Three new species of the genus Araeopteron Hampson, 1893 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Boletobiinae) from the Xizang Autonomous Region, China with an updated list of the world species

Abstract Three new species of the genus Araeopteron Hampson, 1893: A.dawaisp. nov., A.medogensissp. nov. and A.tibetasp. nov. are described from Motuo (= Medog) County of the Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), China. The imagines as well as the male genitalia are illustrated. A checklist of the 45 species of the genus Araeopteron in the world fauna is presented, including recently and presently described species.

The group's distribution is mainly pantropical, but a few species extend into the temperate zone: six species are recorded in Japan, the Russian Far East, and the Korean Peninsula (Inoue 1958(Inoue , 1965Kononenko et al. 1998;Kononenko and Han 2007;Fibiger and Kononenko 2008) and one species is recorded in the Near East and southern Europe (Fibiger and Agassiz 2001;Fibiger and Hacker 2001).
The world fauna list of 36 species of Araeopteron was published by Fibiger and Kononenko (2008). Subsequently, a review of the Araeopteronini from Borneo followed by a list of species was published by Holloway (2009Holloway ( , 2011. Contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Araeopteron was made by Guillermet (2009) and Bippus (2018), designating two new Araeopteron species, A. papaziani Guillermet, 2009 andA. legraini Bippus, 2018 from Réunion Island, western Indian Ocean. The total number of described species of the genus Araeopteron in the world fauna (with accounts of the currently described species) now enumerates 45 species.
As a result of intensive collecting and study of the Noctuoidea in remote regions of the Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet) in China, three new Araeopteron species were found. This article describes and illustrates them in detail.

Materials and methods
The material was collected by UV light in remote parts of the Xizang Autonomous Region, Tibet, China. Standard methods for dissection and preparation of the genitalia slides have been used as described by Kononenko and Han (2007). Specimens were photographed with a Nikon D700 camera; the genitalia slides were photographed with an Olympus photomicroscope with Helicon Focus software, with the images further processed in Adobe Photoshop CS4.
The materials of the present article, including holotypes, are deposited in the collection of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China (NEFU).
Diagnosis. Small and very small species, wingspan 9-18 mm. Forewing narrow, with oblique outer margin and long fringes; hindwing shorter than forewing, with shallow concavity under apex; wing colour grey or brown-grey, in some species with or-ange or pale reddish patches, reniform stigma black; frons scaled. In the male genitalia, tegumen short, broad, paratergal sclerites uniting the tegumen and vinculum hugely developed; vinculum short and broad; uncus with long coecum; costa and cucullus membranous; sacculus sclerotised, narrow; apex of sacculus spatulate or club-shaped; uncus thin, rather short, curved. In the female genitalia, a small raised membranous or slightly sclerotised patch or low cone covered with long hair-like setae lies between posterior ends of anal papillae; signum cone-like or hat-like with a rounded top, fringed  basally with spines; sometimes signum as relatively large flat plate. Larva and food specialisation are unknown.
The genus includes 45 described species and many undescribed species distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions; a few species extend into the temperate zone.
In China five described species of the genus Araeopteron are known (Fibiger and Kononenko 2008), of which two species, A. canescens (Walker, [1866]) and A. fasciale (Hampson, 1896) have recently been found in southeast China by Wu et al. (2020). Three further new Araeopteron species are described below. Diagnosis. The new species (Figs 1, 7), externally and in the male genitalia, is similar to A. rufescens Hampson, 1910 (Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Borneo;figs 2, 8), but differs by a narrower forewing with sharp apex, bearing a dark triangular patch (in A. rufescens apex blunt, without blackish triangular patch; only a weak arched dark band present); the transverse lines are distinct (in A. rufescens they are indistinct); the dark apical triangular patch on the hindwing is small (in A. rufescens it is broader); the discal spot is distinct and stout (in A. rufescens indistinct and slender).
Male genitalia: clasper with medially sclerotised harpe and small thorn-like apical extension (in A. rufescens the clasper with small smooth teeth apically); the costa rounded and swollen in the terminal part of the valva (in A. rufescens it is swollen and triangular in apical third of valva); the uncus as long as the tegumen (in A. rufescens the uncus is ca 1/2 tegumen length); aedeagus slightly curved (in A. rufescens it is straight); vesica with a toothed band (in A. rufescens it bears more than 20 small thin spines).
Description. Adult (Fig. 1). Wingspan 11.5-12.0 mm. Antennae filiform, head, patagia, and tegulae covered with flat white scales, thorax whitish with grey; abdomen greenish yellow, mixed with white. Forewing pale yellow to pale greyish yellow, mixed with a little orange; apex rather sharp; basal area dark orange, basal line expressed with distinct black costal dot; antemedial line blackish brown, almost black, wavy, oblique; median line double, black, filled with mixed brown with orange inside, smoothly incurved, with pale black and orange patches between lines; postmedial line brownish orange and strongly arched before Cu 2 , its other part mixed with black, and incurved to inner margin; subterminal line brownish black at costal margin, other part fused with blackish apical patch; terminal line brown to blackish brown, with black dots at the tops of veins; reniform stigma dark black; apex with large black triangular patch; basal, antemedial, and median areas densely covered with orange; postmedial area pale to greyish white, with blackish brown to brown at inner margin; subterminal area pale greyish; fringe grey, mixed with brown; pale and greyish parts of the postmedial and subterminal area forming large patch. Hindwing pale greyish yellow to faint yellow; antemedial line smoky-brown to brownish black, wavy; median line orange, weakly waved; postmedial line brown to brownish black, wavy, incurved posteriorly; subterminal line smoky orange, indistinct; apex sharp with single large black triangular patch; fringe thin and lighter than in forewing; discal spot dark black, formed by two dots. Male genitalia (Fig. 7). Tegumen triangular, as narrow, strongly arched band; paratergal sclerits hugely developed, flat, curved; vinculum, thick, sclerotised. Saccus U-shaped. Valva racket-shaped, narrower medially, extended and rounded apically; sacculus thin, gradually narrower to 3/4 length of valva, then broadened and rounded apically; clasper fused to sacculus, with pointed triangular ampullae medially and small, hook-like apical extension; costa sclerotised, thick basally, gradually extended and membranous apically; cucullus large with small medial incurving on inner margin. Uncus thin, relatively long (as long as tegumen), smoothly curved medially, sclerotised. Juxta plate-like, large, rounded, slightly sclerotised. Aedeagus short, cylindrical, slightly curved, weakly sclerotised posteriorly; coecum short, ca 1/4 as long as aedeagus; vesica with sclerotised band of teeth.
Etymology. The species name is dedicated to Mr Wa Da, Chinese entomologist, a famous insect researcher of the fauna in the Xizang Autonomous Region, China.
Bionomics. (Figs 14, 15). Diagnosis. The new species, superficially and by the structure of the male genitalia, is similar to A. ussurica Fibiger & Kononenko, 2008 (Figs 4, 10), but can by separated from it by the following characters: the basal line present only as a black dot at the costal margin (in A. ussurica the basal line is absent); the transverse lines in the costal margin mixed greyish yellow colour (in A. ussurica the transverse lines in the costal margin greenish grey); the terminal area coloured with smoky-brown to black (in A. ussurica smoky but the terminal area is grey); the wing ground colour in the new species compared with A. ussurica is more whitish (in A. ussurica it is darker greyish); the wing pattern of the new species is more distinct with stronger colour contrast, compared with A. ussurica, in which the ground colour is pale greyish. In the male genitalia, the paratergal sclerite is moderate in length and slightly rounded (in A. ussurica it is huge and strongly rounded ); vinculum narrower (in A. ussurica it is much broader); saccus U-shaped (in A. ussurica it is V-shaped); the harpe is needle-like, placed in the apical part of valva, ca 3/4 length of valva from its basal part (in A. ussurica harpe as a small bulge 2/3 from basal part of valva); the costa with a smoothly arched bulge in apical 1/2 of valva (in A. ussurica the costa with round bulge); the uncus short, as long as 1/2 of tegumen, slightly curved apically vs. 2X longer than tegumen, hooked apically uncus in A. ussurica; the aedeagus is narrow and long vs. short and broad in A. ussurica; the carina with spines (in A. ussurica the carina without spines); the vesica with two sclerotised cornute patches (in A. ussurica the vesica with a large cornute band formed by numerous thin, small spines).
Description. Adult (Fig. 3). Wingspan 11.0-12.5 mm. Antennae filiform. Head, patagia, tegulae, and thorax covered with white scales; abdomen greyish white, mixed with orange. Forewing pale greyish yellow, mixed with brown; forewing apex blunt, rounded; basal line present as a black dot at costal margin, its other part distinct, grey with small yellow scales; antemedial line oblique, thin, wavy, brown with yellow at costal area; median line double, indistinct, thin, wavy, smokybrown between double lines, and as distinct black dot at costal margin; postmedial line broad, brown, rising to M 3 , slightly curved, then bending and going obliquely to inner wing margin; subterminal line as brownish green dots at costal margin, its other part fused to brownish apical patch; terminal line pale brown to brownish green, with black dots on vein; reniform stigma dark, black, formed by two diffused dots; terminal area pale brown to brownish green; fringe grey, mixed with brown, in basal part with yellow. Hindwing pale greyish with white, slightly darker than forewing; antemedial line smoky-brown, indistinct; median line blackish brown, indistinct, weakly waved; postmedial line slender, brown to brownish black, wavy, sharp at Cu 1 area; subterminal line smoky-brown, slightly mixed with black, wavy, indistinct; terminal line and fringes same as on forewing; discal spot prominent, dark brown, slightly diffused.
Etymology. The species name refers to the Tibetan name of the type locality Medog in Tibet, China.
Bionomics. (Figs 14, 15). The new species has been collected in Motuo County of Xizang in April in the intermediate zone between subtropical rain forest and broad-leaf forest zones, at an altitude 1121 m.
Diagnosis. The new species is similar to A. amoena (Figs 6,12,(13)(14)(15)) by the external appearance and the male genitalia but differs by the more colourful and distinct wing pattern with greyish orange medial part of the forewing and orange for most of the hindwing (in A. amoena the wing pattern and colouration is less distinct and less colourful, with a greyish orange patch in the middle of the hindwing); the forewing basal line in A. tibeta presents as a black dot on the costal margin and continues as a very thin line (in A. amoena only the small black dot at the costal margin is expressed); blackish apical patch distinct (in A. amoena it is indistinct); transverse lines of the forewing distinct (in A. amoena they are indistinct); reniform stigma streak-like, formed with two dots (in A. amoena it presents as a small dot); the hindwing with black triangular apical patch (in A. amoena the triangular apical patch is diffused; fringe paler than in A. amoena). In the male genitalia, clasper with spine-like harpe, without three small tooth-like extensions present in A. amoena; the smoothly arched bulge of costa is rather straight posteriorly, slightly constricted anteriorly (in A. amoena it is smooth and slightly curved posteriorly).
Description. Adult (Fig. 5). Wingspan 11.5-12.0 mm. Antennae filiform. Head, patagia, and tegulae covered with white scales; thorax greyish white, with two medial patches of blackish scales. Abdomen greenish brown, mixed with orange. Forewing pale greyish white; apex rather sharp; basal line present only as a black dot at costal margin, its other part diffused, slender; antemedial line brown, wavy, oblique, with brownish yellow patch at costal area; median line double, reddish brown, diffused, wavy, greyish brown between lines, and as distinct blackish dot at costal margin; postmedial line brown, indistinct, wavy, with fracture at costal region; subterminal line only as brown dot at costal margin, in other part fused to apical greyish brown patch; terminal line pale brown to greenish brown, with black dot at vein; reniform stigma dark black, formed by two fused dots; terminal area blackish brown to dark brownish, forms ovoid patch at wing apex; medial part of wing greyish orange brown colouration; fringe grey, mixed with blackish brown, yellow basally. Hindwing greyish orange-yellow; antemedial line blackish brown, broad and distinct; median line reddish brown, indistinct; postmedial line thin, reddish brown, slightly waved, with blackish inner border; subterminal line reddish brown, slightly waved; terminal area, terminal line, and fringe same colour as on forewing; discal spot dark black, formed with two dots.
Etymology. The species name refers to Tibet. Bionomics. (Figs 14, 15). The new species has been collected in Motuo County of Xizang in April in the intermediate zone between subtropical rain forest and broad-leaf forest zones, at an altitude of 1121 m.