lunule originating from near where apical dash meets postmedial line, forming scythelike dash, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to one third length of postmedial line where lunule smoothly curves outward to ward wing margin, forming roughly 45 degree angle with postmedial line. Antemedial line very faint or absent, if present, brown, undulating, bowed out near anal margin. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line fainter, undulations more distinct, antemedial line absent, small black, rounded or oblong discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded, anal angle weakly accentuated, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, but postmedial lunule almost nonexistent, antemedial line absent, postmedial line more undulated and brown, not black and contrasting, un dulations prominent, especially near anal angle. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but lighter, discal spot much less distinct or absent. Abdomen: As for genus. Coloration a continuation of tan thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 74) n = 3. Tegumen almost circular, sides bowed out dramati cally. Vinculum somewhat broad, quadrate ventrally. Transtilla tusks relatively short, thick, bent. Valves symmetrical, base of valves each with bulbous lobe pointed inward, partially covering gnathos. Valves bent mesally. Uncus extremely truncated apically, apex hooked, scythelike. Gnathos projections as pair of cupped, rounded flaps, situ ated behind inward facing extensions at base of valves. Juxtal processes shorter than phallus, thin, curved. Base of phallus with paired, short, rounded, diverging, ventrally angled lobes. Phallus pistol shaped, sharply bent mesally, dorsal surface of proximal end of phallus with distinct triangular or rounded ridge, remainder of phallus thin, elongated, and tubular. Left edge of rolled phallus simple, without ridgelike process except for rounded or triangular ridge proximally, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points. Vesica small, saclike. Female. Unknown.
Distribution (Map 1). Menevia torvamessoria is known from only three locations, one of them being questionable. Two specimens, including the holotype, come from two nearby localities in the Carabaya Province of Peru, in the Cordillera Oriental. The type locality, La Unión, is at about 609 m elevation, while the paratype from nearby Santo Domingo was collected at a rather high elevation for the genus, about 1981 m. From these two data points it seems logical to infer that M. torvamessoria is a species of moderate elevation, apparently from the Andean Cordillera Oriental. However, a third specimen questionably from Brazil (not shown on Map 1), is discussed in the remarks below.
Etymology. Menevia torvamessoria is named for the unique hooked uncus, remi niscent of the Grim Reaper's (=torva messor Latin) scythe. The name is doubly appro priate to describe the apical dash, which combined with the postmedial lunule of the forewing, is scythelike, a character seen in all Menevia species.
Remarks. Although externally M. torvamessoria is rather similar to M. lantona, this new species is wholly unlike any other in the genus when taking into account male genitalia. Every aspect of the genitalia, particularly the hooked uncus, circular tegu men, cupped gnathos processes, bulbous projections at the base of the valves, and the shape of the phallus, are all unique to this species. Menevia torvamessoria belongs in the genus Menevia due to the presence of the general structure of the genitalia such as the paired gnathos, juxtal processes, and outward facing tusks; but it is difficult to assign this taxon to a speciesgroup based on genitalia alone. External characters, however, such as the size, orangeyellow coloration, and weakly falcate forewings, tentatively al low placement of M. torvamessoria in the M. lantona speciesgroup.
In addition to the unusual genitalia, the distribution is also strange, but this may be due to one specimen being incorrectly labeled. One paratype bears a nearly il legible label reading "Monte Cristo, Rio Tapajós, Amazonas" and seems to be from Monte Cristo, in the Brazilian state of Pará, on the Tapajós River. This particular location is very low in elevation, with some hills only as high as about 300 m nearby (as determined from Google Earth), which is quite divergent from the Andean foothill localities of the holotype and paratype. Either the specimen is mislabeled or M. torvamessoria is very widespread in South America, and apparently very rare. Regardless of the uncertainty of the collecting locality of this paratype, its genitalia display the very unique and bizarre characteristics of the specimens from southern Peru and the ground color of this specimen is the same distinctive orangeyellow of M. torvamessoria, thus we include this individual in the type series given that there are so few examples of this species available.  Mielke leg,Col. C. Mielke 20.950,21.350,21.382 (CGCM). Rio de Janeiro: 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Petrópolis: 10.X.1961, 19.II.1963, 25.II.1963, 19.XII.1965. 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Petrópolis, Independência, 900 m: 19.VI.1934, 16.V.1935, 23.XI.1939 Diagnosis. Menevia magna is similar to other species in the lantona speciesgroup, except M. rosea, due to the tan ground color, but can be easily recognized by the larger size on average, the darker gray and brown scaling overall (especially in fresh specimens), and the usually mesally kinked forewing postmedial line. Additionally, the male genitalia are unique in that the valves are very broad and ovoid, the paired pro cesses of the gnathos very thin and fingerlike or acutely triangular, and the smoothly curved phallus with a prominent, sharp, triangular dorsal ridge. Female genitalia are unique in the genus in having a bulbous, saclike, sclerotized structure dorsally, re placing the usual sclerotization of tergite VIII, which also distinguishes females of M. magna from the very similar female of M. lantona.

Menevia magna
Description. Male. Head: Tan to gray, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments weakly defined ventral ly due to ventral tufts, dorsally with very dark scales contrasting with overall tangray coloration. Scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus, but tan, fading to straw. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs short, mostly scaled. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 17-19.5 mm, avg.: 17.8 mm, n = 6. Triangular, apical half of outer margin concave, apex falcate. Ground color dark tanbrown fading to lighter yellowish, grayer medially, overall lightly speckled with dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash. Dark brown postmedial line straight with slight inward kink mesally. Antemedial area lighter, submarginal area gray with very little tan coloration near tornus, postmedial lunule originating from near where apical dash meets postmedial line, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to one third length of postmedial line where lunule angled outward toward wing margin, forming roughly 45 degree angle with postmedial line. Antemedial line usually present, brown, undulated. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but post medial nearly absent, may be more heavily speckled with petiolate scales, antemedial line absent, small black, rounded or oblong discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded with margin weakly pointed mesally, anal angle accentuated, similar colora tion and patterning as forewings, vague postmedial lunules originating near anterior margin undulating or nearly straight, antemedial line absent, postmedial line undulat ing, especially near anal angle. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter but lighter, discal spot absent. Abdomen: As for genus. Coloration a continua tion of tan thoracic color. Midventral stripe weak, either extending from posterior tip to about one quarter length of abdomen or until thorax. Genitalia: (Fig. 75) n = 7. Tegumen gumdrop shaped, not constricted at base of gnathos. Vinculum narrow, somewhat quadrate ventrally. Valves very broad, ovoid, asymmetrical, saccular edge of left valve with triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, right valve with tooth much reduced in size. Valves rounded apically. Uncus somewhat triangular, truncated api cally, apex slightly hooked. Gnathos as two, fingerlike or acutely triangular outward facing extensions. Juxtal processes shorter than phallus, flattened, slightly curved, setae absent. Base of phallus with paired, short, rounded or pointed, diverging, backwards facing lobes. Phallus broad, widened mesally, with prominent, sharp or subtriangular dorsal ridge. Left edge of rolled phallus with triangular, ridgelike process, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct, bent points. Vesica somewhat elongated, bag like. Female. Head: As in male. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 20.5 mm, n = 1. As in male but longer, only slightly broader, postmedial line barely kinked mesally. Faint antemedial line present, brown, bowed. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line mostly absent, antemedial absent, small black discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter except somewhat lighter, postmedial line faint. Abdomen: As in male but stouter. Sternite VIII as pair of elongated sclerotized bands widening toward anterior margin of VIII where they converge. Genitalia: (Fig.  93) n = 1. Tergite of VIII very broad, thin, weakly sclerotized, transparent, saclike (see Fig. 93b). Robust apophyses anteriores shorter and wider than apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis relatively thin, weakly concave mesally. Ductus bursae elongate, tubular. Papillae anales somewhat rectangular, covered in setae.
Distribution (Map 1). This new species is apparently endemic to southeastern Bra zil in the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Santa Catarina. The habitat at each of the collecting localities falls within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome (IBGE 2004).
Etymology. Menevia magna is named for the very broad valves of the male genitalia and also for the overall size, which is quite large on average for the lantona speciesgroup.
Remarks. Menevia magna appears to be closely related to the much more wide spread M. lantona of northern and central South America. Based on our present un derstanding of the distribution of this species in São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Rio de Janeiro, it can be reasonably inferred that M. magna is probably found in eastern Paraná as well.

lucara species-group
Species of the lucara speciesgroup are similar to those of the lantona speciesgroup and includes M. lucara, M. menapia sp. n., and M. mielkei sp. n. Sexual dimorphism is more pronounced than in the previous group, but still not as strong as in the next two speciesgroups, with females having broader, more ovoid forewings than males. The size of the species belonging to this group are on the smaller side for the genus, being only slightly larger than those of the lantona group overall. Forewing shape is stout and triangular as in the lantona group, but with more acutely falcate forewings and more steeply curved postmedial lunules. The ground color is dark, generally slate gray with varying degrees of brown and red in the medial area. The lobes of the gnathos in this speciesgroup are unique among the genus, rather than being flattened, cupped, triangular or subtriangular in shape, they are thick, usually upturned, wellsclerotized structures reminiscent of boxing gloves. The phallus is rather tubular and simple, with only one species having a noticeable dorsal phallic ridge. lunule is bright white and sharply curved outward toward the forewing margin, nearly forming a semicircle. The phallus/juxta combination is unique in the genus in that the phallus is smooth and cylindrical, without a dorsal phallic ridge. The terminal ends of the juxtal processes are spatulate, not pointed, and curved inward toward each other, near the terminal quarter of their length. The gnathos processes are highly distinct; they are thick, upturned, heavily sclerotized, somewhat boxing glove in shape.

Key to lucara species-group
Description. Male. Head: Light gray, straw colored in old specimens, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown col lar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments weakly defined ventrally due to ventral tufts, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall gray coloration. Scape and pedicel tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Grayish. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs thin apically, terminal third not scaled, especially ventrally, weakly hooked. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 16.5-21 mm, avg.: 17.3 mm, n = 22. Triangular, apical half of outer margin concave, apex falcate. Ground color gray with pink hue especially near apical point of postmedial line and throughout medial area, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash. Straight postmedial line black or brown, usually strongly con trasting. Antemedial area lighter, submarginal area gray without pink hue, somewhat contrasting with medial area, postmedial lunule originating from apical dash, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to one third length of postmedial line where lunule sharply sweeps outward toward wing margin, forming acute angle with postmedial line. Antemedial line usually absent, if present, faint, brown, undulating. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line fainter, antemedial line absent, small black discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: Somewhat rounded with margin weakly pointed mesally, anal angle accentuated, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, vague postmedial lunule originating near anterior margin, sweeping outward to marginal point, antemedial line absent, postmedial line straight or slightly curved, especially near anterior wing margin. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but slightly lighter, discal mark absent. Abdomen: As for genus. Coloration a continu ation of grayish thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 76) n = 14. Tegumen subtriangular, not constricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum broad, some what quadrate ventrally. Valves simple, relatively narrow, saccular and costal edges of valves with sharp tooth proximal to transtilla. Valves rounded apically. Uncus bottle shaped, apex quadrate. Gnathos as two prominent, thick, heavily sclerotized, boxing glove shaped, upturned, outward facing extensions of varying width, occasionally bro ken dorsally. Juxtal processes roughly phallus length, heavily sclerotized, curving inward toward each other. Processes spatulate distally, setae absent. Base of phallus with robust, paired, somewhat elongated, rounded, diverging lobes, angled ventrally. Phallus simple, cylindrical, thin, but expanded distally. Left edge of rolled phallus simple, ridgelike process absent, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct, often curled, points of varying length. Vesica elongated. Female. Head: As in male, labial palpi slightly longer. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 15-20.5 mm, avg. 18.5 mm, n = 3. As in male but broader, less falcate, pinkish hue more prominent, postmedial line bowed out slightly mesally. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line fainter, antemedial line absent, small black discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but slightly more rounded, broader. Hindwing venter: Follow ing similar pattern as forewing venter except lighter. Abdomen: As in male but stouter. Sternite of VIII as pair of elongated sclerotized bands converging near anterior margin of VIII forming a "V". Genitalia: (Fig. 94) n = 2. Tergite of VIII smoothly curved, very wide, with rounded edges, membranous gap mesally. Apophyses anteriores slightly shorter than apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis bent mesally, forming sharp "V" with ostium bursae at apex. Ductus bursae elongate. Papillae anales subtriangular when viewed ventrally, base widened, covered in relatively long setae especially at apex.
Distribution (Map 2). Menevia lucara is found throughout the Amazonian rain forest in the Guianas, Suriname, the Brazilian states of Pará and Amazonas, as well as in western and central Colombia, Panama, northwestern Ecuador, and southern Peru.
Remarks. Like M. lantona, M. lucara is a wideranging Amazonian species found throughout northern South America and is sympatric with M. lantona throughout most of its range.
Some geographical variation has been noted among the material examined. Speci mens from Panama and Colombia (Figs 20 and 21 respectively) average slightly larger than those from the rest of the species range. Similarly, M. lantona showed parallel geographic variation, with specimens from Colombia, and some from Panama also being larger on average. Additional geographic variation is present in the shape of the phallus. In some of the examined specimens from Colombia, and one from Ecuador, the phallus is slightly thicker and more robust overall than in specimens from other Amazonian localities. Also, the apical tips of the phallus are very short in specimens from French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Peru, whereas they are longer in speci mens from Ecuador and those from some Colombian localities. Diagnosis. Externally M. menapia is nearly identical to M. lucara, albeit this new species is slightly smaller on average. The most significant differences in external char acters are present in the postmedial lunules of the fore and hindwings. The postmedial lunule is less sharply swept to the forewing margin in M. menapia, and on the hind wing the lunule is more distinct, a brighter white rather than extremely faded as in M. lucara. The male genitalia of M. menapia are recognizable by the weaker sclerotization; smaller, slightly thinner processes of the gnathos, and the sharp, rather than spatulate, apices of the juxtal processes. Furthermore, the lobes at the base of the phallus are much shorter and stouter than in M. lucara. Geography is perhaps the easiest way to differentiate M. menapia from other species in the lucara speciesgroup, as it is the only representative of the group from Central America north of Panama.

Menevia menapia
Description. Male. Head: Gray, fading to straw colored in old specimens, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments weakly defined ventrally. Scape and pedicel tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Gray fading to straw in old specimens. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs thin apically, terminal third not scaled, weakly hooked. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 15-17 mm, avg.: 16 mm, n = 7. Triangular, apical half of outer margin concave, apex falcate. Ground color gray with pink hue medially, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash. Weakly con cave postmedial line black, contrasting. Antemedial area lighter, submarginal area gray without pink hue, contrasting with pinkish medial area, postmedial lunule originating from apical dash, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to one third length of post medial line where lunule sweeps outward toward wing margin, roughly forming 45 degree angle with postmedial line. Antemedial line faint or absent, if present, brown, undulating. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line fainter, ante medial line absent, small black discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded with margin weakly pointed mesally, anal angle accentuated, similar coloration and pattern ing as forewings, postmedial lunule present, originating near anterior margin, sweeping outward and fading to marginal point, antemedial line absent, postmedial line straight except near anterior margin. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter. Abdomen: As for genus. Coloration a continuation of grayish thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 77) n = 5. Tegumen subtriangular, not con stricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum broad, somewhat quadrate ventrally. Valves simple, relatively narrow, saccular and dorsal edges of valves with sharp tooth proxi mal to transtilla. Valves rounded or somewhat quadrate apically. Uncus somewhat triangular, apex quadrate. Gnathos as two sclerotized, somewhat boxing glove shaped, upturned, outward facing extensions. Juxtal processes roughly phallus length, not in wardly curved, parallel, curved toward phallus apex, flattened, lightly covered in short setae, pointed apically. Base of phallus with paired, stout, rounded, diverging lobes angled ventrally. Phallus simple, cylindrical, thin but somewhat engorged distally. Left edge of rolled phallus simple, without ridge like process, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points of varying length. Vesica baglike. Female. Unknown.
Distribution (Map 2). Menevia menapia is so far known only from the Petén and Izabal Departments of eastern Guatemala and an adjacent area of Belize.
Etymology. Menevia menapia is named for the likely derivation of Menevia, Me napia. The etymology of Menapia, however, is less clear and may refer to an ancient Roman settlement supposed to have existed in Pembrokeshire, Wales or to a settle ment inhabited by the Menapii people in Belgica.
Remarks. This species, although very similar in external appearance and genitalia characteristics to the South American representatives of the lucara speciesgroup, espe cially the Amazonian M. lucara, is separated by well over 2000 km land distance. Be cause of the extreme allopatry of M. menapia, it is surprising that this new species differs so little from the wideranging, South American M. lucara. Despite these similarities, the allopatry combined with the overall slightly smaller size, minor external differences, and the distinct genitalia differences, warrant the separation of these two similar species. Diagnosis. Externally M. mielkei is nearly identical to both M. lucara and M. menapia. The forewings of M. mielkei are slightly narrower than in the other two species, most notably by the somewhat more acute apices. Genitalia are very useful however, in the diagnosis of M. mielkei. In M. mielkei, the uncus is more slender, the processes of the gnathos are extremely atrophied and thin, the phallus has a distinct dorsal ridge, the processes of the juxta are nearly vertically extended above the base of the phallus, not curved over its length, and the valves lack the saccular edge tooth. Furthermore, the lobes at the base of the phallus are much shorter and stouter than in M. lucara, and in that way are more similar to M. menapia.
Description. Male. Head: Light gray, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by somewhat reduced dark brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments weakly defined ventrally. Scape and pedicel tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Grayish. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs thin apically, terminal third not scaled, especially ventrally, weakly hooked. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 16-17 mm, avg.: 16.6 mm, n = 4. Triangular, apical half of outer margin deeply concave, slightly convex near tornus, apex acutely falcate. Ground color gray with pinkishred to salmon hue especially near apical point of postmedial line and near discal region, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash. Postmedial line straight, blackbrown. Antemedial area lighter than medial area, submarginal area gray without pink hue, postmedial lunule originating from apical dash, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to roughly one third length of postmedial line where lunule sharply sweeps outwards toward wing margin, form ing acute angle with postmedial line. Antemedial line very faint, brown, undulating. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line fainter, pinkishred hue concentrated near costa and discal region, antemedial line absent, small black dis cal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded with margin weakly pointed mesally, anal angle accentuated, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, small black discal mark usually present, very vague postmedial lunules originating near anterior margin sweeping outward to marginal point, antemedial line absent, postmedial line straight or slightly concave. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, pinkishred hue concentrated in anal region. Abdomen: As for genus. Colora tion a continuation of grayish thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 78) n = 4. Tegumen subtriangular, quadrate at base. Vinculum broad, quadrate ventrally. Valves simple, relatively narrow, saccular edge smooth. Valves rounded apically. Uncus elongated, apex quadrate. Gnathos as two thin, atrophied, lightly sclerotized, outward facing extensions. Juxtal processes angled nearly perpendicular to dorsal surface of phallus. Juxtal processes sharply tipped, lightly covered in setae. Base of phallus with paired, backwards facing, rounded, diverging lobes. Phallus thick, expanded mesally. Left edge of rolled phallus forms distinct ridge of varying shape, always covered in setae, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points of varying length. Vesica elongate, saclike. Female. Head: As in male. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: about 21 mm, n = 1. As in male but broader, less falcate, pinkish hue more prominent, postmedial line bowed out slightly mesally. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line fainter, antemedial line absent, small black discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but slightly more rounded, broader. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter except lighter. Abdomen: As in male but stouter. Genitalia: Not examined.
Distribution. Menevia mielkei is found in a small region of southeastern Brazil in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, and adjacent eastern Minas Gerais. Whether or not this species is more widely distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is yet to be determined.
Etymology. Menevia mielkei is named after Carlos G. C. Mielke who provided extensive support and data throughout the process of writing this revision.
Remarks. Like M. menapia, M. mielkei is very similar to the wideranging M. lucara. Both M. menapia and M. mielkei are apparently restricted in distribution, both species being widely allopatric with M. lucara. Of the three species in the lucara spe ciesgroup, M. mielkei has the most distinct genitalia characters as outlined in the di agnosis. The dorsal ridge of the phallus is a common character in many other species of Menevia, but within the lucara speciesgroup, this ridge is only present in M. mielkei.

ostia species-group
The following group contains three species, M. ostia comb. n., M. parostia comb. n., and M. pallida. The former two species were assigned to the genus Pamea Walker, 1855 and the latter species was recently described in Menevia (Herbin and Mielke 2014). The spe cies belonging to the ostia speciesgroup are appropriately placed in Menevia due to the presence of the white postmedial lunule and the complex genusspecific male genitalia. In this speciesgroup, the sexual dimorphism is pronounced. The species belonging to the ostia speciesgroup are similar in size to larger species of the lantona and lucara spe ciesgroups, although those of the ostia speciesgroup average slightly larger. The females of this group, namely those of M. ostia, can be quite large for the genus. The forewing shape of females are characteristic of this speciesgroup, males however, are much more similar to those of the lantona group. Specifically, the forewings are triangular in both speciesgroups and only weakly falcate, especially in the ostia speciesgroup. The species belonging to the ostia group are light yellow to dark yellow or somewhat gold, without a brownish cast to the medial area as in the lantona speciesgroup. The stark yellowish coloration of the medial area is highly contrasting with the gray submarginal area, which is typical of the genus. The male genitalia are characteristic of this speciesgroup; the ostia group is the only group in which every examined specimen has a prominent phallic ridge. The paired gnathos is similar to that of the lantona group, but in the ostia group it is more spadeshaped rather than simply triangular.  II.1992, 06.III.1993, 25-30.I.1998, V.O. Becker Col., Col. Becker 80930, 82945, 113493, USNMMimal: 2053, 2054, 2310-2316 Diagnosis. Menevia ostia can be differentiated from all other speciesgroups by the goldyellow to pale yellow ground color with the contrasting silvery gray submarginal area with a small white accessory mark near the tornus. These traits combined with overall very weakly falcate forewings, distinguish M. ostia from the similar M. lantona but not necessarily from the similar M. pallida and M. parostia comb. n. to be diag nosed below. The width of the submarginal area of the hindwings of female M. ostia is wider than in both M. pallida and M. parostia females. The postmedial line is situated at about midway along the length of the hindwing in M. ostia, but is slightly closer to the wing margin in the other two species. Male genitalia are distinct, except when in comparison with M. pallida, in that the apical end of the phallus is sharply down turned and the dorsal ridge of the phallus is highly variable, though always present. In females, the lateral portion of the prominently sclerotized VIII has appendicular apophyses dorsolaterally in addition to the apophyeses anteriores, distinguishing the females from a questionable female of M. pallida, where the appendicular apophyses are absent.

Key to ostia species-group
Description. Male. Head: Straw or tangold colored, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments somewhat well defined ventrally, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall lighter col oration. Scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Gold to pale, fading to straw. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs thin apically lightly to almost completely scaled. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 12.5-18.5 mm, avg.: 16.8 mm, n = 23. Triangular, apical half of outer margin weakly concave, apex slightly falcate. Ground color gold yellow to pale yellow, overall very lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by silvery white. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash. Black postmedial line slightly concave, sometimes weakly undulating. Submarginal area sil very gray, postmedial lunule originating from near where apical dash meets postmedial line, white mark follows postmedial line from apex to one quarter length of postmedial line where mark smoothly curves outwards toward wing margin becoming diffuse, forming acute angle with postmedial line. White accessory mark present near tornus. Antemedial line very faint or absent, if present, brown, undulating. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but postmedial line fainter, convex near tornus, antemedial line absent, small black, somewhat rounded or elongated discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded, anal angle weakly accentuated, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, postmedial lunule vague or well defined, zigzagged, originating near an terior margin, following curvature of wing margin, not steeply swept to margin, an temedial area lighter, postmedial line straight, sometimes undulating near anal angle. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter but lighter, discal mark absent, marginal area usually browner than surrounding area. Abdomen: As for genus. Coloration a continuation of thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Figs 79-81) n = 14. Tegumen subtriangular. Vinculum narrow, somewhat quadrate. Valves asymmetrical, moderate in width, saccular edge of left valve with large triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, right valve with tooth much reduced in size to nearly absent, both valves with smaller mesal costal tooth immediately above saccular edge teeth. Valves somewhat indented mesally, rounded apically. Uncus teardropshaped, truncated api cally, base variable in width, apex somewhat hooked. Gnathos as two, flattened, spade shaped outward facing flaps, bent toward each other, tips nearly converging. Juxtal processes shorter than phallus, thin, flattened, slightly curved, smooth. Base of phallus with paired, rounded, diverging, backwards facing fingerlike lobes. Phallus variable, broad, dorsal ridge of varying shape. Left edge of phallus forms distinct ridge, either a rounded or rectangular hump mesally or extended along phallus length but always quadrate anteriorly forming distinct edge, distal tip of phallus downturned, separated into two distinct, bent points. Vesica elongated. Female. Head: As in male but scales more grayish, labial palpi longer, thinner, dorsally covered in fewer dark scales. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male but tibial spurs broader, more triangular. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 17.5-26 mm, avg.: 22.8 mm, n = 11. Coloration and patterning as in male but maculation stronger, silvery discal mark wider, wing shape broader, more elongate, ovoid. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but usually darker, markings subdued, postmedial line much fainter, bent near tornus; antemedial line not present; elongate black discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but broader, post medial lunule proportionally larger, zigzagged pattern more obvious. Postmedial line situated midway along length of wing. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter but lighter. Abdomen: As in male but stouter. Sternite of VIII as pair of elongated sclerotized bands sometimes widening toward posterior margin of VIII con verging near anterior margin. Sclerotized bands may be parallel or bowed out midway along length. Genitalia: (Fig. 95) n = 6. VIII prominently sclerotized laterally, with appendicular apophyses dorsolaterally in addition to apophyeses anteriores. Tergite of VIII archlike, converging mesally to form posteriorly directed point. Apophyses anteriores slightly shorter than apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis as wide, semicircular, sclerotized band. Ductus bursae short. Papillae anales rectangular or sub triangular when viewed ventrally, covered in short setae.
Distribution (Map 3). Menevia ostia is a widespread species, found in wet forests from Costa Rica and Panama, Peru, Suriname, French Guiana and the Brazilian Ama zon in the state of Pará (the latter Brazilian state is not marked on Map 3 due to uncer tainty of a specific locale, but which was probably Belém (I. Kitching pers. comm.)). There is also one record from northern Venezuela. This species is apparently found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, but see remarks below. Menevia ostia may range as far north as Belize as per a single report from Pook's Hill, Belize. This interesting record is treated in more detail in the remarks.
Natural history. Menevia ostia is one of the few species of Menevia with known host plant associations. Rearing records from D. Janzen & W. Hallwachs show that M. ostia feeds on both Terminalia amazonia and T. oblonga (Combretaceae). Additionally, a female specimen from Suriname at the USNM bears a label referencing T. catappa, a known host plant of M. plagiata (Raymundo 1919).
Furthermore, D. Janzen provided us access to photos of reared M. ostia, published here for the first time (see Figs 4, 5). Larval coloration is quite striking, but shows the usual morphology and one of a number of case structures typical of Mimallonidae.
Remarks. Druce described Menevia ostia at a time when most new Mimalloni dae that were being described were being placed in the now invalid, preoccupied ge nus Perophora Harris, 1841. Later, Schaus (1928) moved Perophora ostia to the genus Pamea Walker, 1855, apparently based on wing venation, which along with other wing characteristics used by Schaus, are unreliable in assigning species to genera (St Laurent and Dombroskie 2015). Schaus made no mention of the striking similarity in appearance of P. ostia to species placed in the genus Menevia.
Schaus's assignment of M. ostia (and M. parostia comb. n.) to the genus Pamea is strange considering the resemblance of these two species to M. lantona, a species that he described and designated as type species of Menevia, a genus that he also described. In comparing the genitalia of M. ostia with the type species of Pamea, P. albistriga Walker, 1855, the first author found the male genitalia of M. ostia completely unlike those of P. albistriga. The male genitalia of P. albistriga are very simple in comparison with those of M. ostia and Menevia as a whole. The phallus of P. albistriga is simple and truncated apically, and lacking a fused juxta with extended superior processes as in M. ostia and all other Menevia. In P. albistriga the vinculum is much more elongated, valves extremely simple, and the gnathos are atrophied. Genitalia alone offer enough support for the reassignment of P. ostia to Menevia based on the presence of all generic autapomorphies. The external characters of M. ostia are also sufficient for assigning this species to Menevia, namely the postmedial lunule and apical dash, both of which are readily apparent in M. ostia.
Of the four Menevia speciesgroups, the ostia speciesgroup is the most difficult group to tease apart into different morphologically separable species. Phallic structure is an important character for species identification in Menevia, but each specimen of M. ostia examined (n = 14) had a uniquely shaped dorsal phallic ridge, varying in struc ture from a singular rounded or rectangular hump, to a crest that follows the length of the phallus (compare Figs 79c, 80, and 81). There is some degree of geographic as sociation with the phallus structure. For example, specimens from Costa Rica generally have a more humplike phallic ridge whereas those from northern South America have more elongated crests along the length of the phallus. There is also a great deal of vari ation within a single given locality. Specimens from the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, for example, seem to have dorsal phallic ridges almost intermediate between those found in Costa Rica and northern South America. Furthermore, specimens from the Atlantic Forest biome are paler than those from the rest of the distribution. However, a small number of specimens from Rio de Janeiro contradicted this apparent trend as they were darker and much more similar to Costa Rican populations.
This issue of blurred species boundaries is nonexistent in the lantona and lucara speciesgroups. Both of these speciesgroups each have one species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forests, and these endemic species each have unique genitalia and display minor but consistent external differences. The high degree of genitalia and external variation in M. ostia, even from a single location, impedes our ability to lo cate speciesspecific traits. Molecular evidence may be able to offer more conclusive insights, but even then, material is greatly lacking for the ostia speciesgroup. Until more data is made available, it is more parsimonious to consider M. ostia to be a wide ranging, phenotypically homogeneous species with variable male genitalia.
Menevia ostia, the very similar M. parostia comb. n., and M. pallida, are apparently distinct on the basis of female morphology and environment, with the latter species being restricted to drier regions of central South America. Only one record of M. ostia exists from a dry region, a specimen from northern Venezuela. The genitalia of this specimen are surprisingly very similar to those of M. pallida. A similar issue exists for the specimens from Espírito Santo. Although these specimens are consistently larger and paler than Costa Rican specimens, some specimens from Costa Rica are in fact, larger and paler than most others from similar localities.
Further complicating our understanding of the distributional boundaries of true M. ostia is a male specimen resembling M. ostia reported from Pook's Hill, Belize (M. J. C. Barnes pers. comm.; color photo examined). This record is much farther north in Central America than any other records of the ostia group. Only one other species of Menevia is known from Belize: M. menapia. Unfortunately, this specimen is inac cessible to us and it cannot be dissected to determine if it is conspecific with M. ostia, or if it perhaps represents an undescribed species. Regardless of the specific identity of this specimen, the ostia speciesgroup ranges at least as far north as Belize, perhaps making the extreme allopatry of M. menapia less of a biogeographic oddity relative to the genus Menevia as a whole. (Schaus, 1928) Diagnosis. Menevia parostia can be differentiated from M. ostia by the placement of the postmedial line of the hindwing, which is roughly midway along the length of the hindwing in M. ostia and closer to the wing margin in M. parostia. Furthermore, the sclerotized bands on the venter of the VIII abdominal segment are very thin in M. parostia. Lack of material and variability of this structure, however, belies its diagnostic capability. Additionally, most (93%, n = 15) female specimens of M. ostia are much larger than those of M. parostia. This holotype of M. parostia does not differ remark ably from the single definitive female of M. pallida (see remarks).

Menevia parostia
Description. Male. Unknown. Female. Head: Straw colored, eyes bordered poste riorly by dark brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi moderately long, reaching beyond frons, segments somewhat well defined ventrally, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall lighter coloration. Scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Straw colored. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs relatively thick, long, almost completely scaled except ventrally. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 18 mm, n = 1. Subtriangular, rounded, apical quarter of outer margins weakly concave, apex slightly falcate. Ground color pale tanyellow, moderately speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by gray. Apex marked by black scales near tip of apical dash. Postmedial line brown, mostly straight. Submarginal area pale gray, post medial lunule originating from near where apical dash meets postmedial line, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to one quarter length of postmedial line where lunule smoothly curves outward toward wing margin becoming somewhat diffuse, forming acute angle with postmedial line. Faint white accessory mark present near tornus. An temedial line very faint, brown, undulating. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but more heavily speckled, postmedial line bent outwards near tornus, antemedial line absent, discal spot present, small, black. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded, similar colora tion and patterning as forewings, postmedial lunule very vague, wavy, not zigzagged, originating near anterior wing margin, following curvature of wing margin, not steeply swept to margin, antemedial area lighter, postmedial line weakly curved, closer to wing margin than midway along wing length. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter but discal mark absent, marginal area color as surrounding area. Abdomen: As for genus but stouter. Coloration a continuation of thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Sternite of VIII as pair of thin sclerotized bands not touching near anteri or margin, bowed out slightly mesally. Genitalia: (Fig. 96) n = 1. VIII prominently scle rotized laterally, appendicular apophyses present. Tergite of VIII archlike, converging mesally to form posteriorly directed point. Apophyses anteriores slightly shorter than apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis as semicircular, sclerotized band. Ductus bursae short. Papillae anales rectangular when viewed ventrally, covered in short setae.
Distribution. Unfortunately the holotype is without locality information, fur thermore, Schaus's original (1928) description listed the "habitat" as "unknown." Remarks. Schaus (1928) described Pamea parostia, known only from the female holotype, based on its resemblance to M. ostia, differing only by its smaller size, "re duced" markings, and the "more developed" frenulum. Upon examining the holotype and comparing it with the much larger female holotype of M. ostia and a series of mostly larger females from Costa Rica, we found that Schaus was incorrect in his as sertion that the frenulum of M. parostia is more developed, when in fact the frenulum appears to be of the same size and arrangement in examined M. ostia females. Schaus frequently failed to locate the frenulum despite its presence, as shown by previous authors (Pearson 1951, 1984, St Laurent and Dombroskie 2015. Furthermore, the size difference between M. parostia and M. ostia is certainly not enough evidence to maintain M. parostia as a valid species. Among the M. ostia specimens from Costa Rica that were examined in this work, one female specimen from Tomatera was actually smaller than the holotype of M. parostia, along with a similarly very small male. Public barcode data shows this smaller pair of M. ostia display no differences whatsoever from regularly sized M. ostia from nearby locations (BOLD). Many species of Mimallonidae frequently display dwarfed specimens (R. A. St. Laurent pers. obs.), perhaps due to poor host plant assimilation or other environmental factors, potentially explaining the small size of the single pair of M. ostia.
The presence of such small specimens of M. ostia originally lead us to believe that M. parostia must be just another small example of this species, well within the natural size range and we were prepared to synonymize M. parostia with M. ostia. However, additional examination of the holotype of M. parostia revealed characters of the hind wing maculation and genitalia that were not seen in any examined M. ostia. The paired sternites of VIII in M. parostia are slightly thinner overall in comparison to those of M. ostia, but this character is rather variable in general. A more dramatic difference is found in the arrangement of the hindwing postmedial line between the two species (see Figs 36, 37 compared with 38). The holotype of M. parostia is strikingly similar to a female specimen of M. pallida in relative size, coloration, and arrangement of the hindwing postmedial line. Unfortunately, the abdomen of the female M. pallida is missing and thus a genitalia comparison cannot be performed. It is quite possible that M. pallida is a junior synonym of M. parostia, but without locality data, the abdomen of the female M. pallida, or true males of M. parostia, we cannot render this conclusion definitive. Pending further data, we therefore retain both M. parostia and M. pallida as valid species. Diagnosis. Menevia pallida can be differentiated from the somewhat larger, but very similar M. ostia by the pale tan to yellowish brown ground color as opposed to gold or pale yellow. Additionally, the dark speckling is usually heavier due to the pres ence of more petiolate scales. The hindwings are without bright, obvious, zigzagged postmedial lunules as in M. ostia. In both M. pallida and M. parostia, the placement of the postmedial line on the hindwing is closer to the wing margin than to midway along the length of the wing as it is in M. ostia. The phallic ridge is more smoothly curved and less quadrate terminally than in M. ostia, with the front edge of the phallic ridge evenly sloped rather than squared. The female of M. pallida is smaller than those of M. ostia. We are unable to provide characters to differentiate the unique female of M. parostia from female M. pallida, although the females of M. pallida at our disposal (both true and questionable specimens) are always slightly larger than the unique specimen of M. parostia.

Menevia pallida
Description. Male. Head: Pale tan, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown col lar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi small, segments somewhat well defined ventrally, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall lighter coloration. Scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Pale goldtan. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs relatively thick. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 15.5-17 mm, avg.: 16.3 mm, n = 2. Triangular, apical half of outer margins weakly concave, apex slightly falcate. Ground color pale tan to yellowish, moderately speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by gray. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash. Black postmedial line mostly straight, sometimes weakly undulating or kinked. Submarginal area pale gray, postmedial lunule originating from near where apical dash meets postmedial line, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to one quarter length of postmedial line where lunule smoothly curves outward toward wing margin becom ing somewhat diffuse, forming acute angle with postmedial line. White accessory mark present near tornus. Antemedial line faint, brown, undulating. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but two postmedial lines present, both much fainter than single line on dorsum, one line convex near tornus and slightly undulating, the other straight, following the postmedial line of wing dorsum, antemedial line absent, small black elongated discal spot present. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded, anal angle weakly accentu ated, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, postmedial lunule very vague, wavy, not zigzagged, originating near anterior wing margin, following curvature of wing margin, not steeply swept to margin, antemedial area lighter, postmedial line straight, weakly undulating near anal angle. Hindwing venter: Following similar pat tern as forewing venter but discal mark absent, marginal area color as surrounding area. Abdomen: As for genus. Coloration a continuation of thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 82) n = 2. Tegumen subtriangular to nearly ovoid. Vin culum narrow, somewhat accentuated quadrate corners. Valves slightly asymmetrical, short, saccular edge of left valve with large triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, right valve with tooth much reduced in size, both valves with smaller central ridge immedi ately above saccular edge teeth. Valves somewhat indented mesally, rounded apically. Uncus triangular, apex sharp, moderately hooked. Gnathos as two, flattened, spade shaped outward facing flaps, bent inward, tips nearly meeting. Juxtal processes shorter than phallus, narrow, flattened, slightly curved, smooth. Base of phallus with paired, rounded, diverging, backwards facing fingerlike lobes. Phallus curved, broad, length wise dorsal ridge present. Left edge of phallus forms distinct setae covered ridge, ex tended along phallus length, smoothly sloped at anterior terminus, distal tip of phallus weakly downturned separated into two distinct, bent points. Vesica baglike. Female. Head: As in male but scales paler, labial palpi longer, thinner, dorsally covered in less dark scales. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 21 mm, n = 1. Coloration and patterning exactly as in male, wing shape broader. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but lighter, markings subdued, postmedial line much fainter, weakly bent near tornus; antemedial line not present; faint, elongated black discal spot present, darkest mesally. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but slightly broader, larger, submarginal area grayish. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as fore wing venter except lighter with very little maculation. [Abdomen and genitalia based on a questionable specimen from Minas Gerais that may not be attributable to M. pallida, the single Maranhão female is missing an abdomen and thus genitalia are unavail able]. Abdomen: As in male, but stouter. Sternite of VIII as pair of elongated sclerotized bands, bowed out midway along length. Genitalia: (Fig. 97) n = 1. VIII prominently sclerotized laterally, appendicular apophyses absent. Tergite of VIII archlike, con verging mesally to form posteriorly directed point. Apophyses anteriores shorter than apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis as semicircular, sclerotized band. Ductus bursae short. Papillae anales subtriangular when viewed ventrally, covered in setae.
Distribution (Map 3). Menevia pallida is potentially restricted to drier Cerrado habitat. Reliable records exist only from the Brazilian state of Maranhão. We question ably consider a female specimen from eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil to be this species due to the presence of Cerrado at that locality (IBGE 2004). Additional records from Paraguay are herein provisionally considered M. pallida, but likely represent an addi tional undescribed species, see remarks below.
Remarks. The recently described M. pallida is not very distinct from the wide spread M. ostia or from the unique specimen of M. parostia. The differences between M. pallida and M. ostia, while present, provide only a weak basis on which to consider these taxa as separate species. The original description of M. pallida was based on com parisons with M. lantona, which was considered the most similar species by Herbin and Mielke (2014). Menevia ostia was not mentioned by these authors, despite the almost exact same external and genitalia morphologies of the males of the two species. In addition, the authors reported that the genitalia of M. pallida are "the same" as M. lantona, which we have found not to be the case. The genitalia of the holotype of M. pallida in Herbin and Mielke (2014) displays very little resemblance to any M. lantona dissections that we have reviewed (compare Figs 72 and 82). Most notably, the uncus of M. lantona is handbell shaped rather than triangular, the valves narrower, the gna thos processes more flattened and triangular, and finally the phallus of M. lantona is of an entirely different shape. The phallus of M. lantona lacks a dorsal ridge, which is a prominent character of the entire ostia speciesgroup. Apparently the phallus of M. pallida was not fully examined during the description, as it was not figured separately from the rest of the genitalia nor was it removed from the genitalia when one of us examined the genitalia preparation.
Despite the issues with the original description of M. pallida, we still consider it a valid species based primarily on environmental differences, consistently smaller size, paler tan rather than golden coloration, the position of the hindwing postmedial line in females, and the potential difference in female genitalia compared to female M. ostia. The female from Caixas, Maranhão, Brazil, was collected about 440 km north east of the type locality of M. pallida, and from the same Cerrado habitat (Silva et al. 2012), and thus is the single female specimen most likely associated with M. pallida. We consider this association reliable because the size and maculation agree perfectly with the examined holotype and paratype males of M. pallida.
The single female from Lassance, Minas Gerais, Brazil, which we associate here with M. pallida, albeit questionably, is relatively small and pale compared to M. ostia females from Central America and northern South America, and consequently seems more in line with M. pallida. However, as explained in the remarks to M. ostia, some populations from Atlantic Forest localities are similarly pale. Pending upon the avail ability of additional specimens of both sexes from Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, we are unable to conclusively allocate these populations to either species.
We consider two females from Paraguay to be M. pallida due to their localities near the Cerrado, small size, and pale coloration. However, the forewing shape is less rounded than in female M. ostia and M. pallida, making the Paraguayan specimens appear rather distinct (see Fig. 41). Because of this morphological difference, these specimens were not included when writing the female description for M. pallida. Due to the fact that we lack males from Paraguay, we are unable to determine conclusively whether the specimens from Paraguay represent M. pallida or a distinct, undescribed species. Regardless, the specimens from Paraguay certainly belong to the ostia species group and are treated here in the present study as they represent the only records of Menevia from Paraguay and are therefore significant.

plagiata species-group
The plagiata speciesgroup contains the largest Menevia, the females of some species are among the largest Mimallonidae. Sexual dimorphism is very pronounced in this group. Forewings of females are longer and broader than those of the males, which are converse ly very falcate. Unlike in the three previous speciesgroups, the species belonging to the plagiata group do not have the curved postmedial lunules, but instead have distinct white bands that border the outer margin of the postmedial line, either along the complete length of the line as in the vulgaris subgroup containing: M. vulgaris sp. n., M. franclemonti sp. n., M. vulgaricula sp. n., M. cordillera sp. n., and M. delphinus sp. n.; or are inter rupted midway along the line as in the plagiata subgroup, which contains: M. plagiata, M. australis sp. n., and M. alurca. The lack of the lunules immediately distinguishes this speciesgroup from the others. However, the presence of the apical dash is very distinc tive and thus the species in this group are easily identifiable as Menevia. Ground color is also darker for this group, most similar to the lucara group, being primarily gray, brown, or some combination. The male genitalia are more robust than in other speciesgroups. The paired gnathos is flat and oblong, either somewhat triangular or partly ovoid, usually with extreme truncation distally. The phallus is diverse in form, ranging from elongated and smooth to almost triangular due to an exaggerated dorsal projection when viewed laterally. The juxtal arms are generally very flat and wide, not sharp apically. Diagnosis. Menevia plagiata is recognizable from all previous species in both sexes by the replacement of the wing marginswept postmedial lunule with a white band along the length of the postmedial line, which is interrupted midway and resumes near the inner margin. The female of M. plagiata is differentiated from the following two similar species by the presence of a straight or only weakly undulated postmedial line, which, along with the white accessory band, curves toward the apex of the forewing, sometimes sharply, usually to the wingtip, rather than ending at or before reaching the apical dash. Male genitalia are unlike any other species except M. alurca, in that the phallus bears a prominent, elongated, pointed projection from the dorsal surface and is not smooth or ridged as in all other previously diagnosed species. The nearly straight forewing postmedial lines (except near the apex) distinguish both male and female M. plagiata from M. alurca, whereas male genitalia characters and the apical curve of the female forewing postmedial line distinguish M. plagiata from M. australis sp. n.

Key to plagiata species-group
Description. Male. Head: Gray, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by darker gray collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi very small, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall gray coloration. Scape and pedicel tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Light graybrown. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs small to moderate in length, almost entirely scaled. Forewing dorsum: Fore wing length: 22-24.5 mm, avg.: 22.4 mm, n = 7. Triangular, apical half of outer mar gins concave, apex falcate. Ground color graybrown with darker gray, brown suffusion especially near interior edge of postmedial line and medial area, reddish coloration near apex along apical interior of postmedial line, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray oblong shape, thin gray mark connecting discal spot to costa. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash, especially near apical tip. Postmedial line straight or weakly undulated, line black, strongly contrasting. Sub marginal area light gray with whitish suffusion mesally, postmedial lunule as white band originating from apical dash, white band follows postmedial line from apex to midway along postmedial line, resuming near anal margin. Antemedial line faint, brown, curved outwards. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but grayer rather than brownish, sometimes with pinkish hue, black portion of postmedial line mostly absent except medially where very dark, white outer band of postmedial line as in dorsum, antemedial line absent. Hindwing dorsum: Subtriangular, anal angle weakly accentuated, reddish suffusion near anal angle, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, except post medial lunule present as zigzagged mark, originating from white outer band along first quarter of postmedial line, postmedial line usually sharply bent toward anterior wing margin, sometimes weakly concave mesally. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but red coloration near anal angle and medial area much darker. Abdomen: As for genus but elongated, nearly sphingiform, reaching beyond anal margin of hindwing. Coloration a continuation of gray thoracic color. Dark, contrasting, mid ventral stripe present along entire length. Genitalia: (Figs 83, 84) n = 7. Somewhat vari able; tegumen ovoid or rounded rectangular, sometimes weakly constricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum narrow, somewhat quadrate ventrally. Valves short, stocky, bent outwards or more elongated; saccular edge of left valve with large triangular tooth proxi mal to transtilla, sometimes notched mesally, right valve with tooth slightly reduced in size, both valves with prominent mesal costal projection originating from central ridge of valve, projection immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of mesal projection pointed toward saccular edge. Valves triangular, rounded, or somewhat pointed api cally. Uncus truncated apically, apex rounded. Gnathos as two prominent flattened, moderately sclerotized, flaplike, somewhat triangular, outwardfacing extensions with truncated apices. Apices usually form fingerlike projections of varying length. Juxtal processes roughly phallus length, moderately sclerotized, curving toward apex of phal lus. Juxtal processes very thin, long, widening distally, covered in fine setae, especially apically. Base of phallus with paired, backwards facing, elongated, rounded, diverging lobes sometimes with pointed tips on one or both lobes. Phallus irregularly shaped, un evenly edged dorsum lacking an extensive dorsal ridge but with prominent, elongated or sharply triangular, pointed protuberance, covered in setae, apical tip usually bent back  wards. Left edge of rolled phallus uneven, forming extended protuberance, right edge usually with setae covered bulge laterally; base of sclerotized terminus of phallus with prominent ventral bump, angled away from distal end of phallus. Distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points of varying length. Vesica elongated. Female. Head: As in male. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 27.5 mm, n = 1. Maculation as in male, wing broader, more ovoid, less triangular, postmedial line may be bent slightly outward mesally, outer white band of postmedial line curved toward apex, continuously to wingtip, forming very acute angle at junction with apical dash, dark scaling above apical dash usually concentrated near apical tip. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but grayer. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but more rounded, less triangular, postmedial line straight except for sharp turn towards anterior wing margin, not concave mesally. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, reddishbrown suffusion near anal angle much darker. Abdomen: As in male but more robust. Sternite of VIII as pair of elongated sclerotized bands curving toward each other near anterior edge of VIII segment, but never converge. Genitalia: (Fig. 98) n = 1. Tergite of VIII forms triangular, posteriorly directed arc. Apophyses anteriores shorter than apophyses posteriores, apophyses very thin. Lamella antevagi nalis thin, Cshaped, weakly notched mesally near ostium bursae. Ductus bursae short. Papillae anales subtriangular, covered in relatively long setae.
Distribution (Map 4). Menevia plagiata is found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Most records come from the state of Rio de Janeiro, but records also exist from farther north in Espírito Santo and Pernambuco states. The distribution of this species prob ably extends along the entire coast of Brazil north from the state of Rio de Janeiro.
Natural history. A number of host records exist in the literature for M. plagiata sensu lato, but due to the uncertainty of the identification of this taxon in the past (see remarks below), we cannot be certain that all of the following records pertain to M. plagiata sensu stricto. Perhaps the most reliable record comes from Raymundo (1919) because this author figures the adult of true M. plagiata and describes its distribution as only including the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, which elimi nates the more southerly distributed M. australis sp. n. and the primarily Amazonian M. vulgaris sp. n., both described below. Raymundo (1919), Monte (1934), and Lima (1950) mention only Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae) as a host of M. plagiata, a spe cies we previously showed to be a host of M. ostia. Additional, less verifiable host plant records include: Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), Licania tomentosa (Chrysobalanaceae), and even Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae) all cited in Silva et al. (1968). Silva et al. (1968) refers to "pinheiro" (Pine), which we interpret to mean Araucaria angustifolia because this host is listed by Mecke et al. (2000) for M. plagiata, citing Silva et al. (1968). Additionally, Pastrana (2004) mentions Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae) as a host for M. plagiata, but this is probably an erroneous misinterpretation of Lima (1950) who had listed "amendoeira (Terminalia catappa)" as the host of M. plagiata, referring to amendoeira da praia (T. catappa), not true amendoeira (almond, P. amygdalus).
Remarks. Menevia plagiata is the most problematic taxon in the genus, largely due to the unavailability of the holotype, which is presumed to be lost. The holotype of M. plagiata originated from Fry's collection, and was collected in Rio de Janeiro. Becker (2001) provided information pertaining to the history of the many specimens from the Fry Collection, collected in Rio de Janeiro, later described by Walker, that were sub sequently damaged, and are apparently now lost. We attempted to locate the holotype of M. plagiata at the NHMUK but were unsuccessful. Contacting the University Mu seum, Oxford in an effort to locate the holotype there was also unsuccessful. Although it is not impossible that this type remains undiscovered somewhere in these or other collections, we consider it unlikely to be located, thus we here designate a neotype for this species based on information discussed below.
Walker's (1855) original description of M. plagiata is rather vague and could arguably be attributed to either M. plagiata or M. franclemonti sp. n. as both of these species are found in Rio de Janeiro and are somewhat similar in appearance. The most important line in Walker's description is that relating to the white band, which fol lows the postmedial line in both M. plagiata and M. franclemonti sp. n. This band is interrupted in the former and continuous in the latter. Walker (1855) states in his original description of M. plagiata that there is a "very oblique slender white band at threefourths of the length, forming a very acute angle near the tip," which we inter pret to mean the white band following the exterior of the postmedial line. However, Walker does not mention whether the white band is continuous or interrupted along the length of the postmedial line, which is necessary information to attribute this description definitively to either species. Walker's description of Mimallo saturata Walker, 1855 from the same work offers some characters that could be attributed to what we consider M. plagiata, in which the most important again is the white band along what is assumed to be the postmedial line: "a whitish slender slightly oblique band, which has a blackish border on its outer side, and extends from near the tip of the costa to threefourths of the length of the interior border" (Walker 1855). The holotype of M. saturata is also presumed lost due to it originating from Fry's collec tion and having a type locality of Rio de Janeiro.
An additional taxonomic issue was created by the presence of the "holotype" of Perophora ‡superba Jones in the NHMUK. The name ‡superba is a manuscript name and was never published by Jones. It is possible that Jones realized the similarity of ‡superba to M. plagiata as described by Walker, and hence did not describe it. This assumption is an additional piece of evidence supporting our concept of M. plagiata because the "holotype" of ‡superba matches it. If a validly published description using the name ‡superba is located, it would have to be treated as a junior synonym of M. plagiata.
After visiting the NHMUK and reviewing the specimens belonging to the M. plagiata speciesgroup, it was clear that all Rio de Janeiro specimens matched our concept of M. plagiata, including a number of specimens from the late 1800's. The other species that the name plagiata could be associated with, which we describe below as M. franclemonti sp. n., is rarer relative to M. plagiata and was not present in the NHMUK. Schaus (in Seitz 1928) illustrated our concept of M. plagiata as this species, and did not figure anything resembling M. franclemonti sp. n. Therefore; it seems most probable that Walker had a specimen matching our concept of M. plagiata at his disposal when writing his description. Finally, one of the oldest M. plagiata determinations in the NHMUK, from 1889 by C. Berg, was a female speci men matching our concept of M. plagiata. This provides an indication that as early as 1889 the name plagiata was being associated with the species that we consider to be M. plagiata.
The taxonomic history of the name plagiata is surely complicated, and unfortu nately, without seeing the holotype, we might never be completely sure that our con cept of the species coincides with that of Walker's (1855). Complications compound further when considering the great deal of variation, both externally and in male geni talia morphology, that M. plagiata displays within the state of Rio de Janeiro. The considerable amount of variation suggests that M. plagiata sensu lato may represent a species complex. However, the four examined NHMUK specimens from Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, including the neotype, represent a cohesive series in terms of external characteristics and genitalia, with very little variation. The valves of these specimens are much stouter and the projection of the phallus shorter than in other M. plagiata from nearby locations in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Therefore, to stabilize the no menclature, we here designate the neotype, chosen from this series. A specimen from Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro at DZUP also greatly resembles the series of four M. plagiata from Teresópolis (see Fig. 43). Herbin & Mielke, 2014 Figs 47-50, 54, 55, 85, 99;Map 4 Menevia alurca Herbin & Mielke, 2014: 146-147;figs ♂ 48, 49 1971, 19.X.1971, 21.X.1971, 24.X.1971 1 ♂, Sete Lagoas, 720 m: 16.III.1974, V.O. Becker col., Col. Becker No. 413, USNMMimal: 2342.

Menevia alurca
Diagnosis. Menevia alurca is distinguishable from all previous species in both sex es by the slate gray coloration suffused with deep bloodred, and the postmedial line, which is usually bent outward toward the wing margin at about threequarters of its length. Additionally, the white band along the exterior of the postmedial line does not curve sharply toward the wing apex as it does in M. plagiata, but instead ends where it meets the apical dash. In this respect, M. alurca is similar to M. australis sp. n.; how ever, the white band usually juts out sharply just before approaching the apical dash in M. alurca, which is not seen in most other Menevia. The male genitalia however, should immediately distinguish this species from M. australis sp. n.; the phallus bears a prominent, elongated, pointed protuberance from the dorsal surface, not a rounded hump as in M. australis sp.n. The female genitalia differ from those of both M. plagiata and M. australis sp. n. by the small size, the very thin abdominal sclerotizations, and the mesally creased lamella antevaginalis.
Description. Male. Head: Gray, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by darker gray collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labi al palpi very small, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall gray coloration. Antenna yellowish, scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Gray. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs moderate in length, scaled except for distal quarter. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 18-21.5 mm, avg.: 19.7 mm, n = 5. Triangular, apical half of outer margin concave, apex falcate. Ground color dark gray with predominance of deep redbrown or bloodred throughout medial area, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray, oblong shape; thin gray mark connects discal spot to costa. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash. Postme dial line usually bent outwards along threefourths of its length, rarely nearly straight [especially in transitional population]. Submarginal area light gray, contrasting with much darker medial area, with whitish suffusion mesally forming a faint zigzag, post medial lunule as distinct white band originating from apical dash, white band follows postmedial line from apex to roughly midway along postmedial line, resuming near anal margin. Antemedial line faint, brown, curved outwards. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but generally much grayer, sometimes with pinkish hue, antemedial line absent, small black discal mark occasionally present. Hindwing dorsum: Subtrian gular, anal angle accentuated, reddish coloration usually present near anal angle, bleed ing into medial area, similar coloration and patterning overall as forewings, except postmedial lunule present as zigzagged mark, originating from white outer band out lining anterior bend of postmedial line, postmedial line weakly curved toward anterior wing margin, sometimes weakly concave mesally. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but red coloration near anal angle much darker. Abdomen: As for genus, but somewhat stouter. Coloration a continuation of gray thoracic color. Dark, contrasting midventral stripe present. Genitalia: (Fig. 85) n = 4. Somewhat variable; tegumen ovoid or somewhat rectangular, sometimes weakly constricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum broad, somewhat quadrate ventrally. Valves broad at base, triangular, saccular edge of left valve with large triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, right valve with tooth slightly reduced in size, both valves with smaller mesal costal projection originating from central ridge of valve, mesal costal projection immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of projection pointed toward saccular edge. Valves may be truncated distally, rounded apically. Uncus truncated apically, apex rounded. Gna thos as two prominent flattened, moderately sclerotized, flaplike, barely triangular, upward facing extensions with truncated apices. Apices usually form fingerlike projec tions of varying length. Juxtal processes roughly phallus length, moderately sclerotized, curving toward apex of phallus. Juxtal processes very thin, widening distally, covered in fine setae, especially apically. Base of phallus with paired, backwards facing, elon gated, rounded, diverging fingerlike lobes. Phallus irregularly shaped, unevenly edged dorsum lacking an extensive dorsal ridge but with prominent, elongated, pointed setae covered projection, tip bent backwards. Left edge of rolled phallus uneven, forming extended projection, right edge usually with setae covered bulge laterally, base of scle rotized terminus of phallus with prominent ventral bump, angled away from distal end of phallus, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points of varying length. Vesica somewhat baglike. Female. Head: As in male, dark gray scales surrounding eyes reduced. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male, tibial spurs longer. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 19.5-26 mm, n = 2. Maculation as in male but grayer with less redbrown, wing broader but still subtriangular. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but lighter gray, dark discal mark present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but more rounded, less triangular, postmedial line bent more sharply toward anterior wing margin. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, reddishbrown suffusion near anal angle much darker, contrasting. Abdomen: As in male but more robust. Sternite of VIII as pair of thin, nearly parallel, elongated, sclerotized bands. Genitalia: (Fig. 99) n = 2. Tergite of VIII robust, forming triangular, posteriorly di rected arc. Apophyses anteriores shorter, thicker than apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis moderate in thickness, with mesal crease at ostium bursae. Ductus bursae short. Papillae anales elongated, subtriangular, covered in relatively long setae.
Distribution (Map 4). Menevia alurca is primarily found in the Brazilian Cerrado, with records from Maranhão, Distrito Federal, and central Minas Gerais. The Minas Gerais population may represent an introgression zone with the similar M. plagiata of the Atlantic Forest. This species may also be present in Argentina, as suggested by the single questionable specimen discussed below.
Remarks. Herbin and Mielke (2014) considered this species to be of the same size as M. lucara, although we found M. alurca larger on average. Menevia plagiata, which we show to be the closest species to M. alurca based on external characters and genitalia, was indeed mentioned in their diagnosis of M. alurca, but the authors did not provide differentiating characters other than that M. plagiata is larger. Menevia alurca is easily distinguished from M. lucara by all characters presented by Herbin and Mielke (2014). However, the male genitalia of M. alurca are nearly indistinguishable from those of M. plagiata and individuals of M. alurca that have straighter postmedial lines are externally very similar to M. plagiata.
Upon reviewing each of the seven paratypes of M. alurca, it became apparent that one paratype in the collection of Herbin (BcHer4848) does not belong to this spe cies and was incorrectly included in the paratype series. The specimen in question has a continuous white band along the forewing postmedial line and lacks a midventral stripe on the abdomen, characters that allow us to identify this specimen as M. delphinus sp. n., another Cerrado species, described below.
External characteristics and male genitalia, namely, the phallus, of M. alurca is extremely similar to that of M. plagiata, thus these species are not readily differenti able based on male genitalia alone, as are most Menevia species. Furthermore, three specimens from two nearby localities in central Minas Gerais that we questionably de termined as M. alurca, are somewhat intermediate in habitus between M. alurca from farther north and west (central Cerrado), and M. plagiata from farther east and south east (Brazilian Atlantic Forest). These specimens display the predominance of darker coloration and the arrangement of markings near the forewing apices that we attribute to M. alurca. However, the forewing postmedial line is only weakly curved outwards, not bent so dramatically as in the types of M. alurca. These specimens are also quite large, much more in line with those of M. plagiata. The population from Minas Gerais is transitional in appearance between M. alurca and M. plagiata, and it is worth noting that the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes converge there (IBGE 2004).
A female that we questionably assign to this species, from Formosa, Argentina, is extremely small and has a nearly straight forewing postmedial line. Although the size and postmedial line are not comparable to the other female M. alurca, the markings at the forewing apex, the predominance of red coloration, and genitalia (namely the mesally creased lamella antevaginalis), are all highly suggestive of M. alurca. Without more mate rial from this locality, particularly males, it is impossible to reach conclusive determina tion about its identity. We decided to include this specimen in our material examined due to its collecting locality, which represents the only Menevia record from Argentina.  1934, 14.IX.1934, 15.IX.1934, 19.IX.1934, 6.X.1934, 8.X.1934 2007, 16-19.IX.2005  Diagnosis. Menevia australis is similar to M. plagiata in both sexes, but can be distinguished in both sexes by slightly broader wings, deeper brown coloration, and by the white band along the postmedial line, which terminates at the apex somewhat me sally along the length of the apical dash. The white band is either nearly perpendicular to the apical dash or it forms a roughly 45 degree angle with it. The white band may be somewhat curved toward the apex as in M. plagiata, but does not reach the apical tip of the wing. Male genitalia are easily recognized by the rounded hump or short triangular protuberance on the dorsal surface of the phallus, easily distinguishing the male geni talia from those of M. plagiata and M. alurca, which both have very elongated dorsal protuberances on the phallus. Additionally, the uncus is narrower and more triangular in M. australis. The VIII tergite in the female genitalia of M. australis forms a rounded arc and is not triangular as in M. plagiata and M. alurca.

Menevia australis
Description. Male. Head: Graybrown or light brown, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by darker brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi very small, dorsally with darker scales contrast ing with overall gray coloration. Scape and pedicel tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Light graybrown to light brown. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs small to moderate in length, almost entirely scaled. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 21.5-23 mm, avg.: 22.4 mm, n = 7. Triangular, apical half of outer margin concave, apex falcate. Ground color graybrown with caramel brown or almost slate gray suffusion throughout medial area, reddish coloration near apex along apical interior of postmedial line, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray oblong shape, thin gray mark connecting discal spot to costa. Apex marked by black scales above api cal dash, especially near apical tip. Postmedial line straight or weakly undulated, line black, strongly contrasting. Submarginal area light gray with whitish suffusion mesally forming faint or conspicuous zigzag, postmedial lunule as white band originating me sally from apical dash, white band follows postmedial line from apex to midway along postmedial line becoming zigzagged diffusion, white band resumes near anal margin. Antemedial line faint, brown, curved outwards. Forewing venter: As in forewing dor sum but grayer rather than brownish, antemedial line absent. Hindwing dorsum: Sub triangular, anal angle weakly accentuated, reddish coloration usually present near anal angle, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, except postmedial lunule present as zigzagged mark similar to zigzagged diffusion on forewing, mark originating from white outer band along first quarter of postmedial line, postmedial line sharply bent toward anterior wing margin, sometimes weakly concave mesally. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but red coloration near anal angle much darker, almost brown. Abdomen: As for genus but somewhat elongated, nearly sphin giform. Coloration a continuation of gray thoracic color. Dark, contrasting midventral stripe present. Genitalia: (Fig. 86) n = 6. Tegumen ovoid, weakly constricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum rectangular, somewhat quadrate ventrally. Valves triangular, saccular edge of left valve with large triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, right valve with tooth slightly reduced in size, both valves with central tooth originating from central ridge of valve, tooth immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of central tooth pointed toward saccular edge. Valves truncated distally, bent slightly outward near apex, rounded apically. Uncus narrow, triangular, apex rounded. Gnathos as two prominent flattened, moderately sclerotized, flaplike, somewhat triangular, outward facing extensions with truncated apices. Apices usually form fingerlike projections of varying length. Juxtal processes roughly phallus length, moderately sclerotized, curving toward apex of phallus. Juxtal processes very thin, flattened, covered in fine setae. Base of phallus with paired, backwards facing, moderately elongated, rounded, diverging lobes. Phallus irregularly shaped, unevenly edged dorsum with prominent rounded, triangular, or somewhat rectangular setae covered hump. Left edge of rolled phallus uneven, forming hump; right edge usually with setae covered bulge laterally, base of sclerotized terminus of phallus with prominent ventral bump, angled away from dis tal end of phallus, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points of varying length. Vesica small, saclike. Female. Head: As in male. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male, tibial spurs stouter. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 29.5-32 mm, avg: 30.3 mm, n = 1. Maculation as in male, wing broader, more ovoid, less triangular, outer white band of postmedial line intercepts apical dash mesally or dissipates before reach ing mark, dark scaling above apical dash spread over length of apical dash. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but usually grayer. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but more rounded, less triangular. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, reddishbrown suffusion near anal angle much darker, contrasting. Abdomen: As in male but more robust. Sternite of VIII as pair of elongated, broad or very narrow sclerotized bands curving toward each other near anterior edge of VIII segment, but not converging. Genitalia: (Fig. 100) n = 2. Tergite of VIII forms curved, rounded, posteriorly directed arc. Apophyses anteriores shorter than apophyses posteriores. La mella antevaginalis thin, Cshaped, weakly notched mesally near ostium bursae. Duc tus bursae narrow. Papillae anales subtriangular, covered in setae.
Distribution (Map 4). This new species is so far known only from southeastern Brazil in the northeast of Santa Catarina state and eastern São Paulo state. Menevia australis is likely present in intervening eastern Paraná as well.
Etymology. Menevia australis is named for its southerly distribution, which among Menevia, is only shared with M. magna. Additionally, M. australis seems to represent the southeast most extension of the M. plagiata species complex, replacing M. plagiata farther southeast.
Remarks. Menevia australis is the southeasternmost species of the M. plagiata complex and is quite difficult to separate from true M. plagiata without a genitalia dissection or geographic information. However, upon thorough examination of the male and female genitalia, external diagnostic characters became readily apparent and have been presented above in the diagnosis. Additionally, the allopatric distribution of these species suggests that they are two separate species, albeit very closely related. The allopatric distribution patterns of M. australis and M. plagiata are not unique, similar allopatry was shown in two closely related Saturniidae by Mielke et al. (2012) wherein there is a distinct gap in eastern São Paulo state. This gap is probably not due to lack of collecting as the region has been extensively sampled (C. Mielke pers. comm.).
Both M. australis and M. franclemonti sp. n. described below, were originally rec ognized as distinct by J. G. Franclemont, and given manuscript names, but never formally described. The holotype and some paratypes of M. australis (all from Jaraguá do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil) bear labels reading "PARATYPE," "HOLOTYPE," or "ALLOTYPE" with Franclemont's manuscript name Menevia ‡elegans. In addition to our holotype and paratype labels, we have placed labels on these specimens stating that Franclemont's labels represent a manuscript name.

vulgaris subgroup
The vulgaris subgroup contains M. vulgaris sp. n., M. franclemonti sp. n., M. vulgaricula sp. n., M. cordillera sp. n., and M. delphinus sp. n. and is diagnosed by the continuous white band along the outer margin of the postmedial line and by the lack of a midven tral abdominal stripe. The species boundaries in the vulgaris subgroup are clearer than in the previous subgroup. Diagnosis. Menevia vulgaris is recognizable from all previous species by the re placement of the wing margin swept postmedial lunule with a continuous white band along the entire length of the postmedial line. This species is quite large for the genus, with highly elongated acutely triangular forewings and triangular hind wings. Sexual dimorphism is well developed, with females having broader, less triangular, but still highly elongated forewings. Male genitalia are easily recognized by the somewhat cy lindrical shape of the phallus with an irregularly edged dorsum lacking an extensive dorsal ridge, but usually with a weak anteriorly situated bulge. The juxtal processes are wide and flattened, but only weakly sclerotized; the proximal lobes of the phallus are also very broad, not elongated or fingerlike as in most other species. The combination of these genitalia characters also distinguish M. vulgaris from the following four new species described below. Size should also be sufficient in separating M. vulgaris from all sympatric species, as M. vulgaris is always the largest species within its range. Menevia vulgaris is most similar in appearance and size to M. franclemonti sp. n. described be low, but is easily differentiated from this species by the more sharply angled hindwing postmedial line and by the more uneven dorsum of the phallus. Geography should also be sufficient for separating M. vulgaris from M. franclemonti sp. n., as the latter species is restricted to southeastern Brazil, outside the largely Amazonian distribution of M. vulgaris.

Menevia vulgaris
Description. Male. Head: Gray, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by darker gray collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labi al palpi very small, segments weakly defined ventrally, dorsally with darker scales con trasting with overall gray coloration. Scape and pedicel tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Light gray. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs very small, short, almost entirely scaled. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 22-28 mm, avg.: 25.3 mm, n = 24. Elongated, acutely triangular, apical half of outer margin concave, apex falcate. Ground color gray with darker gray, brown, or reddish brown suffusion throughout medial area, especial ly near interior edge of postmedial line, pinkish red to blood red coloration near apex along apical interior of postmedial line, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray oblong shape, thin gray mark connecting dis cal spot to costa. Apex marked by black scales above extended apical dash. Postmedial line weakly curved to follow outline of wing margin, line black, strongly contrasting. Submarginal area light gray with whitish suffusion mesally, postmedial lunule as dis tinct white band originating from apical dash, white band follows postmedial line from apex to posterior wing margin. Antemedial line faint, brown, curved outwards. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but antemedial area lighter gray, more contrasting, sometimes with bloodred suffusion, antemedial line absent, small black discal spot occasionally present. Hindwing dorsum: Triangular, anal angle weakly accentuated, reddish coloration near anal angle, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, an temedial line absent, postmedial line sharply bent toward anterior wing margin, con cave mesally. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but red coloration near anal angle much darker, discal mark sometimes present. Abdomen: As for genus, but somewhat elongated, nearly sphingiform. Coloration a continuation of gray thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 87) n = 15. Tegumen elongated, ovoid or rounded rectangular, constricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum broad, rounded ventrally. Valves relatively narrow, saccular edge of left valve with large triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, right valve with tooth slightly reduced in size, both valves with smaller central tooth originating from central ridge of valve, tooth immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of central tooth pointed toward saccular edge. Valves rounded or somewhat pointed apically. Uncus truncated apically, apex rounded. Gnathos as two prominent flattened, lightly sclerotized, flaplike, somewhat triangular, outward facing extensions with highly truncated apices. Apices usually form fingerlike projections of varying length. Juxtal processes roughly phallus length, lightly sclerotized, curving toward apex of phallus. Juxtal processes very thin, scleroti zation weakening to become more membranous, covered in fine setae. Base of phallus with paired, backwards facing, short, rounded, diverging lobes. Phallus cylindrical, irregularly edged dorsum lacking an extensive dorsal ridge, covered in setae. Left edge of rolled phallus uneven but without ridgelike process, usually with weak, anteriorly situated setae covered bulge, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points of varying length. Vesica elongate, saclike, originating from progressively weakened sclerotization of nearly vertical edge of phallus. Female. Head: As in male but collar of scales bordering eyes and palpi much lighter, less contrasting. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male, tibial spurs very small, only distal tip without scales. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 27.5-39 mm, avg. 34.6 mm, n = 9. Maculation as in male, wing broader and more elongate, less triangular, less falcate, pinkish hue may be replaced by deeper red brown, postmedial line usually straighter, antemedial line fainter. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but sometimes with bloodred suffusion, anteme dial line absent, thin black discal mark occasionally present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but more rounded, less triangular, postmedial line straight, not concave mesally, but still sharply bent toward anterior wing margin. Hindwing venter: Following simi lar pattern as forewing venter except lighter, reddish suffusion near anal angle much darker, contrasting. Abdomen: As in male but more robust. Sternite of VIII as pair of elongated sclerotized bands converging into thicker, irregularly shaped sclerotization near anterior margin of VIII, forming a "V" or "U." Genitalia: (Fig. 101)  shorter or about same length as apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis quadrate, notched mesally near ostium bursae, anterior edge somewhat irregular. Ductus bursae moderately long. Papillae anales elongated, covered in relatively long setae.
Distribution (Map 5). Menevia vulgaris is found throughout northern South America, in the Guyanas, Suriname, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Pará, and Goiás. This species is predominantly Amazonian in distribu tion, but the record from the Cerrado in Goiás suggests it is more widespread in various habitats.
Etymology. Menevia vulgaris (=vulgaris Latin, meaning commonplace) is named for its wide distribution and apparent commonness.
Remarks. This species is usually the most frequently represented Menevia in col lections and apparently quite common throughout its broad distribution. This new species is usually misidentified as M. plagiata and has long been considered conspecific with the southeastern Brazilian species redescribed above. The taxonomic issues sur rounding the name plagiata have been explained in the remarks of that species, and the designation of the neotype of M. plagiata resolves any previous identification problems and allows recognition of these two very distinct taxa.
Walker's (1855)  M. australis, or what we describe below as M. franclemonti sp. n. However, we have re solved any ambiguity regarding the application of the name by designating the neotype of M. plagiata above. The wideranging Amazonian species, M. vulgaris, which is ap parently absent in the biome inhabited by the other three species, therefore remained undescribed until now.
Currently, the name M. vulgaris can now only be associated with the large species present in the Amazonian and Cerrado regions. Diagnostic characters given before, particularly size and male genitalia, are adequate for identifying this species. Other names, including plagiata and the various new species described below, are associated with either allopatric or much smaller species.
As with other wideranging Menevia species, such as M. lantona and M. lucara, there is a degree of geographic variation, although this variation is less obvious than in these two species. As in other speciesgroups, M. vulgaris from Colombia have more robust male genitalia, except that the juxtal processes are thinner, the valve teeth small er, and the gnathos elongations shorter. Externally, however, the examined males do not differ from other populations except for their overall slightly larger size. Similar shortened gnathos elongations were found in the males from Ecuador. These males and a single examined female from Ecuador were all smaller than males and females from other populations. However, the lack of differences of the phallus in Ecuadorian males compared to those from other locations suggests that the smaller size and some noted differences found in the single female dissection, namely the shape of the highly variable ventral sclerotized bands on VIII, are not grounds to consider the Ecuadorian population a distinct taxon. Another variation worth noting is in the single Peruvian female specimen, which has the reddish maculation on all wings replaced by deeper brownishred.  1939, Gagarin leg., ex. col. Gagarin, DZ 32.717 (DZUP). 1 ♂, Petrópolis: 17.X.1960, Gagarin leg., ex. coll Gagarin, DZ 32.718 (DZUP). 2 ♂, Teresópolis, Barreira, 350 m: 30.X.1956-3.XI.1956, 1.XII.1956, Pearson H&G, HRP No. 1070, USNMMimal: 2272, 2273. 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Teresópolis, Barreira: 12.XI.1955, 17.XI.1955, 19.XI.1955 Diagnosis. Very similar to M. vulgaris, but distinguished by the usually warmer brown hue rather than gray, more sharply falcate forewings, and a more smoothly curving postmedial line on the hindwing, which does not sharply bend toward the anterior wing margin. The male genitalia are also unique in that the phallus is thin and smooth, not irregularly shaped dorsally, with the sclerotized portion of the distal end of the phallus diagonal rather than vertical as in M. vulgaris. Furthermore, the base of the sclerotized terminus of the phallus, on the venter, has a prominent bump, angled away from the distal end of the phallus. Menevia franclemonti replaces M. vulgaris in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Menevia franclemonti
Description. Male. Head: Gray, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by light brownish gray collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi very small, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall gray coloration. Scape and pedicel tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Light gray to brown. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs small, short, almost entirely scaled, except distal tip. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 25-27 mm, avg.: 26.1 mm, n = 6. Elongated, acutely triangular, apical half of outer margin highly concave, apex very falcate. Ground color gray or warm brown with darker gray, brown, or reddish brown suffusion, especially near interior edge of postmedial line and medial area; brownish red to blood red coloration near apex along apical interior of postmedial line, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray oblong shape, thin gray mark connecting discal spot to costa. Apex marked by black scales above extended apical dash. Postmedial line smooth, mostly straight, line black, strongly contrasting. Submarginal area light gray with small grayishwhite suffusion mesally, postmedial lunule as white band originating from apical dash, white band follows postmedial line from apex to anal wing margin. Antemedial line faint, brown, curved outwards. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but anteme dial area lighter gray, more contrasting, bloodred suffusion more pronounced, anteme dial line absent, small black discal mark occasionally present. Hindwing dorsum: Trian gular, anal angle usually sharply accentuated, reddish coloration that bleeds into medial area originates near anal angle, overall similar coloration and patterning as forewings, antemedial line absent, postmedial line weakly curved toward anterior wing margin, not concave mesally. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but red coloration near anal angle much darker, discal mark sometimes present. Abdomen: As for genus, but somewhat elongated, nearly sphingiform. Coloration a continuation of gray thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 88) n = 3. Tegumen elongated, ovoid, constricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum broad, somewhat quadrate ventrally. Valves triangular, saccular edge of left and right valves with triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, both valves with smaller mesal costal projection originating from central ridge of valve, projection immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of mesal costal projec tion pointed toward saccular edge. Valves rounded apically. Uncus truncated apically, apex somewhat quadrate. Gnathos as two prominent flattened, moderately sclerotized, flaplike, somewhat rectangular, outward facing extensions with highly truncated apices. Apices form fingerlike projections of moderate length. Juxtal processes roughly phallus length, lightly sclerotized, curving toward apex of phallus. Juxtal processes very thin, sclerotization fading to more membranous portion, covered in fine setae. Base of phallus with paired, backwards facing, very short, rounded, diverging lobes. Phallus cylindrical, smooth dorsum lacking an extensive dorsal ridge, covered in setae. Left edge of rolled phallus smooth, without ridgelike process, base of sclerotized terminus of phallus with prominent ventral bump, angled away from distal end of phallus, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points. Vesica somewhat elongated, covered in setae laterally, originating from progressively weakened sclerotization of diagonal edge of phallus. Female. Head: As in male. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: about 30 mm, n = 1. Maculation as in male, wing broader, less triangular, less fal cate, antemedial line fainter. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but with bloodred suffusion, antemedial line absent, thin black discal mark present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but more rounded, less triangular, postmedial line straight, not concave mesally, but still only weakly curved toward anterior wing margin. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter except lighter, reddish suffusion near anal angle much darker, contrasting. Abdomen: As in male but more robust. Genitalia: Not examined.
Distribution (Map 5). Menevia franclemonti is found only in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, in the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Santa Catarina. This species is likely endemic to this region, where it replaces the similar, more widespread M. vulgaris.
Etymology. Menevia franclemonti is named after the lepidopterist J. G. Franclem ont, who originally recognized the uniqueness of this species. He also wrote an important fascicle on the Mimallonidae of North America north of Mexico (Franclemont 1973).
Remarks. This new species is the Brazilian Atlantic Forest component of the vulgaris subgroup of the plagiata speciesgroup in much the same way that M. mielkei and M. magna are the Atlantic Forest components of the lucara and lantona speciesgroups respectively. Although M. franclemonti is not remarkably distinct from M. vulgaris, it is readily differentiated by the external and genitalia diagnostic characters presented above. Additionally, this species seems to be allopatric to all other species in this sub group. Despite the differences, M. franclemonti, together with the similar M. vulgaris, have both been misidentified as M. plagiata for the reasons explained in the remarks of M. plagiata and M. vulgaris. The allopatry of M. vulgaris and M. franclemonti certainly affords that M. plagiata sensu stricto could not be applied to the Amazonian M. vulgaris, but it is certainly plausible that Walker's (1855) description of M. plagiata could have applied to M. franclemonti due to its presence at the type locality of M. plagiata. However, due to the apparent rarity of M. franclemonti in collections, compared to the sympatric M. plagiata and the complete lack of M. franclemonti from the NHMUK, it is more plausible that the original material from Rio de Janeiro that Walker had at his disposal was in fact the species that we consider M. plagiata in this present work, and not M. franclemonti. We have resolved the ambiguity surrounding the application of the name plagiata by designating the neotype of this taxon above. If the holotype of M. plagiata is discovered in the future, and is found to be what we consider M. franclemonti, then it would be taxonomically simple to set aside the neotype under Article 75.8 of the ICZN (1999) Diagnosis. Menevia vulgaricula is similar to the previous two species, but much smaller, both males and females are notably smaller than the respective sexes of M. vulgaris. The female of M. vulgaricula is easily differentiated from females of M. vulgaris by the width of the submarginal area, which is broader and decreases in width toward the apex much less gradually than the rapidly narrowing submarginal area of M. vulgaris. The genitalia of both sexes can be used to differentiate M. vulgaricula from similar species (except from the unexamined female of M. franclemonti). In males, the phallus has a very prominent setae covered dorsoanterior bulge reminiscent of a dorsal phallic ridge, the tegumen, vinculum, and acutely triangular uncus are all very narrow and elongated, and the paired processes of the gnathos converge and bend upwards. Additionally, the divergent lobes at the proximal end of the phallus are not broad, but thin and peglike. In the female, the lamella antevaginalis is very thin, unlike the usu ally broad, quadrate lamella of M. vulgaris.
Description. Male. Head: Gray, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by brownish gray collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi very small, segments weakly defined ventrally, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall gray coloration. Scape and pedicel tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Light gray. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs moderate length, thin, somewhat hooked distally. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 19-22 mm, avg.: 21 mm, n = 3. Acutely triangular, apical half of outer margin concave, apex falcate. Ground color gray with brown or reddish brown suffusion, especially near interior edge of postmedial line and medial area, reddish coloration near apex along apical interior of postmedial line, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray oblong shape, thin gray mark connecting discal spot to costa. Apex marked by black scales above extended apical dash. Postmedial line mostly straight except when approaching apex, line black, strongly contrasting. Submarginal area light gray with whitish suffusion me sally, sometimes appearing as a faint zigzag, postmedial lunule as white band originating from apical dash, white band follows postmedial line from apex to anal wing margin. Antemedial line faint, brown, curved outwards. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but antemedial area lighter gray, more contrasting, blood red suffusion more expansive, antemedial line absent, small black discal spot occasionally present. Hindwing dorsum: Triangular, anal angle weakly accentuated, reddish coloration near anal angle, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, antemedial line absent, postmedial line mod erately bent toward anterior wing margin, weakly concave mesally. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but red coloration near anal angle much darker, discal mark absent or very faint. Abdomen: As for genus but somewhat elongated, nearly sphingiform. Coloration a continuation of gray thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 89)  slightly reduced in size, both valves with smaller mesal costal projection originating from central ridge of valve, mesal costal projection immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of projection pointed toward saccular edge. Valves rounded apically. Uncus very narrow, acutely triangular. Gnathos as two prominent, converging, flattened, sclerotized, flap like, somewhat triangular, upward facing extensions with somewhat truncated apices. Juxtal processes shorter than phallus, curving toward apex of phallus. Juxtal processes thin, covered in fine setae. Base of phallus with paired, backwards facing, short, peglike, diverging lobes. Phallus cylindrical, irregularly edged dorsum with accentuated bulg ing ridgelike projection situated anteriorly, covered in setae. Left edge of rolled phallus uneven but forming anteriorly situated bulge, base of the sclerotized terminus of phal lus with prominent ventral bump, angled away from distal end of phallus, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points. Vesica elongate, covered in setae laterally, originating from progressively weakened sclerotization. Female. Head: As in male but with light brown tint. Thorax: As in male but with brownish tint. Legs: As in male, tibial spurs shorter or about same length. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 27 mm, n = 1. Maculation as in male, wing broader, barely more elongate, less triangular, less falcate, postmedial line straighter, nearly parallel to wing margin until just before apex, submar ginal area rectangular not triangular, antemedial line fainter. Forewing venter: As in fore wing dorsum but lighter gray, with pinkish suffusion, antemedial line absent, thin black discal mark present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but more rounded, less triangular, postmedial line concave mesally, but still moderately bent toward anterior wing margin. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, reddish suffusion near anal angle much darker, contrasting. Abdomen: As in male but more robust. Sternite of VIII with pair of thin sclerotized bands converging near anterior margin of VIII forming a "V". Genitalia: (Fig. 102) n = 1. Tergite of VIII forming posteriorly directed triangle, without membranous gap mesally. Apophyses anteriores about same length as apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis very thin, indistinct, curved. Ductus bursae short. Pa pillae anales elongated, covered in relatively long setae.
Distribution (Map 5). This new species is restricted to the Amazon region, specifi cally in the vicinity of Rio Madeira and Rio Purus, but may be more widespread, see remarks. This species is sympatric with M. vulgaris.
Etymology. Menevia vulgaricula is named for its appearance as a diminutive M. vulgaris. Remarks. Menevia vulgaricula is an interesting species due to its remarkable ex ternal resemblance to M. vulgaris, with which M. vulgaricula is sympatric. Despite notable similarity in external characters, M. vulgaricula is much smaller and displays distinct genitalia characters, in both the male and the female.
Both M. vulgaris and M. vulgaricula were collected by S. M. Klages during the same period at both Huitanaã and Nova Olinda, Amazonas, Brazil (CMNH). There fore, not only are these two species sympatric, but are also apparently both active at the same time of year. Size and distinct differences in genitalia likely afford some form of a prezygotic barrier. The last two new species described below are very similar to M. vulgaricula, in that each species is very small relative to the larger M. vulgaris and M. franclemonti, and both display prominent anterior phallic bulges. These species however are widely allopatric. Therefore, the modes of isolation between sympatric M. vulgaris and M. vulgaricula certainly warrants future investigation.
Additional females from Pará, Brazil and French Guiana were examined, but cannot be included in the type series because we lack the more easily identifiable males from these localities. Also, these specimens display deeper red coloration and wavier forewing postmedial lines, characters not seen in all other examined M. vulgaricula. Although the small size of these females and the genitalia of the Pará specimen suggest that they are probably M. vulgaricula, Pará and French Guiana are distant from both Rio Madeira and Rio Purus, the two relatively nearby localities known to support M. vulgaricula. Diagnosis. This new species, like M. vulgaricula, is quite small in comparison with the widespread M. vulgaris and the southeast Brazilian M. franclemonti. Due to the small size of M. cordillera, it may be confused with the allopatric M. vulgaricula but can easily be differentiated by the deeper reddish brown coloration, more sharply acute apices of the more elongated forewings, straighter hindwing margins, and by the male genitalia. The phallus of M. cordillera is somewhat reminiscent of that of M. vulgaricula, but with a more triangularly shaped anterior dorsal bulge and rounded, not peglike, lobes at the base of the phallus. Overall, the phallus of M. cordillera is broader than that of M. vulgaricula. No other Menevia species are known from the Cordillera Oriental, besides the clearly distinct M. torvamessoria.

Menevia cordillera
Description. Male. Head: Light browngray, eyes large comprising about twothirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown collar of scales reaching labial pal pi, labial palpi large, robust for genus, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall gray coloration. Scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Light tan. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs short, stout. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 22-23 mm, avg.: 22.5 mm, n = 2. Very acutely triangular, apical half of outer margin deeply concave, apex very falcate. Ground color gray with deep reddish brown suffusion throughout medial area, brighter reddish coloration near apex along apical interior of postmedial line, overall lightly speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by light gray oblong shape, gray mark connecting discal spot to costa. Apex marked by black scales above ex tended apical dash. Black postmedial line mostly straight except when approaching apex where sharply curved, strongly contrasting. Submarginal area light gray with whitish suf fusion mesally, sometimes appearing as faint zigzag, submarginal area with distinct white band originating from apical dash, white band follows postmedial line from apex to anal wing margin. Antemedial line very faint, brown, curved outwards. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but antemedial area lighter gray, more contrasting, antemedial line absent, small black discal mark present. Hindwing dorsum: Triangular, outer margin very straight, anal angle weakly accentuated, reddish coloration near anal angle, bleeding into medial area, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, antemedial line absent, post medial line sharply bent toward anterior wing margin, weakly concave mesally. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but red coloration near anal angle much darker, discal mark absent. Abdomen: As for genus, but elongated, nearly sphingiform. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 90) n = 2. Tegumen elongated, moderately narrow, weakly constricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum elongated, nar row, ovoid, somewhat rounded ventrally. Valves relatively narrow, rounded, saccular edge of left valve with large triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, right valve with tooth slightly reduced in size, both valves with smaller mesal costal tooth originating from cen tral ridge of valve, mesal costal projection immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of projection pointed toward saccular edge. Valves truncated apically. Uncus very narrow, acutely triangular, quadrate or rounded apically. Gnathos as two prominent, converg ing, flattened, sclerotized, flaplike, somewhat triangular, upward facing extensions with truncated apices. Juxtal processes shorter than phallus, curving toward apex of phallus. Juxtal processes thin, covered in fine setae. Base of phallus with paired, backwards facing, short, rounded, diverging lobes. Phallus cylindrical, dorsum with accentuated triangular bulging projection situated anteriorly, covered in setae. Left edge of rolled phallus un even but forming anteriorly situated, setae covered, triangular bulge, base of sclerotized terminus of phallus with prominent ventral bump, angled away from distal end of the phallus, distal tip of phallus separated into two, elongated, distinct points. Vesica elon gated, baglike, covered in setae laterally, originating from progressively weakened scle rotization. Female. Unknown.
Distribution (Map 5). Menevia cordillera is apparently restricted to the Cordillera Oriental of Peru and Bolivia at moderate elevations, from 750-760 m in elevation.
Etymology. This new species is named for the Andean Cordillera Oriental, to which this species is endemic.
Remarks. Menevia cordillera is very closely related to both M. vulgaris and M. vulgaricula based on general external characters and the genitalia morphology. These three species may represent taxa of a species complex that spans throughout northern South America.
An additional specimen from the Yungas of Bolivia, in the collection of Daniel Her bin (BcHer2532) as seen in the BOLD database, almost certainly belongs to this new species. However, we were unable to examine this specimen and thus it cannot be includ ed in the type series, but we report it here as it provides additional distributional data.  XI.1977, 15.XI.1977, V.O. Becker col., Col. Becker No. 22269, 22304, St. Laurent diss.: 42515:16, USNMMimal: 2341, 234310.XI.1975, 3.XI.1982, 4.XI.1982 Diagnosis. Menevia delphinus, like the previous two species, is quite small in com parison with the widespread M. vulgaris and the southeast Brazilian M. franclemonti, but males and females can easily be differentiated from all others belonging to the plagiata speciesgroup by the relatively stout forewings and by the genitalia. The phal lus of M. delphinus is most similar to that of M. cordillera, but with the dorsal bulge being situated more mesally along the length of the phallus and usually much more pronounced as a singular, blunt, protuberance, not a pointed or triangular bulge as in other species. Additionally, the lobes at the base of the phallus in M. delphinus are very elongated and tubular, almost fingerlike, not rounded or peglike as in the previous similar species. In females, the VIII tergite is very robust, forming a distinct triangle, and is not rounded and arclike as in some similar species. Menevia delphinus may also be confused with M. alurca due to the similar size and sympatry; however, M. delphinus can be straightforwardly recognized by the lack of a midventral abdominal stripe and a continuous white band along the outer edge of the postmedial line, which is discontinuous midway along the postmedial line in M. alurca. Additionally, the geni talia easily differentiate M. delphinus from M. alurca. The dorsal protuberance of the phallus of M. delphinus is much smaller and blunter in comparison with the extremely elongate, curved, and sharply pointed dorsal phallic protuberance of M. alurca. The only other sympatric species besides M. alurca is the much larger M. vulgaris.
Description. Male. Head: Light brown or gray, eyes large comprising about two thirds of head area, eyes bordered posteriorly by brownish collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi very small, short, covered in dark scales. Scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Light gray. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs mod erate length, thin, scaled except for distal tip. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 17-23 mm, avg.: 20.5 mm, n = 6. Triangular, not overly elongated, apical half of outer margin concave, apex falcate. Ground color gray with reddish brown suffu sion, especially near interior edge of postmedial line, reddish coloration near apex along apical interior of postmedial line, overall moderately speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot very faintly marked by light gray oblong shape. Apex marked by black scales above apical dash. Black postmedial line mostly straight except when very near apex, strongly contrasting. Submarginal area light gray with whitish suf fusion mesally, postmedial lunule as white band originating from apical dash, white band follows postmedial line from apex to posterior wing margin. Antemedial line brown, almost nonexistent. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but anteme dial area lighter gray, blood red suffusion present, especially along interior edge of postmedial line and near apex, antemedial line absent, small black discal mark oc casionally present. Hindwing dorsum: Triangular, anal angle weakly accentuated with reddish coloration, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, antemedial line absent, postmedial line weakly bent toward anterior wing margin, weakly concave or straight mesally. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter, but red coloration near anal angle much darker, discal mark absent or very faint. Abdomen: As for genus but somewhat elongated, nearly sphingiform. Coloration a continuation of gray thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Genitalia: (Fig. 91) n = 5. Tegumen ovoid, constricted near base of gnathos. Vinculum rectangular, some what quadrate ventrally. Valves somewhat triangular, narrow, saccular edge of left and right valves with triangular tooth proximal to transtilla, both valves with smaller mesal costal projection originating from central ridge of valve, mesal costal projec tion immediately above saccular edge teeth, apex of projection toward saccular edge. Valves rounded or nearly pointed apically. Uncus truncated apically, apex rounded. Gnathos as two prominent flattened, moderately sclerotized, flaplike, somewhat tri angular, upward facing extensions with highly truncated apices. Apices form elongat ed fingerlike projections. Juxtal processes roughly phallus length, weakly sclerotized, curving toward apex of phallus. Juxtal processes thin, covered in fine setae. Base of phallus with paired, backwards facing, elongated, fingerlike, diverging lobes. Phallus broad, irregularly edged dorsum usually with accentuated, rounded mesal protuber ance but sometimes much reduced and flattened, always covered in setae. Left edge of rolled phallus forming mesally situated protuberance, base of sclerotized terminus of phallus with weak ventral bump, angled ventrally or away from end of phallus, distal tip of phallus separated into two distinct points. Vesica somewhat elongated, baglike, covered in setae laterally, originating from progressively weakened scleroti zation of diagonal edge of phallus. Female. Head: As in male. Thorax: As in male. Legs: As in male. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 26 mm, n = 1. Maculation as in male, wing slightly broader, barely more elongate, less triangular, less falcate. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but lighter gray, antemedial line absent, thin black discal mark present. Hindwing dorsum: As in male but more rounded, less triangular. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter. Abdomen: As in male but more robust. Sternite of VIII as pair of thin sclerotized bands converging near anterior margin of VIII forming welldefined rectangular sternite. Genitalia: (Fig. 103) n = 1. Tergite of VIII robust, forming posteriorly directed triangle, membranous gap mesally. Apophyses anteriores about same length as apo physes posteriores, apophyses posteriores slightly thicker. Lamella antevaginalis thin, curved, slightly indented mesally near ostium bursae. Ductus bursae short. Papillae anales elongated, covered in relatively long setae.
Distribution. This new species is a resident of the Brazilian Cerrado in the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais, as well as in Distrito Federal. An additional record from Maranhão will be discussed below in the remarks.
Etymology. This new species is named for the phallus, which, due to the dorsal protuberance, bears the likeness of a dolphin (=delphinus Latin) when viewed laterally.
Natural history. Dr. A. Camargo (CPAC) kindly provided additional informa tion pertaining to one of the paratypes (specimen number 12816), and is thus the only available natural history information for this new species. The pupa of this specimen was collected on Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae) on 8.VI.1992 and the subse quent adult eclosed on 30.X.1992. This is the only record of Menevia found on Mel astomataceae, but cannot be definitively considered a host record without determining if this species was feeding on the plant prior to pupation.
Remarks. Menevia delphinus represents another species similar to the large, wide spread M. vulgaris and its Brazilian Atlantic Forest counterpart, M. franclemonti. Menevia delphinus, like three other similar species described as new in the present work, is much smaller and with much more complicated phallic structures than M. vulgaris and M. franclemonti.
Due to the lack of data regarding the distribution of this species, other than it clearly being found in the Brazilian Cerrado, we consider it is necessary to report another state record for this species, despite our inability to gain access to the speci men in question. The recently described, and very distinct, M. alurca, was described from eight males (Herbin and Mielke 2014). The two authors of M. alurca were kind enough to supply us with specimens or photos of specimens such that the holotype and all seven paratypes could be examined. Upon close examination, it was discovered that a single undissected paratype, from the type locality of M. alurca, fits our concept of M. delphinus based on the continuous white band along the external edge of the postmedial line, and the lack of a ventral abdominal line. Menevia alurca has a discon tinuous white band and a very prominent dark, ventral, abdominal line. We therefore consider M. delphinus to be present in Maranhão, which is highly likely given the Cer rado habitat there (Herbin and Mielke 2014).
The single reared specimen of M. delphinus was much smaller than other M. delphinus specimens and its genitalia differed in the shape of the dorsal protuberance of the phallus, which was flattened rather than distinctly raised. However, other geni tal characteristics, such as the highly elongated lobes at the base of the phallus, were consistent with M. delphinus. Given the consistency in other characters and the close proximity of this specimen's locale to the type locality of M. delphinus, we include this specimen in the type series and attribute the different phallic structure to the overall small size.
The unknown taxon Mimallo saturata was briefly discussed above in the remarks relating to Menevia plagiata because some specimens of Menevia had previously been attributed to Mimallo saturata (USNM; BOLD database). Given that the original de scription of Mimallo saturata includes characters that are not known in any Menevia, or even in any Mimallonidae, such as a red abdomen with yellow hairs and an orange stripe along each side, we treat Mimallo saturata as a nomen dubium until specimens from near the type locality matching this description can be located.

Additional discussion
Menevia is a wideranging genus displaying distinct patterns of speciation. For exam ple, both the lantona and lucara speciesgroups are widely sympatric, with exceptions only in Central America. In both speciesgroups we discovered taxa distinct from the nominotypical species on the peripheries of those species' distributions, in southeast ern Brazil, Central America, and the Andean Cordillera Oriental. The plagiata species group also showed similar patterns of speciation in the Andean Cordillera Oriental and southeastern Brazil. Additionally, the plagiata and ostia speciesgroups both have unique Brazilian Cerrado species. The broad overlap in the distributions of the four speciesgroups suggests that they may have originated from the same geographic re gion, with various degrees of parallel speciation.
The distinct dorsal phallic ridge or projection of the male genitalia is an important character used to differentiate species in this genus, and interestingly, all species from southeastern Brazil, except M. franclemonti, display this character, whereas all Ama zonian and Central American species, except M. ostia, do not. Additionally, the mid ventral abdominal stripe is present only in central and southeastern Brazilian species, namely in M. plagiata, M. alurca, M. australis, and M. magna. This trait is not present in Amazonian or Central American species. Most species displaying the midventral abdominal stripe belong to a closelyknit section of the M. plagiata subgroup of the plagiata speciesgroup, therefore its presence in M. magna of the lantona speciesgroup implies that this trait may be plesiomorphic along with dorsal ridges/projections of the phallus which this species also displays. Furthermore, St Laurent and Dombroskie (2015) showed that Eadmuna pulverula (Schaus, 1896), also of southeastern Brazil, possesses a midventral abdominal stripe as well, which may be a character useful to aid in determining the phylogenetic relationships among these taxa.
A clearer understanding of the evolutionary origins of Menevia, and Mimallo noidea as whole, would be particularly interesting because recent higherlevel phy logenetic studies of Lepidoptera continue to demonstrate not only the uniqueness of Mimallonidae as the only family in Mimallonoidea, but also its key phylogenetic role as a potential sister lineage to the Macrolepidoptera (Timmermans et al. 2014, Kawa hara andBreinholt 2014).